591:
545:
481:
98:
26:
388:
291:
683:
47:
670:, some of which potentially could be mistaken for flatfish, have been confirmed at depths of 10,000 m (33,000 ft) and more. Walsh later said that their original observation could be mistaken as their knowledge of biology was limited. Piccard and Walsh noted that the floor of the Challenger Deep consisted of "
533:. The new sphere weighed 14.25 metric tons (31,400 pounds) in air and eight metric tons (18,000 pounds) in water giving it an average specific gravity 2.6 times (or 1.6 times greater than) that of seawater (13÷(13−8)). Outside observations by the crew were made through a porthole made from a single, tapered block of
561:
Ballast was held in two conical hoppers fore and aft of the crew sphere each containing 9 metric tons (20,000 pounds) of iron shot. This shot ballast allowed the craft to sink, and its release caused it to ascend. The iron shot was locked in place at the throats of the hoppers by electromagnets and
629:
The descent to the ocean floor took 4 hours 47 minutes at a descent rate of 0.9 metres per second (3.2 km/h; 2.0 mph). After passing 9,000 metres (30,000 ft), one of the outer
Plexiglas window panes cracked, shaking the entire vessel. The two men spent twenty minutes on the ocean
625:
On 23 January 1960, it reached the ocean floor in the
Challenger Deep (the deepest southern part of the Mariana Trench), carrying Jacques Piccard and Don Walsh. This was the first time a vessel, crewed or uncrewed, had reached the deepest known point of the Earth's oceans. The onboard systems
488:
The pressure sphere was attached to the underside of the hull and accommodated two crew who accessed it via a vertical shaft through the hull; this access shaft was not pressurized and flooded with seawater on descent. The sphere was completely self-contained, having a closed-circuit
529:. The new sphere was also steel, but smaller at 2.16 metres (7.1 ft) diameter and with thicker walls, at 127 millimetres (5.0 in), calculated to withstand the 1,250 kilograms per square centimetre (123 MPa) pressure at the bottom of Challenger Deep plus a substantial
646:
voice communications system. At a speed of almost 1.6 km/s (1 mi/s) – about five times the speed of sound in air – it took about seven seconds for a voice message to travel from the craft to the support ship and another seven seconds for answers to return.
626:
indicated a depth of 11,521 metres (37,799 ft), although this was revised later to 10,916 metres (35,814 ft); fairly recently, more accurate measurements have found
Challenger Deep to be between 10,911 metres (35,797 ft) and 10,994 metres (36,070 ft) deep.
559:. Changes in the volume of the gasoline caused by any slight compression or temperature changes were accommodated by the free flow of seawater into and out of the bottom of the tanks during a dive via valves, equalising the pressure and allowing them to be lightly built.
662:). The accuracy of this observation has later been questioned and recent authorities do not recognize it as valid. The theoretical maximum depth for fish is at about 8,000–8,500 m (26,200–27,900 ft), beyond which they would become
1875:
960:
517:
in two hemispheres and welded to form a sphere 2.4 metres (7.9 ft) in diameter and 89 millimetres (3.5 in) thick, This pressure sphere was replaced in
December 1958 with another cast by the
701:
performed a number of deep dives in the
Mediterranean prior to being purchased by the U.S. Navy in 1958. It conducted 48 dives exceeding 3,700 metres (12,100 ft) between 1953 and 1957 as the
630:
floor. The temperature in the cabin was 7 °C (45 °F) at the time. While at maximum depth, Piccard and Walsh unexpectedly regained the ability to communicate with the support ship,
1051:
966:
468:
on the border between Italy and
Yugoslavia, now in Italy, hence the name. The pressure sphere was built separately and installed on the hull in the Cantiere navale di
1627:
562:
was released either by switching the electromagnets off or in the event of an electrical failure. Progressive release allowed buoyancy trim. Compressed-air–driven
2203:
2030:
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1024:
590:
526:
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582:, California, tested in the Pacific Ocean over the next few years, and culminated in a dive to the bottom of Challenger Deep 23 January 1960.
1735:
674:
ooze". The ascent took 3 hours and 15 minutes. The
National Museum of the Navy commemorated the 60th anniversary of the dive in January 2020.
2244:
1865:
1860:
1395:
Linley, Thomas D.; Gerringer, Mackenzie E.; Yancey, Paul H.; Drazen, Jeffrey C.; Weinstock, Chloe L.; Jamieson, Alan J. (1 August 2016).
568:
Water tanks at each end of the hull were pumped out for flotation, lifting, and towing on the surface and fully flooded to allow sinking.
1271:
266:, the father of pilot Jacques Piccard. It was built in Italy and first launched in 1953. The vessel was first owned and operated by the
2229:
691:
271:
1934:
270:
until it was purchased by the US Navy in 1958. It was taken out of service in 1966. Since the 1980s, it has been on exhibit in the
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990:
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355:
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327:
2025:
308:
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872:"First Trip to the Deepest Part of the Ocean The Bathyscaphe Trieste carried two hydronauts to the Challenger Deep in 1960"
334:
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and floodable water tanks to sink. This general configuration remained the same but after modifications to the hull for
2234:
1975:
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1813:
461:
72:
1985:
563:
374:
341:
769:, with the original Terni pressure sphere reincorporated in its successor. In early 1980, it was transported to the
1871:
The
Bathyscaph Trieste Technical and Operational Aspects, 1958–1961 by LT Don Walsh, US Navy Electronics Laboratory
1089:
2254:
816:
537:; the only transparent material available that could withstand the pressure. Outside illumination was by quartz
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323:
803:
312:
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1970:
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792:
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2017:
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398:
was designed by the Swiss scientist
Auguste Piccard, based on his previous experience with the bathyscaphe
2198:
2175:
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2007:
2259:
2054:
1397:"Fishes of the hadal zone including new species, in situ observations and depth records of Liparidae"
465:
821:
765:
509:. Batteries provided electrical power. Piccard's original pressure sphere was built by Acciaierie,
2182:
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1990:
1920:
897:
525:
in three sections; an equatorial ring and two caps, which were finely machined and joined by the
502:
469:
348:
301:
962:
A dream and a crack: How the world's first dive to the bottom of the ocean almost killed two men
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1980:
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2012:
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8:
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1412:
420:
being a light, bowl-shaped boat. Built in Italy and launched on 26 August 1953 near the
2119:
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1539:"Marine fish may be biochemically constrained from inhabiting the deepest ocean depths"
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1519:
1002:
871:
786:
729:
598:
433:
252:
236:
1876:
Conservation of the
Trieste submarine at the National Museum of the United States Navy
1494:; P.H. Yancey (2012). "On the Validity of the Trieste Flatfish: Dispelling the Myth".
2002:
1997:
1809:
1806:
Opening the Great Depths: The Bathyscaph Trieste and Pioneers of Undersea Exploration
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1604:
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The buoyancy tanks were filled with gasoline, which floats in water and is similarly
425:
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consisted of a heavy crew sphere suspended from a hull containing tanks filled with
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1416:
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was returned to San Diego and taken out of service in 1966. Between 1964 and 1966,
530:
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refers to its capacity to dive and manoeuvre untethered to a ship in contrast to a
275:
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Yancey, P.H.; E.M. Gerringer; J.C. Drazen; A.A. Rowden; A. Jamieson (2014).
1582:
1515:
667:
663:
1507:
231:, the deepest point in Earth's seabed. The mission was the final goal for
2076:
1866:
Trieste Program Dive Log from the Collection of the Naval Undersea Museum
1369:
741:
651:
429:
409:
405:
267:
220:
162:
1714:
643:
490:
315: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
744:, 2,560 m (8,400 ft) below the surface after several dives.
650:
While at the bottom, Piccard and Walsh reported observing a number of
25:
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223:. In 1960, it became the first crewed vessel to reach the bottom of
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typically used in submarines are not feasible at extreme pressure.
387:
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was more than 15 metres (49 ft) long. The hull was built by
1856:
50th anniversary recollection by retired Navy Captain Don Walsh.
1194:, San Diego, Calif.: U.S. Navy Electronics Laboratory, p. 5
541:
bulbs, which could withstand the pressure without modification.
259:. They reached a depth of about 10,916 metres (35,814 ft).
671:
597:
just before the Mariana dive 23 January 1960, seen escorted by
494:
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under the command of Captain H. H. Haisten. In August 1963,
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in 1958 for US$ 250,000, equivalent to $ 2.6 million today.
1835:
Celebrates the 50th Anniversary of the World's Deepest Dive
1394:
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244:
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1343:
Meet the only man alive who has been to the deepest ocean
219:
is a Swiss-designed, Italian-built deep-diving research
1401:
Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers
1628:"Navy Museum Commemorates 60th Anniversary of Trieste"
1792:
Seven Miles Down; The Story of the Bathyscaph Trieste
852:
622:, a series of very deep dives in the Mariana Trench.
570:
Following its acquisition by the United States Navy,
1001:. from Time article 12 October 1953. Archived from
1789:
1769:
1278:, University of Delaware College of Marine Studies
1191:, Technological and Operational Aspects, 1958–1961
1088:. 2015 National Geographic Society. Archived from
677:
505:from the air by being passed through canisters of
484:Pressure sphere, with forward ballast hopper, left
1658:South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal
33:shortly after her purchase by the US Navy in 1958
2216:
1603:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 285–318.
432:for several years until it was purchased by the
262:The bathyscaphe was designed by Swiss scientist
247:. The vessel was piloted by Swiss oceanographer
1486:
1484:
1370:"Meet the creatures that live beyond the abyss"
2204:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale records
1715:"bathyscaphe | The Lyncean Group of San Diego"
456:, which included the dive to Challenger Deep,
428:it was operated in the Mediterranean by the
1928:
1800:
1680:. Archived from the original on 1 August 2008
748:'s participation in the search earned it the
527:Ateliers de Constructions Mécaniques de Vevey
391:General arrangement, showing the key features
1780:
1481:
1442:
1440:
716:to search for the missing nuclear submarine
740:found debris of the wreck off the coast of
585:
1935:
1921:
1601:The Hadal Zone: Life in the Deepest Oceans
1572:
1562:
1472:
1446:
1437:
1420:
773:where it remains on exhibit today in the
763:was used to develop its replacement, the
692:National Museum of the United States Navy
610:departed San Diego on 5 October 1959 for
375:Learn how and when to remove this message
272:National Museum of the United States Navy
1651:
1595:
954:
952:
777:, along with the Krupp pressure sphere.
681:
589:
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479:
386:
1764:
1712:
1029:, Time, 12 October 1953, archived from
858:
845:
416:being ancient Greek meaning "deep" and
2225:Trieste-class deep-submergence vehicle
2217:
1942:
1916:
1861:2008 obituary of diver Jaques Piccard
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1622:
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1114:
1112:
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958:
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548:Don Walsh and Jacques Piccard aboard
235:, a series of dives conducted by the
94:
43:
2245:Submarines of the United States Navy
1808:. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press.
1654:"Submersibles - Manned and Unmanned"
1230:
1056:, United States Navy, archived from
985:
983:
922:
920:
918:
313:adding citations to reliable sources
284:
90:Sold to the United States Navy, 1958
2176:greatest of a spacecraft population
1844:– dictabelt recordings (pdf, p. 38)
1233:"Oceans' deepest depth re-measured"
184:59 ft 6 in (18.14 m)
13:
1617:
1231:Amos, Jonathan (7 December 2011).
1107:
728:was delivered to Boston Harbor by
564:variable-buoyancy pressure vessels
200:18 ft 6 in (5.64 m)
192:11 ft 6 in (3.51 m)
14:
2281:
2105:furthest landing on another world
1824:
980:
959:Marsh, Stuart (3 November 2019),
915:
2230:Museum ships in Washington, D.C.
2115:furthest travel on another world
902:education.nationalgeographic.org
775:National Museum of the U.S. Navy
574:was modified extensively by the
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96:
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24:
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1161:. 24 April 2012. Archived from
1159:Maritime Logistics Professional
1143:
817:Deep Submergence Rescue Vehicle
678:Other deep dives and retirement
462:Cantieri Riuniti dell'Adriatico
448:, ballast hoppers filled with
300:needs additional citations for
146:Preserved as an exhibit in the
73:Cantieri Riuniti dell'Adriatico
16:Deep sea scientific submersible
1071:
1044:
1026:Science: Voyage of the Trieste
1017:
890:
864:
804:National Defense Service Medal
1:
1449:"The deepest recorded fishes"
1086:National Geographic Education
1053:Bathyscaphe Trieste 1958–1963
793:Meritorious Unit Commendation
712:was modified and used in the
576:Naval Electronics Laboratory
7:
928:"History of the Bathyscaph
810:
10:
2286:
2235:Ships preserved in museums
1804:; Mathers, Lee J. (2021).
1776:. Oxford University Press.
1736:"Trieste II (Bathyscaphe)"
1713:Drummer (9 January 2020).
324:"Trieste" bathyscaphe
2250:Submarines of Switzerland
2191:
2166:greatest on another world
2161:greatest of a spaceflight
2150:
2089:
1948:
1698:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1422:10.1016/j.dsr.2016.05.003
936:www.bathyscaphtrieste.org
780:
708:Beginning in April 1963,
501:while carbon dioxide was
466:Free Territory of Trieste
280:
153:
38:
23:
1840:Dives of the Bathyscaph
1289:"Rolex Deep Sea Special"
965:, 9 News, archived from
822:Deep Submergence Vehicle
666:. Invertebrates such as
586:The Mariana Trench dives
1564:10.1073/pnas.1322003111
1496:The Biological Bulletin
1309:, Written January 2006.
1274:8 February 2008 at the
878:. 2005-2015 Geology.com
755:Following the mission,
470:Castellammare di Stabia
154:General characteristics
2255:Ships built in Trieste
1796:. G. T. Putnam's Sons.
1307:Rolex Deep Sea Special
750:Navy Unit Commendation
694:
604:
552:
485:
392:
2142:Deepest ocean vehicle
1899:38.87333°N 76.99528°W
1508:10.1086/BBLv222n3p171
1256:NGC: On the sea floor
685:
614:aboard the freighter
593:
547:
483:
390:
2270:Washington Navy Yard
2171:greatest of a person
1849:4 March 2016 at the
1322:. historycentral.com
1095:on 22 September 2014
846:Notes and references
771:Washington Navy Yard
309:improve this article
2240:Submarines of Italy
2199:Spaceflight records
2100:furthest spacecraft
2062:Water-borne vehicle
2003:propulsively-driven
1904:38.87333; -76.99528
1895: /
1555:2014PNAS..111.4461Y
1465:1961Natur.190..283W
1413:2016DSRI..114...99L
1320:"Wandank (ATA-204)"
1184:Walsh, Don (1962),
1005:on 6 September 2015
999:Machine-History.Com
2120:closest to the Sun
1943:Extremes of motion
1772:Earth, Sky and Sea
1447:Wolff, T. (1961).
1295:on 2 February 2007
1165:on 28 January 2023
787:Navy Unit Citation
695:
618:to participate in
605:
553:
486:
434:United States Navy
393:
237:United States Navy
138:DSV-0, 1 June 1971
2212:
2211:
2022:production model
1652:Brand, V (1977).
1610:978-1-107-01674-3
1597:Jamieson, Alan J.
1549:(12): 4461–4465.
1459:(4772): 283–284.
1376:. 22 January 2010
1266:To the Depths in
840:MIR (submersible)
703:Batiscafo Trieste
426:Mediterranean Sea
385:
384:
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359:
212:
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71:Acciaierie Terni/
2277:
2260:Swiss inventions
2135:highest altitude
1991:transcontinental
1986:propeller-driven
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1782:Piccard, Piccard
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1766:Piccard, Auguste
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1208:. Archived from
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2110:furthest humans
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2031:by acceleration
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249:Jacques Piccard
225:Challenger Deep
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2043:by top speed
2026:by top speed
2008:wheel-driven
1998:Land vehicle
1880:
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1791:
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1758:Bibliography
1743:. Retrieved
1739:
1730:
1718:. Retrieved
1708:
1694:cite journal
1682:. Retrieved
1661:
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1635:. Retrieved
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1378:. Retrieved
1364:
1352:. Retrieved
1342:
1336:
1324:. Retrieved
1314:
1306:
1297:. Retrieved
1293:the original
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1236:
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1210:the original
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1163:the original
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1003:the original
998:
995:Bathyscaphe"
992:
971:, retrieved
967:the original
961:
939:. Retrieved
935:
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901:
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880:. Retrieved
875:
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859:Piccard 1956
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672:diatomaceous
664:hyperosmotic
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493:system with
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365:January 2011
362:
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345:
338:
331:
319:
307:Please help
302:verification
299:
261:
215:
214:
213:
176:(51 Mg)
169:Displacement
135:Reclassified
112:
61:
30:
18:
1902: /
1380:24 February
1354:24 February
1299:25 February
876:Geology.com
742:New England
616:Santa Maria
430:French Navy
410:bathysphere
406:bathyscaphe
404:. The term
268:French Navy
255:lieutenant
221:bathyscaphe
163:Bathyscaphe
2265:1953 ships
2219:Categories
2018:motorcycle
1976:Spacecraft
1890:76°59′43″W
1887:38°52′24″N
1745:28 January
1720:28 January
1637:28 January
1407:: 99–110.
1242:7 December
1216:11 October
1169:28 January
1135:28 January
941:28 January
766:Trieste II
644:hydrophone
638:, using a
491:rebreather
335:newspapers
205:Complement
2151:Endurance
2126:Aircraft
2072:submerged
1670:0813-1988
1431:0967-0637
1206:"Trieste"
806:with star
795:with star
789:with star
718:USS
636:(ATA-204)
580:San Diego
539:arc-light
513:of steel
507:soda-lime
499:cylinders
464:, in the
450:iron shot
257:Don Walsh
174:long tons
2192:See also
2183:Aircraft
2090:Distance
2013:on rails
1981:Aircraft
1847:Archived
1788:(1961).
1768:(1956).
1678:16986801
1599:(2015).
1583:24591588
1524:31549749
1516:22815365
1272:Archived
1237:BBC News
1099:27 April
1009:27 April
882:27 April
811:See also
734:(LSD-31)
720:Thresher
660:flatfish
656:flounder
503:scrubbed
446:buoyancy
442:gasoline
119:Acquired
79:Launched
2067:sailing
2055:British
1971:Vehicle
1842:Trieste
1833:Trieste
1684:10 July
1574:3970477
1551:Bibcode
1461:Bibcode
1409:Bibcode
1268:Trieste
1189:Trieste
1153:Trieste
1124:Trieste
1064:28 June
1037:28 June
993:Trieste
973:28 June
930:Trieste
907:29 June
830:(DSV-2)
761:Trieste
757:Trieste
746:Trieste
738:Trieste
726:Trieste
710:Trieste
699:Trieste
690:at the
688:Trieste
634:Wandank
608:Trieste
595:Trieste
572:Trieste
550:Trieste
472:, near
458:Trieste
438:Trieste
424:on the
396:Trieste
349:scholar
253:US Navy
239:in the
227:in the
216:Trieste
113:Trieste
68:Builder
62:Trieste
39:History
31:Trieste
2157:Space
2096:Space
1812:
1676:
1668:
1607:
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1571:
1522:
1514:
1453:Nature
1429:
1350:. 2012
1326:3 June
781:Awards
658:(both
515:forged
495:oxygen
474:Naples
418:scaphe
414:bathys
401:FNRS-2
351:
344:
337:
330:
322:
281:Design
181:Length
143:Status
1964:sound
1959:light
1955:Wave
1949:Speed
1664:(3).
1520:S2CID
1093:(PDF)
1082:(PDF)
828:Alvin
640:sonar
601:Lewis
519:Krupp
511:Terni
356:JSTOR
342:books
243:near
197:Draft
52:Italy
1810:ISBN
1747:2022
1740:NHHC
1722:2022
1700:link
1686:2008
1674:OCLC
1666:ISSN
1639:2022
1632:NHHC
1605:ISBN
1579:PMID
1543:PNAS
1512:PMID
1427:ISSN
1382:2012
1356:2012
1328:2009
1301:2007
1244:2011
1218:2005
1171:2023
1137:2022
1130:NHHC
1101:2015
1066:2023
1039:2023
1011:2015
975:2023
943:2022
909:2023
884:2015
730:USS
697:The
686:The
654:and
652:sole
632:USS
612:Guam
599:USS
328:news
251:and
245:Guam
189:Beam
159:Type
130:1966
122:1958
109:Name
87:Fate
58:Name
1569:PMC
1559:doi
1547:111
1504:doi
1500:222
1469:doi
1457:190
1417:doi
1405:114
1374:BBC
1348:BBC
311:by
274:in
208:Two
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1692:{{
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
