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329:. The 2003 change to the Constitution introduced the principle of financial autonomy of territorial Collectivities and saw the introduction of the words Region and Decentralisation in the French Constitution. The changes also introduced the possibility of holding local referendums and the right to petition.
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in France separate defined responsibilities and resources and to provide for the election of representatives by the inhabitants of those territories. Again this is different from deconcentration, which is when the central government aims to improve efficiency by delegating certain policy and powers
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This is the process of transferring power to newly created institutions and is different from the act of deconcentration of power, which is the transfer of power within the same institution. This decentralisation is general in nature and affects all policies or powers related to the territory or
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The decentralisation laws passed on 10 August 1871 and 5 April 1884 saw the attribution of powers to departmental councils and municipal councils. Until the 1982 laws the departmental councils had very limited powers and were effectively under the stewardship of the departments’ prefects.
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In 2006 this represented 33% (62 billion Euro) of local spending. The grants cover the increased spending of local authorities due to the transfer of responsibilities from the central to local government due to decentralisation.
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The local authorities are free to spend these resources as they decide, however due to ever increasing costs of these grants a
Stability Pact was put in place in 1996 and later replaced by a Growth and Solidarity pact in 1999.
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The changes to the
Constitution put in place the financial autonomy of the three levels of local government (commune, department and region) and the transfer to the regions of new responsibilities in 2004 and 2005.
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Local authorities do not need to seek central government authorisation in order to borrow money but all resources from borrowing can only be spent on investment (not current spending).
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Borrowing is the third biggest source of resources for local government in France. In 2006 it represented 9% (17 billion euros) of spending and has been in constant decline since 1997.
579:"Loi n° 83-663 du 22 juillet 1983 complétant la loi n° 83-8 du 7 janvier 1983 relative à la répartition de compétences entre les communes, les départements, les régions et l'Etat"
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This aspect of decentralisation takes place when central or local government decides not to directly carry out one of its powers but to transfer the power to a public body or
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targeted to specific areas of public policy and government. A further manifestation of this category is the decentralisation of the Banque de France and other public bodies (
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In such a case the body has a clearly defined function and budget to carry out the function. Examples could be
Universities or the RATP transport authority in Paris.
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The 1983 Laws (Gaston
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These laws followed the first failed attempt at decentralisation (referendum to reform the senate and regionalisation) in 1969 by
General De Gaulle.
601:"Quelles sont les différentes ressources des collectivités ? - Les ressources des collectivités locales Découverte des institutions - Repères"
557:"Loi n° 83-8 du 7 janvier 1983 relative à la répartition de compétences entre les communes, les départements, les régions et l'Etat *loi Defferre*"
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Decentralisation in France can be divided into three categories: institutional, territorial and functional decentralisation.
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425:grants and subsidies for infrastructure
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603:. vie-publique.fr. 24 September 2013
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