742:
714:
726:
651:
when most regions in Russia compiled and published Books of
Remembrance, commemorating such victims. After 2004, however, as political prisoners and prisoners of conscience reappeared in Putin's Russia, there were repeated objections to the appropriation by the State of an unofficial day of protest, started in Soviet camps for "political" offenders. In October 2017, 37 former dissidents and rights activists from across the old Soviet Union signed a letter denouncing the hypocrisy of the new
29:
762:
741:
691:. The low-key ceremony was attended by one hundred people. Among them were: elderly relatives of those repressed in the Stalin period; members of the committee that judged several hundred entries in a competition to design the new memorial (Ludmila Alexeyeva, Natalya Solzhenitsyn, Roman Romanov); and human rights officials from the presidential administration (Mikhail Fedotov,
639:" period, protests associated with the 30 October commemoration became increasingly dramatic. This culminated on 30 October 1989 with dozens of demonstrations across the Soviet Union from the Baltic (Kaliningrad) to the Soviet Far East (Khabarovsk) and the "Living Circle" protest in Moscow when three thousand demonstrators encircled the
245:
This is a list of 22 places from across Russia's 83 subjects of federation where the "Remembrance Day for the
Victims of Political Repression" is regularly observed. They range in size from cities of several million inhabitants to small towns and settlements like Inta and one site (Verkhny Armurdan)
220:
Most often the ceremonies were organised by the local city, town or village council and attended by relatives and descendants of the victims, local officials, clergy and schoolchildren. In a smaller number of cases the event was organised by local NGOs and other public institutions, e.g. the various
164:
The original
Russian term for repression is plural, literally "Political Repressions" but more appropriately translated "repressive measures". The term refers to a variety of crimes committed against the population by the Soviet regime at different times since 1917. Summary executions, imprisonment,
698:
The following year there was an attempt by the Moscow city authorities to shift the ceremony from the
Solovki Stone to the new Wall of Sorrow on the city's outer Garden Ring. This proposal, made ostensibly on the grounds of renovation work on Lubyanka Square, proved unsuccessful and the "Restoring
236:
The
Memorial Society across Russia has generally played a much greater part in the early stages of commemoration. As the "Russia's Necropolis" survey released in 2016 demonstrates, exploratory groups from Memorial were often the first to identify unmarked burial grounds. The society's members then
203:
incorporate the term in their titles. The massive online database assembled since 1998 by
Memorial (society) is entitled "Victims of Political Terror in the USSR". The 2016 survey of commemorative sites and burial grounds conducted by St Petersburg Memorial is called "Russia's Necropolis of Terror
650:
After its introduction in 1991, the official "Remembrance Day for the
Victims of Political Repression" was adopted all over Russia to commemorate and remember the millions "repressed" (arrested, exiled, sent to the camps or shot) by the Bolshevik regime, especially under Stalin. These were years
671:
On Sunday 29 October 2017, 5,286 people attended the
Restoring the Names ceremony at the Solovki Stone a short distance from FSB (NKVD) headquarters on Lubyanka Square. Over one thousand reached the microphone to read aloud the names of those killed by the regime in Moscow and the Moscow Region
667:
Since 2007 Memorial has organised a day-long ceremony "Restoring the Names" every 29 October on the eve of the official Day of
Remembrance in Moscow. In 2017, the contrast between the official and unofficial days of commemoration in the Russian capital, and the style in which they were held was
658:
An attempt to separate the victims of Stalin and Lenin from contemporary political prisoners was made in Moscow and some other places with the emergence of the unofficial "Restoring the Names" ceremony on the day before. This did not satisfy all critics. Traditionally, the
Memorial Human Rights
212:
In 2014 the Research & Information Centre of St Petersburg Memorial found that 30 October was observed as an annual event at 103 of the commemorative sites it surveyed in Russia; it was much the most common date in the calendar. The sites were mostly but not exclusively associated with the
659:
Centre releases its latest list of prisoners of conscience and political prisoners on or around 30 October each year. On 9 November 2021 it announced that there were now 337 prisoners of conscience and political prisoners in the Russian Federation.
259:
On 30 October 2021 gatherings were held, despite ongoing Covid restrictions, at many places in the Russian Federation. The ceremonies took place, for instance, at memorial cemeteries located at the killing fields of the late 1930s, such as
467:
suffered mass deportation during the war, an experience yet more traumatic than the forced collectivisation of agriculture, "dekulakisation" and the Great Terror which they had suffered with the rest of the Soviet Union.
237:
campaigned for monuments, memorials and plaques to confirm their status. Members of the local Memorial Society are frequently mentioned among the regular participants at yearly ceremonies, on 30 October and other dates.
1631:"List of Individuals Recognised as Political Prisoners by the Memorial Human Rights Centre and Persecuted in connection with the Realisation of Their Right to Freedom of Religion as of 9 November 2021"
621:
145:
The country's remaining Germans (28 August) and Poles living in Russia or visiting the country (2-3 September) each have their own days of "Remembrance and Sorrow". So do nations deported during the
123:
in the USSR. As numbers of prisoners of conscience and political prisoners grow in today's Russia, they comment, this distinction is being obscured, undermined and forgotten by the new tradition.
713:
725:
483:". Following the April 1991 Decree Rehabilitating "Repressed Nations", the 12-year exile of the Chechen nation in Central Asia was marked annually until 2016. Chechen President
93:
on 18 October 1991, the same day as that body passed the "Law on the Rehabilitation of the Victims of Political Repression", a key piece of legislation still in force. (The
699:
the Names" ceremony went ahead as usual on 29 October 2018. Since Covid restrictions came into force ceremonies on 29 and 30 October in Moscow have been held online.
139:
781:
1630:
119:
This new use continues to be criticised by some Russian rights activists. They remind people that the date was originally chosen in the 1970s by protesting
131:
Certain other dates are marked each year in Russia by particular groups; sometimes in addition to 30 October, sometimes instead of that official date.
152:
In certain regions the victims of political repression are remembered on a different or additional date, e.g. the International Day of Remembrance at
1760:
256:
In one of Russia's eight Federal Districts, the North Caucasus, 30 October is sometimes observed, but generally cedes in importance to other dates.
354:(Karelia). In October 2017 there was an attempt to stifle proceedings or take over the ceremonies at both the Zaretskoe Graveyard and Krasny Bor.
156:
on 5 August each year. There is also sometimes a separate regional date for their remembrance, as on 9-13 September in the Chelyabinsk Region.
192:) under Stalin. It also embraces the wholesale shooting of hostages and indiscriminate massacres under Lenin that characterised the formative
679:(designer Georgy Frangulyan), a massive new monument to the Victims of Political Repression, was opened on Sakharov Avenue by President
1765:
172:
Activists and researchers at Memorial now prefer the more specific term "political terror". This includes not just the unprecedented
40:) to the victims of political repression in the USSR. Also the location since 2007 of "Restoring the Names" on 29 October each year.
166:
74:
1648:
1570:
500:
70:
1702:
1785:
1612:
1586:"30 October is the Day in Remembrance of the Victims of Political Repression", Regnum news agency, 30 October 2005
1790:
853:
818:
decree, 18 October 1991 No. 1763/1-I, "On establishing Remembrance Day for the Victims of Political Repression".
791:
1296:
1775:
1716:
306:: Moscow City Commission for Restoring the Rights of the Rehabilitated Victims of Political Repression, Moscow
221:
Associations for Victims of Political Repression, the Memorial Society, and museums and schools in places like
100:
30 October is an official date in the calendar of the Russian Federation. In 2007 President Putin visited the
1688:
835:
1780:
1613:"Aleksandr Podrabinek: A "Day of Commemoration" has replaced "Political Prisoner's Day" - Rights in Russia"
761:
414:: Samara Region Commission for Restoring the Rights of the Rehabilitated Victims of Political Repression.
340:
1598:
786:
357:
299:
261:
491:, "The Nine Towers", to commemorate this national catastrophe the extensively rebuilt Chechen capital
1770:
519:: Yekaterinburg City administration together with the Association of Victims of Political Repression.
320:: Voronezh city commission for Restoring the Rights of Rehabilitated Victims of Political Repression.
631:
and Alexander Murzhenko. Their protest called among other things for recognition of their status as
815:
90:
1674:
176:
perpetrated in 1937-1938 or the forced collectivisation of agriculture, the mass resettlement of "
688:
135:
97:
has estimated that 12 million people qualified for rehabilitation under the terms of that act.)
1192:
872:"Aleksandr Podrabinek: Political Prisoners, Yesterday and Today. On a Concept Substitution"
1042:
268:
in southern Moscow and at certain burial grounds of the Gulag, e.g. Yagrinlag graves near
8:
480:
265:
120:
101:
692:
632:
323:
307:
293:
200:
94:
78:
525:
former special settlement for peasant deportees, (Khanty-Mansiisk autonomous region).
625:
193:
535:
memorial plaque commemorating forced settlers, (Khanty-Mansiisk autonomous region).
249:
30 October is also commemorated at a few places in neighbouring countries (e.g. the
796:
684:
628:
601:
285:
146:
109:
62:
33:
644:
296:
for both the official date and the preceding "Restoring the Names" on 29 October.
281:
105:
37:
1001:"N. NOVGOROD Pochainsky Ravine [C]* Red Terror executions & burials"
719:"Restoring the Names" (29 October 2016). FSB headquarters are in the background.
708:
Memorials in Russia dedicated to the victims of the Communist regime (1917–1991)
871:
680:
484:
472:
456:
189:
181:
487:
then prohibited such ceremonies. While the Ingush have a striking memorial in
217:
of 1937-1938 and the mass graves in which victims bodies were then concealed.
1754:
731:
Solovki Stone in St. Petersburg. One of its inscriptions: "To inmates of the
676:
652:
522:
512:
476:
113:
566:: History of Norilsk Museum and educational institutions of Greater Norilsk.
28:
1419:"Kelermesskaya cantonment [C]* Red Terror executions & burials"
396:
351:
269:
214:
180:" families, and the later deportation of entire ethnic groups and nations (
89:
The day has been observed since 30 October 1991. It was established by the
1329:"SYKTYVKAR Nizhny Chov district [C]* Execution & burial site"
636:
173:
1464:"YEKATERINBURG Memorial complex [C] Execution & burial site"
1730:"Reburials of executed and prisoners in Sviyazysk", Russia's Necropolis
587:
253:
former camp for "Wives of Traitors of the Motherland" in Kazakhstan).
153:
49:
1401:"ОRENBURG Zauralnaya roshcha [C]* Execution & burial site"
515:
Memorial to the Victims of Political Repression, (Sverdlovsk Region).
165:
and deportation are frequently encountered between 1918 and 1954: see
1703:"TV channels cut Dmitriev statement from reports of press conference"
1585:
752:
748:
367:
1554:"Verkhny Armudan settlement [C] Execution & burial site"
1500:"SURGUT cemetery [C] Forced settlers & deportees graves"
983:"CHELYABINSK "Golden Hill" [C]* Execution & burial site"
1729:
1553:
1535:
1517:
1499:
1481:
1463:
1436:
1418:
1400:
1382:
1364:
1346:
1328:
1310:
1278:
1260:
1242:
1224:
1206:
1174:
1156:
1138:
1117:
1099:
1081:
1060:
1000:
982:
964:
946:
925:
907:
889:
418:
313:
1518:"TYUMEN Zatyumenskoe cemetery [C] Burials of the executed"
1243:"Katyn Memorial Complex [C]* Execution & Burial site"
1139:"NORILSK "Norilsk Golgotha" [C]* prisoners burial ground"
890:"ORYOL Medvedevsky woods [C] Execution & burial site"
767:
597:
570:
559:
496:
464:
460:
230:
226:
185:
1261:"ST PETERSBURG "Levashovo" [C]* Burials of the executed"
662:
1279:"PETROZAVODSK [C]* Zaretskoe. Reburial of the executed"
908:"CHELYABINSK [Cs]* Reburial of German forced labourers"
549:
532:
492:
488:
407:
1744:
1061:"Nikolayevsk-on-Amur [C]* Execution & burial site"
1029:
965:"Sandarmokh complex [C]* Execution & burial site"
732:
250:
177:
836:"Putin visits memorial to victims of Stalinist Great Terror"
378:
222:
463:, several nations of the North Caucasus, for example, the
1365:"PERM [C]* Burials of executed & prison dead"
1157:"Tesnitsky Woods [C] Execution & Burial site"
640:
1225:"VORONEZH Dubovka [C]* Reburial of the executed"
1207:"MOSCOW Kommunarka [C]* Burials of the Executed"
1017:
104:
on 30 October. Ten years later it was the day on which
1649:"Rights Activists Read Aloud Soviet-Era Victims' Names"
782:
Commemoration Day for the Victims of Communist Genocide
59:
Remembrance Day for the Victims of Political Repression
22:
Remembrance Day for the Victims of Political Repression
1175:"BESLAN [C]* Burial site of executed Cossacks"
1118:"Kozhva ss [C] Pechorzheldorlag burial ground"
1437:"Pozdneyevka [C] Execution & burial site"
1311:"Krasny Bor [C]* Execution & burial site"
1082:"KHABAROVSK [C]* Execution & burial site"
926:"Mednoe Complex [C]* Burials of the Executed"
615:
403:: Perm city administration and Perm Memorial Society.
207:
1018:"Victims of Political Terror in the USSR", 1917-1991
647:. Political Prisoner's Day was last marked in 1990.
1717:"Moscow's "Restoring the Names" (2018) in question"
747:Memorial "To the Victims of Political Repression",
552:burials in Zatyumenskoe cemetery, (Tyumen Region).
620:The commemoration is held on the same date as the
1482:"Andra ss [C]* Forced settlers graveyard"
395:Memorial to the Victims of Political Repression,
1752:
1383:"SAMARA [C] Burial site of the executed"
446:: Priests of the church of the Archangel Michael
347:: St Petersburg Memorial Society and other NGOs.
947:"NALCHIK [C]* Grave of Kyazim Mechiyev"
1347:"Inta [C]* east Intalag burial ground"
288:in front of the Polytechnial Museum (Moscow).
159:
1536:"IRKUTSK [C]* Pivovarikha graveyard"
607:Verkhny Armudan village (Sakhalin Region).
1745:Russia's Necropolis of Terror and the Gulag
624:, a mid-1970s initiative led by imprisoned
503:was destroyed on Kadyrov's orders in 2014.
385:: Inta town administration and Inta Museum.
36:. Since 1991 a monument in central Moscow (
833:
675:The next day, Monday 30 October 2017, the
635:. In the late 1980s, during Gorbachev's "
622:Day of the Political Prisoner in the USSR
442:Pozdneyevka cantonment, (Rostov Region).
389:
370:, Nizhny Chov district (Komi Republic).
1761:Political repression in the Soviet Union
1689:""Restoring the Names", 29 October 2017"
1571:"Political Prisoner's Day in the USSR",
1297:"The Day of Remembrance in Petrozavodsk"
1133:
1131:
1100:"Inta [C]* Minlag burial ground"
1076:
1074:
604:(Magadan Region). Compare Yekaterinburg.
479:were also deported in 1944, during the "
167:political repression in the Soviet Union
75:political repression in the Soviet Union
67:День памяти жертв политических репрессий
1458:
1456:
941:
939:
834:Kishkovsky, Sophia (October 30, 2007).
1753:
330:: staff of the Katyn Memorial Complex.
316:, Dubovka cemetery (Voronezh Region).
77:are remembered and mourned across the
1128:
1071:
590:memorial chapel (Khabarovsk Region).
495:does not. The memorial created under
240:
142:on the nearest Sunday to 25 January.
1453:
936:
435:Kelermesskaya cantonment, (Adygea).
364:: Derevyanoe village administration.
663:"Restoring the Names", 2007 onwards
611:: Tymovsky district administration.
581:
334:
140:Russia's New Martyrs and Confessors
13:
854:"Putin unveils monument in Moscow"
616:Political Prisoners Day, 1974-1990
600:, "The Mask of Grief" by sculptor
208:Commemorative sites and organisers
14:
1802:
1738:
1599:"Do not support their hypocrisy!"
450:
425:: Orenburg Region administration.
275:
1766:Human rights in the Soviet Union
760:
740:
724:
712:
577:: Irkutsk Region administration.
562:Golgotha, (Krasnoyarsk Region).
27:
1723:
1709:
1695:
1681:
1667:
1641:
1623:
1605:
1591:
1579:
1564:
1546:
1528:
1510:
1492:
1474:
1447:
1429:
1411:
1393:
1375:
1357:
1339:
1321:
1303:
1289:
1271:
1253:
1235:
1217:
1199:
1185:
1167:
1149:
1110:
1092:
1053:
1035:
1023:
1011:
993:
975:
957:
792:Mass graves in the Soviet Union
556:: Tyumen Region administration.
429:
918:
900:
882:
864:
846:
827:
821:
809:
594:: Khabarovsk Memorial Society.
377:Minlag eastern burial ground,
126:
1:
1675:""Restoring the Names", 2017"
1573:A Chronicle of Current Events
1030:"Russia's Necropolis" website
802:
770:museum, which closed in 2014.
539:: Surgut city administration.
439:: Ataman of Kelermess village
246:that is no longer inhabited.
1653:RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty
1635:Human Rights Center MEMORIAL
7:
775:
569:Pivovarikha cemetery, near
501:Deportation of the Chechens
341:Levashovo Memorial Cemetery
310:and The State Gulag Museum.
10:
1807:
787:Kommunarka shooting ground
702:
543:
264:near Petrozavodsk and the
199:Two major projects of the
160:Definition and terminology
134:In a number of places the
84:
1575:, No 33, 10 December 1974
66:
45:
26:
21:
16:Day of mourning in Russia
506:
138:celebrates the Feast of
91:Supreme Soviet of Russia
1786:Autumn events in Russia
1617:www.rightsinrussia.info
689:Russian Orthodox Church
668:particularly striking.
529:: Andra administration.
300:Kommunarka firing range
136:Russian Orthodox Church
1791:Persecution of Kazakhs
876:www.rightsinrussia.org
390:Volga Federal District
1776:Observances in Russia
1506:. September 23, 2014.
1267:. September 23, 2014.
1213:. September 10, 2014.
989:. September 12, 2014.
914:. September 12, 2014.
695:and Vladimir Lukin).
672:during Stalin's era.
417:Zauralskaya roshcha,
350:Zaretskoe Graveyard,
1542:. September 3, 2014.
1407:. September 5, 2014.
1353:. September 4, 2014.
1249:. September 9, 2014.
1193:"Victims remembered"
1043:"Abandon all hope …"
932:. September 9, 2014.
816:RSFSR Supreme Soviet
573:, (Irkutsk Region).
343:(Saint Petersburg).
112:inaugurated the new
1781:October observances
1719:. October 21, 2018.
1705:. October 27, 2017.
1691:. October 30, 2017.
1677:. October 27, 2017.
1637:. November 9, 2021.
1601:. October 31, 2017.
1369:Ren.mapofmemory.org
1299:. November 1, 2017.
1195:. October 30, 2021.
1049:. October 18, 2017.
860:. October 31, 2017.
633:political prisoners
481:Great Patriotic War
421:(Orenburg Region).
410:, (Samara Region).
326:(Smolensk Region).
121:political prisoners
102:Butovo firing range
1558:en.mapofmemory.org
1540:en.mapofmemory.org
1522:en.mapofmemory.org
1504:en.mapofmemory.org
1486:en.mapofmemory.org
1470:. August 19, 2014.
1468:en.mapofmemory.org
1441:en.mapofmemory.org
1423:en.mapofmemory.org
1405:en.mapofmemory.org
1389:. August 21, 2014.
1387:en.mapofmemory.org
1351:en.mapofmemory.org
1333:en.mapofmemory.org
1317:. August 12, 2014.
1315:en.mapofmemory.org
1285:. August 12, 2014.
1283:en.mapofmemory.org
1265:en.mapofmemory.org
1247:en.mapofmemory.org
1231:. August 15, 2014.
1229:en.mapofmemory.org
1211:en.mapofmemory.org
1181:. August 20, 2014.
1179:en.mapofmemory.org
1161:en.mapofmemory.org
1145:. August 29, 2014.
1143:en.mapofmemory.org
1124:. August 13, 2014.
1122:en.mapofmemory.org
1104:en.mapofmemory.org
1086:en.mapofmemory.org
1065:en.mapofmemory.org
1047:dmitrievaffair.com
1007:. August 20, 2014.
1005:en.mapofmemory.org
987:en.mapofmemory.org
971:. August 27, 2014.
969:en.mapofmemory.org
953:. August 27, 2014.
951:en.mapofmemory.org
930:en.mapofmemory.org
912:en.mapofmemory.org
894:en.mapofmemory.org
878:. 8 November 2021.
858:dmitrievaffair.com
840:The New York Times
693:Tatiana Moskalkova
499:commemorating the
381:(Komi Republic).
308:Memorial (society)
294:Memorial (society)
241:Russian Federation
201:Memorial (society)
95:Memorial (society)
79:Russian Federation
1655:. 29 October 2010
1524:. August 3, 2014.
1163:. August 3, 2014.
1106:. August 4, 2014.
1088:. August 3, 2014.
1067:. August 3, 2014.
896:. August 3, 2014.
626:Soviet dissidents
399:, (Perm Region).
358:Krasny Bor Forest
55:
54:
34:The Solovki Stone
1798:
1771:Remembrance days
1747:, launched 2016.
1732:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1595:
1589:
1583:
1577:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1560:. July 25, 2014.
1550:
1544:
1543:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1496:
1490:
1489:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1460:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1443:. June 30, 2014.
1433:
1427:
1426:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1371:. July 25, 2014.
1361:
1355:
1354:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1335:. June 20, 2014.
1325:
1319:
1318:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1135:
1126:
1125:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1078:
1069:
1068:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1039:
1033:
1027:
1021:
1015:
1009:
1008:
997:
991:
990:
979:
973:
972:
961:
955:
954:
943:
934:
933:
922:
916:
915:
904:
898:
897:
886:
880:
879:
868:
862:
861:
850:
844:
843:
831:
825:
819:
813:
797:Solovetsky Stone
764:
744:
728:
716:
685:Patriarch Kirill
643:headquarters on
629:Kronid Lyubarsky
602:Ernst Neizvestny
582:Russian Far East
335:Northwest Russia
204:and the Gulag".
147:Second World War
110:Patriarch Kirill
73:when victims of
68:
31:
19:
18:
1806:
1805:
1801:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1796:
1795:
1751:
1750:
1741:
1736:
1735:
1728:
1724:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1658:
1656:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1584:
1580:
1569:
1565:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1498:
1497:
1493:
1488:. July 1, 2014.
1480:
1479:
1475:
1462:
1461:
1454:
1448:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1425:. July 9, 2014.
1417:
1416:
1412:
1399:
1398:
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374:: not known.
372:Organiser(s)
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362:Organiser(s)
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352:Petrozavodsk
345:Organiser(s)
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1659:28 November
637:perestroika
360:(Karelia).
174:mass murder
127:Other dates
1755:Categories
803:References
588:Khabarovsk
302:(Moscow).
262:Krasny Bor
154:Sandarmokh
71:annual day
50:30 October
753:Tatarstan
749:Sviyazhsk
455:Like the
368:Syktyvkar
194:Civil War
776:See also
419:Orenburg
314:Voronezh
196:years.
69:) is an
768:Perm-36
703:Gallery
687:of the
598:Magadan
571:Irkutsk
560:Norilsk
544:Siberia
497:Dudayev
473:Chechen
465:Balkars
461:Kalmyks
284:by the
231:Norilsk
227:Pechora
186:Kalmyks
85:Origins
63:Russian
550:Tyumen
533:Surgut
493:Grozny
489:Nazran
477:Ingush
408:Samara
266:Butovo
188:, and
733:Gulag
507:Urals
251:Akmol
178:kulak
1661:2015
683:and
475:and
471:The
459:and
397:Perm
379:Inta
229:and
223:Inta
108:and
57:The
46:Date
751:, (
641:KGB
1757::
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735:"
61:(
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