Database - Knowledge

2270:. A successful data model will accurately reflect the possible state of the external world being modeled: for example, if people can have more than one phone number, it will allow this information to be captured. Designing a good conceptual data model requires a good understanding of the application domain; it typically involves asking deep questions about the things of interest to an organization, like "can a customer also be a supplier?", or "if a product is sold with two different forms of packaging, are those the same product or different products?", or "if a plane flies from New York to Dubai via Frankfurt, is that one flight or two (or maybe even three)?". The answers to these questions establish definitions of the terminology used for entities (customers, products, flights, flight segments) and their relationships and attributes. 1964:, the data used remains in its original locations and real-time access is established to allow analytics across multiple sources. This can aid in resolving some technical difficulties such as compatibility problems when combining data from various platforms, lowering the risk of error caused by faulty data, and guaranteeing that the newest data is used. Furthermore, avoiding the creation of a new database containing personal information can make it easier to comply with privacy regulations. However, with data virtualization, the connection to all necessary data sources must be operational as there is no local copy of the data, which is one of the main drawbacks of the approach. 2135:

intact. Thus, the database's conceptual and external architectural levels should be maintained in the transformation. It may be desired that also some aspects of the architecture internal level are maintained. A complex or large database migration may be a complicated and costly (one-time) project by itself, which should be factored into the decision to migrate. This is in spite of the fact that tools may exist to help migration between specific DBMSs. Typically, a DBMS vendor provides tools to help import databases from other popular DBMSs.

1891:(e.g., memory and external storage). The database data and the additional needed information, possibly in very large amounts, are coded into bits. Data typically reside in the storage in structures that look completely different from the way the data look at the conceptual and external levels, but in ways that attempt to optimize (the best possible) these levels' reconstruction when needed by users and programs, as well as for computing additional types of needed information from the data (e.g., when querying the database). 2510: 2252: 231:– Selecting data according to specified criteria (e.g., a query, a position in a hierarchy, or a position in relation to other data) and providing that data either directly to the user, or making it available for further processing by the database itself or by other applications. The retrieved data may be made available in a more or less direct form without modification, as it is stored in the database, or in a new form obtained by altering it or combining it with existing data from the database. 937:, the creator of dBASE, stated: "dBASE was different from programs like BASIC, C, FORTRAN, and COBOL in that a lot of the dirty work had already been done. The data manipulation is done by dBASE instead of by the user, so the user can concentrate on what he is doing, rather than having to mess with the dirty details of opening, reading, and closing files, and managing space allocation." dBASE was one of the top selling software titles in the 1980s and early 1990s. 1978: 5903: 5433: 4984: 666: 5913: 4994: 1058: 38: 2333:, meaning that the decisions made for performance optimization purposes should be invisible to end-users and applications. There are two types of data independence: Physical data independence and logical data independence. Physical design is driven mainly by performance requirements, and requires a good knowledge of the expected workload and access patterns, and a deep understanding of the features offered by the chosen DBMS. 2355: 5004: 2181:

desired database state (i.e., the values of its data and their embedding in database's data structures) is kept within dedicated backup files (many techniques exist to do this effectively). When it is decided by a database administrator to bring the database back to this state (e.g., by specifying this state by a desired point in time when the database was in this state), these files are used to restore that state.

5923: 5423: 2037:

it called "subschemas". For example, an employee database can contain all the data about an individual employee, but one group of users may be authorized to view only payroll data, while others are allowed access to only work history and medical data. If the DBMS provides a way to interactively enter and update the database, as well as interrogate it, this capability allows for managing personal databases.

2580:

principle every level, and even every external view, can be presented by a different data model. In practice usually a given DBMS uses the same data model for both the external and the conceptual levels (e.g., relational model). The internal level, which is hidden inside the DBMS and depends on its implementation, requires a different level of detail and uses its own types of data structure types.

479: 698:

language that expressed what data was required, rather than the access path by which it should be found. Finding an efficient access path to the data became the responsibility of the database management system, rather than the application programmer. This process, called query optimization, depended on the fact that queries were expressed in terms of mathematical logic.

1157:, document-text, statistical, or multimedia objects. Another way is by their application area, for example: accounting, music compositions, movies, banking, manufacturing, or insurance. A third way is by some technical aspect, such as the database structure or interface type. This section lists a few of the adjectives used to characterize different kinds of databases. 682:; because these operations have clean mathematical properties, it becomes possible to rewrite queries in provably correct ways, which is the basis of query optimization. There is no loss of expressiveness compared with the hierarchic or network models, though the connections between tables are no longer so explicit. 2029:(e.g., query types, or specific queries), or using specific access paths to the former (e.g., using specific indexes or other data structures to access information). Database access controls are set by special authorized (by the database owner) personnel that uses dedicated protected security DBMS interfaces. 2227:

Tools or hooks for database design, application programming, application program maintenance, database performance analysis and monitoring, database configuration monitoring, DBMS hardware configuration (a DBMS and related database may span computers, networks, and storage units) and related database

2028:

Database access control deals with controlling who (a person or a certain computer program) are allowed to access what information in the database. The information may comprise specific database objects (e.g., record types, specific records, data structures), certain computations over certain objects

1497:

database is intended to store in a manageable and protected way diverse objects that do not fit naturally and conveniently in common databases. It may include email messages, documents, journals, multimedia objects, etc. The name may be misleading since some objects can be highly structured. However,

1206:

archive data from operational databases and often from external sources such as market research firms. The warehouse becomes the central source of data for use by managers and other end-users who may not have access to operational data. For example, sales data might be aggregated to weekly totals and

697:

As well as identifying rows/records using logical identifiers rather than disk addresses, Codd changed the way in which applications assembled data from multiple records. Rather than requiring applications to gather data one record at a time by navigating the links, they would use a declarative query

685:

In the hierarchic and network models, records were allowed to have a complex internal structure. For example, the salary history of an employee might be represented as a "repeating group" within the employee record. In the relational model, the process of normalization led to such internal structures

2575:

which was one of the major initial driving forces of the relational model. The idea is that changes made at a certain level do not affect the view at a higher level. For example, changes in the internal level do not affect application programs written using conceptual level interfaces, which reduces

2193:

framework has been extended to the field of query languages for relational databases as a way to support sound approximation techniques. The semantics of query languages can be tuned according to suitable abstractions of the concrete domain of data. The abstraction of relational database systems has

2158:

When the database is ready (all its data structures and other needed components are defined), it is typically populated with initial application's data (database initialization, which is typically a distinct project; in many cases using specialized DBMS interfaces that support bulk insertion) before

2058:

later by keeping a record of access occurrences and changes. Sometimes application-level code is used to record changes rather than leaving this in the database. Monitoring can be set up to attempt to detect security breaches. Therefore, organizations must take database security seriously because of

849:

in the early 1970s. The first version was ready in 1974/5, and work then started on multi-table systems in which the data could be split so that all of the data for a record (some of which is optional) did not have to be stored in a single large "chunk". Subsequent multi-user versions were tested by

2579:

The conceptual view provides a level of indirection between internal and external. On the one hand it provides a common view of the database, independent of different external view structures, and on the other hand it abstracts away details of how the data are stored or managed (internal level). In

2036:

to groups, or (in the most elaborate models) through the assignment of individuals and groups to roles which are then granted entitlements. Data security prevents unauthorized users from viewing or updating the database. Using passwords, users are allowed access to the entire database or subsets of

1951:

Occasionally a database employs storage redundancy by database objects replication (with one or more copies) to increase data availability (both to improve performance of simultaneous multiple end-user accesses to the same database object, and to provide resiliency in a case of partial failure of a

1587:

It is also generally to be expected the DBMS will provide a set of utilities for such purposes as may be necessary to administer the database effectively, including import, export, monitoring, defragmentation and analysis utilities. The core part of the DBMS interacting between the database and the

677:

The use of primary keys (user-oriented identifiers) to represent cross-table relationships, rather than disk addresses, had two primary motivations. From an engineering perspective, it enabled tables to be relocated and resized without expensive database reorganization. But Codd was more interested

190:

to interact with one or more databases and provides access to all of the data contained in the database (although restrictions may exist that limit access to particular data). The DBMS provides various functions that allow entry, storage and retrieval of large quantities of information and provides

2559:

While there is typically only one conceptual and internal view of the data, there can be any number of different external views. This allows users to see database information in a more business-related way rather than from a technical, processing viewpoint. For example, a financial department of a

1890:

as intermediates for storage layout), storage properties and configuration settings are extremely important for the efficient operation of the DBMS, and thus are closely maintained by database administrators. A DBMS, while in operation, always has its database residing in several types of storage

689:

For instance, a common use of a database system is to track information about users, their name, login information, various addresses and phone numbers. In the navigational approach, all of this data would be placed in a single variable-length record. In the relational approach, the data would be

2134:

or TCOs), functional, and operational (different DBMSs may have different capabilities). The migration involves the database's transformation from one DBMS type to another. The transformation should maintain (if possible) the database related application (i.e., all related application programs)

2180:

Sometimes it is desired to bring a database back to a previous state (for many reasons, e.g., cases when the database is found corrupted due to a software error, or if it has been updated with erroneous data). To achieve this, a backup operation is done occasionally or continuously, where each

826:

accelerator, a hardware disk controller with programmable search capabilities. In the long term, these efforts were generally unsuccessful because specialized database machines could not keep pace with the rapid development and progress of general-purpose computers. Thus most database systems

3301: 999:

document attributes. XML databases are mostly used in applications where the data is conveniently viewed as a collection of documents, with a structure that can vary from the very flexible to the highly rigid: examples include scientific articles, patents, tax filings, and personnel records.

661:

Codd used mathematical terms to define the model: relations, tuples, and domains rather than tables, rows, and columns. The terminology that is now familiar came from early implementations. Codd would later criticize the tendency for practical implementations to depart from the mathematical

2232:

Increasingly, there are calls for a single system that incorporates all of these core functionalities into the same build, test, and deployment framework for database management and source control. Borrowing from other developments in the software industry, some market such offerings as

953:. That is to say that if a person's data were in a database, that person's attributes, such as their address, phone number, and age, were now considered to belong to that person instead of being extraneous data. This allows for relations between data to be related to objects and their 1936:

or query results. Storing such views saves the expensive computing them each time they are needed. The downsides of materialized views are the overhead incurred when updating them to keep them synchronized with their original updated database data, and the cost of storage redundancy.

586:. IMS was generally similar in concept to CODASYL, but used a strict hierarchy for its model of data navigation instead of CODASYL's network model. Both concepts later became known as navigational databases due to the way data was accessed: the term was popularized by Bachman's 1973 2059:

the many benefits it provides. Organizations will be safeguarded from security breaches and hacking activities like firewall intrusion, virus spread, and ransom ware. This helps in protecting the company's essential information, which cannot be shared with outsiders at any cause.

645:

by which the rows of the table could be uniquely identified; cross-references between tables always used these primary keys, rather than disk addresses, and queries would join tables based on these key relationships, using a set of operations based on the mathematical system of

1650:

system performs many of the functions of a general-purpose DBMS such as message insertion, message deletion, attachment handling, blocklist lookup, associating messages an email address and so forth however these functions are limited to what is required to handle email.

2092:, etc.), an abstraction supported in database and also other systems. Each transaction has well defined boundaries in terms of which program/code executions are included in that transaction (determined by the transaction's programmer via special transaction commands). 2536:) unifies the various external views into a compatible global view. It provides the synthesis of all the external views. It is out of the scope of the various database end-users, and is rather of interest to database application developers and database administrators. 1263:

comprises several distinct databases, each with its own DBMS. It is handled as a single database by a federated database management system (FDBMS), which transparently integrates multiple autonomous DBMSs, possibly of different types (in which case it would also be a

2129:

A database built with one DBMS is not portable to another DBMS (i.e., the other DBMS cannot run it). However, in some situations, it is desirable to migrate a database from one DBMS to another. The reasons are primarily economical (different DBMSs may have different

2313:

The most popular database model for general-purpose databases is the relational model, or more precisely, the relational model as represented by the SQL language. The process of creating a logical database design using this model uses a methodical approach known as

2293:

expressed in the form of a schema. Whereas the conceptual data model is (in theory at least) independent of the choice of database technology, the logical data model will be expressed in terms of a particular database model supported by the chosen DBMS. (The terms

2024:

deals with all various aspects of protecting the database content, its owners, and its users. It ranges from protection from intentional unauthorized database uses to unintentional database accesses by unauthorized entities (e.g., a person or a computer program).

1176:

includes an event-driven architecture which can respond to conditions both inside and outside the database. Possible uses include security monitoring, alerting, statistics gathering and authorization. Many databases provide active database features in the form of

709:

using funding that had already been allocated for a geographical database project and student programmers to produce code. Beginning in 1973, INGRES delivered its first test products which were generally ready for widespread use in 1979. INGRES was similar to

625:

systems. He was unhappy with the navigational model of the CODASYL approach, notably the lack of a "search" facility. In 1970, he wrote a number of papers that outlined a new approach to database construction that eventually culminated in the groundbreaking

2154:

to be used by database administrators to define the needed application's data structures within the DBMS's respective data model. Other user interfaces are used to select needed DBMS parameters (like security related, storage allocation parameters, etc.).

1595:

Often DBMSs will have configuration parameters that can be statically and dynamically tuned, for example the maximum amount of main memory on a server the database can use. The trend is to minimize the amount of manual configuration, and for cases such as

237:– Registering and monitoring users, enforcing data security, monitoring performance, maintaining data integrity, dealing with concurrency control, and recovering information that has been corrupted by some event such as an unexpected system failure. 85:, and the database itself to capture and analyze the data. The DBMS additionally encompasses the core facilities provided to administer the database. The sum total of the database, the DBMS and the associated applications can be referred to as a 2555:), computed from generic data, if performance justification exists for such redundancy. It balances all the external views' performance requirements, possibly conflicting, in an attempt to optimize overall performance across all activities. 678:

in the difference in semantics: the use of explicit identifiers made it easier to define update operations with clean mathematical definitions, and it also enabled query operations to be defined in terms of the established discipline of

2281:

in the organization. This can help to establish what information is needed in the database, and what can be left out. For example, it can help when deciding whether the database needs to hold historic data as well as current data.

1905:

are used by the storage engine to serialize the data model so it can be written to the medium of choice. Techniques such as indexing may be used to improve performance. Conventional storage is row-oriented, but there are also

1275:

is used as a synonym for federated database, though it may refer to a less integrated (e.g., without an FDBMS and a managed integrated schema) group of databases that cooperate in a single application. In this case, typically

494:

coincided with the availability of direct-access storage (disks and drums) from the mid-1960s onwards. The term represented a contrast with the tape-based systems of the past, allowing shared interactive use rather than daily

1169:, but is typically backed-up by non-volatile computer data storage. Main memory databases are faster than disk databases, and so are often used where response time is critical, such as in telecommunications network equipment. 407:. Only in the mid-1980s did computing hardware become powerful enough to allow the wide deployment of relational systems (DBMSs plus applications). By the early 1990s, however, relational systems dominated in all large-scale 1877:

from the internal level when needed. Databases as digital objects contain three layers of information which must be stored: the data, the structure, and the semantics. Proper storage of all three layers is needed for future

802:

In the 1970s and 1980s, attempts were made to build database systems with integrated hardware and software. The underlying philosophy was that such integration would provide higher performance at a lower cost. Examples were

1255:

End-user databases consist of data developed by individual end-users. Examples of these are collections of documents, spreadsheets, presentations, multimedia, and other files. Several products exist to support such

1251:

system is a DBMS which is tightly integrated with an application software that requires access to stored data in such a way that the DBMS is hidden from the application's end-users and requires little or no ongoing

969:

attempt to solve this problem by providing an object-oriented language (sometimes as extensions to SQL) that programmers can use as alternative to purely relational SQL. On the programming side, libraries known as

1029:, availability, and partition tolerance guarantees. A distributed system can satisfy any two of these guarantees at the same time, but not all three. For that reason, many NoSQL databases are using what is called 2547:) is the internal organization of data inside a DBMS. It is concerned with cost, performance, scalability and other operational matters. It deals with storage layout of the data, using storage structures such as 510:

As computers grew in speed and capability, a number of general-purpose database systems emerged; by the mid-1960s a number of such systems had come into commercial use. Interest in a standard began to grow, and

1645:

to allow applications to be written to interact with and manipulate the database. A special purpose DBMS may use a private API and be specifically customized and linked to a single application. For example, an

1039:

is a class of modern relational databases that aims to provide the same scalable performance of NoSQL systems for online transaction processing (read-write) workloads while still using SQL and maintaining the

2149:

After designing a database for an application, the next stage is building the database. Typically, an appropriate general-purpose DBMS can be selected to be used for this purpose. A DBMS provides the needed

1758:

SQL combines the roles of data definition, data manipulation, and query in a single language. It was one of the first commercial languages for the relational model, although it departs in some respects from

641:", each table being used for a different type of entity. Each table would contain a fixed number of columns containing the attributes of the entity. One or more columns of each table were designated as a 6885: 876:) started from a different chain, based on IBM's papers on System R. Though Oracle V1 implementations were completed in 1978, it was not until Oracle Version 2 when Ellison beat IBM to market in 1979. 329:

The sizes, capabilities, and performance of databases and their respective DBMSs have grown in orders of magnitude. These performance increases were enabled by the technology progress in the areas of

1498:

the entire possible object collection does not fit into a predefined structured framework. Most established DBMSs now support unstructured data in various ways, and new dedicated DBMSs are emerging.

2047:), or the interpretation of them, or parts of them to meaningful information (e.g., by looking at the strings of bits that they comprise, concluding specific valid credit-card numbers; e.g., see 827:

nowadays are software systems running on general-purpose hardware, using general-purpose computer data storage. However, this idea is still pursued in certain applications by some companies like

1507:

Connolly and Begg define database management system (DBMS) as a "software system that enables users to define, create, maintain and control access to the database." Examples of DBMS's include

2321:

The final stage of database design is to make the decisions that affect performance, scalability, recovery, security, and the like, which depend on the particular DBMS. This is often called

694:

into a user table, an address table and a phone number table (for instance). Records would be created in these optional tables only if the address or phone numbers were actually provided.

2366:

can be stored, organized, and manipulated. The most popular example of a database model is the relational model (or the SQL approximation of relational), which uses a table-based format.

538:

The CODASYL approach offered applications the ability to navigate around a linked data set which was formed into a large network. Applications could find records by one of three methods:

1391:

that record contact, credit, and demographic information about a business's customers, personnel databases that hold information such as salary, benefits, skills data about employees,

1192:. Both the database and most of its DBMS reside remotely, "in the cloud", while its applications are both developed by programmers and later maintained and used by end-users through a 464:

databases attempted new implementations that retained the relational/SQL model while aiming to match the high performance of NoSQL compared to commercially available relational DBMSs.

1603:

The large major enterprise DBMSs have tended to increase in size and functionality and have involved up to thousands of human years of development effort throughout their lifetime.

1244:

is designed for storing, retrieving, and managing document-oriented, or semi structured, information. Document-oriented databases are one of the main categories of NoSQL databases.

2318:. The goal of normalization is to ensure that each elementary "fact" is only recorded in one place, so that insertions, updates, and deletions automatically maintain consistency. 854:– SQL – had been added. Codd's ideas were establishing themselves as both workable and superior to CODASYL, pushing IBM to develop a true production version of System R, known as 2689: 2166:) for better performance; application's data structures may be changed or added, new related application programs may be written to add to the application's functionality, etc. 2088:. A database transaction is a unit of work, typically encapsulating a number of operations over a database (e.g., reading a database object, writing, acquiring or releasing a 3053: 2971: 1395:

systems that record details about product components, parts inventory, and financial databases that keep track of the organization's money, accounting and financial dealings.

1299:

with nodes, edges, and properties to represent and store information. General graph databases that can store any graph are distinct from specialized graph databases such as

2162:

After the database is created, initialized and populated it needs to be maintained. Various database parameters may need changing and the database may need to be tuned (

1771:(ISO) in 1987. The standards have been regularly enhanced since and are supported (with varying degrees of conformance) by all mainstream commercial relational DBMSs. 2560:

company needs the payment details of all employees as part of the company's expenses, but does not need details about employees that are in the interest of the

1614:

was a development where the application resided on a client desktop and the database on a server allowing the processing to be distributed. This evolved into a

6086: 1911: 1333:

to that object. Hypertext databases are particularly useful for organizing large amounts of disparate information. For example, they are useful for organizing

403:

should search for data by content, rather than by following links. The relational model employs sets of ledger-style tables, each used for a different type of

3785: 260:

disk arrays used for stable storage. Hardware database accelerators, connected to one or more servers via a high-speed channel, are also used in large-volume

1125:

Databases are used to hold administrative information and more specialized data, such as engineering data or economic models. Examples include computerized

5513: 2694: 194:

Because of the close relationship between them, the term "database" is often used casually to refer to both a database and the DBMS used to manipulate it.

1952:

distributed database). Updates of a replicated object need to be synchronized across the object copies. In many cases, the entire database is replicated.

1468:

can store the data with multidimensional features. The queries on such data include location-based queries, like "Where is the closest hotel in my area?".

2525:

defines how each group of end-users sees the organization of data in the database. A single database can have any number of views at the external level.

182:

Formally, a "database" refers to a set of related data accessed through the use of a "database management system" (DBMS), which is an integrated set of

2159:

making it operational. In some cases, the database becomes operational while empty of application data, and data are accumulated during its operation.

3076: 212:

Existing DBMSs provide various functions that allow management of a database and its data which can be classified into four main functional groups:

5496: 2684: 564:

to provide alternate access paths. Many CODASYL databases also added a declarative query language for end users (as distinct from the navigational

2054:

Change and access logging records who accessed which attributes, what was changed, and when it was changed. Logging services allow for a forensic

89:. Often the term "database" is also used loosely to refer to any of the DBMS, the database system or an application associated with the database. 3267: 1669:

that allows users to execute SQL queries textually or graphically, to a website that happens to use a database to store and search information.

5508: 3571: 3554: 1768: 909:

as it emphasized a more familiar description than the earlier relational model. Later on, entity–relationship constructs were retrofitted as a

5328: 1886:

a.k.a. "storage engine". Though typically accessed by a DBMS through the underlying operating system (and often using the operating systems'

2289:

that implements the relevant data structures within the database. This process is often called logical database design, and the output is a

3864: 2362:

A database model is a type of data model that determines the logical structure of a database and fundamentally determines in which manner

1431:, where each processing unit (typically consisting of multiple processors) has its own main memory, but all units share the other storage. 6972: 2651: 1118:

Databases are used to support internal operations of organizations and to underpin online interactions with customers and suppliers (see

757: 2043:

in general deals with protecting specific chunks of data, both physically (i.e., from corruption, or destruction, or removal; e.g., see

1017:

In recent years, there has been a strong demand for massively distributed databases with high partition tolerance, but according to the

4027: 2972:"IBM Information Management System (IMS) 13 Transaction and Database Servers delivers high performance and low total cost of ownership" 2861: 883:. PostgreSQL is often used for global mission-critical applications (the .org and .info domain name registries use it as their primary 633:

In this paper, he described a new system for storing and working with large databases. Instead of records being stored in some sort of

949:, saw a growth in how data in various databases were handled. Programmers and designers began to treat the data in their databases as 431:. The dominant database language, standardized SQL for the relational model, has influenced database languages for other data models. 5959: 3534: 673:, records are "linked" using virtual keys not stored in the database but defined as needed between the data contained in the records. 1329:

database, any word or a piece of text representing an object, e.g., another piece of text, an article, a picture, or a film, can be

958: 438: 2839: 2224:(a partial order (tree) of operations) to be executed to compute the query result. May be specific to a particular storage engine. 3132: 2189:

Static analysis techniques for software verification can be applied also in the scenario of query languages. In particular, the *

1782: 3735: 252:

are dedicated computers that hold the actual databases and run only the DBMS and related software. Database servers are usually

6678: 6612: 6472: 5225: 4737: 4709: 2817: 2405: 1665:

External interaction with the database will be via an application program that interfaces with the DBMS. This can range from a

1553:

The functionality provided by a DBMS can vary enormously. The core functionality is the storage, retrieval and update of data.

3579:(Technical report). CONCOMP (Research in Conversational Use of Computers) Project. University of Michigan. Technical Report 6. 3562:(Technical report). CONCOMP (Research in Conversational Use of Computers) Project. University of Michigan. Technical Report 3. 6751: 4762: 3934: 3872: 3377: 2194:

many interesting applications, in particular, for security purposes, such as fine-grained access control, watermarking, etc.

1764: 1721:

Database languages are special-purpose languages, which allow one or more of the following tasks, sometimes distinguished as

1383:

store detailed data about the operations of an organization. They typically process relatively high volumes of updates using

1277: 7049: 6977: 6622: 5906: 5358: 5168: 4613: 2629: 2422: 769: 257: 5579: 5468: 5343: 4767: 4046: 3440: 2644: 1550:. Other extensions can indicate some other characteristics, such as DDBMS for a distributed database management systems. 17: 568:). However, CODASYL databases were complex and required significant training and effort to produce useful applications. 6431: 5040: 4279: 3844: 3825: 3804: 3766: 3688: 3662: 3597: 3515: 2228:

mapping (especially for a distributed DBMS), storage allocation and database layout monitoring, storage migration, etc.

2262:

that reflects the structure of the information to be held in the database. A common approach to this is to develop an

1946: 4919: 4747: 4284: 3952: 3117: 1634: 1105: 575: 357:. The subsequent development of database technology can be divided into three eras based on data model or structure: 1087: 5007: 4108: 1803:, by relational databases with XML capability such as Oracle and Db2, and also by in-memory XML processors such as 1388: 654:) aimed to ensure that each "fact" was only stored once, thus simplifying update operations. Virtual tables called 166:

for writing and querying data. In the 2000s, non-relational databases became popular, collectively referred to as

5926: 5632: 5426: 4395: 1828:

Computations to modify query results, like counting, summing, averaging, sorting, grouping, and cross-referencing

819: 3162: 1606:

Early multi-user DBMS typically only allowed for the application to reside on the same computer with access via

879:

Stonebraker went on to apply the lessons from INGRES to develop a new database, Postgres, which is now known as

6765: 6337: 5883: 5530: 5353: 5338: 4686: 4648: 4312: 4020: 2754: 2635: 2104: 1611: 1547: 1083: 966: 823: 679: 504: 442: 385: 2285:

Having produced a conceptual data model that users are happy with, the next stage is to translate this into a

6391: 5952: 5822: 5374: 5267: 5221: 4828: 4805: 4535: 4525: 3860: 2724: 2400: 2263: 2112: 1690: 1483: 1265: 971: 902: 738: 261: 6829: 6703: 6515: 6316: 6017: 5333: 5188: 5135: 4909: 4497: 4405: 4317: 4093: 4078: 3927:

Physical Database Design: the database professional's guide to exploiting indexes, views, storage, and more

2679: 2108: 2100: 1778: 1738:(DDL) – defines data types such as creating, altering, or dropping tables and the relationships among them; 1666: 1392: 209:

or a card index) as size and usage requirements typically necessitate use of a database management system.

5817: 3069: 1882:

and longevity of the database. Putting data into permanent storage is generally the responsibility of the

1314:

is a kind of NoSQL DBMS that allows modeling, storage, and retrieval of (usually large) multi-dimensional

1033:

to provide both availability and partition tolerance guarantees with a reduced level of data consistency.

353:, which became widely available in the mid-1960s; earlier systems relied on sequential storage of data on 6820: 6757: 6510: 6042: 5848: 5567: 5246: 5130: 4997: 4732: 4237: 2378: 1902: 1435: 946: 373: 290:, computer and storage vendors often take into account DBMS requirements in their own development plans. 245:. "Database system" refers collectively to the database model, database management system, and database. 3058:. Institute of Labor and Industrial Relations (ILIR), University of Michigan and Wayne State University. 6880: 6465: 6426: 6342: 6037: 6002: 5771: 5761: 5537: 5389: 5262: 5158: 5078: 4969: 4618: 3319:

Paiho, Satu; Tuominen, Pekka; Rökman, Jyri; Ylikerälä, Markus; Pajula, Juha; Siikavirta, Hanne (2022).

2417: 1741: 1421: 1241: 658:

could present the data in different ways for different users, but views could not be directly updated.

457: 3573:

Feasibility of a set-theoretic data structure: a general structure based on a reconstituted definition

6295: 6195: 5858: 5591: 4987: 4914: 4889: 4752: 4400: 4013: 2458: 2274: 2267: 1697:. The particular API or language chosen will need to be supported by DBMS, possibly indirectly via a 1281: 1260: 1138: 1130: 1079: 950: 500: 293:

Databases and DBMSs can be categorized according to the database model(s) that they support (such as

272: 3414: 1006:

databases are often very fast, do not require fixed table schemas, avoid join operations by storing

6658: 6216: 6211: 6169: 5945: 5348: 5153: 4838: 4671: 4264: 4133: 1735: 1557:

proposed the following functions and services a fully-fledged general purpose DBMS should provide:

1487: 1068: 785: 5300: 2777:

This article quotes a development time of five years involving 750 people for DB2 release 9 alone.

2124: 1853:

Database storage is the container of the physical materialization of a database. It comprises the

6875: 6638: 6285: 5807: 5461: 5283: 4899: 4833: 4724: 4540: 4207: 2190: 2131: 1285: 1215:

data. Some basic and essential components of data warehousing include extracting, analyzing, and

1072: 1041: 933:. The dBASE product was lightweight and easy for any computer user to understand out of the box. 531:. In 1971, the Database Task Group delivered their standard, which generally became known as the 330: 3966: 219:– Creation, modification and removal of definitions that detail how the data is to be organized. 6311: 6108: 5888: 5843: 5520: 5231: 5120: 5033: 4964: 4795: 4676: 4443: 4433: 4428: 3112:

Development of an object-oriented DBMS; Portland, Oregon, United States; Pages: 472–482; 1986;

2315: 1615: 1448: 1384: 1368:. Also a collection of data representing problems with their solutions and related experiences. 1304: 1296: 1208: 1154: 1134: 954: 781: 777: 765: 730: 198: 3585: 1831:

Constraint enforcement (e.g. in an automotive database, only allowing one engine type per car)

1280:

is used for distribution, which typically includes an atomic commit protocol (ACP), e.g., the

913:

construct for the relational model, and the difference between the two has become irrelevant.

650:(from which the model takes its name). Splitting the data into a set of normalized tables (or 6865: 6458: 6403: 6270: 6012: 5863: 5617: 5305: 4934: 4904: 4894: 4790: 4704: 4580: 4520: 4487: 4477: 4367: 4332: 4322: 4259: 4128: 4103: 4098: 4063: 2373: 2259: 2073: 2033: 2032:

This may be managed directly on an individual basis, or by the assignment of individuals and

1879: 1844: 1774: 1729: 1361: 1022: 961:" described the inconvenience of translating between programmed objects and database tables. 773: 595: 516: 473: 358: 338: 269: 125: 1763:(for example, the rows and columns of a table can be ordered). SQL became a standard of the 1219:

data, transforming, loading, and managing data so as to make them available for further use.

441:, which led to the coining of the term "post-relational" and also the development of hybrid 6673: 6668: 6275: 6190: 6058: 6007: 5916: 5853: 5735: 5705: 5574: 5525: 5379: 5241: 5098: 4694: 4666: 4638: 4633: 4462: 4438: 4390: 4375: 4357: 4347: 4342: 4304: 4254: 4249: 4166: 4112: 3908: 3100: 2853: 2671: 2498: 1907: 1834:

Application programming interface version of the query language, for programmer convenience

1682: 1660: 1520: 1380: 1357: 1315: 1234: 1030: 719: 618: 520: 424: 400: 265: 129: 82: 3526: 3302:"Database Preservation Toolkit: A flexible tool to normalize and give access to databases" 2212:

Graphics component for producing graphs and charts, especially in a data warehouse system.

1928:

Often storage redundancy is employed to increase performance. A common example is storing

8: 6597: 6226: 6164: 6081: 6032: 5873: 5766: 5751: 5678: 5503: 5399: 5103: 4959: 4884: 4800: 4785: 4550: 4337: 4294: 4289: 4186: 4176: 4148: 3672: 2640: 2609: 2483: 2436: 2340:

to database objects as well as defining security levels and methods for the data itself.

2326: 2068: 1961: 1747: 1479:. More specifically the temporal aspects usually include valid-time and transaction-time. 1334: 1119: 702: 647: 637:

of free-form records as in CODASYL, Codd's idea was to organize the data as a number of "

453: 362: 294: 147: 139: 121: 1461:

process transactions fast enough for the result to come back and be acted on right away.

7054: 6693: 6582: 6572: 5868: 5812: 5781: 5730: 5622: 5562: 5454: 5436: 5320: 5310: 5198: 4924: 4823: 4699: 4656: 4565: 4507: 4492: 4482: 4274: 4073: 3892: 3677: 3641: 3618: 3350: 2744: 2613: 2448: 2290: 1895: 1760: 1619: 1475:

has built-in time aspects, for example a temporal data model and a temporal version of

1458: 1425:, where multiple processors share the main memory space, as well as other data storage. 1403: 1223: 1162: 1011: 895: 287: 249: 31: 30:

This article is about the computing concept. For instances of the general concept, see

3959: 3129: 2831: 1754:

Database languages are specific to a particular data model. Notable examples include:

621:, in one of their offshoot offices that were primarily involved in the development of 535:, and soon a number of commercial products based on this approach entered the market. 507:

of California as the first to use the term "data-base" in a specific technical sense.

6936: 6723: 6643: 6602: 6592: 6556: 6138: 5688: 5542: 5404: 5384: 5203: 5180: 5026: 4944: 4874: 4853: 4815: 4623: 4590: 4570: 4269: 4181: 4055: 3948: 3930: 3868: 3840: 3821: 3815: 3800: 3762: 3722: 3699: 3684: 3658: 3645: 3593: 3511: 3383: 3373: 3354: 3342: 3113: 2552: 2330: 2085: 2044: 2021: 2016: 1988: 1923: 1638: 1607: 1597: 1494: 1472: 1414: 1399: 1248: 1227: 1026: 812: 603: 155: 117: 97: 388:(often physical disk addresses) to follow relationships from one record to another. 6916: 6520: 6321: 6027: 5878: 5725: 5715: 5683: 5293: 5113: 5083: 4777: 4661: 4628: 4423: 4352: 4241: 4227: 4222: 4171: 4158: 4083: 4036: 3745: 3714: 3633: 3492: 3332: 2809: 2719: 2624: 2548: 2468: 2395: 1539: 1528: 1465: 1178: 934: 922: 797: 670: 638: 496: 448:

The next generation of post-relational databases in the late 2000s became known as

392: 342: 302: 280: 276: 187: 159: 58: 2336:

Another aspect of physical database design is security. It involves both defining

995:

are a type of structured document-oriented database that allows querying based on

6792: 6771: 6718: 6688: 6607: 6587: 6577: 6221: 6185: 6124: 6076: 5786: 5756: 5710: 5491: 5288: 5236: 5213: 5125: 5093: 5088: 5068: 4848: 4742: 4714: 4608: 4560: 4545: 4530: 4385: 4380: 4327: 4217: 4191: 4143: 4088: 3896: 3567: 3550: 3476: 3444: 3136: 2734: 2714: 2655: 2597: 2561: 2412: 2286: 2246: 2215: 2163: 2144: 2089: 2077: 2048: 1883: 1861:

in the database architecture. It also contains all the information needed (e.g.,

1848: 1744:(DML) – performs tasks such as inserting, updating, or deleting data occurrences; 1589: 1565: 1524: 1374: 1189: 1173: 1007: 962: 906: 873: 764:' Set-Theoretic Data model. MICRO was used to manage very large data sets by the 761: 512: 434: 416: 408: 350: 334: 133: 105: 3837:

SQL/XML:2006 – Evaluierung der Standardkonformität ausgewählter Datenbanksysteme

2251: 1898:

was used to store data, so multiple encodings can be used in the same database.

1153:

One way to classify databases involves the type of their contents, for example:

686:

being replaced by data held in multiple tables, connected only by logical keys.

345:. The concept of a database was made possible by the emergence of direct access 6525: 5968: 5838: 5776: 5720: 5693: 5586: 5547: 5193: 5163: 5073: 4954: 4858: 4757: 4603: 4575: 3912: 3794: 3655:

Database Systems – A Practical Approach to Design Implementation and Management

2749: 2699: 2588:

Database technology has been an active research topic since the 1960s, both in

2509: 2443: 2388: 2349: 2337: 2151: 2081: 2055: 1866: 1535: 1345: 1338: 1292: 1203: 1185: 851: 599: 579: 310: 253: 242: 171: 151: 143: 113: 5446: 3777: 3435: 3387: 3367: 843:

IBM started working on a prototype system loosely based on Codd's concepts as

606:

databases are classified as network databases. IMS remains in use as of 2014.

7043: 6844: 6799: 6617: 6398: 6143: 5657: 5642: 4843: 4138: 3726: 3718: 3614: 3346: 2488: 2383: 2040: 1995: 1795:

is a standard XML query language implemented by XML database systems such as

1554: 910: 869: 804: 614: 543: 396: 381: 354: 109: 101: 3992: 3749: 3152:

Argumentation in Artificial Intelligence by Iyad Rahwan, Guillermo R. Simari

1583:

Enforcing constraints to ensure data in the database abides by certain rules

6906: 6860: 6481: 6410: 6347: 6231: 5409: 4939: 4598: 3299: 2593: 2478: 2206: 1750:(DQL) – allows searching for information and computing derived information. 1698: 1543: 992: 845: 711: 587: 346: 306: 3637: 3497: 3480: 1781:). It has influenced the design of some of the newer query languages like 1413:

The major parallel DBMS architectures which are induced by the underlying

6957: 6921: 6683: 6551: 6280: 6022: 5647: 5627: 4929: 4555: 4467: 2551:

to enhance performance. Occasionally it stores data of individual views (

2493: 2427: 1887: 1722: 1627: 1452: 1360:, providing the means for the computerized collection, organization, and 1300: 1216: 1193: 1166: 1018: 926: 898:. In 1984, this project was consolidated into an independent enterprise. 715: 642: 634: 318: 206: 93: 2517:

A database management system provides three views of the database data:

1406:

for tasks such as loading data, building indexes and evaluating queries.

6967: 6870: 6653: 6648: 6541: 6386: 6159: 5791: 5700: 5662: 5637: 5108: 4949: 4879: 4472: 4212: 4068: 3337: 3320: 2709: 2605: 2463: 2266:, often with the aid of drawing tools. Another popular approach is the 2220: 1804: 1686: 1678: 1623: 1516: 1439:, where each processing unit has its own main memory and other storage. 1326: 1311: 884: 880: 583: 369: 241:

Both a database and its DBMS conform to the principles of a particular

62: 3584:

Chong, Raul F.; Wang, Xiaomei; Dang, Michael; Snow, Dwaine R. (2007).

3300:

Ramalho, J.C.; Faria, L.; Helder, S.; Coutada, M. (31 December 2013).

2941: 701:

Codd's paper was picked up by two people at Berkeley, Eugene Wong and

6998: 6813: 6806: 6708: 6546: 6500: 6290: 6133: 6068: 5394: 4454: 4415: 2704: 2601: 2592:

and in the research and development groups of companies (for example

1998:

and do not remove this message until the contradictions are resolved.

1796: 1365: 1330: 1322: 1212: 891: 734: 665: 622: 50: 3901: 2218:– Performs query optimization on every query to choose an efficient 1057: 542:

Use of a primary key (known as a CALC key, typically implemented by

205:

is often used to refer to any collection of related data (such as a

7008: 6698: 6505: 6128: 6063: 5652: 4005: 3051: 2589: 2433:

An object–relational database combines the two related structures.

2278: 1862: 1237:

is one in which both the data and the DBMS span multiple computers.

1197: 808: 746: 183: 78: 74: 37: 5937: 3986: 3055:

MICRO Information Management System (Version 5.0) Reference Manual

2354: 2273:

Producing the conceptual data model sometimes involves input from

1534:

The DBMS acronym is sometimes extended to indicate the underlying

7018: 7013: 6785: 6778: 6713: 2923: 2729: 1810: 1710: 1512: 1377:

can be carried on or synchronized from a mobile computing device.

1142: 1126: 925:. The new computers empowered their users with spreadsheets like 863: 832: 828: 818:

Another approach to hardware support for database management was

742: 524: 483: 412: 377: 2571:

The three-level database architecture relates to the concept of

1630:

with the database only directly connected to the adjacent tier.

725:

IBM itself did one test implementation of the relational model,

527:, the group responsible for the creation and standardization of 108:

spans formal techniques and practical considerations, including

6931: 6834: 6450: 5557: 3224: 2868: 2647: 2474:

Specialized models are optimized for particular types of data:

2234: 2175: 1814: 1792: 1786: 1574:

Facilities for recovering the database should it become damaged

1036: 987: 706: 561: 461: 404: 314: 3757:

Nelson, Anne Fulcher; Nelson, William Harris Morehead (2001).

3188: 2576:

the impact of making physical changes to improve performance.

1701:

or a bridging API. Some API's aim to be database independent,

317:), and their internal engineering, which affects performance, 7003: 6993: 6911: 6890: 6663: 6103: 6098: 6093: 5552: 3759:

Building Electronic Commerce: With Web Database Constructions

3212: 1800: 1647: 1508: 1003: 983: 930: 756:

In 1970, the University of Michigan began development of the

528: 449: 437:

were developed in the 1980s to overcome the inconvenience of

420: 167: 3973: 3318: 2209:– This helps in keeping a history of the executed functions. 6962: 6952: 6926: 6746: 5612: 5018: 3368:

David Y. Chan; Victoria Chiu; Miklos A. Vasarhelyi (2018).

3200: 2997: 2739: 2690:

Comparison of object–relational database management systems

2659: 2617: 2504: 2363: 2302:

are often used interchangeably, but in this article we use

2099:

describes some ideal properties of a database transaction:

2096: 1706: 1705:

being a commonly known example. Other common API's include

1702: 726: 714:

in a number of ways, including the use of a "language" for

478: 428: 225:– Insertion, modification, and deletion of the data itself. 3917: 3236: 3176: 887:, as do many large companies and financial institutions). 142:

may classify database management systems according to the

6839: 3394: 1825:

DBMS-specific configuration and storage engine management

1685:

interactions to the database (sometimes referred to as a

1642: 1476: 1337:, where users can conveniently jump around the text. The 996: 850:

customers in 1978 and 1979, by which time a standardized

578:(IMS). IMS was a development of software written for the 571: 565: 298: 163: 42: 3619:"A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks" 3455: 3453: 3437:

Integration Definition for Information Modeling (IDEFIX)

3052:

M.A. Kahn; D.L. Rumelhart; B.L. Bronson (October 1977).

2880: 2310:

for the modeling notation used to express that design).

1821:

A database language may also incorporate features like:

1268:), and provides them with an integrated conceptual view. 749:

and Rel. Most other DBMS implementations usually called

722:. Over time, INGRES moved to the emerging SQL standard. 3321:"Opportunities of collected city data for smart cities" 2892: 2790: 1318:

such as satellite images and climate simulation output.

279:

support, but modern DBMSs typically rely on a standard

5063: 3793:

Tsitchizris, Dionysios C.; Lochovsky, Fred H. (1982).

2564:

department. Thus different departments need different

2258:

The first task of a database designer is to produce a

1577:

Support for authorization of access and update of data

628:

A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks

3989: – information about files with the DB extension 3737:

A set theoretic data structure and retrieval language

3700:"Abstract Interpretation of Database Query Languages" 3450: 3143:

magazine, January 2007. Retrieved on August 13, 2008.

1600:

the need to target zero-administration is paramount.

3792: 2874: 2695:

Comparison of relational database management systems

2138: 3270:. International Business Machines. October 27, 2006 3248: 3033: 3021: 1947:

Replication (computing) § Database replication

1588:application interface sometimes referred to as the 411:applications, and as of 2018 they remain dominant: 3676: 3590:Understanding DB2: Learning Visually with Examples 3281: 2904: 2369:Common logical data models for databases include: 191:ways to manage how that information is organized. 150:became dominant in the 1980s. These model data as 3882:, 1st edition, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 1992. 3583: 3372:(1st ed.). Bingley, UK: Emerald Publishing. 3370:Continuous auditing : theory and application 3218: 3009: 2623:The database research area has several dedicated 399:, departed from this tradition by insisting that 7041: 2985: 2685:Comparison of object database management systems 1672: 788:. The system remained in production until 1998. 313:(s) used to access the database (such as SQL or 5476: 3925:Lightstone, S.; Teorey, T.; Nadeau, T. (2007). 3880:Transaction Processing: Concepts and Techniques 3733: 3045: 3003: 2969: 2062: 1777:is an object model language standard (from the 1341:is thus a large distributed hypertext database. 301:), the type(s) of computer they run on (from a 3945:Database Modeling & Design: Logical Design 3740:. Spring Joint Computer Conference, May 1972. 3653:Connolly, Thomas M.; Begg, Carolyn E. (2014). 3415:"How Database Administration Fits into DevOps" 3103:. The FoxPro History. Retrieved on 2013-07-12. 1769:International Organization for Standardization 784:. It ran on IBM mainframe computers using the 556:Scanning all the records in a sequential order 6466: 6432:Data warehousing products and their producers 5980: 5953: 5462: 5034: 4045:Note: This template roughly follows the 2012 4021: 3997: 3697: 3556:Description of a set-theoretic data structure 3505: 3400: 2886: 1502: 1207:converted from internal product codes to use 1044:guarantees of a traditional database system. 745:, and now there are two new implementations: 112:, efficient data representation and storage, 3967:MIT OCW 6.830 | Fall 2010 | Database Systems 3947:, 4th edition, Morgan Kaufmann Press, 2005. 3756: 3707:Computer Languages, Systems & Structures 3652: 3242: 3230: 3206: 3194: 3182: 2898: 905:, emerged in 1976 and gained popularity for 3813: 3744:. Vol. 7, no. 4. pp. 45–55. 3412: 2796: 2306:for the design of a specific database, and 1633:A general-purpose DBMS will provide public 1086:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 467: 177: 6473: 6459: 6253: 5960: 5946: 5469: 5455: 5041: 5027: 4028: 4014: 3943:Teorey, T.; Lightstone, S. and Nadeau, T. 3734:Hershey, William; Easthope, Carol (1972). 2608:, the atomic transaction concept, related 1145:as collections of webpages in a database. 977: 974:(ORMs) attempt to solve the same problem. 890:In Sweden, Codd's paper was also read and 662:foundations on which the model was based. 384:). These were characterized by the use of 3814:Ullman, Jeffrey; Widom, Jennifer (1997). 3778:"Sets, Data Models and Data Independence" 3496: 3336: 2854:"Administration Definition & Meaning" 2197: 1761:the relational model as described by Codd 1106:Learn how and when to remove this message 940: 609: 460:. A competing "next generation" known as 27:Organized collection of data in computing 3698:Halder, Raju; Cortesi, Agostino (2011). 2604:. Notable research topics have included 2508: 2505:External, conceptual, and internal views 2358:Collage of five types of database models 2353: 2250: 2125:Data migration § Database migration 1977: 1571:Support for transactions and concurrency 1490:, often customized for a specific field. 1356:or Δ) is a special kind of database for 1165:is a database that primarily resides in 957:and not to individual fields. The term " 916: 664: 574:also had its own DBMS in 1966, known as 477: 36: 5145: 3592:(2nd ed.). IBM Press Pearson plc. 3566: 3549: 3524: 3475: 3260: 3254: 3039: 3027: 2910: 2076:can be used to introduce some level of 1455:to draw inferences from imprecise data. 838: 264:. DBMSs are found at the heart of most 14: 7042: 6679:Knowledge representation and reasoning 6613:Semantic service-oriented architecture 4738:Knowledge representation and reasoning 3834: 3287: 2240: 1865:, "data about the data", and internal 1694: 1295:is a kind of NoSQL database that uses 791: 96:, while large databases are hosted on 6454: 6368: 6252: 5979: 5941: 5450: 5022: 4763:Philosophy of artificial intelligence 4009: 3996: 3885:Kroenke, David M. and David J. Auer. 3788:from the original on 24 October 2012. 3775: 3537:from the original on 22 February 2009 3428: 3312: 3306:Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal (BNP) 3130:"COTS Databases For Embedded Systems" 3015: 2169: 1932:, which consist of frequently needed 1917: 1765:American National Standards Institute 1716: 1637:(API) and optionally a processor for 1402:seeks to improve performance through 268:. DBMSs may be built around a custom 4089:Energy consumption (Green computing) 4035: 3671: 3613: 3510:(3rd ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. 3459: 2991: 2948:. Oxford University Press. June 2013 2832:"Retrieval Definition & Meaning" 2630:ACM Transactions on Database Systems 1971: 1894:Some DBMSs support specifying which 1610:or terminal emulation software. The 1580:Access support from remote locations 1084:adding citations to reliable sources 1051: 959:object–relational impedance mismatch 872:'s Oracle Database (or more simply, 770:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 439:object–relational impedance mismatch 256:computers, with generous memory and 5967: 5922: 5422: 4768:Distributed artificial intelligence 4047:ACM Computing Classification System 3863:and Tamer M. Özsu (Eds.) (2009). " 3679:An Introduction to Database Systems 2202:Other DBMS features might include: 1288:across the participating databases. 758:MICRO Information Management System 286:Since DBMSs comprise a significant 262:transaction processing environments 92:Small databases can be stored on a 24: 6740:Syntax and supporting technologies 6317:MultiDimensional eXpressions (MDX) 4280:Integrated development environment 3854: 3817:A First Course in Database Systems 3070:"Oracle 30th Anniversary Timeline" 2842:from the original on Jun 27, 2023. 2820:from the original on Feb 25, 2024. 2406:Enhanced entity–relationship model 2329:. A key goal during this stage is 2184: 1987:appears to contradict the article 1635:application programming interfaces 1626:with the end user interface via a 1561:Data storage, retrieval and update 1211:so that they can be compared with 894:was developed in the mid-1970s at 705:. They started a project known as 515:, author of one such product, the 197:Outside the world of professional 25: 7066: 4748:Automated planning and scheduling 4285:Software configuration management 3980: 3889:3rd ed. New York: Prentice, 2007. 3268:"Structured Query Language (SQL)" 2864:from the original on Dec 6, 2023. 2810:"Update Definition & Meaning" 2139:Building, maintaining, and tuning 1955: 1286:distributed (global) transactions 1148: 549:Navigating relationships (called 6480: 5921: 5911: 5902: 5901: 5432: 5431: 5421: 5002: 4992: 4983: 4982: 3865:Encyclopedia of Database Systems 3413:Ben Linders (January 28, 2016). 2970:IBM Corporation (October 2013). 2875:Tsitchizris & Lochovsky 1982 2612:techniques, query languages and 1976: 1732:(DCL) – controls access to data; 1056: 945:The 1990s, along with a rise in 921:The 1980s ushered in the age of 594:. IMS is classified by IBM as a 482:Basic structure of navigational 368:The two main early navigational 5912: 4993: 4396:Computational complexity theory 3406: 3361: 3293: 3155: 3146: 3122: 3106: 3094: 3082:from the original on 2011-03-20 3062: 2963: 2934: 2771: 45:select statement and its result 6338:Business intelligence software 6217:Extract, load, transform (ELT) 6212:Extract, transform, load (ETL) 4187:Network performance evaluation 2916: 2846: 2824: 2802: 2755:Journal of Database Management 2636:Data and Knowledge Engineering 2596:). Research activity includes 1940: 1654: 680:first-order predicate calculus 505:System Development Corporation 57:is an organized collection of 13: 1: 6854:Schemas, ontologies and rules 6286:Decision support system (DSS) 5375:Database-centric architecture 4551:Multimedia information system 4536:Geographic information system 4526:Enterprise information system 4122:Computer systems organization 3960:CMU Database courses playlist 3481:"The Programmer as Navigator" 2784: 2725:Database-centric architecture 1691:application program interface 1673:Application program interface 1484:terminology-oriented database 1266:heterogeneous database system 576:Information Management System 490:The introduction of the term 170:, because they use different 128:issues, including supporting 6312:Data Mining Extensions (DMX) 5048: 4910:Computational social science 4498:Theoretical computer science 4318:Software development process 4094:Electronic design automation 4079:Very Large Scale Integration 3776:North, Ken (10 March 2010). 3506:Beynon-Davies, Paul (2003). 3101:Interview with Wayne Ratliff 2680:Comparison of database tools 2423:Entity–attribute–value model 2118: 2063:Transactions and concurrency 1779:Object Data Management Group 1393:enterprise resource planning 1047: 553:) from one record to another 452:databases, introducing fast 395:, first proposed in 1970 by 321:, resilience, and security. 283:to provide these functions. 162:, and the vast majority use 7: 7050:Database management systems 6369: 6073:Ensemble modeling patterns 6043:Single version of the truth 5478:Database management systems 4733:Natural language processing 4521:Information storage systems 3902:Database Management Systems 3004:Hershey & Easthope 1972 2665: 2583: 2568:of the company's database. 2379:Hierarchical database model 1967: 1903:database storage structures 1767:(ANSI) in 1986, and of the 1564:User accessible catalog or 1436:Shared-nothing architecture 1230:with a relational database. 967:object–relational databases 947:object-oriented programming 929:and database software like 772:, and researchers from the 592:The Programmer as Navigator 503:cites a 1962 report by the 458:document-oriented databases 443:object–relational databases 10: 7071: 6881:Semantic Web Rule Language 6427:Comparison of OLAP servers 5884:Object–relational database 5390:Locks with ordered sharing 5222:Entities and relationships 5079:Database management system 4649:Human–computer interaction 4619:Intrusion detection system 4531:Social information systems 4516:Database management system 3468: 2924:"TOPDB Top Database index" 2669: 2347: 2244: 2173: 2142: 2122: 2066: 2014: 1944: 1921: 1842: 1838: 1742:Data manipulation language 1658: 1612:client–server architecture 1503:Database management system 1422:Shared memory architecture 1242:document-oriented database 1139:content management systems 1131:flight reservation systems 1025:to simultaneously provide 1010:data, and are designed to 981: 972:object–relational mappings 795: 471: 324: 67:database management system 29: 6986: 6945: 6899: 6853: 6739: 6732: 6631: 6565: 6534: 6488: 6419: 6379: 6375: 6364: 6330: 6304: 6296:Data warehouse automation 6263: 6259: 6248: 6204: 6178: 6152: 6117: 6051: 5990: 5986: 5981:Creating a data warehouse 5975: 5897: 5859:Federated database system 5831: 5800: 5744: 5671: 5600: 5592:Blockchain-based database 5484: 5418: 5367: 5319: 5276: 5268:Object–relational mapping 5255: 5212: 5179: 5144: 5056: 4978: 4915:Computational engineering 4890:Computational mathematics 4867: 4814: 4776: 4723: 4685: 4647: 4589: 4506: 4452: 4414: 4366: 4303: 4236: 4200: 4157: 4121: 4054: 4043: 4003: 3998:Links to related articles 3929:. Morgan Kaufmann Press. 3867:, 4100 p. 60 illus. 3683:(8th ed.). Pearson. 3657:(6th ed.). Pearson. 3626:Communications of the ACM 3485:Communications of the ACM 3401:Halder & Cortesi 2011 3141:Embedded Computing Design 2670:For a topical guide, see 2401:Entity–relationship model 2343: 2268:Unified Modeling Language 2264:entity–relationship model 1282:two-phase commit protocol 1261:federated database system 1021:, it is impossible for a 903:entity–relationship model 733:, both now discontinued. 501:Oxford English Dictionary 6987:Microformat vocabularies 6659:Information architecture 4925:Computational healthcare 4920:Differentiable computing 4839:Graphics processing unit 4265:Domain-specific language 4134:Computational complexity 3918:Database System Concepts 3878:Gray, J. and Reuter, A. 3835:Wagner, Michael (2010), 3719:10.1016/j.cl.2011.10.004 3243:Connolly & Begg 2014 3231:Connolly & Begg 2014 3207:Connolly & Begg 2014 3195:Connolly & Begg 2014 3183:Connolly & Begg 2014 2959:(Subscription required.) 2899:Nelson & Nelson 2001 2764: 2759:Question-focused dataset 2513:Traditional view of data 2325:, and the output is the 2323:physical database design 2132:total costs of ownership 1736:Data definition language 1488:object-oriented database 1429:Shared disk architecture 901:Another data model, the 807:, the early offering of 786:Michigan Terminal System 753:are actually SQL DBMSs. 729:, and a production one, 468:1960s, navigational DBMS 178:Terminology and overview 6876:Rule Interchange Format 6639:Collective intelligence 6322:XML for Analysis (XMLA) 4900:Computational chemistry 4834:Photograph manipulation 4725:Artificial intelligence 4541:Decision support system 3750:10.1145/1095495.1095500 2797:Ullman & Widom 1997 2191:Abstract interpretation 1568:describing the metadata 1548:object–relational model 1449:Probabilistic databases 1135:parts inventory systems 978:2000s, NoSQL and NewSQL 365:, and post-relational. 124:of sensitive data, and 6254:Using a data warehouse 6109:Operational data store 5889:Transaction processing 5844:Database normalization 5787:Query rewriting system 4965:Educational technology 4796:Reinforcement learning 4546:Process control system 4444:Computational geometry 4434:Algorithmic efficiency 4429:Analysis of algorithms 4084:Systems on Chip (SoCs) 3525:Chapple, Mike (2005). 3308:. University of Minho. 2514: 2459:Multidimensional model 2454:Other models include: 2374:Navigational databases 2359: 2255: 2198:Miscellaneous features 2084:after recovery from a 1994:Please discuss at the 1616:multitier architecture 941:1990s, object-oriented 782:Wayne State University 778:University of Michigan 766:US Department of Labor 674: 610:1970s, relational DBMS 487: 427:are the most searched 199:information technology 65:based on the use of a 46: 6271:Business intelligence 5864:Referential integrity 5169:information retrieval 4935:Electronic publishing 4905:Computational biology 4895:Computational physics 4791:Unsupervised learning 4705:Distributed computing 4581:Information retrieval 4488:Mathematical analysis 4478:Mathematical software 4368:Theory of computation 4333:Software construction 4323:Requirements analysis 4201:Software organization 4129:Computer architecture 4099:Hardware acceleration 4064:Printed circuit board 3638:10.1145/362384.362685 3586:"Introduction to DB2" 3498:10.1145/355611.362534 2512: 2357: 2277:, or the analysis of 2260:conceptual data model 2254: 2074:Database transactions 2067:Further information: 1912:correlation databases 1869:) to reconstruct the 1845:Computer data storage 1730:Data control language 1538:, with RDBMS for the 1381:Operational databases 917:1980s, on the desktop 774:University of Alberta 668: 596:hierarchical database 517:Integrated Data Store 481: 474:Navigational database 472:Further information: 266:database applications 248:Physically, database 126:distributed computing 40: 6674:Knowledge management 6669:Knowledge extraction 6087:Focal point modeling 6059:Column-oriented DBMS 6008:Dimensional modeling 5854:Distributed database 5380:Intelligent database 4695:Concurrent computing 4667:Ubiquitous computing 4639:Application security 4634:Information security 4463:Discrete mathematics 4439:Randomized algorithm 4391:Computability theory 4376:Model of computation 4348:Software maintenance 4343:Software engineering 4305:Software development 4255:Programming language 4250:Programming paradigm 4167:Network architecture 3909:Abraham Silberschatz 3839:, Diplomica Verlag, 3434:itl.nist.gov (1993) 2672:Outline of databases 2437:Physical data models 1661:Database application 1521:Microsoft SQL Server 1358:knowledge management 1335:online encyclopedias 1235:distributed database 1080:improve this section 1031:eventual consistency 839:Late 1970s, SQL DBMS 619:San Jose, California 560:Later systems added 425:Microsoft SQL Server 148:Relational databases 77:that interacts with 6946:Common vocabularies 6900:Semantic annotation 6598:Semantic publishing 6392:Information factory 6165:Early-arriving fact 6082:Data vault modeling 6033:Reverse star schema 5874:Relational calculus 5752:Concurrency control 5189:Activity monitoring 4970:Document management 4960:Operations research 4885:Enterprise software 4801:Multi-task learning 4786:Supervised learning 4508:Information systems 4338:Software deployment 4295:Software repository 4149:Real-time computing 3477:Bachman, Charles W. 3447:. 21 December 1993. 3233:, pp. 106–113. 2610:concurrency control 2600:and development of 2327:physical data model 2241:Design and modeling 2069:Concurrency control 1962:data virtualization 1748:Data query language 1620:application servers 1546:and ORDBMS for the 1459:Real-time databases 1387:. Examples include 1271:Sometimes the term 1120:Enterprise software 792:Integrated approach 703:Michael Stonebraker 648:relational calculus 521:Database Task Group 519:(IDS), founded the 146:that they support. 140:Computer scientists 106:design of databases 18:Database management 6694:Digital humanities 6583:Semantic computing 6573:Semantic analytics 6557:Rule-based systems 6343:Reporting software 5869:Relational algebra 5813:Query optimization 5618:Armstrong's axioms 5359:Online real estate 4753:Search methodology 4700:Parallel computing 4657:Interaction design 4566:Computing platform 4493:Numerical analysis 4483:Information theory 4275:Software framework 4238:Software notations 4177:Network components 4074:Integrated circuit 3893:Raghu Ramakrishnan 3887:Database Concepts. 3527:"SQL Fundamentals" 3443:2013-12-03 at the 3338:10.1049/smc2.12044 3197:, pp. 97–102. 3163:"OWL DL Semantics" 3135:2007-11-14 at the 2887:Beynon-Davies 2003 2745:Flat-file database 2614:query optimization 2553:materialized views 2515: 2360: 2291:logical data model 2275:business processes 2256: 2170:Backup and restore 1930:materialized views 1918:Materialized views 1901:Various low-level 1896:character encoding 1717:Database languages 1639:database languages 1598:embedded databases 1417:architecture are: 1389:customer databases 1224:deductive database 1163:in-memory database 1023:distributed system 1012:scale horizontally 896:Uppsala University 815:database machine. 731:Business System 12 675: 488: 374:hierarchical model 47: 32:Lists of databases 7037: 7036: 7031: 7030: 7027: 7026: 6937:Facebook Platform 6824: 6823:(no W3C standard) 6816: 6809: 6802: 6795: 6788: 6781: 6774: 6760: 6724:Web Science Trust 6644:Description logic 6603:Semantic reasoner 6593:Semantic matching 6521:Semantic networks 6448: 6447: 6444: 6443: 6440: 6439: 6360: 6359: 6356: 6355: 6244: 6243: 6240: 6239: 6139:Sixth normal form 5935: 5934: 5543:Wide-column store 5538:Document-oriented 5444: 5443: 5405:Halloween Problem 5385:Two-phase locking 5344:Facial expression 5263:Abstraction layer 5204:Negative database 5159:Data manipulation 5016: 5015: 4945:Electronic voting 4875:Quantum Computing 4868:Applied computing 4854:Image compression 4624:Hardware security 4614:Security services 4571:Digital marketing 4358:Open-source model 4270:Modeling language 4182:Network scheduler 3987:DB File extension 3936:978-0-12-369389-1 3873:978-0-387-49616-0 3820:. Prentice–Hall. 3799:. Prentice–Hall. 3761:. Prentice Hall. 3462:, pp. 31–32. 3379:978-1-78743-413-4 3219:Chong et al. 2007 2639:-DKE) and annual 2625:academic journals 2573:data independence 2499:Time series model 2331:data independence 2045:physical security 2022:Database security 2017:Database security 2013: 2012: 1989:Database security 1924:Materialized view 1695:database language 1544:object (oriented) 1542:, OODBMS for the 1495:unstructured data 1473:temporal database 1400:parallel database 1305:network databases 1249:embedded database 1228:logic programming 1179:database triggers 1116: 1115: 1108: 923:desktop computing 813:Britton Lee, Inc. 617:worked at IBM in 343:computer networks 184:computer software 98:computer clusters 16:(Redirected from 7062: 6819: 6812: 6805: 6798: 6791: 6784: 6777: 6770: 6756: 6737: 6736: 6475: 6468: 6461: 6452: 6451: 6377: 6376: 6366: 6365: 6261: 6260: 6250: 6249: 6028:Snowflake schema 5988: 5987: 5977: 5976: 5962: 5955: 5948: 5939: 5938: 5925: 5924: 5915: 5914: 5905: 5904: 5879:Relational model 5849:Database storage 5726:Stored procedure 5471: 5464: 5457: 5448: 5447: 5435: 5434: 5425: 5424: 5043: 5036: 5029: 5020: 5019: 5006: 5005: 4996: 4995: 4986: 4985: 4806:Cross-validation 4778:Machine learning 4662:Social computing 4629:Network security 4424:Algorithm design 4353:Programming team 4313:Control variable 4290:Software library 4228:Software quality 4223:Operating system 4172:Network protocol 4037:Computer science 4030: 4023: 4016: 4007: 4006: 3994: 3993: 3974:Berkeley CS W186 3940: 3915:, S. Sudarshan, 3849: 3831: 3810: 3789: 3772: 3753: 3730: 3704: 3694: 3682: 3668: 3649: 3623: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3580: 3578: 3568:Childs, David L. 3563: 3561: 3551:Childs, David L. 3546: 3544: 3542: 3521: 3508:Database Systems 3502: 3500: 3463: 3457: 3448: 3432: 3426: 3425: 3423: 3421: 3410: 3404: 3398: 3392: 3391: 3365: 3359: 3358: 3340: 3325:IET Smart Cities 3316: 3310: 3309: 3297: 3291: 3285: 3279: 3278: 3276: 3275: 3264: 3258: 3252: 3246: 3240: 3234: 3228: 3222: 3216: 3210: 3204: 3198: 3192: 3186: 3180: 3174: 3173: 3171: 3169: 3159: 3153: 3150: 3144: 3126: 3120: 3110: 3104: 3098: 3092: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3081: 3074: 3066: 3060: 3059: 3049: 3043: 3037: 3031: 3025: 3019: 3013: 3007: 3001: 2995: 2989: 2983: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2967: 2961: 2960: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2938: 2932: 2931: 2920: 2914: 2908: 2902: 2896: 2890: 2884: 2878: 2872: 2866: 2865: 2850: 2844: 2843: 2828: 2822: 2821: 2806: 2800: 2794: 2778: 2775: 2720:Database testing 2530:conceptual level 2469:Multivalue model 2396:Relational model 2008: 2005: 1999: 1980: 1979: 1972: 1871:conceptual level 1529:Microsoft Access 1466:spatial database 1297:graph structures 1190:cloud technology 1111: 1104: 1100: 1097: 1091: 1060: 1052: 963:Object databases 935:C. Wayne Ratliff 798:Database machine 747:Alphora Dataphor 671:relational model 533:CODASYL approach 497:batch processing 454:key–value stores 435:Object databases 393:relational model 339:computer storage 281:operating system 21: 7070: 7069: 7065: 7064: 7063: 7061: 7060: 7059: 7040: 7039: 7038: 7033: 7032: 7023: 6982: 6941: 6895: 6849: 6728: 6719:Web engineering 6689:Digital library 6627: 6608:Semantic search 6588:Semantic mapper 6578:Semantic broker 6561: 6530: 6484: 6479: 6449: 6436: 6415: 6371: 6352: 6326: 6300: 6255: 6236: 6200: 6196:Slowly changing 6186:Dimension table 6174: 6148: 6125:Data dictionary 6113: 6077:Anchor modeling 6047: 5982: 5971: 5969:Data warehouses 5966: 5936: 5931: 5893: 5839:Database models 5827: 5796: 5782:Query optimizer 5757:Data dictionary 5740: 5711:Transaction log 5667: 5623:Codd's 12 rules 5596: 5526:Column-oriented 5492:Object-oriented 5480: 5475: 5445: 5440: 5414: 5363: 5315: 5272: 5251: 5208: 5175: 5154:Data definition 5140: 5052: 5047: 5017: 5012: 5003: 4974: 4955:Word processing 4863: 4849:Virtual reality 4810: 4772: 4743:Computer vision 4719: 4715:Multiprocessing 4681: 4643: 4609:Security hacker 4585: 4561:Digital library 4502: 4453:Mathematics of 4448: 4410: 4386:Automata theory 4381:Formal language 4362: 4328:Software design 4299: 4232: 4218:Virtual machine 4196: 4192:Network service 4153: 4144:Embedded system 4117: 4050: 4039: 4034: 3999: 3983: 3937: 3924: 3897:Johannes Gehrke 3857: 3855:Further reading 3852: 3847: 3828: 3807: 3769: 3742:ACM SIGIR Forum 3702: 3691: 3665: 3621: 3604: 3602: 3600: 3576: 3559: 3540: 3538: 3518: 3491:(11): 653–658. 3471: 3466: 3458: 3451: 3445:Wayback Machine 3433: 3429: 3419: 3417: 3411: 3407: 3399: 3395: 3380: 3366: 3362: 3317: 3313: 3298: 3294: 3286: 3282: 3273: 3271: 3266: 3265: 3261: 3253: 3249: 3241: 3237: 3229: 3225: 3217: 3213: 3205: 3201: 3193: 3189: 3181: 3177: 3167: 3165: 3161: 3160: 3156: 3151: 3147: 3137:Wayback Machine 3128:Graves, Steve. 3127: 3123: 3111: 3107: 3099: 3095: 3085: 3083: 3079: 3072: 3068: 3067: 3063: 3050: 3046: 3038: 3034: 3026: 3022: 3014: 3010: 3002: 2998: 2990: 2986: 2976: 2974: 2968: 2964: 2958: 2951: 2949: 2940: 2939: 2935: 2922: 2921: 2917: 2909: 2905: 2897: 2893: 2885: 2881: 2873: 2869: 2858:Merriam-Webster 2852: 2851: 2847: 2836:Merriam-Webster 2830: 2829: 2825: 2814:Merriam-Webster 2808: 2807: 2803: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2782: 2781: 2776: 2772: 2767: 2762: 2735:Database-as-IPC 2715:Database theory 2675: 2668: 2586: 2562:human resources 2507: 2352: 2346: 2249: 2247:Database design 2243: 2237:for database". 2216:Query optimizer 2200: 2187: 2185:Static analysis 2178: 2172: 2152:user interfaces 2147: 2145:Database tuning 2141: 2127: 2121: 2078:fault tolerance 2071: 2065: 2049:data encryption 2019: 2009: 2003: 2000: 1993: 1981: 1970: 1958: 1949: 1943: 1926: 1920: 1908:column-oriented 1884:database engine 1867:data structures 1851: 1849:Database engine 1843:Main articles: 1841: 1719: 1693:(API) or via a 1675: 1663: 1657: 1590:database engine 1566:data dictionary 1525:Oracle Database 1505: 1486:builds upon an 1404:parallelization 1375:mobile database 1204:Data warehouses 1174:active database 1151: 1133:, computerized 1112: 1101: 1095: 1092: 1077: 1061: 1050: 990: 982:Main articles: 980: 943: 919: 907:database design 841: 800: 794: 612: 513:Charles Bachman 476: 470: 409:data processing 335:computer memory 327: 217:Data definition 180: 172:query languages 158:in a series of 144:database models 134:fault tolerance 114:query languages 87:database system 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7068: 7058: 7057: 7052: 7035: 7034: 7029: 7028: 7025: 7024: 7022: 7021: 7016: 7011: 7006: 7001: 6996: 6990: 6988: 6984: 6983: 6981: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6949: 6947: 6943: 6942: 6940: 6939: 6934: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6909: 6903: 6901: 6897: 6896: 6894: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6857: 6855: 6851: 6850: 6848: 6847: 6842: 6837: 6832: 6827: 6826: 6825: 6817: 6810: 6803: 6796: 6789: 6782: 6775: 6763: 6762: 6761: 6749: 6743: 6741: 6734: 6730: 6729: 6727: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6635: 6633: 6632:Related topics 6629: 6628: 6626: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6569: 6567: 6563: 6562: 6560: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6538: 6536: 6532: 6531: 6529: 6528: 6526:World Wide Web 6523: 6518: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6492: 6490: 6486: 6485: 6478: 6477: 6470: 6463: 6455: 6446: 6445: 6442: 6441: 6438: 6437: 6435: 6434: 6429: 6423: 6421: 6417: 6416: 6414: 6413: 6408: 6407: 6406: 6404:Enterprise bus 6396: 6395: 6394: 6383: 6381: 6373: 6372: 6362: 6361: 6358: 6357: 6354: 6353: 6351: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6334: 6332: 6328: 6327: 6325: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6308: 6306: 6302: 6301: 6299: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6267: 6265: 6257: 6256: 6246: 6245: 6242: 6241: 6238: 6237: 6235: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6208: 6206: 6202: 6201: 6199: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6182: 6180: 6176: 6175: 6173: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6156: 6154: 6150: 6149: 6147: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6121: 6119: 6115: 6114: 6112: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6090: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6055: 6053: 6049: 6048: 6046: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5994: 5992: 5984: 5983: 5973: 5972: 5965: 5964: 5957: 5950: 5942: 5933: 5932: 5930: 5929: 5919: 5909: 5898: 5895: 5894: 5892: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5835: 5833: 5832:Related topics 5829: 5828: 5826: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5808:Administration 5804: 5802: 5798: 5797: 5795: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5777:Query language 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5748: 5746: 5742: 5741: 5739: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5697: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5675: 5673: 5669: 5668: 5666: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5604: 5602: 5598: 5597: 5595: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5583: 5582: 5572: 5571: 5570: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5534: 5533: 5523: 5518: 5517: 5516: 5511: 5501: 5500: 5499: 5488: 5486: 5482: 5481: 5474: 5473: 5466: 5459: 5451: 5442: 5441: 5419: 5416: 5415: 5413: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5371: 5369: 5365: 5364: 5362: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5325: 5323: 5317: 5316: 5314: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5297: 5296: 5286: 5284:Virtualization 5280: 5278: 5274: 5273: 5271: 5270: 5265: 5259: 5257: 5253: 5252: 5250: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5218: 5216: 5210: 5209: 5207: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5185: 5183: 5177: 5176: 5174: 5173: 5172: 5171: 5161: 5156: 5150: 5148: 5142: 5141: 5139: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5117: 5116: 5111: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5060: 5058: 5054: 5053: 5046: 5045: 5038: 5031: 5023: 5014: 5013: 5011: 5010: 5000: 4990: 4979: 4976: 4975: 4973: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4871: 4869: 4865: 4864: 4862: 4861: 4859:Solid modeling 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4820: 4818: 4812: 4811: 4809: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4782: 4780: 4774: 4773: 4771: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4758:Control method 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4729: 4727: 4721: 4720: 4718: 4717: 4712: 4710:Multithreading 4707: 4702: 4697: 4691: 4689: 4683: 4682: 4680: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4653: 4651: 4645: 4644: 4642: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4604:Formal methods 4601: 4595: 4593: 4587: 4586: 4584: 4583: 4578: 4576:World Wide Web 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4512: 4510: 4504: 4503: 4501: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4459: 4457: 4450: 4449: 4447: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4420: 4418: 4412: 4411: 4409: 4408: 4403: 4398: 4393: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4372: 4370: 4364: 4363: 4361: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4309: 4307: 4301: 4300: 4298: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4246: 4244: 4234: 4233: 4231: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4204: 4202: 4198: 4197: 4195: 4194: 4189: 4184: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4163: 4161: 4155: 4154: 4152: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4125: 4123: 4119: 4118: 4116: 4115: 4106: 4101: 4096: 4091: 4086: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4060: 4058: 4052: 4051: 4044: 4041: 4040: 4033: 4032: 4025: 4018: 4010: 4004: 4001: 4000: 3991: 3990: 3982: 3981:External links 3979: 3978: 3977: 3970: 3963: 3956: 3941: 3935: 3922: 3913:Henry F. Korth 3906: 3890: 3883: 3876: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3850: 3846:978-3836696098 3845: 3832: 3827:978-0138613372 3826: 3811: 3806:978-0131964280 3805: 3790: 3773: 3768:978-0201741308 3767: 3754: 3731: 3713:(2): 123–157. 3695: 3690:978-0321197849 3689: 3669: 3664:978-1292061184 3663: 3650: 3632:(6): 377–387. 3615:Codd, Edgar F. 3611: 3599:978-0131580183 3598: 3581: 3564: 3547: 3522: 3517:978-1403916013 3516: 3503: 3472: 3470: 3467: 3465: 3464: 3449: 3427: 3405: 3393: 3378: 3360: 3331:(4): 275–291. 3311: 3292: 3280: 3259: 3247: 3235: 3223: 3211: 3209:, p. 102. 3199: 3187: 3175: 3154: 3145: 3121: 3105: 3093: 3061: 3044: 3032: 3020: 3008: 2996: 2984: 2962: 2933: 2928:pypl.github.io 2915: 2903: 2891: 2879: 2867: 2845: 2823: 2801: 2788: 2786: 2783: 2780: 2779: 2769: 2768: 2766: 2763: 2761: 2760: 2757: 2752: 2750:INP (database) 2747: 2742: 2737: 2732: 2727: 2722: 2717: 2712: 2707: 2702: 2700:Data hierarchy 2697: 2692: 2687: 2682: 2676: 2667: 2664: 2627:(for example, 2585: 2582: 2557: 2556: 2545:physical level 2541:internal level 2537: 2526: 2523:external level 2506: 2503: 2502: 2501: 2496: 2491: 2486: 2484:Semantic model 2481: 2472: 2471: 2466: 2461: 2452: 2451: 2446: 2444:Inverted index 2431: 2430: 2425: 2420: 2418:Document model 2415: 2410: 2409: 2408: 2398: 2393: 2392: 2391: 2389:Graph database 2386: 2381: 2350:Database model 2348:Main article: 2345: 2342: 2338:access control 2308:database model 2300:database model 2245:Main article: 2242: 2239: 2230: 2229: 2225: 2213: 2210: 2199: 2196: 2186: 2183: 2174:Main article: 2171: 2168: 2143:Main article: 2140: 2137: 2120: 2117: 2082:data integrity 2064: 2061: 2056:database audit 2015:Main article: 2011: 2010: 1984: 1982: 1975: 1969: 1966: 1957: 1956:Virtualization 1954: 1942: 1939: 1934:external views 1922:Main article: 1919: 1916: 1875:external level 1840: 1837: 1836: 1835: 1832: 1829: 1826: 1819: 1818: 1808: 1790: 1772: 1752: 1751: 1745: 1739: 1733: 1718: 1715: 1674: 1671: 1659:Main article: 1656: 1653: 1618:incorporating 1585: 1584: 1581: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1562: 1536:database model 1504: 1501: 1500: 1499: 1491: 1480: 1469: 1462: 1456: 1445: 1444: 1443: 1442: 1441: 1440: 1432: 1426: 1408: 1407: 1396: 1378: 1370: 1369: 1346:knowledge base 1342: 1339:World Wide Web 1319: 1308: 1293:graph database 1289: 1273:multi-database 1269: 1257: 1253: 1245: 1238: 1231: 1220: 1201: 1186:cloud database 1182: 1170: 1150: 1149:Classification 1147: 1114: 1113: 1064: 1062: 1055: 1049: 1046: 979: 976: 942: 939: 918: 915: 858:, and, later, 852:query language 840: 837: 796:Main article: 793: 790: 611: 608: 600:Cincom Systems 580:Apollo program 558: 557: 554: 547: 486:database model 469: 466: 351:magnetic disks 326: 323: 311:query language 303:server cluster 275:with built-in 254:multiprocessor 243:database model 239: 238: 235:Administration 232: 226: 220: 179: 176: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7067: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7047: 7045: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6991: 6989: 6985: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6950: 6948: 6944: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6904: 6902: 6898: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6858: 6856: 6852: 6846: 6845:Semantic HTML 6843: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6822: 6818: 6815: 6811: 6808: 6804: 6801: 6797: 6794: 6790: 6787: 6783: 6780: 6776: 6773: 6769: 6768: 6767: 6764: 6759: 6755: 6754: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6744: 6742: 6738: 6735: 6731: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6636: 6634: 6630: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6618:Semantic wiki 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6570: 6568: 6564: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6539: 6537: 6533: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6493: 6491: 6487: 6483: 6476: 6471: 6469: 6464: 6462: 6457: 6456: 6453: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6424: 6422: 6418: 6412: 6409: 6405: 6402: 6401: 6400: 6399:Ralph Kimball 6397: 6393: 6390: 6389: 6388: 6385: 6384: 6382: 6378: 6374: 6367: 6363: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6335: 6333: 6329: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6309: 6307: 6303: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6268: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6251: 6247: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6209: 6207: 6203: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6183: 6181: 6177: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6157: 6155: 6151: 6145: 6144:Surrogate key 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6126: 6123: 6122: 6120: 6116: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6074: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6056: 6054: 6050: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5995: 5993: 5989: 5985: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5963: 5958: 5956: 5951: 5949: 5944: 5943: 5940: 5928: 5920: 5918: 5910: 5908: 5900: 5899: 5896: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5836: 5834: 5830: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5805: 5803: 5799: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5749: 5747: 5743: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5681: 5680: 5677: 5676: 5674: 5670: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5658:Surrogate key 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5643:Candidate key 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5605: 5603: 5599: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5581: 5578: 5577: 5576: 5573: 5569: 5566: 5565: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5532: 5529: 5528: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5506: 5505: 5502: 5498: 5495: 5494: 5493: 5490: 5489: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5472: 5467: 5465: 5460: 5458: 5453: 5452: 5449: 5439: 5438: 5429: 5428: 5417: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5372: 5370: 5366: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5326: 5324: 5322: 5318: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5295: 5292: 5291: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5281: 5279: 5275: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5260: 5258: 5254: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5232:Normalization 5230: 5227: 5223: 5220: 5219: 5217: 5215: 5211: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5186: 5184: 5182: 5178: 5170: 5167: 5166: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5151: 5149: 5147: 5143: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5121:Administrator 5119: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5106: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5061: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5044: 5039: 5037: 5032: 5030: 5025: 5024: 5021: 5009: 5001: 4999: 4991: 4989: 4981: 4980: 4977: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4872: 4870: 4866: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4844:Mixed reality 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4821: 4819: 4817: 4813: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4783: 4781: 4779: 4775: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4730: 4728: 4726: 4722: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4692: 4690: 4688: 4684: 4678: 4677:Accessibility 4675: 4673: 4672:Visualization 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4654: 4652: 4650: 4646: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4596: 4594: 4592: 4588: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4513: 4511: 4509: 4505: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4460: 4458: 4456: 4451: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4421: 4419: 4417: 4413: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4373: 4371: 4369: 4365: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4310: 4308: 4306: 4302: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4247: 4245: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4205: 4203: 4199: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4165: 4164: 4162: 4160: 4156: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4139:Dependability 4137: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4126: 4124: 4120: 4114: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4062: 4061: 4059: 4057: 4053: 4048: 4042: 4038: 4031: 4026: 4024: 4019: 4017: 4012: 4011: 4008: 4002: 3995: 3988: 3985: 3984: 3976: 3975: 3971: 3969: 3968: 3964: 3962: 3961: 3957: 3954: 3953:0-12-685352-5 3950: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3932: 3928: 3923: 3920: 3919: 3914: 3910: 3907: 3904: 3903: 3898: 3894: 3891: 3888: 3884: 3881: 3877: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3859: 3858: 3848: 3842: 3838: 3833: 3829: 3823: 3819: 3818: 3812: 3808: 3802: 3798: 3797: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3774: 3770: 3764: 3760: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3738: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3701: 3696: 3692: 3686: 3681: 3680: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3660: 3656: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3601: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3582: 3575: 3574: 3569: 3565: 3558: 3557: 3552: 3548: 3536: 3533:. About.com. 3532: 3528: 3523: 3519: 3513: 3509: 3504: 3499: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3473: 3461: 3456: 3454: 3446: 3442: 3439: 3438: 3431: 3416: 3409: 3402: 3397: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3375: 3371: 3364: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3339: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3315: 3307: 3303: 3296: 3289: 3284: 3269: 3263: 3256: 3251: 3245:, p. 65. 3244: 3239: 3232: 3227: 3220: 3215: 3208: 3203: 3196: 3191: 3185:, p. 64. 3184: 3179: 3164: 3158: 3149: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3131: 3125: 3119: 3118:0-89791-204-7 3115: 3109: 3102: 3097: 3078: 3071: 3065: 3057: 3056: 3048: 3041: 3036: 3029: 3024: 3017: 3012: 3005: 3000: 2993: 2988: 2973: 2966: 2947: 2943: 2942:"database, n" 2937: 2929: 2925: 2919: 2912: 2907: 2900: 2895: 2888: 2883: 2876: 2871: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2849: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2827: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2805: 2798: 2793: 2789: 2774: 2770: 2758: 2756: 2753: 2751: 2748: 2746: 2743: 2741: 2738: 2736: 2733: 2731: 2728: 2726: 2723: 2721: 2718: 2716: 2713: 2711: 2708: 2706: 2703: 2701: 2698: 2696: 2693: 2691: 2688: 2686: 2683: 2681: 2678: 2677: 2673: 2663: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2637: 2632: 2631: 2626: 2621: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2581: 2577: 2574: 2569: 2567: 2563: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2535: 2534:logical level 2531: 2527: 2524: 2520: 2519: 2518: 2511: 2500: 2497: 2495: 2492: 2490: 2489:Content store 2487: 2485: 2482: 2480: 2477: 2476: 2475: 2470: 2467: 2465: 2462: 2460: 2457: 2456: 2455: 2450: 2447: 2445: 2442: 2441: 2440: 2438: 2434: 2429: 2426: 2424: 2421: 2419: 2416: 2414: 2411: 2407: 2404: 2403: 2402: 2399: 2397: 2394: 2390: 2387: 2385: 2384:Network model 2382: 2380: 2377: 2376: 2375: 2372: 2371: 2370: 2367: 2365: 2356: 2351: 2341: 2339: 2334: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2319: 2317: 2316:normalization 2311: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2292: 2288: 2283: 2280: 2276: 2271: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2253: 2248: 2238: 2236: 2226: 2223: 2222: 2217: 2214: 2211: 2208: 2207:Database logs 2205: 2204: 2203: 2195: 2192: 2182: 2177: 2167: 2165: 2160: 2156: 2153: 2146: 2136: 2133: 2126: 2116: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2093: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2070: 2060: 2057: 2052: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2041:Data security 2038: 2035: 2030: 2026: 2023: 2018: 2007: 1997: 1991: 1990: 1985:This article 1983: 1974: 1973: 1965: 1963: 1953: 1948: 1938: 1935: 1931: 1925: 1915: 1913: 1909: 1904: 1899: 1897: 1892: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1850: 1846: 1833: 1830: 1827: 1824: 1823: 1822: 1816: 1812: 1809: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1791: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1773: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1757: 1756: 1755: 1749: 1746: 1743: 1740: 1737: 1734: 1731: 1728: 1727: 1726: 1724: 1714: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1670: 1668: 1667:database tool 1662: 1652: 1649: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1631: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1604: 1601: 1599: 1593: 1591: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1573: 1570: 1567: 1563: 1560: 1559: 1558: 1556: 1551: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1532: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1496: 1492: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1467: 1463: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1450: 1447: 1446: 1438: 1437: 1433: 1430: 1427: 1424: 1423: 1419: 1418: 1416: 1412: 1411: 1410: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1379: 1376: 1372: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1348:(abbreviated 1347: 1343: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1274: 1270: 1267: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1243: 1239: 1236: 1232: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1205: 1202: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1180: 1175: 1171: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1159: 1158: 1156: 1155:bibliographic 1146: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1123: 1121: 1110: 1107: 1099: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1075: 1074: 1070: 1065:This section 1063: 1059: 1054: 1053: 1045: 1043: 1038: 1034: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1015: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 998: 994: 993:XML databases 989: 985: 975: 973: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 938: 936: 932: 928: 924: 914: 912: 911:data modeling 908: 904: 899: 897: 893: 888: 886: 882: 877: 875: 871: 870:Larry Ellison 867: 865: 861: 857: 853: 848: 847: 836: 834: 830: 825: 821: 816: 814: 810: 806: 805:IBM System/38 799: 789: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 754: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 723: 721: 717: 713: 708: 704: 699: 695: 693: 687: 683: 681: 672: 667: 663: 659: 657: 653: 649: 644: 640: 636: 631: 629: 624: 620: 616: 615:Edgar F. Codd 607: 605: 601: 597: 593: 590:presentation 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 567: 563: 555: 552: 548: 545: 541: 540: 539: 536: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 508: 506: 502: 498: 493: 485: 480: 475: 465: 463: 459: 455: 451: 446: 444: 440: 436: 432: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 397:Edgar F. Codd 394: 389: 387: 383: 382:network model 379: 375: 371: 366: 364: 360: 356: 355:magnetic tape 352: 348: 347:storage media 344: 340: 336: 332: 322: 320: 316: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 291: 289: 284: 282: 278: 274: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 246: 244: 236: 233: 230: 227: 224: 221: 218: 215: 214: 213: 210: 208: 204: 200: 195: 192: 189: 185: 175: 173: 169: 165: 161: 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 137: 135: 131: 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 110:data modeling 107: 103: 102:cloud storage 99: 95: 90: 88: 84: 80: 76: 72: 68: 64: 61:or a type of 60: 56: 52: 44: 39: 33: 19: 6922:Microformats 6861:Common Logic 6566:Applications 6495: 6482:Semantic Web 6411:Dan Linstedt 5997: 5607: 5477: 5430: 5420: 5410:Log shipping 5354:Online music 5339:Biodiversity 5306:Preservation 5064:Requirements 5049: 4940:Cyberwarfare 4599:Cryptography 4515: 3972: 3965: 3958: 3944: 3926: 3916: 3900: 3886: 3879: 3836: 3816: 3795: 3781: 3758: 3741: 3736: 3710: 3706: 3678: 3654: 3629: 3625: 3603:. Retrieved 3589: 3572: 3555: 3539:. Retrieved 3530: 3507: 3488: 3484: 3436: 3430: 3418:. Retrieved 3408: 3396: 3369: 3363: 3328: 3324: 3314: 3305: 3295: 3283: 3272:. Retrieved 3262: 3255:Chapple 2005 3250: 3238: 3226: 3214: 3202: 3190: 3178: 3166:. Retrieved 3157: 3148: 3140: 3124: 3108: 3096: 3084:. Retrieved 3064: 3054: 3047: 3040:Childs 1968b 3035: 3028:Childs 1968a 3023: 3011: 2999: 2987: 2975:. Retrieved 2965: 2950:. Retrieved 2945: 2936: 2927: 2918: 2911:Bachman 1973 2906: 2894: 2882: 2870: 2857: 2848: 2835: 2826: 2813: 2804: 2799:, p. 1. 2792: 2773: 2634: 2628: 2622: 2620:, and more. 2594:IBM Research 2587: 2578: 2572: 2570: 2565: 2558: 2544: 2540: 2533: 2529: 2522: 2516: 2479:XML database 2473: 2453: 2435: 2432: 2413:Object model 2368: 2361: 2335: 2322: 2320: 2312: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2284: 2272: 2257: 2231: 2219: 2201: 2188: 2179: 2161: 2157: 2148: 2128: 2095:The acronym 2094: 2072: 2053: 2039: 2031: 2027: 2020: 2001: 1986: 1959: 1950: 1933: 1929: 1927: 1900: 1893: 1888:file systems 1880:preservation 1874: 1870: 1858: 1854: 1852: 1820: 1753: 1723:sublanguages 1720: 1699:preprocessor 1676: 1664: 1632: 1605: 1602: 1594: 1586: 1552: 1533: 1506: 1434: 1428: 1420: 1385:transactions 1353: 1349: 1301:triplestores 1272: 1252:maintenance. 1152: 1124: 1117: 1102: 1093: 1078:Please help 1066: 1035: 1016: 1008:denormalized 1002: 991: 944: 920: 900: 889: 878: 868: 859: 855: 844: 842: 831:and Oracle ( 817: 801: 755: 750: 724: 700: 696: 691: 688: 684: 676: 660: 655: 651: 632: 627: 613: 591: 588:Turing Award 570: 559: 550: 537: 532: 509: 491: 489: 447: 433: 401:applications 390: 367: 359:navigational 328: 307:mobile phone 292: 285: 270:multitasking 247: 240: 234: 228: 222: 216: 211: 202: 196: 193: 186:that allows 181: 138: 91: 86: 83:applications 70: 66: 54: 48: 6958:Dublin Core 6684:Library 2.0 6552:Linked data 6348:Spreadsheet 6281:Data mining 6023:Star schema 5927:WikiProject 5818:Replication 5706:Transaction 5648:Foreign key 5628:CAP theorem 5575:Multi-model 5427:WikiProject 5256:Programming 5247:Cardinality 5242:Refactoring 5099:Application 4950:Video games 4930:Digital art 4687:Concurrency 4556:Data mining 4468:Probability 4208:Interpreter 3796:Data Models 3673:Date, C. J. 3288:Wagner 2010 3168:10 December 2641:conferences 2494:Event store 2464:Array model 2428:Star schema 2105:consistency 1941:Replication 1857:(physical) 1655:Application 1628:web browser 1624:web servers 1453:fuzzy logic 1331:hyperlinked 1284:, to allow 1194:web browser 1167:main memory 1141:that store 1137:, and many 1027:consistency 1019:CAP theorem 927:Lotus 1-2-3 762:D.L. Childs 718:, known as 716:data access 643:primary key 635:linked list 598:. IDMS and 370:data models 319:scalability 207:spreadsheet 201:, the term 132:access and 94:file system 7044:Categories 6968:Schema.org 6704:References 6654:Geotagging 6649:Folksonomy 6542:Dataspaces 6535:Sub-topics 6511:Ontologies 6489:Background 6387:Bill Inmon 6191:Degenerate 6160:Fact table 5792:Query plan 5745:Components 5663:Unique key 5580:comparison 5514:comparison 5504:Relational 5497:comparison 5400:Publishing 5334:Biological 5277:Management 5109:datasource 5104:Connection 5008:Glossaries 4880:E-commerce 4473:Statistics 4416:Algorithms 4213:Middleware 4069:Peripheral 3782:Dr. Dobb's 3541:28 January 3388:1029759767 3274:2007-06-10 3016:North 2010 2946:OED Online 2785:References 2710:Data store 2602:prototypes 2304:data model 2296:data model 2221:query plan 2123:See also: 2113:durability 2034:privileges 2004:March 2013 1945:See also: 1687:datasource 1679:programmer 1540:relational 1517:PostgreSQL 1327:hypermedia 1312:array DBMS 1278:middleware 1256:databases. 1188:relies on 1096:March 2013 955:attributes 885:data store 881:PostgreSQL 860:Database 2 811:, and the 751:relational 692:normalized 584:System/360 363:relational 331:processors 295:relational 277:networking 130:concurrent 63:data store 7055:Databases 6999:hCalendar 6917:Microdata 6814:N-Triples 6807:Notation3 6733:Standards 6709:Topic map 6547:Hyperdata 6516:Semantics 6501:Hypertext 6496:Databases 6305:Languages 6291:OLAP cube 6276:Dashboard 6227:Transform 6179:Dimension 6134:Data mart 6069:Data mesh 6038:Aggregate 6003:Dimension 5801:Functions 5736:Partition 5563:In-memory 5521:Key–value 5395:Load file 5311:Integrity 5301:Migration 5228:notation) 5199:Forensics 5146:Languages 4829:Rendering 4824:Animation 4455:computing 4406:Semantics 4104:Processor 3727:1477-8424 3646:207549016 3570:(1968b). 3553:(1968a). 3531:Databases 3460:Date 2003 3420:April 15, 3355:253467923 3347:2631-7680 3086:23 August 2992:Codd 1970 2705:Data bank 2616:methods, 2449:Flat file 2439:include: 2119:Migration 2109:isolation 2101:atomicity 1996:talk page 1817:with SQL. 1813:combines 1797:MarkLogic 1689:) via an 1608:terminals 1366:knowledge 1362:retrieval 1323:hypertext 1226:combines 1213:ACNielsen 1198:Open APIs 1129:systems, 1067:does not 1048:Use cases 892:Mimer SQL 760:based on 735:Honeywell 652:relations 623:hard disk 372:were the 229:Retrieval 79:end users 51:computing 7009:hProduct 6699:Metadata 6506:Internet 6420:Products 6264:Concepts 6129:Metadata 6118:Elements 6064:Data hub 6052:Variants 5998:Database 5991:Concepts 5907:Category 5823:Sharding 5679:Relation 5653:Superkey 5608:Database 5601:Concepts 5437:Category 5368:See also 5329:Academic 5321:Lists of 5226:Enhanced 5181:Security 5050:Database 4988:Category 4816:Graphics 4591:Security 4260:Compiler 4159:Networks 4056:Hardware 3861:Ling Liu 3786:Archived 3675:(2003). 3617:(1970). 3605:17 March 3535:Archived 3479:(1973). 3441:Archived 3133:Archived 3077:Archived 2952:July 12, 2862:Archived 2840:Archived 2818:Archived 2666:See also 2590:academia 2584:Research 2279:workflow 1968:Security 1863:metadata 1855:internal 1641:such as 1415:hardware 1143:websites 846:System R 809:Teradata 712:System R 492:database 386:pointers 376:and the 349:such as 203:database 118:security 75:software 55:database 7019:hReview 7014:hRecipe 6786:JSON-LD 6779:RDF/XML 6772:triples 6714:Web 2.0 6370:Related 6222:Extract 6205:Filling 6170:Measure 5917:Outline 5716:Trigger 5672:Objects 5294:caching 5084:Machine 4998:Outline 3469:Sources 2977:Feb 20, 2730:Datalog 2662:ICDE). 2643:(e.g., 2633:-TODS, 2549:indexes 1839:Storage 1811:SQL/XML 1711:ADO.NET 1513:MariaDB 1451:employ 1127:library 1088:removed 1073:sources 951:objects 864:IBM Db2 833:Exadata 829:Netezza 743:Multics 669:In the 582:on the 562:B-trees 544:hashing 525:CODASYL 523:within 484:CODASYL 413:IBM Db2 380:model ( 378:CODASYL 325:History 309:), the 250:servers 156:columns 122:privacy 73:), the 6932:SAWSDL 6835:SPARQL 6793:Turtle 6380:People 5731:Cursor 5689:column 5558:NewSQL 5349:Online 5289:Tuning 5237:Schema 5214:Design 5094:Server 5089:Engine 5074:Models 5069:Theory 3951: 3933: 3871: 3843: 3824: 3803: 3765: 3725: 3687: 3661: 3644: 3596: 3514: 3386: 3376: 3353: 3345: 3116: 2650:, ACM 2648:SIGMOD 2606:models 2598:theory 2344:Models 2287:schema 2235:DevOps 2176:Backup 2164:tuning 2111:, and 1815:XQuery 1793:XQuery 1787:EJB QL 1527:, and 1316:arrays 1217:mining 1037:NewSQL 988:NewSQL 874:Oracle 856:SQL/DS 780:, and 776:, the 768:, the 737:wrote 707:INGRES 639:tables 499:. The 462:NewSQL 423:, and 417:Oracle 405:entity 361:, SQL/ 341:, and 315:XQuery 288:market 273:kernel 223:Update 160:tables 104:. The 7004:hCard 6994:hAtom 6912:GRDDL 6891:SHACL 6664:iXBRL 6623:Solid 6331:Tools 6104:ROLAP 6099:MOLAP 6094:HOLAP 5721:Index 5684:table 5587:Cloud 5553:NoSQL 5548:Graph 5485:Types 5224:(and 5194:Audit 5164:Query 5136:Tools 5131:Types 4401:Logic 4242:tools 3703:(PDF) 3642:S2CID 3622:(PDF) 3577:(PDF) 3560:(PDF) 3351:S2CID 3080:(PDF) 3073:(PDF) 2765:Notes 2566:views 2086:crash 1960:With 1859:level 1805:Saxon 1801:eXist 1783:JDOQL 1681:will 1648:email 1509:MySQL 1321:In a 1004:NoSQL 984:NoSQL 931:dBASE 656:views 604:TOTAL 529:COBOL 450:NoSQL 421:MySQL 305:to a 188:users 168:NoSQL 6978:SKOS 6973:SIOC 6963:FOAF 6953:DOAP 6927:RDFa 6907:eRDF 6886:ALPS 6871:RDFS 6830:RRID 6821:TriX 6800:TriG 6747:HTTP 6232:Load 6153:Fact 6018:OLAP 6013:Fact 5772:ODBC 5762:JDBC 5701:View 5638:Null 5633:CRUD 5613:ACID 5568:list 5531:list 5509:list 5126:Lock 5057:Main 4240:and 4113:Form 4109:Size 3949:ISBN 3931:ISBN 3895:and 3869:ISBN 3841:ISBN 3822:ISBN 3801:ISBN 3763:ISBN 3723:ISSN 3685:ISBN 3659:ISBN 3607:2013 3594:ISBN 3543:2009 3512:ISBN 3422:2017 3384:OCLC 3374:ISBN 3343:ISSN 3170:2010 3114:ISBN 3088:2017 2979:2014 2954:2013 2740:DBOS 2660:IEEE 2656:VLDB 2652:PODS 2618:RAID 2543:(or 2539:The 2532:(or 2528:The 2521:The 2364:data 2298:and 2097:ACID 2090:lock 2080:and 1910:and 1873:and 1847:and 1799:and 1785:and 1709:and 1707:JDBC 1703:ODBC 1683:code 1622:and 1555:Codd 1303:and 1209:UPCs 1196:and 1071:any 1069:cite 1042:ACID 986:and 965:and 824:CAFS 741:for 739:MRDS 727:PRTV 720:QUEL 551:sets 456:and 429:DBMS 391:The 258:RAID 154:and 152:rows 120:and 71:DBMS 59:data 53:, a 6866:OWL 6840:XML 6766:RDF 6758:URI 6752:IRI 5767:XQJ 5694:row 5114:DSN 3746:doi 3715:doi 3634:doi 3493:doi 3333:doi 2645:ACM 2051:). 1775:OQL 1643:SQL 1493:An 1477:SQL 1364:of 1325:or 1310:An 1247:An 1172:An 1161:An 1122:). 1082:by 997:XML 866:). 835:). 822:'s 820:ICL 572:IBM 566:API 299:XML 297:or 164:SQL 100:or 49:In 43:SQL 41:An 7046:: 4111:/ 3911:, 3899:, 3784:. 3780:. 3721:. 3711:38 3709:. 3705:. 3640:. 3630:13 3628:. 3624:. 3588:. 3529:. 3489:16 3487:. 3483:. 3452:^ 3382:. 3349:. 3341:. 3327:. 3323:. 3304:. 3139:, 3075:. 2944:. 2926:. 2860:. 2856:. 2838:. 2834:. 2816:. 2812:. 2658:, 2654:, 2115:. 2107:, 2103:, 1914:. 1725:: 1713:. 1677:A 1592:. 1531:. 1523:, 1519:, 1515:, 1511:, 1482:A 1471:A 1464:A 1398:A 1373:A 1354:kb 1352:, 1350:KB 1344:A 1291:A 1259:A 1240:A 1233:A 1222:A 1184:A 1014:. 630:. 602:' 445:. 419:, 415:, 337:, 333:, 174:. 136:. 116:, 81:, 6474:e 6467:t 6460:v 6127:/ 5961:e 5954:t 5947:v 5470:e 5463:t 5456:v 5042:e 5035:t 5028:v 4049:. 4029:e 4022:t 4015:v 3955:. 3939:. 3921:. 3905:. 3875:. 3830:. 3809:. 3771:. 3752:. 3748:: 3729:. 3717:: 3693:. 3667:. 3648:. 3636:: 3609:. 3545:. 3520:. 3501:. 3495:: 3424:. 3403:. 3390:. 3357:. 3335:: 3329:4 3290:. 3277:. 3257:. 3221:. 3172:. 3090:. 3042:. 3030:. 3018:. 3006:. 2994:. 2981:. 2956:. 2930:. 2913:. 2901:. 2889:. 2877:. 2674:. 2233:" 2006:) 2002:( 1992:. 1807:. 1789:. 1307:. 1200:. 1181:. 1109:) 1103:( 1098:) 1094:( 1090:. 1076:. 862:( 546:) 69:( 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.