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rate of at least 40%), unhealthy (20–40%), or in trouble (10-20%) all increased greatly, and these high vacancy rates only partially decreased from 2010 to 2014. In 2014, nearly 3% of all malls in the United States were considered to be "dying" (40% or higher vacancy rates) and nearly one-fifth of all malls had vacancy rates considered "troubling" (10% or higher).
558:
Some major healthcare systems such as
Vanderbilt Health and the University of Rochester (UR) Health have converted several dying malls into new "health malls" or "mall to medicine". The large spaces allow for the easy conversion of space-intensive activities such as ambulatory surgical centers, while
213:
The number of dead malls has increased significantly because the economic health of malls across the United States has been in decline, with high vacancy rates in many of these malls. From 2006 to 2010, the percentage of malls that are considered to be "dying" by real estate experts (have a vacancy
228:
Some real estate experts say the "fundamental problem" is a glut of malls in many parts of the country creating a market that is "extremely over-retailed". Cowen
Research reported that the number of malls in the U.S. grew more than twice as fast as the population between 1970 and 2015; Cowen also
188:
to declare the indoor mall format obsolete in 2008. The year 2007 marked the first time since the 1950s that no new malls were built in the United States. Most
Canadian malls still remain indoors after renovations due to the harsh winter climate throughout most of the country, however the
370:
Dead malls are occasionally redeveloped. Leasing or management companies may change the architecture, layout, decor, or other component of a shopping center to attract more renters and draw more profits. Several dead malls have been significantly renovated into open-air shopping centers.
232:
Some malls have maintained profitability, particularly in areas with frequent inclement weather (or otherwise weather undesirable for outdoor activities, such as shopping in an open-air shopping/lifestyle center) or large populations of senior citizens who can partake in
104:
or successor that could attract people to the mall. Without the pedestrian traffic that department stores previously generated, sales volumes decline for almost all stores and rental revenues from those stores can no longer sustain the costly maintenance of the malls.
542:
have already acquired the sites of some failed malls and converted them to fulfillment centers. A proposal called "Re-Habit" uses portions of struggling malls, particularly vacated big box space, for homeless housing. As an example of this concept, the vacant
119:
Structural changes in the department-store industry have also made survival of these malls difficult. These changes have contributed to some areas or suburbs having insufficient traditional department stores to fill all the existing larger-lease-area
1631:
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was turned into an open-air shopping plaza. Attitudes about malls have also been changing. With changing priorities, people have less time to spend driving to and strolling through malls and, during the
1860:
1747:
1834:
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198:, specialty stores offered what many shoppers saw as useless luxuries they could no longer afford. In this respect, big box stores and conventional strip malls have a time-saving advantage.
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Conversion from a shopping mall into an open-air, mixed-use area may entail the demolition of parts of or all of the former shopping mall. An example of this can be seen in
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that includes a 12-screen movie theatre, shops, and restaurants with outdoor seating and entrances. When the structures are demolished completely, it is known as a
1344:
481:(with a strict permitting process) or in major urban areas (where open fields are long gone), this greyfielding can be much easier and cheaper than building on a
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enjoying high profits and occupancy averages of 92%. Some retailers have also begun to re-evaluate the mall environment, a positive sign for the industry.
229:
reported that shopping center "gross leasable area" in the U.S. is 40 percent more shopping space per capita than Canada and five times more than the U.K.
2018:
Ferreira, Daniela; Paiva, Daniel (8 August 2017). "The death and life of shopping malls: an empirical investigation on the dead malls in
Greater Lisbon".
1962:
Simpson, Tim (2010). "Lazarus, the Dead Mall, and the Demise of the City Center". In Burd, Gene; Jassem, Harvey; Drucker, Susan J.; Gumpert, Gary (eds.).
248:
that started in the 2010s made the dead mall situation even more noticeable, due to the complete closing of several retailers, as well as anchor tenants
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430:, closed as a retail mall in the early 1990s. The mall was redeveloped into office space with much of the space taken by telecommunications carriers,
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normally prefer purpose-built free-standing buildings rather than using mall-anchor spaces. 21st-century retailing trends favor open air
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Redevelopment can involve a switch from retail usage to office or educational use for a building, such as is the case with
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124:. A few large national chains have replaced many local and regional chains, and some national chains are defunct.
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the multiple storefronts facilitate "one stop shopping" for all of health related needs. Roughly half of
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North
American malls that have permanently closed citing the pandemic as a precipitating factor include
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567:. Following the model, it is expanding to other dead or dying malls throughout its region, while
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1393:"General Growth deal would extend Simon's mall dominance | Indianapolis Business Journal"
1857:"VUMC wants to take mall-to-medicine concept to Antioch. It helped turn 100 Oaks Mall around"
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1006:(hybrid office/shopping complex partially demolished for redevelopment for office expansion)
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1685:"Amazon and mall operator look at turning Sears, JC Penney stores into fulfillment centers"
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in 2019, the same year it was closed; it was once the world's third-largest shopping mall
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783:(formerly Forest Fair Mall, The Shops at Forest Fair, Cincinnati Mills, Cincinnati Mall)
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It has been suggested that some malls die when the surrounding neighborhoods undergo a
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1827:"Mall-to-medicine transitions make health care more convenient for suburban patients"
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323:. A number of notable retailers filed for bankruptcy during the pandemic including
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720:(formerly New South China Mall; occupancy has recovered after renovations in 2018
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serving southwestern
Pennsylvania. Another use for a former mall can be seen in
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836:(closed recently, with its final anchor JCPenney shuttering on May 31st, 2024)
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1883:"1 year later: UR making progress on orthopedic campus at Marketplace Mall"
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1474:"Entire Pittsburgh mall sells for $ 100—all 1.1 million square feet of it"
315:
The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated many issues affecting malls. During the
224:, the first shopping mall in Finland, started to decline in the late 2010s
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1624:"From Retail to Revamped: Eastgate Metroplex Fills Up Its Biggest Spaces"
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in
Florida. Allegheny Center Mall, a retail mall just north of downtown
1981:
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221:
2020:
The
International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research
2009:
1655:"Southern Park Mall Rebuilds for Next 50 Years with DeBartolo Commons"
237:. Combined with lower rents, these factors have led to companies like
1564:"Mall of America reopens, with only 150 of 500 stores open Wednesday"
544:
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building, to construct DeBartolo
Commons. The commons honors late
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1740:"Efforts To House Homeless In Empty Big-Box Stores Move Forward"
490:
151:
1444:"Foreclosed mall once valued at $ 190M is auctioned for $ 100"
527:
514:
62:
264:, a mall once worth as much as $ 190 million, was sold at a
1335:"What in the World Is Causing the Retail Meltdown of 2017?"
1081:"Greyfields and Ghostboxes Evolving Real Estate Challenges"
269:
140:
1659:
Business
Journal Daily | The Youngstown Publishing Company
1504:"With Department Stores Disappearing, Malls Could Be Next"
158:" chains (also referred to as "category killers") such as
531:
1132:"Malls See Plenty of Action, but Less of It Is Shopping"
268:
sale for $ 100, with the mall itself being purchased by
2001:
Metabolizing obsolescence: strategies for the dead mall
829:
Rainbow Centre Factory Outlet, Niagara Falls, New York
590:
Bonnie Doon Shopping Centre, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
1534:"Chicago-area malls and stores shut down by COVID-19"
635:
Galleria at Pittsburgh Mills, Tarentum, Pennsylvania
465:, where the old Springfield Mall was converted into
1416:
738:
Voorhees Town Center, Voorhees Township, New Jersey
1106:"Recession Turns Malls Into Ghost Towns - WSJ.com"
605:Circle Centre Mall, Downtown Indianapolis, Indiana
100:are considered "dead" when they have no surviving
1047: – Internet aesthetic capturing empty places
825:(formerly St. Louis Outlet Mall, St. Louis Mills)
655:Market Square Shopping Centre, Geelong, Australia
2065:
1771:"Can vacant mall stores alleviate homelessness?"
645:Hagerstown Premium Outlets, Hagerstown, Maryland
256:closing many locations and the sharp decline in
108:
1683:Fung, Esther; Herrera, Sebastian (2020-08-09).
1369:. Walking.about.com. 2013-07-17. Archived from
1183:
1181:
1179:
809:(awaiting planned demolition and redevelopment)
583:
319:pandemic, many malls closed temporarily due to
1297:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1217:
485:. An example of this type of redevelopment is
450:was partially demolished and converted into a
2017:
1390:
1304:"The Economics (and Nostalgia) of Dead Malls"
834:Shenango Valley Mall, Hermitage, Pennsylvania
776:Chambersburg Mall, Chambersburg, Pennsylvania
726:Sunrise Mall (New York), Massapequa, New York
713:Signal Hill Mall, Statesville, North Carolina
625:Embarcadero Center, San Francisco, California
260:. The trend was particularly noticeable when
1359:
1237:
1176:
994:Silver City Galleria, Taunton, Massachusetts
984:Richmond Town Square, Richmond Heights, Ohio
845:
840:Toombul Shopping Centre, Brisbane, Australia
770:Century III Mall, West Mifflin, Pennsylvania
680:The Orchards Mall, Benton Township, Michigan
620:Edmonton City Centre Mall, Edmonton, Alberta
1940:
1682:
1419:"Leading the charge to bring back the mall"
1288:
1051:List of shopping malls in the United States
702:Puente Hills Mall, Puente Hills, California
1501:
1129:
883:Eastfield Mall, Springfield, Massachusetts
690:Playground Pier, Atlantic City, New Jersey
311:Retail apocalypse § COVID-19 pandemic
205:Between early 2013 and November 2017, the
182:over indoor malls. The massive change led
2008:
1971:
1073:
974:Owings Mills Mall, Owings Mills, Maryland
852:Carousel Mall, San Bernardino, California
807:Lakeside Mall, Sterling Heights, Michigan
307:Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on retail
2054:Article about the Dead Malls Competition
1854:
1471:
1332:
1301:
1263:
1243:
964:Northland Village Mall, Calgary, Alberta
949:Mall of the Bluffs, Council Bluffs, Iowa
893:Eastland Mall, Charlotte, North Carolina
792:Hamilton Eaton Centre, Hamilton, Ontario
685:Orlando Fashion Square, Orlando, Florida
216:
200:
126:
48:
29:
1961:
1768:
1714:"Re-Habit KTGY Architecture + Planning"
1187:
1163:"How To Tell When a Mall Is In Trouble"
858:Cary Towne Center, Cary, North Carolina
813:Military Circle Mall, Norfolk, Virginia
802:Lakeforest Mall, Gaithersburg, Maryland
758:Wiregrass Commons Mall, Dothan, Alabama
692:(formerly Pier Shops at Caesars Palace)
615:East Hills Mall, Saint Joseph, Missouri
14:
2066:
1824:
1652:
1544:from the original on December 22, 2021
1302:Schwartz, Nelson D. (3 January 2015).
1160:
1130:Rosenbloom, Stephanie (10 July 2009).
1041: – 2020 American documentary film
979:Randall Park Mall, North Randall, Ohio
959:Northland Center, Southfield, Michigan
954:Niagara Square, Niagara Falls, Ontario
928:Knoxville Center, Knoxville, Tennessee
797:Hawthorne Plaza, Hawthorne, California
665:Neshaminy Mall, Bensalem, Pennsylvania
630:Exton Square Mall, Exton, Pennsylvania
569:University of Rochester Medical Center
1998:
1880:
1750:from the original on 22 February 2019
1621:
1246:"Is the American Shopping Mall Dead?"
1142:from the original on 2 September 2016
888:Eastgate Mall, Chattanooga, Tennessee
818:Northridge Mall, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
781:Forest Fair Village, Cincinnati, Ohio
709:(formerly Abbottsfield Shoppers Mall)
707:Riverview Crossing, Edmonton, Alberta
578:
563:in Nashville, TN is now dedicated to
279:
1737:
1154:
999:Summit Place Mall, Pontiac, Michigan
939:White Flint Mall, Bethesda, Maryland
923:Jamestown Mall, Florissant, Missouri
868:Columbus City Center, Columbus, Ohio
787:Gwinnett Place Mall, Duluth, Georgia
610:Crystal Mall, Waterford, Connecticut
565:Vanderbilt University Medical Center
300:
89:that has low consumer traffic or is
1999:Laura, Schatzman (22 August 2013).
1514:from the original on 19 August 2020
1314:from the original on 12 August 2017
1220:"Amazon is crushing shopping malls"
1190:"The death of the US shopping mall"
934:Landmark Mall, Alexandria, Virginia
913:Forest Mall, Fond du Lac, Wisconsin
898:Eau Claire Market, Calgary, Alberta
878:Dixie Square Mall, Harvey, Illinois
743:Westmount Centre, Edmonton, Alberta
675:Northgate Centre, Edmonton, Alberta
571:is converting roughly one-third of
358:in Burlington, Washington, and the
209:in Southampton, England, was empty.
24:
1934:
1906:
1855:McDonald, Hannah (24 March 2022).
1781:from the original on 24 March 2019
1574:from the original on June 13, 2020
1417:Melissa Regennitter (2010-05-29).
1391:Cory Schouten (11 December 2009).
1347:from the original on 10 April 2017
1004:Thornhill Square, Toronto, Ontario
969:North Town Mall, Edmonton, Alberta
823:Powerplex STL, St. Louis, Missouri
27:Shopping center with low occupancy
25:
2095:
2047:
1966:. Hampton Press. pp. 35–47.
1502:Maheshwari, Sapna (5 July 2020).
1333:Thompson, Derek (10 April 2017).
1010:Valley View Center, Dallas, Texas
753:Wintergarden, Brisbane, Australia
718:South China Mall, Dongguan, China
670:New Horizon Mall, Balzac, Alberta
595:Boulevard Mall, Amherst, New York
1801:"Carpenter's Shelter About Page"
1769:Hickman, Matt (29 August 2018).
1188:Glancey, Jonathan (2014-04-11).
944:Lincoln Mall, Matteson, Illinois
918:Heritage Mall, Edmonton, Alberta
903:Euclid Square Mall, Euclid, Ohio
640:Greenspoint Mall, Houston, Texas
406:(now the global headquarters of
365:
1919:from the original on 2023-10-06
1909:"疫情之下，华南mall坚持改造升级，将着重打造岭南特色街区"
1900:
1889:from the original on 2022-08-29
1881:Kucko, Natalie (30 June 2022).
1874:
1863:from the original on 2022-08-29
1848:
1837:from the original on 2022-08-29
1825:Farmer, Blake (13 April 2022).
1818:
1807:from the original on 2018-06-28
1793:
1762:
1731:
1720:from the original on 2019-02-22
1706:
1695:from the original on 2020-08-10
1676:
1665:from the original on 2022-12-14
1646:
1634:from the original on 2019-07-22
1615:
1604:from the original on 2020-02-05
1586:
1556:
1526:
1495:
1484:from the original on 2017-01-24
1465:
1436:
1425:from the original on 2010-08-12
1399:from the original on 2012-11-12
1326:
1277:from the original on 2010-01-25
1252:from the original on 2009-12-03
1226:from the original on 2017-12-01
1200:from the original on 2014-04-28
1112:from the original on 2014-12-14
989:Rolling Acres Mall, Akron, Ohio
873:Cottonwood Mall, Holladay, Utah
748:Westmount Mall, London, Ontario
1964:The Urban Communication Reader
1211:
1123:
1108:. Online.wsj.com. 2009-05-22.
1098:
650:Lloyd Center, Portland, Oregon
13:
1:
2032:10.1080/09593969.2017.1309564
1598:National Real Estate Investor
1271:"The vanishing shopping mall"
1244:Dokoupil, Tony (2008-11-12).
1218:Greg Guenthner (2016-12-20).
1015:Westland Mall, Columbus, Ohio
863:Chapel Hill Mall, Akron, Ohio
174:; which resemble elements of
109:Changes in the retail climate
55:Shanghai Summit Shopping City
1738:Goss, Joe (5 October 2018).
1622:Evatt, Robert (2016-02-18).
1472:Anderson, Tom (2017-01-21).
1450:. 2017-01-18. Archived from
1066:
854:(formerly Central City Mall)
772:(currently being demolished)
763:
698:(formerly Primm Outlet Mall)
696:Prizm Outlets, Primm, Nevada
584:Open with high vacancy rates
540:United States Postal Service
412:Global Mall at the Crossings
7:
1941:Christensen, Julia (2008).
1907:李, 未来; 张, 慧敏 (2020-12-21).
1653:Medore, Josh (2019-09-07).
1161:Newman, Rick (2009-06-26).
1020:
733:Uptown, Brisbane, Australia
477:. In jurisdictions such as
354:in Durham, North Carolina,
10:
2100:
1083:. Uwex.edu. Archived from
930:(formerly East Towne Mall)
908:Fiesta Mall, Mesa, Arizona
436:Internet service providers
304:
295:
112:
39:West Mifflin, Pennsylvania
2059:Labelscar, Retail History
1777:. Mother Nature Network.
1702:– via Fox Business.
1045:Liminal space (aesthetic)
846:Demolished or Redeveloped
660:Midway Mall, Elyria, Ohio
1594:"Visions of the Future?"
1421:. Muscatinejournal.com.
1273:. The Week. 2009-03-26.
600:Carré Göttingen, Germany
513:, demolished the former
463:Fairfax County, Virginia
452:satellite worship center
1689:The Wall Street Journal
519:Edward J. DeBartolo Sr.
487:Prestonwood Town Center
467:Springfield Town Center
2079:Shopping malls by type
2074:Defunct shopping malls
290:socio-economic decline
225:
210:
143:
66:
46:
471:mixed-use development
438:, and is now a major
362:in Phoenix, Arizona.
220:
204:
130:
53:A "dead" wing of the
52:
33:
1222:. Business Insider.
573:The Marketplace Mall
553:Alexandria, Virginia
495:Voorhees Town Center
416:Nashville, Tennessee
392:Eastmont Town Center
444:Lexington, Kentucky
396:Oakland, California
325:Ascena Retail Group
321:stay-at-home orders
135:is a dead plaza in
1540:. March 18, 2020.
1508:The New York Times
1308:The New York Times
1136:The New York Times
1033:documentary series
579:Notable dead malls
575:in Henrietta, NY.
511:Southern Park Mall
420:Coral Springs Mall
376:Eastgate Metroplex
286:demographic change
280:Demographic change
226:
211:
144:
73:, also known as a
67:
47:
1991:978-1-57273-948-2
1954:978-0-262-03379-4
1570:. June 10, 2020.
499:Voorhees Township
400:Windsor Park Mall
384:Park Central Mall
341:Lord & Taylor
301:COVID-19 pandemic
246:retail apocalypse
172:lifestyle centers
115:Retail apocalypse
16:(Redirected from
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456:local megachurch
262:Pittsburgh Mills
191:Don Mills Centre
166:Corporation and
137:Garfield Heights
133:City View Center
93:in some manner.
35:Century III Mall
21:
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1831:Market Place
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1568:Star Tribune
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1371:the original
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1248:. Newsweek.
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1056:Modern ruins
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2084:Urban decay
1982:10692/20936
1913:www.163.com
1775:www.mnn.com
1754:21 February
1628:Tulsa World
1395:. IBJ.com.
1318:24 February
1146:24 February
1061:Urban decay
1038:Jasper Mall
505:. Also, in
432:data center
404:San Antonio
360:Metrocenter
274:Wells Fargo
266:foreclosure
239:Simon Malls
79:zombie mall
2068:Categories
2010:2142/45379
2003:(Thesis).
1923:2023-09-19
1893:2022-08-29
1867:2022-08-29
1841:2022-08-29
1811:2019-03-12
1724:2019-02-22
1699:2020-08-09
1669:2023-05-24
1608:2020-02-05
1578:August 19,
1548:August 19,
1488:2017-01-25
1458:2017-01-19
1429:2013-09-08
1403:2013-09-08
1377:2013-09-08
1281:2009-10-24
1256:2009-10-24
1230:2017-05-09
1204:2020-01-23
1169:2009-07-16
1116:2013-09-08
1091:2009-07-16
503:New Jersey
424:Pittsburgh
418:, and the
305:See also:
222:Heikintori
75:ghost mall
2040:168971868
1968:CiteSeerX
1518:19 August
1067:Footnotes
1031:Dead Mall
764:Abandoned
408:Rackspace
154:, newer "
71:dead mall
18:Dead Mall
1917:Archived
1887:Archived
1861:Archived
1835:Archived
1805:Archived
1785:11 March
1779:Archived
1748:Archived
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1351:10 April
1345:Archived
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1250:Archived
1224:Archived
1198:Archived
1140:Archived
1110:Archived
1027:Dan Bell
1021:See also
538:and the
446:, where
337:JCPenney
317:COVID-19
254:JCPenney
185:Newsweek
168:Best Buy
59:Shanghai
1638:25 July
1538:WIFR-LD
547:in the
479:Vermont
388:Phoenix
296:History
272:holder
160:Walmart
156:big box
146:In the
85:, is a
65:in 2007
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1744:Forbes
545:Macy's
524:Amazon
509:, the
491:Dallas
454:for a
343:, and
250:Macy's
164:Target
152:Canada
2036:S2CID
528:FedEx
515:Sears
63:China
1986:ISBN
1949:ISBN
1787:2019
1756:2019
1640:2019
1580:2020
1550:2020
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1478:CNBC
1448:WTOP
1353:2017
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493:and
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309:and
270:lien
252:and
150:and
141:Ohio
131:The
2028:doi
2005:hdl
1978:hdl
1194:BBC
551:of
536:UPS
532:DHL
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