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chose
Rittenhouse to study the transit path of Venus in 1769 and its atmosphere. Rittenhouse was the perfect person to study the mysterious planet, as he had a personal observatory on his family farm. "His telescope, which he made himself, utilized grating intervals and spider threads on the focus of
836:. Around the age of 17 he constructed a clock with wooden gears. His father, recognizing his son's potential, helped David build a collection of tools necessary for clock making. After construction was completed on a small workshop at the family's Norriton farm, David began making and selling clocks.
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granted
Rittenhouse an honorary degree. The college then acquired ownership of the orrery. Rittenhouse made a new, more advanced model which remained in Philadelphia. The State of Pennsylvania paid Rittenhouse £300 as a tribute for his achievement. One of Rittenhouse's hands or helpers with the
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Later
Rittenhouse helped establish the boundaries of several other states and commonwealths both before and after the Independence, including the boundaries between New Jersey, New York and Pennsylvania. In 1763 Mason and Dixon began a survey of the Pennsylvania–Maryland border, but this work was
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government. His 1763–1764 survey of the
Delaware–Pennsylvania border was a 12-mile (19 km) circle about the Court House in New Castle, Delaware, to define the northern border of Delaware. Rittenhouse's work was so precise and well-documented that it was incorporated without modification into
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William
Rittenhouse (1644–1708) was the first Mennonite preacher in North America. He was born in the Rhineland, Prussia (Germany) and worked as a papermaker in Amsterdam, emigrating to PA in 1688 and establishing the first paper mill in America. His great-grandson David Rittenhouse (1732–96) of
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occurred on June 3, 1769. Rittenhouse's great excitement at observing the infrequently occurring transit of Venus (for which he had prepared for a year) resulted in his fainting during the observation. In addition to the work involved in the preparations, he had also been ill the week before the
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Rittenhouse used the observations to calculate the distance from Earth to the Sun to be 93 million miles. (This is the approximate average distance between Earth and the Sun.) The published report of the transit was hailed by
European scientists, and Rittenhouse would correspond with famous
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Memoirs of the Life of David
Rittenhouse, LLD. F.R.S.: Late President of the American Philosophical Society, &c. Interspersed with Various Notices of Many Distinguished Men: with an Appendix, Containing Sundry Philosophical and Other Papers, Most of which Have Not Hitherto Been
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On April 2, 1792, the United States Mint opened its doors, but would not produce coins for almost four months. Rittenhouse believed that the design of a coin reflected the sophistication and culture of a country. The first coins were made from flatware that was provided by
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In 1786, Rittenhouse built a new
Georgian-style house on the corner of 4th and Arch streets in Philadelphia, next to an octagonal observatory he had already built. At this house, he maintained a Wednesday evening salon meeting with Benjamin Franklin, Francis Hopkinson,
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Rittenhouse was married twice. He married
Eleanor Coulston February 20, 1766, and they had two daughters: Elizabeth (born 1767) and Ester (born 1769). Eleanor died February 23, 1771, at age 35 from complications during the birth of their third baby, who died at birth.
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on the morning of July 30, 1792. The coins were hand-struck by
Rittenhouse, to test the new equipment, and were given to Washington as a token of appreciation for his contributions to making the United States Mint a reality. The coin design had not been approved by
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of America and explained the blue field of stars as a representation of "a new constellation." This is thought by some to be a direct tribute to Rittenhouse. Biographer Brooke Hindle wrote, "Few admired Rittenhouse more unrestrainedly than Francis
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Rittenhouse was prevailed upon to construct the second orrery by his friend, the Reverend William Smith, the first provost of the College of Philadelphia, who was upset that he would deliver such a device to a college located in the rural area of
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transit. Lying on his back beneath the telescope, trained at the afternoon sun, he regained consciousness after a few minutes and continued his observations. His account of the transit, published in the American Philosophical Society's
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from several locations. The American Philosophical Society persuaded the legislature to grant £100 towards the purchase of new telescopes, and members volunteered to staff half of the 22 telescope stations when the event arrived.
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When his uncle, William Rittenhouse, died, David inherited his uncle's carpentry tools and instructional books. At a young age, David showed a high level of intelligence by creating a working scale model of his great-grandfather
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David Rittenhouse was born in 1732 and died in 1796. .... He is said to have made his first clock at the age of 17 (1749). This was a wooden clock and the records show that he and his brother Benjamin made brass clocks in
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476:. Coin production on a large scale did not begin until 1793. Rittenhouse resigned from the Mint on June 30, 1795, due to poor health. In 1871 Congress approved a commemorative medal in his honor.
1211:: Princeton's Eighteenth-century Planetarium, 1767–1954. A commentary on an exhibition held in the Princeton University Library. Howard Crosby Rice. Princeton University Library, 1954. p.34
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David married his second wife Hannah Jacobs in late 1772. They had an unnamed baby, who died at birth in late 1773. Hannah survived David by more than three years, dying in late 1799.
660:'s original squares in Philadelphia. In 1825, after being called 'Southwest Square' (because of its place in the original city plan), it was renamed in David Rittenhouse's honor.
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David Rittenhouse made many breakthroughs of importance to the United States. During the first part of his career he was a surveyor for Great Britain, and later served in the
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435:, the clockmaker and Chief Coiner under Rittenhouse at the mint. Voigt later repaired the orrery in 1806 and was an earlier co-inventor of the first practical
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using 50 hairs between two finely threaded screws, with an approximate spacing of about 100 lines per inch. This was roughly the same technique that
280:, and this was another factor in being chosen to study Venus. Throughout his life he had the honour to serve in many different clubs and committees.
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Benjamin Franklin named Rittenhouse in his will, leaving him a telescope in return for the use of Rittenhouse's observatory. See Franklin's will on
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At the age of 19, he started a scientific instrument shop at his father's farm in what is now Valley Forge Medical Center and Hospital, located in
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It was at this period, or rather at about the seventeenth year of his age, that he made a wooden clock, of very ingenious workmanship:
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208:'s paper mill. He built other scale models in his youth, like a working waterwheel. David never attended elementary school—he was
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from his family's books, and he showed great ability in science and mathematics. When David was 13 years of age, he had mastered
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291:'s death in 1790, he became Vice president then served as president of the society until 1796. He was elected a Fellow of the
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to the southwest corner of Pennsylvania. When Rittenhouse's work as a surveyor ended, he resumed his scientific interests.
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and others. Thomas Jefferson wrote that he would rather attend one of these meetings "than spend a whole week in Paris."
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735:(2016–2018). The series re-imagines Rittenhouse as the founder of a sinister secret society that bears his name.
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of which he was a member. It was very rare for an American to be a member of this exclusive British society.
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the telescope." His telescope is very similar to some modern-day telescopes. Rittenhouse served on the
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The blue field of stars in the American flag may be a tribute to the work of Rittenhouse.
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137:, scientific instrument craftsman, and public official. Rittenhouse was a member of the
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to scale models of the solar system, the first for The College of New Jersey, now
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Historic RittenhouseTown, Birthplace of N. American Paper & David Rittenhouse
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1767 Granted an honorary master's degree from the College of Philadelphia (later
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Philadelphia was an astronomer and the first director of the United States Mint.
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239:. His skill with instruments, particularly clocks, led him to construct two
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in the University of the State of Pennsylvania, now known simply as the
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David's grandson, the son of Ester, was named David Rittenhouse Waters.
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is one of the main parks in the center of Philadelphia, and is one of
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A Grand Old Flag. A History of the United States through Its Flags
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David Rittenhouse was born April 8, 1732 in Roxborough Township,
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as examples of New World genius when disputing French naturalist
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A diagram from Rittenhouse's observations of the 1769 transit of
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At roughly age 17, David constructed a clock with wooden gears.
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Rittenhouse's nephew and American Philosophical Society member
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164:; from this lawn, in 1769, Rittenhouse observed the transit of
1299:"The Teaching and History of Mathematics in the United States"
381:, Rittenhouse announced plans to observe a pending transit of
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The Bulletin of the Historical Society of Montgomery County
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A fictionalized version of David Rittenhouse, portrayed by
1318:
Early American Nature Writers: A Biographical Encyclopedia
247:, and the second for the College of Philadelphia, now the
869:: habitational name from a farm near Altena, Westphalia.
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To the west of Rittenhouse Square, on Walnut Street, the
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from 1777 to 1789, and with these skills and the help of
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1425:
Biography and portrait at the University of Pennsylvania
784:"Feature: Construction Details of Rittenhouse Compasses"
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In 1781 Rittenhouse became the first American to sight
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In 1768, the same year that he became a member of the
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In 1768, Rittenhouse was elected to membership in the
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Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
1407:, February 2004. Volume 42 Issue 2, pp. 76–77.
1403:
Greenslade, Thomas B., "Wire Diffraction Gratings,"
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519:
Other notable events in Rittenhouse's life include:
1305:. U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 40–41.
1259:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society
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591:1792–1795 First Director of the United States Mint
1451:
3075:
1430:History of the University of Pennsylvania Orrery
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602:
125:(April 8, 1732 – June 26, 1796) was an American
1293:
1279:(1932). "The Rittenhouse diffraction grating".
499:used in 1821 for his wire diffraction grating.
346:'s survey of the Pennsylvania–Maryland border.
287:. He served as librarian, secretary, and after
3114:Burials at Laurel Hill Cemetery (Philadelphia)
650:is a lunar crater named for David Rittenhouse.
350:interrupted in 1767. In 1784 Rittenhouse and
3139:Members of the American Philosophical Society
2832:
1597:
1030:Archives & Records Center. Archived from
849:"Dictionary of American Family Names (2 ed.)"
794:: Professional Surveyors Publishing Company.
271:Astronomers who had been studying the planet
196:. His great-grandfather, who was born in the
1726:
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1683:
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936:"Early Pennsylvania Clocks and Their Makers"
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893:. Philadelphia: Edward Parker. p. 97.
523:1763–1764 Worked on the boundary survey of
491:In 1785 Rittenhouse made perhaps the first
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422:In 1770, Rittenhouse completed an advanced
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1604:
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678:One admirer and colleague of Rittenhouse,
329:Notable contributions to the United States
180:Rittenhouse was born on April 8, 1732, in
31:
1316:Daniel Patterson, Roger Thompson (2008).
1135:
1116:"David Rittenhouse Marriage Announcement"
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1611:
1281:David Rittenhouse Papers MSS.SMS.Coll.11
1157:. New York: Facts On File, Inc. p.
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1053:UNDAUNTED: David Rittenhouse (1732–1796)
714:Memoirs of the life of David Rittenhouse
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176:Valley Forge Medical Center and Hospital
171:
152:
1463:MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive
1073:"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter R"
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682:, was on the Navy Board that wrote the
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1336:"National Register Information System"
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885:
855:. Oxford University Press. August 2022
628:Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon
459:, he became the first director of the
266:
3109:American scientific instrument makers
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1080:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
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298:Another one of his interests was the
293:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
200:, emigrated to Pennsylvania in 1688.
157:Rittenhouse's home as it appeared in
1447:The Rittenhouse Astronomical Society
1341:National Register of Historic Places
1328:
1275:
1132:Rittenhouse Newsletter Vol 1–5, 1989
1024:"David Rittenhouse (1732–1796)]"
781:
703:National Register of Historic Places
695:David Rittenhouse Junior High School
237:East Norriton Township, Pennsylvania
3164:Washington administration personnel
3119:Directors of the United States Mint
2848:Directors of the United States Mint
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934:Sweinhart, Fred C. (October 1941).
671:and Mathematics departments in the
576:1779–1787 Treasurer of Pennsylvania
361:
13:
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782:Lock, Jeffrey D. (December 2001).
546:1769 Observed the transit of Venus
540:1768 Discovered the atmosphere of
406:contemporary astronomers, such as
14:
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3159:University of Pennsylvania people
3144:People from colonial Pennsylvania
3104:American people of German descent
3094:18th-century American astronomers
1413:
1374:Keim, Kevin; Keim, Peter (2007).
579:1784 Completed the survey of the
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3134:Mathematicians from Philadelphia
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1153:Revolutionary America, 1763–1800
1062:. American Philosophical Society
830:– via Flatdog Media, Inc.
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112:
1442:History of the Princeton Orrery
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1126:
1122:. December 23, 1772. p. 3.
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596:Democratic-Republican Societies
16:American astronomer (1732–1796)
1507:New International Encyclopedia
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1026:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania:
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1004:
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788:Professional Surveyor Magazine
612:Notes on the State of Virginia
594:1793 He was a founder of the
587:American Philosophical Society
511:Grave of David Rittenhouse at
379:American Philosophical Society
285:American Philosophical Society
141:and the first director of the
139:American Philosophical Society
37:A 1796 portrait of Rittenhouse
1:
1303:Circular of Information No. 3
766:
634:Tributes to David Rittenhouse
618:listed Rittenhouse alongside
354:completed this survey of the
278:American Astronomical Society
158:
3129:Fellows of the Royal Society
1843:
1729:Liberté, égalité, fraternité
865:Americanized form of German
673:David Rittenhouse Laboratory
7:
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1253:Rittenhouse, David (1786).
738:
585:1791–1796 President of the
192:, a small tributary of the
10:
3180:
1624:
1501:"Rittenhouse, David"
1485:"Rittenhouse, David"
1474:Works by David Rittenhouse
1367:
1149:Purvis, Thomas L. (1995).
1058:December 29, 2008, at the
1028:University of Pennsylvania
665:University of Pennsylvania
564:University of Pennsylvania
535:University of Pennsylvania
308:Pierre Eugene du Simitiere
249:University of Pennsylvania
3149:Rutgers University alumni
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1743:Methodological skepticism
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1533:Treasurer of Pennsylvania
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688:Flag of the United States
549:1770 Came to Philadelphia
453:treasurer of Pennsylvania
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1468:University of St Andrews
953:: Historical Society of
951:Norristown, Pennsylvania
886:Barton, William (1813).
699:Norristown, Pennsylvania
480:Additional contributions
149:Early life and education
1491:Encyclopædia Britannica
712:published a biography,
558:1779–1782 Professor of
300:Royal Society of London
1793:
1727:
1693:Enlightened absolutism
1684:
1494:(11th ed.). 1911.
1435:April 6, 2010, at the
1380:Dorling Kindersley Ltd
1209:The Rittenhouse orrery
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568:1780–1782 Vice-provost
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451:David Rittenhouse was
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177:
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1659:Counter-Enlightenment
1346:National Park Service
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552:1775 Engineer of the
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497:Joseph von Fraunhofer
428:College of New Jersey
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156:
1613:Age of Enlightenment
1562:1st Director of the
1454:Robertson, Edmund F.
1358:Available online at
1120:Pennsylvania Gazette
988:on February 22, 2019
822:on February 22, 2019
686:, which defined the
513:Laurel Hill Cemetery
412:Franz Xaver von Zach
245:Princeton University
2619:Feijóo y Montenegro
2570:Vorontsova-Dashkova
1550:Government offices
1458:"David Rittenhouse"
1452:O'Connor, John J.;
1405:The Physics Teacher
1223:History of the Mint
1034:on January 23, 2019
853:oxfordreference.com
834:Philadelphia County
792:Frederick, Maryland
554:Committee of Safety
493:diffraction grating
267:Clubs and societies
206:William Rittenhouse
57:Roxborough Township
3099:American inventors
1758:Natural philosophy
1564:United States Mint
1518:Political offices
1234:on August 14, 2009
1228:United States Mint
721:In popular culture
654:Rittenhouse Square
648:Rittenhouse Crater
644:
517:
461:United States Mint
447:United States Mint
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143:United States Mint
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1807:Scientific method
1664:Critical thinking
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1571:Succeeded by
1543:Christian Febiger
1540:Succeeded by
1389:978-0-7566-2847-5
1378:. New York City:
955:Montgomery County
680:Francis Hopkinson
624:George Washington
620:Benjamin Franklin
605:Notes on Virginia
571:1782–1796 Trustee
469:George Washington
457:George Washington
289:Benjamin Franklin
259:, rather than in
194:Wissahickon Creek
133:, mathematician,
123:David Rittenhouse
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25:David Rittenhouse
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3154:Transit of Venus
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1320:. Westport, CT:
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779:
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753:Biography portal
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701:; listed on the
684:Flag Act of 1777
616:Thomas Jefferson
598:in Philadelphia.
581:Mason–Dixon line
395:transit of Venus
362:Transit of Venus
356:Mason–Dixon line
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2157:
2116:
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1686:Encyclopédistes
1649:Civil liberties
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1398:Further reading
1390:
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1348:. July 9, 2010.
1334:
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1314:
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723:
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53:April 8, 1732
45:
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61:Pennsylvania
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3089:1796 deaths
3084:1732 births
3014:Hackel Sims
2864:de Saussure
2859:Rittenhouse
2792:Romanticism
2614:Charles III
2455:Poniatowski
2392:Leeuwenhoek
2372:de la Court
2360:Netherlands
2204:Mendelssohn
2199:Lichtenberg
2077:Montesquieu
1795:Sapere aude
1778:Rationalism
1773:Rationality
1763:Objectivity
1012:WikiSource.
867:Rittinghaus
859:January 20,
691:Hopkinson."
667:houses its
433:Henry Voigt
385:across the
210:self-taught
162: 1919
3078:Categories
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2629:Jovellanos
2565:Radishchev
2512:Micu-Klein
2450:Niemcewicz
2417:Swammerdam
2407:Nieuwentyt
2397:Mandeville
2252:Farmakidis
2138:Burlamaqui
2047:La Mettrie
2022:Fontenelle
1977:d'Argenson
1972:d'Alembert
1896:Harrington
1822:Utopianism
1722:Liberalism
1679:Empiricism
1654:Classicism
1644:Capitalism
1568:1792–1795
1537:1777–1789
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441:John Fitch
257:New Jersey
186:Germantown
131:clockmaker
127:astronomer
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49:1732-04-08
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2914:Linderman
2755:Jefferson
2697:Hutcheson
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2224:Weishaupt
2219:Thomasius
2209:Pufendorf
2052:Lavoisier
2037:d'Holbach
2032:Helvétius
2012:Descartes
2007:Condorcet
2002:Condillac
1936:Priestley
1753:Modernity
1674:Democracy
1557:New title
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2644:Scotland
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2214:Schiller
2179:Humboldt
2153:Saussure
2148:Rousseau
2112:Voltaire
2067:Maréchal
2042:Jaucourt
1997:Châtelet
1992:Chamfort
1941:Reynolds
1844:Thinkers
1748:Midlands
1737:Lumières
1707:Humanism
1700:Haskalah
1433:Archived
1297:(1899).
1238:June 11,
1085:July 28,
1056:Archived
899:15004714
871:History:
808:82643590
739:See also
732:Timeless
705:in 1996.
529:Maryland
474:Congress
241:orreries
188:, along
135:surveyor
100:Inventor
3034:Johnson
2969:Woolley
2964:Roberts
2949:Roberts
2944:Preston
2934:Kimball
2919:Pollock
2904:Pollock
2899:Snowden
2760:Madison
2732:Stewart
2672:Burnett
2667:Boswell
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2609:Cadalso
2560:Novikov
2495:Romania
2470:Wybicki
2465:Staszic
2412:Spinoza
2382:Huygens
2377:Grotius
2331:Galvani
2326:Galiani
2276:Ireland
2257:Feraios
2229:Wieland
2194:Lessing
2189:Leibniz
2162:Germany
2143:Prévost
2128:Abauzit
2092:Quesnay
2082:Morelly
2072:Meslier
2057:Leclerc
2017:Diderot
1906:Johnson
1881:Collins
1876:Bentham
1861:Addison
1854:England
1802:Science
1639:Atheism
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1368:Sources
979:1681070
669:Physics
222:gravity
3054:Gibson
3009:Brooks
2984:Scobey
2959:Andrew
2894:Pettit
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2682:Cullen
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2169:Goethe
2133:Bonnet
2121:Geneva
2107:Turgot
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2087:Pascal
2027:Gouges
1965:France
1951:Tindal
1946:Sidney
1921:Newton
1916:Milton
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1982:Bayle
1931:Price
1911:Locke
1901:Hooke
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1669:Deism
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