1495:
730:
1490:{\displaystyle \underbrace {\left.{\begin{array}{rl}\textstyle {\mathtt {UPDATE~clause{\mathtt {:}}}}&\{{\mathtt {UPDATE\ \overbrace {\mathtt {countries}} ^{\mathtt {table}}}}\}\\\textstyle {\mathtt {SET~clause:}}&\{{{\mathtt {SET\ \overbrace {\mathtt {population}} ^{\mathtt {column}}=~}}\overbrace {\mathtt {{population}+\underbrace {\mathtt {1}} _{\mathtt {literal}}}} ^{\mathtt {expression}}}\}\\\textstyle {\mathtt {WHERE~clause:}}&\{{{\mathtt {WHERE\ \underbrace {\overbrace {\mathtt {name}} ^{\mathtt {column}}{\mathtt {=}}\overbrace {\overbrace {\mathtt {'USA'}} ^{\mathtt {literal}}} ^{\mathtt {expression}}} _{\mathtt {predicate}}}}\}{\texttt {;}}}\end{array}}\right\}{\textstyle {\texttt {statement}}}} _{\textstyle {\mathtt {SQL~query}}}}
6376:
327:
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6366:
597:(ISO) in 1987. Since then, the standard has been revised multiple times to include a larger set of features and incorporate common extensions. Despite the existence of standards, virtually no implementations in existence adhere to it fully, and most SQL code requires at least some changes before being ported to different
2037:
ISO/IEC 9075-14:2006 defines ways that SQL can be used with XML. It defines ways of importing and storing XML data in an SQL database, manipulating it within the database, and publishing both XML and conventional SQL data in XML form. In addition, it lets applications integrate queries into their SQL
2307:
An interactive user or program can issue SQL statements to a local RDB and receive tables of data and status indicators in reply from remote RDBs. SQL statements can also be compiled and stored in remote RDBs as packages and then invoked by package name. This is important for the efficient operation
637:
Chamberlin and Boyce's first attempt at a relational database language was SQUARE (Specifying
Queries in A Relational Environment), but it was difficult to use due to subscript/superscript notation. After moving to the San Jose Research Laboratory in 1973, they began work on a sequel to SQUARE. The
1708:
strive for standards compliance, though
PostgreSQL does not adhere to the standard in all cases. For example, the folding of unquoted names to lower case in PostgreSQL is incompatible with the SQL standard, which says that unquoted names should be folded to upper case. Thus, according to the
2404:, whose data types might make accurately representing the data difficult, in terms of parsing and by the absence of modularity. This is usually avoided by declaring a primary key, or a unique constraint, with one or more columns that uniquely identify a row in the table.
2340:
of rows; the same row may occur multiple times, and the order of rows can be employed in queries (e.g., in the LIMIT clause). Critics argue that SQL should be replaced with a language that returns strictly to the original foundation: for example, see
2812:, 4.22 SQL-statements, 4.22.1 Classes of SQL-statements "There are at least five ways of classifying SQL-statements:", 4.22.2, SQL statements classified by function "The following are the main classes of SQL-statements:";
2797:
We changed the original name "SEQUEL" to SQL because we got a letter from somebody's lawyer that said the name "SEQUEL" belonged to them. We shortened it to SQL, for
Structured Query Language, and the product was known as
711:
standard groups officially adopted the standard "Database
Language SQL" language definition. New versions of the standard were published in 1989, 1992, 1996, 1999, 2003, 2006, 2008, 2011, 2016 and most recently, 2023.
1769:
The SQL standard precisely specifies the syntax that a conforming database system must implement. However, the standard's specification of the semantics of language constructs is less well-defined, leading to
625:
in the early 1970s. This version, initially called SEQUEL (Structured
English Query Language), was designed to manipulate and retrieve data stored in IBM's original quasirelational database management system,
1773:
Many database vendors have large existing customer bases; where the newer version of the SQL standard conflicts with the prior behavior of the vendor's database, the vendor may be unwilling to break
8073:
2176:
A distinction should be made between alternatives to SQL as a language, and alternatives to the relational model itself. Below are proposed relational alternatives to the SQL language. See
657:
After testing SQL at customer test sites to determine the usefulness and practicality of the system, IBM began developing commercial products based on their System R prototype, including
2384:. The Null marker indicates the absence of a value, and is distinct from a value of 0 for an integer column or an empty string for a text column. The concept of Nulls enforces the
2567:
2449:
are comparable to classes in object-oriented language with their own constructors, observers, mutators, methods, inheritance, overloading, overwriting, interfaces, and so on.
2208:
has two advantages over SQL: it has cleaner semantics, which facilitates program understanding and maintenance, and it is more expressive, in particular for recursive queries.
3542:
2361:
Early specifications did not support major features, such as primary keys. Result sets could not be named, and subqueries had not been defined. These were added in 1992.
3346:
Lorentz, Diana; Roeser, Mary Beth; Abraham, Sundeep; Amor, Angela; Arora, Geeta; Arora, Vikas; Ashdown, Lance; Baer, Hermann; Bellamkonda, Shrikanth (October 2010) .
3312:
Lorentz, Diana; Roeser, Mary Beth; Abraham, Sundeep; Amor, Angela; Arora, Geeta; Arora, Vikas; Ashdown, Lance; Baer, Hermann; Bellamkonda, Shrikanth (October 2010) .
3278:
Lorentz, Diana; Roeser, Mary Beth; Abraham, Sundeep; Amor, Angela; Arora, Geeta; Arora, Vikas; Ashdown, Lance; Baer, Hermann; Bellamkonda, Shrikanth (October 2010) .
1692:
SQL implementations are incompatible between vendors and do not necessarily completely follow standards. In particular, date and time syntax, string concatenation,
2308:
of application programs that issue complex, high-frequency queries. It is especially important when the tables to be accessed are located in remote systems.
4329:
2562:
2304:(DRDA) was designed by a workgroup within IBM from 1988 to 1994. DRDA enables network-connected relational databases to cooperate to fulfill SQL requests.
8822:
7585:
1809:(NIST) data-management standards program certified SQL DBMS compliance with the SQL standard. Vendors now self-certify the compliance of their products.
578:. The model was described in his influential 1970 paper, "A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks". Despite not entirely adhering to
2368:
has been described as a roadblock to full use of SQL's user-defined types. JSON support, for example, needed to be added by a new standard in 2016.
7580:
5541:
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1806:
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203:
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type) and MS SQL Server (before the 2008 version). As a result, SQL code can rarely be ported between database systems without modifications.
6320:
3017:
5345:
8837:
7307:
1787:
Users evaluating database software tend to place other factors such as performance higher in their priorities than standards conformance.
1766:
The SQL standard defers some decisions to individual implementations, such as how to name a results column that was not named explicitly.
2332:
SQL deviates in several ways from its theoretical foundation, the relational model and its tuple calculus. In that model, a table is a
8817:
5566:
5059:
1732:
data types. The most obvious such examples, and incidentally the most popular commercial and proprietary SQL DBMSs, are Oracle (whose
8277:
3111:
8382:
8302:
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8088:
7934:
5698:
5676:
5107:
1972:
378:
8100:
3968:
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2612:
2413:
2312:
6454:
5340:
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1929:
689:
210:
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2385:
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5054:
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3526:
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3095:
2757:
704:
590:
479:
3364:
Do not define columns with the following SQL/DS and DB2 data types, because they have no corresponding Oracle data type:...
3347:
1983:, support for procedural and control-of-flow statements, nonscalar types (arrays), and some object-oriented features (e.g.,
8802:
8702:
8503:
8026:
7409:
7000:
6970:
4722:
1632:
2416:, a mismatch occurs between the declarative SQL language and the procedural languages in which SQL is typically embedded.
8847:
8347:
7677:
7474:
5556:
4795:
4768:
4395:
4284:
3907:, developed the SQL database language. Chamberlin also briefly discusses his more recent research on XML query languages.
2692:
196:
3216:
PostgreSQL prides itself in standards compliance. Its SQL implementation strongly conforms to the ANSI-SQL:2008 standard
2152:. Interested parties may purchase the standards documents from ISO, IEC, or ANSI. Some old drafts are freely available.
6798:
6419:
6309:
1854:("ess cue el"). Regardless, many English-speaking database professionals (including Donald Chamberlin himself) use the
1635:
programmability is available on many SQL platforms via DBMS integration with other languages. The SQL standard defines
1577:(";") statement terminator. Though not required on every platform, it is defined as a standard part of the SQL grammar.
692:
agencies. In June 1979, Relational
Software introduced one of the first commercially available implementations of SQL,
7874:
6898:
6043:
5957:
5618:
4800:
3587:
2952:"ISO 9075:1987: Information technology – Database languages – SQL – Part 1: Framework (SQL/Framework)"
2837:
2350:
1659:, while prior versions of SQL Server were restricted to unmanaged extended stored procedures primarily written in C.
8812:
8438:
7610:
7454:
5889:
4805:
1609:
3903:, and his work on relational database technology. Chamberlin was a member of the System R research team and, with
330:
6399:
6389:
6379:
5916:
4742:
4448:
2719:
2237:
1625:
1613:
304:
676:) saw the potential of the concepts described by Codd, Chamberlin, and Boyce, and developed their own SQL-based
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6089:
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1668:
1583:
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Dynamics
Engineering Limited company. The label SQL later became the acronym for Structured Query Language.
308:
1756:
The complexity and size of the SQL standard means that most implementers do not support the entire standard.
6409:
6404:
6013:
5195:
5135:
5021:
4924:
4894:
2602:
4633:
3164:
ANSI/ISO/IEC International
Standard (IS). Database Language SQL—Part 2: Foundation (SQL/Foundation). 1999.
2061:
Legalizes ORDER BY outside cursor definitions. Adds INSTEAD OF triggers, TRUNCATE statement, FETCH clause
8783:
8672:
8150:
6447:
5906:
5798:
4996:
4991:
4934:
4914:
4664:
4383:
2627:
1640:
685:
631:
116:
3081:
1587:
is generally ignored in SQL statements and queries, making it easier to format SQL code for readability.
8769:
8332:
8240:
8190:
7949:
7282:
7277:
6676:
6277:
6261:
5803:
5758:
5686:
5205:
4939:
4835:
4818:
4587:
4577:
4353:
2577:
551:
The scope of SQL includes data query, data manipulation (insert, update, and delete), data definition (
545:
3765:
3456:
3265:"(Second Informal Review Draft) ISO/IEC 9075:1992, Database Language SQL, Section 5.2, syntax rule 11"
2400:
Another popular criticism is that it allows duplicate rows, making integration with languages such as
8598:
8543:
8322:
8307:
7565:
6985:
6481:
5391:
5261:
5185:
5150:
5140:
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4904:
4674:
4407:
3892:
3883:
3675:
2283:
2257:
1796:
SQL was adopted as a standard by the ANSI in 1986 as SQL-86 and the ISO in 1987. It is maintained by
1724:
Popular implementations of SQL commonly omit support for basic features of
Standard SQL, such as the
1644:
525:
502:
292:
288:
3300:
value, Oracle stores the following information: century, year, month, date, hour, minute, and second
3174:
8827:
8646:
8553:
8342:
8317:
7529:
7524:
6414:
6195:
6003:
5858:
5190:
5170:
5093:
4986:
4869:
2232:
2195:
1617:
537:
475:
3877:: transcript of a reunion meeting devoted to the personal history of relational databases and SQL.
3431:
3140:
3028:
2867:
1511:, which are constituent components of statements and queries. (In some cases, these are optional.)
8200:
7742:
7732:
7727:
7302:
7287:
7227:
6661:
6656:
6616:
6256:
5962:
5836:
5145:
4623:
4277:
2260:: Runs SQL statements written like language constructs to query collections directly from inside
556:
48:
28:
8750:
8518:
8508:
7637:
7055:
6636:
6440:
6287:
6058:
5874:
5576:
5155:
4855:
4704:
4659:
4336:
3851:
A Guide to the SQL standard : a users guide to the standard database language SQL, 4th ed.
3053:
2862:
2688:
2217:
1780:
Little commercial incentive exists for vendors to make changing database suppliers easier (see
1774:
1605:
564:
506:
408:
3490:
3484:
1631:
In addition to the standard SQL/PSM extensions and proprietary SQL extensions, procedural and
7939:
7449:
6671:
6641:
6534:
6524:
6485:
6477:
6303:
6268:
5894:
5853:
5484:
5256:
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5200:
4679:
4433:
4111:
3871:
2267:
2220:(IBM BS12): one of the first fully relational database management systems, introduced in 1982
2177:
2077:
2022:, standardized sequences, and columns with autogenerated values (including identity columns)
541:
3618:
3381:
Relational Theory for
Computer Professionals: What Relational Databases are Really All About
3264:
2827:
8697:
8603:
8337:
8312:
8155:
7996:
7747:
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7237:
7110:
6893:
6123:
6033:
5987:
5982:
5788:
5586:
5531:
5514:
5357:
5210:
4784:
4732:
4669:
4551:
4521:
4390:
4341:
4139:
3119:
2279:
1567:
639:
614:
316:
70:
43:
17:
2902:
2663:
1799:
ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information technology, Subcommittee SC 32, Data management and interchange
8:
8538:
6297:
6159:
6094:
5899:
5842:
5808:
4860:
4689:
4582:
4567:
4494:
4319:
4182:
3900:
3896:
2081:
2019:
1797:
1601:
677:
533:
87:
ISO/IEC JTC 1 (Joint Technical Committee 1) / SC 32 (Subcommittee 32)
86:
8483:
8418:
6758:
6272:
6247:
6147:
6129:
5793:
4684:
4628:
4597:
4546:
4438:
4378:
4270:
4018:
3825:
3776:
2993:
2880:
2389:
1976:
1759:
The SQL standard does not specify the database behavior in some important areas (e.g.,
1550:
and are used to limit the effects of statements and queries, or to change program flow.
1540:
1518:
681:
673:
586:
579:
521:
347:
81:
3880:
3744:
3404:
2853:
Codd, Edgar F. (June 1970). "A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks".
1556:, which retrieve the data based on specific criteria. This is an important element of
7312:
6384:
6331:
6225:
6220:
6084:
6008:
5603:
5571:
5479:
5411:
5396:
5303:
4840:
4504:
4358:
3928:
3854:
3829:
3522:
3494:
3479:
3384:
3091:
3087:
3025:
Proceedings of the 1974 ACM SIGFIDET Workshop on Data Description, Access and Control
2884:
2833:
2753:
2346:
2333:
2131:
Adds data type JSON (SQL/Foundation); Adds Part 16, Property Graph Queries (SQL/PGQ)
1526:
643:
489:
Introduced in the 1970s, SQL offered two main advantages over older read–write
3505:
SQL (correctly pronounced "ess cue ell," instead of the somewhat common "sequel")...
3228:
8046:
7787:
7115:
6432:
6314:
6117:
6109:
6038:
5940:
5868:
5469:
5426:
5421:
4694:
4541:
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3904:
3815:
3711:
2997:
2985:
2872:
2782:
2723:
2637:
2572:
2337:
2273:
2241:
1980:
1861:
1819:
1760:
1697:
1522:
618:
575:
555:
creation and modification), and data access control. Although SQL is essentially a
421:
161:
74:
2774:
2381:
1499:
A chart showing several of the SQL language elements comprising a single statement
8656:
8377:
8282:
8036:
7964:
7959:
7954:
7439:
7402:
7397:
7392:
7387:
7382:
7377:
7372:
6292:
6205:
6028:
5967:
5613:
5536:
5406:
4602:
4572:
4526:
4307:
3886:
Collection documents the H2 committee's development of the NDL and SQL standards.
2552:
2316:
1984:
1639:
extensions (SQL Routines and Types for the Java Programming Language) to support
693:
651:
552:
65:
3519:
SQL/XML:2006 - Evaluierung der Standardkonformität ausgewählter Datenbanksysteme
1812:
The original standard declared that the official pronunciation for "SQL" was an
7944:
7692:
7504:
7367:
7357:
7352:
7347:
7342:
7337:
7332:
7327:
7322:
6691:
6681:
6341:
6215:
6210:
6171:
6099:
6053:
5972:
5681:
5561:
5335:
5327:
5116:
4654:
4592:
4536:
4509:
4402:
4363:
4132:
4062:
2607:
2261:
1781:
1652:
1530:
742:
528:, SQL consists of many types of statements, which may be informally classed as
514:
166:
58:
4262:
2311:
The messages, protocols, and structural components of DRDA are defined by the
1752:
Several reasons for the lack of portability between database systems include:
8796:
8732:
8707:
8692:
8628:
8623:
8618:
8613:
8608:
8453:
8398:
8367:
8357:
8220:
8210:
8180:
8175:
8125:
8105:
8083:
8068:
8021:
7986:
7929:
7924:
7914:
7792:
7737:
7712:
7707:
7687:
7560:
7100:
6539:
6509:
6190:
6165:
6135:
5921:
5642:
5581:
5489:
5464:
5379:
4959:
4473:
4458:
4177:
4118:
1544:
658:
622:
571:
326:
154:
150:
4249:
8807:
8593:
8563:
8423:
7767:
7762:
7625:
7620:
7615:
7534:
7479:
7429:
7362:
7317:
7292:
7222:
7217:
7212:
7207:
7202:
7160:
7125:
7035:
7030:
6858:
6666:
6359:
6153:
6141:
5746:
5741:
5720:
5296:
5011:
4850:
4228:
4146:
4125:
4076:
4069:
4048:
4041:
3921:
2592:
2156:
2148:
1887:("sequel"), mirroring the language's prerelease development name, "SEQUEL".
669:, which were commercially available in 1979, 1981, and 1983, respectively.
627:
413:
3895:
In this oral history Chamberlin recounts his early life, his education at
3820:
3803:
3354:. Oracle Database Documentation Library. Redwood City, CA: Oracle USA, Inc
3320:. Oracle Database Documentation Library. Redwood City, CA: Oracle USA, Inc
3286:. Oracle Database Documentation Library. Redwood City, CA: Oracle USA, Inc
2951:
2876:
1566:, which may have a persistent effect on schemata and data, or may control
1504:
The SQL language is subdivided into several language elements, including:
437:
177:
8568:
8265:
8260:
8255:
7839:
7756:
6728:
6369:
6230:
6200:
6023:
5911:
5635:
5630:
5401:
4463:
4443:
4153:
4090:
4027:
3846:
2989:
2632:
1547:
529:
145:
4753:
3715:
2786:
646:, was later changed to SQL (dropping the vowels) because "SEQUEL" was a
8558:
8463:
8170:
8145:
7909:
7864:
7600:
7257:
7070:
6963:
6958:
6953:
6913:
6888:
6763:
6519:
5952:
5945:
5879:
5625:
5446:
5436:
4919:
4607:
4516:
4478:
4453:
4160:
4097:
4083:
4055:
4034:
3842:
2582:
2377:
2315:. Distributed SQL processing ala DRDA is distinctive from contemporary
2247:
1813:
1701:
1676:
1660:
721:
662:
483:
359:
300:
2099:
Adds row pattern matching, polymorphic table functions, operations on
1935:
Minor revision that added integrity constraints adopted as FIPS 127-1
8727:
8722:
8717:
8712:
8687:
8677:
8638:
8588:
8583:
8578:
8573:
8478:
8473:
8468:
8458:
8448:
8433:
8413:
8408:
8403:
8352:
8297:
8292:
8272:
8250:
8230:
8185:
8165:
8120:
8115:
8110:
8078:
8041:
8031:
8016:
8011:
8006:
7991:
7976:
7971:
7899:
7894:
7889:
7869:
7859:
7854:
7849:
7834:
7829:
7777:
7772:
7752:
7722:
7697:
7682:
7652:
7605:
7595:
7575:
7570:
7555:
7550:
7464:
7185:
7180:
7075:
6721:
6716:
6711:
6706:
6701:
6609:
6604:
6599:
6594:
5710:
5703:
5519:
5441:
5431:
5016:
3836:
3655:
3636:
2727:
2715:
2425:
2042:, the XML Query Language published by the World Wide Web Consortium (
1705:
1574:
647:
8778:
2829:
Structured Query Language By Example - Volume I: Data Query Language
1663:
lets users write functions in a wide variety of languages—including
8362:
8140:
7844:
7672:
7509:
7499:
7484:
7459:
7444:
7419:
7414:
7297:
7272:
7267:
7252:
7247:
7242:
7232:
7197:
7192:
7175:
7155:
7150:
7145:
7140:
7135:
7130:
7120:
7105:
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7015:
7010:
7005:
6990:
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6943:
6938:
6933:
6928:
6923:
6918:
6908:
6903:
6883:
6878:
6868:
6863:
6853:
6848:
6838:
6833:
6828:
6803:
6793:
6686:
6589:
6584:
6579:
6574:
6569:
6564:
6559:
6554:
6549:
6326:
6074:
6018:
5783:
5768:
5751:
5596:
5524:
5494:
4468:
4423:
4293:
4104:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3199:
2813:
2365:
2124:
2116:
Adds Part 15, multidimensional arrays (MDarray type and operators)
2092:
2069:
2054:
2030:
2003:
1963:
1656:
598:
486:, i.e., data incorporating relations among entities and variables.
261:
256:
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
122:
34:
Programming language for management and use of relational databases
5085:
3604:
3559:
2282:
introduced in 1974 by the U.C. Berkeley Ingres project, closer to
8651:
8443:
8428:
8225:
8215:
8205:
7981:
7797:
7642:
7630:
6788:
6783:
6778:
6773:
6768:
6753:
6748:
6743:
6738:
6733:
6696:
6651:
6646:
6631:
6626:
6621:
6336:
5778:
5773:
5715:
5546:
5474:
5277:
5165:
5160:
4909:
4899:
4238:
4233:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
2528:
2507:
Exact numeric types (NUMERIC, DECIMAL, SMALLINT, INTEGER, BIGINT)
2251:
2205:
2201:
2015:
1992:
1988:
1855:
1763:, file storage), leaving implementations to decide how to behave.
1636:
666:
276:
16:
This article is about the database language. For other uses, see
2240:(JPQL): The query language used by the Java Persistence API and
8513:
8498:
8493:
8488:
8160:
8135:
8063:
7919:
7904:
7884:
7879:
7824:
7817:
7812:
7807:
7702:
7667:
7514:
7165:
6980:
6544:
5763:
5736:
5693:
5671:
5591:
5230:
5220:
4976:
4944:
4828:
4373:
3973:
3958:
2809:
2587:
2289:
2046:), to concurrently access ordinary SQL-data and XML documents.
2039:
1943:
1648:
296:
226:
24:
3881:
American National Standards Institute. X3H2 Records, 1978–1995
2547:
1879:
1870:
8548:
8523:
8245:
8130:
8001:
7782:
7647:
7519:
7494:
7489:
7469:
6843:
6813:
6808:
6529:
6514:
6504:
6499:
5384:
5235:
4884:
4874:
4845:
4823:
4368:
3889:
3221:
3167:
3141:"ISO - ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 32 - Data management and interchange"
3027:. Association for Computing Machinery: 249–64. Archived from
2622:
2617:
2211:
2181:
1621:
1837:
638:
original name SEQUEL, which is widely regarded as a pun on
8195:
8058:
8051:
7717:
7662:
7262:
6873:
5608:
5551:
5175:
4966:
4428:
3352:
Oracle Database SQL Language Reference 11g Release 2 (11.2)
3318:
Oracle Database SQL Language Reference 11g Release 2 (11.2)
3284:
Oracle Database SQL Language Reference 11g Release 2 (11.2)
2568:
Comparison of object–relational database management systems
2534:
2301:
2223:
2100:
1843:
1825:
1664:
1597:
739:
498:
494:
312:
3011:
3009:
3007:
8682:
8372:
5319:
5130:
4971:
3535:
2510:
Approximate numeric types (FLOAT, REAL, DOUBLE PRECISION)
2189:
2043:
2011:
1889:
The SQL standard has gone through a number of revisions:
1672:
697:
610:
560:
490:
374:
4234:
SQL Routines and Types for the Java Programming Language
3804:"A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks"
3345:
3311:
3277:
1539:, which specify conditions that can be evaluated to SQL
23:"SEQUEL" redirects here. For the topic of the word, see
3004:
1682:
1570:, program flow, connections, sessions, or diagnostics.
501:. Firstly, it introduced the concept of accessing many
5288:
3913:
3730:
Distributed Relational Database Architecture Reference
2773:
Chamberlin, Donald D.; Frana, Philip L. (2001-10-03).
2336:
of tuples, while in SQL, tables and query results are
2162:
ISO/IEC 13249: SQL Multimedia and Application Packages
1452:
1435:
1148:
891:
745:
8767:
3560:
Krishna Kulkarni, Jan-Eike Michels (September 2012).
3543:"SQL:2008 now an approved ISO international standard"
2076:
Adds temporal data (PERIOD FOR) (more information at
1876:
1873:
1867:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1822:
1651:(SQL Server Common Language Runtime) to host managed
733:
582:, SQL became the most widely used database language.
570:
SQL was one of the first commercial languages to use
6462:
3702:
Reinsch, R. (1988). "Distributed database for SAA".
2846:
2748:
Beaulieu, Alan (April 2009). Mary E Treseler (ed.).
2563:
Comparison of relational database management systems
2388:, which is a concrete implementation of the general
1846:
2976:Chamberlin, Donald (2012). "Early History of SQL".
2930:. International Business Machines. October 27, 2006
2453:are intrinsically supported by the implementation.
1864:
1840:
1628:functionality, such as control-of-flow constructs.
3788:XML supported was added in ANSI SQL 2003, part 14.
3766:"SQL 2003 Standard Support in Oracle Database 10g"
3478:
3476:
3383:(1. ed.). Sebastopol, Calif: O'Reilly Media.
3075:
3073:
2896:
2894:
2775:"Oral history interview with Donald D. Chamberlin"
2254:implements its query language in a JavaScript API.
1489:
672:In the late 1970s, Relational Software, Inc. (now
2445:are one of ARRAY, MULTISET, REF(erence), or ROW.
2356:
2142:The standard is commonly denoted by the pattern:
1596:SQL is designed for a specific purpose: to query
8794:
5542:Criminal Reduction Utilising Statistical History
3890:Oral history interview with Donald D. Chamberlin
3873:1995 SQL Reunion: People, Projects, and Politics
3673:
3553:
3192:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2946:
2944:
4292:
3070:
3016:Chamberlin, Donald D; Boyce, Raymond F (1974).
3015:
2891:
2772:
2752:(2nd ed.). Sebastopol, CA, USA: O'Reilly.
621:after learning about the relational model from
482:(RDBMS). It is particularly useful in handling
2707:
2664:"A guided tour of the Microsoft Command Shell"
2558:List of relational database management systems
1807:National Institute of Standards and Technology
1747:
595:International Organization for Standardization
509:. Secondly, it eliminates the need to specify
6448:
5304:
5101:
4769:
4278:
4254:
3929:
3579:
3372:
3054:"Dynamic SQL, Plumbing, and the Internal API"
3018:"SEQUEL: A Structured English Query Language"
2958:
2941:
2766:
2689:"Media Type registration for application/sql"
2296:
3676:"Outer Joins in a Deductive Database System"
3663:, Whitemarsh Information Systems Corporation
3644:, Whitemarsh Information Systems Corporation
3597:
3450:
3448:
3305:
3158:
3090:: McGraw-Hill Osborne Media. pp. 90–1.
2713:
2302:Distributed Relational Database Architecture
1415:
1195:
1141:
932:
884:
799:
513:to reach a record, i.e., with or without an
3701:
3648:
3629:
3486:Understanding the New SQL: A Complete Guide
3206:. PostgreSQL Global Development Group. 2012
3104:
8823:Programming languages with an ISO standard
6455:
6441:
5311:
5297:
5108:
5094:
5042:
4776:
4762:
4285:
4271:
3936:
3922:
3585:
3510:
3348:"Basic Elements of Oracle SQL: Data Types"
3314:"Basic Elements of Oracle SQL: Data Types"
3280:"Basic Elements of Oracle SQL: Data Types"
2975:
2741:
2716:"The application/sql Media Type, RFC 6922"
2482:National character varying (NCHAR VARYING)
2184:for alternatives to the relational model.
1791:
1624:. However, extensions to Standard SQL add
4783:
3819:
3736:
3445:
2866:
2816:4.11 SQL-statements, and later revisions.
580:the relational model as described by Codd
3411:. American National Standards Institute.
3339:
3271:
2747:
2613:Relational data stream management system
2456:
2424:The SQL standard defines three kinds of
2313:Distributed Data Management Architecture
1591:
1438:
1420:
1216:
947:
822:
3742:
2978:IEEE Annals of the History of Computing
2920:
2825:
2485:National character large object (NCLOB)
2103:data stored in character string fields
8833:Relational database management systems
8795:
3611:
3516:
3470:
3118:. IBM. 23 January 2003. Archived from
2518:Datetime types (DATE, TIME, TIMESTAMP)
2513:Decimal floating-point type (DECFLOAT)
1987:), support for embedding SQL in Java (
680:with aspirations of selling it to the
8843:Programming languages created in 1974
6436:
5677:Center for The Business of Government
5292:
5089:
4757:
4266:
4253:
3917:
3667:
3454:
3235:. Mimer Information Technology. 2009.
3179:PostgreSQL 9.1 official documentation
3079:
2407:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1296:
1292:
1289:
1270:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1064:
1057:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1013:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
981:
978:
975:
972:
969:
966:
963:
960:
957:
954:
944:
941:
938:
924:
921:
918:
915:
912:
909:
906:
900:
897:
894:
876:
873:
870:
867:
864:
853:
850:
847:
844:
841:
838:
835:
832:
829:
819:
816:
813:
810:
807:
804:
789:
784:
781:
778:
775:
772:
769:
763:
760:
757:
754:
751:
748:
591:American National Standards Institute
480:relational database management system
478:used to manage data, especially in a
6365:
3801:
3421:
3415:
3397:
3378:
2852:
2661:
2598:Online transaction processing (OLTP)
2414:object–relational impedance mismatch
2345:by Hugh Darwen and C.J. Date (2006,
1683:Interoperability and standardization
5115:
4738:
3545:. Sybase. July 2008. Archived from
3457:"Pronouncing SQL: S-Q-L or Sequel?"
3051:
2900:
2693:Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
2681:
2603:Online analytical processing (OLAP)
2428:(chapter 4.1.1 of SQL/Foundation):
2137:
1971:Added regular expression matching,
13:
8838:Data-centric programming languages
4229:Information and Definition Schemas
3477:Melton, Jim; Alan R Simon (1993).
2655:
2276:) created by Moshè Zloof, IBM 1977
89:/ WG 3 (Working Group 3)
14:
8859:
8818:Declarative programming languages
5346:PC business acquisition by Lenovo
3865:
3521:. Diplomica Verlag. p. 100.
3080:Oppel, Andy (February 27, 2004).
2928:"Structured Query Language (SQL)"
2419:
2233:internal domain-specific language
2144:ISO/IEC 9075-n:yyyy Part n: title
8777:
8746:
8745:
6375:
6374:
6364:
6355:
6354:
6044:Sabre airline reservation system
5890:Thomas J. Watson Research Center
5070:
5069:
5041:
4737:
4727:
4718:
4717:
2231:: SQL implemented in Java as an
1860:
1818:
1610:declarative programming language
1573:SQL statements also include the
634:had developed during the 1970s.
632:IBM San Jose Research Laboratory
325:
5557:Information Management Software
4728:
3837:Discussion on alleged SQL flaws
3758:
3722:
3695:
3562:"Temporal features in SQL:2011"
3422:Doll, Shelley (June 19, 2002).
3257:
3239:
3229:"Mimer SQL, Built on Standards"
3204:PostgreSQL 9.1 official website
3175:"PostgreSQL server programming"
3133:
3045:
2720:Internet Engineering Task Force
2714:Shafranovich, Y. (April 2013).
2238:Java Persistence Query Language
2171:
1626:procedural programming language
1614:imperative programming language
609:SQL was initially developed at
38:SQL (Structured Query Language)
6310:International chess tournament
6090:Globally integrated enterprise
6080:Commercial Processing Workload
3732:. IBM Corp. SC26-4651-0. 1990.
3430:. TechRepublic. Archived from
2819:
2803:
2779:University Digital Conservancy
2662:Paul, Ryan (24 October 2005).
2593:Microsoft Transact-SQL (T-SQL)
2357:Orthogonality and completeness
1:
6049:Scanning tunneling microscope
2649:
2471:Character large object (CLOB)
2395:
2322:
1955:SQL-92 adopted as FIPS 127-2
3853:, Addison Wesley, USA 1997,
3743:Brandon, Jamie (July 2021).
3424:"Is SQL a Standard Anymore?"
3330:The datetime data types are
1700:vary from vendor to vendor.
7:
8803:Database management systems
5917:Canada Head Office Building
5907:Cambridge Scientific Center
5799:Science Research Associates
5567:Mainframe operating systems
4294:Database management systems
4219:Management of External Data
3802:Codd, Edgar F (June 1970).
3489:. Morgan Kaufmann. p.
2628:Hierarchical database model
2540:
2468:Character varying (VARCHAR)
1951:Major revision (ISO 9075),
1748:Reasons for incompatibility
1687:
1517:, which can produce either
686:Central Intelligence Agency
99:; 50 years ago
10:
8864:
8848:Table-oriented programming
5978:Virtual Universe Community
5699:International subsidiaries
5619:Service Automation Manager
4700:Object–relational database
4239:XML-Related Specifications
3794:
3428:TechRepublic's Builder.com
3233:Mimer SQL official website
2499:Binary large object (BLOB)
2496:Binary varying (VARBINARY)
2479:National character (NCHAR)
2297:Distributed SQL processing
719:
604:
593:(ANSI) in 1986 and of the
546:Data Manipulation Language
22:
15:
8741:
8665:
8391:
7543:
6492:
6474:
6350:
6239:
6181:
6108:
6067:
5996:
5930:
5826:
5729:
5664:
5655:
5507:
5457:
5372:
5365:
5356:
5326:
5270:
5249:
5123:
5037:
4814:
4791:
4713:
4675:Federated database system
4647:
4616:
4560:
4487:
4416:
4408:Blockchain-based database
4300:
4260:
4255:Links to related articles
4214:Persistent Stored Modules
4191:
4170:
4017:
3951:
3893:Charles Babbage Institute
3884:Charles Babbage Institute
3808:Communications of the ACM
2855:Communications of the ACM
2476:National character types
2327:
2284:tuple relational calculus
2192:: object-oriented Datalog
2078:Temporal database#History
1918:First formalized by ANSI
1645:Microsoft SQL Server 2005
715:
526:tuple relational calculus
457:Structured Query Language
432:
419:
407:
399:
384:
370:
358:
346:
331:Structured Query Language
322:
287:
282:
275:
270:
216:
209:
202:
194:
172:
160:
144:
140:
127:; 1 year ago
115:
111:
93:
80:
64:
54:
42:
6004:Automated teller machine
5958:The Great Mind Challenge
5341:Mergers and acquisitions
4224:Object Language Bindings
3588:"What's new in SQL:2011"
3517:Wagner, Michael (2010).
3251:PostgreSQL documentation
3247:"4.1. Lexical Structure"
2644:
2521:Interval type (INTERVAL)
2214:: URL based query method
1713:should be equivalent to
1584:Insignificant whitespace
1543:(true/false/unknown) or
1541:three-valued logic (3VL)
642:, the query language of
538:Data Definition Language
476:domain-specific language
360:Internet media type
8813:Data modeling languages
5963:Linux Technology Center
5318:
3943:
3875:, by Paul McJones (ed.)
3379:Date, Chris J. (2013).
2832:. Lulu.com. p. 8.
2380:is the subject of some
2371:
2204:: critics suggest that
1858:-like pronunciation of
1792:Standardization history
1643:code in SQL databases.
29:Sequel (disambiguation)
6288:Dynamic infrastructure
6253:Big Blue sports teams
6059:Universal Product Code
4705:Transaction processing
4660:Database normalization
4603:Query rewriting system
3674:Fernando Saenz-Perez.
3181:. postgresql.org. 2011
3112:"History of IBM, 1978"
2826:Chatham, Mark (2012).
2412:In a sense similar to
2218:IBM Business System 12
1775:backward compatibility
1491:
520:Originally based upon
27:. For other uses, see
6420:Vacuum tube computers
6304:IBM and the Holocaust
6269:Common Public License
6154:Louis V. Gerstner Jr.
5937:Academy of Technology
5392:Power microprocessors
4785:Programming languages
4680:Referential integrity
3821:10.1145/362384.362685
3593:. Oracle Corporation.
3409:X3H2 Records, 1978–95
3083:Databases Demystified
2877:10.1145/362384.362685
2457:Predefined data types
2451:Predefined data types
2432:predefined data types
2386:3-valued-logic in SQL
2268:Object Query Language
2178:navigational database
2146:, or, as a shortcut,
1592:Procedural extensions
1492:
542:Data Control Language
8784:Computer programming
6034:Magnetic stripe card
5983:World Community Grid
5859:Toronto Software Lab
5515:Carbon Design System
5470:Cell microprocessors
4670:Distributed database
4209:Call-Level Interface
3455:Gillespie, Patrick.
2990:10.1109/MAHC.2012.61
2080:). Enhancements for
731:
615:Donald D. Chamberlin
563:), it also includes
557:declarative language
71:Donald D. Chamberlin
18:SQL (disambiguation)
6298:GUIDE International
6160:Samuel J. Palmisano
6019:Electronic keypunch
5843:One Atlantic Center
5813:Weather Underground
5809:The Weather Company
4690:Relational calculus
4568:Concurrency control
4183:Relational database
3901:Stanford University
3897:Harvey Mudd College
3716:10.1147/sj.273.0362
3704:IBM Systems Journal
3586:Fred Zemke (2012).
3480:"1.2. What is SQL?"
3122:on January 17, 2005
2438:user-defined types.
2343:The Third Manifesto
2244:persistence library
2160:is complemented by
2014:-related features (
1602:relational database
630:, which a group at
534:Data query Language
343:
125:/ June 2023
94:First appeared
39:
6468:by standard number
6400:Personal computers
6390:Midrange computers
6380:Navigational boxes
6273:IBM Public License
6248:A Boy and His Atom
6206:Michelle J. Howard
6148:John Fellows Akers
6130:T. Vincent Learson
5837:1250 René-Lévesque
5577:Planning Analytics
4685:Relational algebra
4629:Query optimization
4434:Armstrong's axioms
3777:Oracle Corporation
3200:"About PostgreSQL"
2903:"SQL Fundamentals"
2578:SQL reserved words
2447:User-defined types
2408:Impedance mismatch
2084:and FETCH clause.
1991:) and vice versa (
1977:transitive closure
1696:s, and comparison
1655:assemblies in the
1487:
1486:
1484:
1449:
1443:
1428:
1412:
1379:
1192:
1098:
1071:
929:
796:
696:V2 (Version2) for
674:Oracle Corporation
522:relational algebra
348:Filename extension
341:
37:
8765:
8764:
8759:
8758:
6482:ISO romanizations
6430:
6429:
6395:Operating systems
6257:American football
6226:Joseph R. Swedish
6221:Martha E. Pollack
6124:Thomas Watson Jr.
6085:Customer engineer
6009:Cynefin framework
5895:Hakozaki Facility
5854:Rome Software Lab
5822:
5821:
5651:
5650:
5604:Rational Software
5503:
5502:
5485:Personal Computer
5480:Midrange computer
5286:
5285:
5083:
5082:
5065:Non-English-based
4751:
4750:
4359:Wide-column store
4354:Document-oriented
4247:
4246:
4192:ISO/IEC SQL parts
3859:978-0-201-96426-4
3528:978-3-8366-9609-8
3500:978-1-55860-245-8
3390:978-1-449-36943-9
3097:978-0-07-146960-9
3088:San Francisco, CA
3058:www.ibphoenix.com
2759:978-0-596-52083-0
2443:Constructed types
2435:constructed types
2196:4D Query Language
2166:Technical reports
2135:
2134:
1973:recursive queries
1948:SQL2, FIPS 127-2
1466:
1440:
1422:
1374:
1338:
1334:
1307:
1267:
1243:
1221:
1219:
1218:
1168:
1139:
1103:
1062:
1060:
1018:
1012:
988:
949:
905:
881:
860:
824:
768:
736:
734:
473:
466:
454:
453:
371:Developed by
342:SQL (file format)
339:
338:
146:Typing discipline
8855:
8782:
8781:
8773:
8749:
8748:
6469:
6457:
6450:
6443:
6434:
6433:
6378:
6377:
6368:
6367:
6358:
6357:
6118:Thomas J. Watson
6039:Relational model
5988:Think conference
5869:330 North Wabash
5789:Microelectronics
5662:
5661:
5587:Quantum Platform
5532:Cognos Analytics
5370:
5369:
5363:
5362:
5313:
5306:
5299:
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4695:Relational model
4665:Database storage
4542:Stored procedure
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3905:Raymond F. Boyce
3833:
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2800:
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2736:
2734:
2728:10.17487/RFC6922
2711:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2659:
2638:Snowflake schema
2573:Query by Example
2465:Character (CHAR)
2462:Character types
2274:Query By Example
2138:Current standard
2082:window functions
2020:window functions
1985:structured types
1892:
1891:
1886:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1853:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1845:
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1839:
1836:
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1830:
1827:
1824:
1805:Until 1996, the
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1698:case sensitivity
1695:
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861:
856:
827:
825:
795:
794:
793:
792:
766:
650:of the UK-based
619:Raymond F. Boyce
576:relational model
505:with one single
471:
464:
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447:
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441:
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393:
344:
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329:
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135:
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128:
107:
105:
100:
75:Raymond F. Boyce
66:Designed by
40:
36:
8863:
8862:
8858:
8857:
8856:
8854:
8853:
8852:
8828:Query languages
8793:
8792:
8790:
8788:
8776:
8768:
8766:
8761:
8760:
8755:
8737:
8661:
8387:
7539:
6488:
6470:
6467:
6461:
6431:
6426:
6346:
6332:SHARE computing
6293:GlobalFoundries
6235:
6183:
6177:
6104:
6063:
6054:Financial swaps
6029:Hard disk drive
5992:
5926:
5900:Yamato Facility
5818:
5725:
5657:
5647:
5614:Tivoli Software
5499:
5453:
5352:
5322:
5317:
5287:
5282:
5266:
5245:
5119:
5117:Query languages
5114:
5084:
5079:
5033:
4810:
4787:
4782:
4752:
4747:
4709:
4655:Database models
4643:
4612:
4598:Query optimizer
4573:Data dictionary
4556:
4527:Transaction log
4483:
4439:Codd's 12 rules
4412:
4342:Column-oriented
4308:Object-oriented
4296:
4291:
4256:
4248:
4243:
4187:
4166:
4159:
4152:
4145:
4138:
4131:
4124:
4117:
4110:
4103:
4096:
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4075:
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4061:
4054:
4047:
4040:
4033:
4026:
4013:
3947:
3942:
3911:
3868:
3863:
3797:
3792:
3782:
3780:
3779:. November 2003
3768:
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3323:
3321:
3310:
3306:
3297:
3289:
3287:
3276:
3272:
3267:. 30 July 1992.
3263:
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3258:
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2974:
2959:
2950:
2949:
2942:
2933:
2931:
2926:
2925:
2921:
2912:
2910:
2901:Chapple, Mike.
2899:
2892:
2851:
2847:
2840:
2824:
2820:
2808:
2804:
2791:
2789:
2771:
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2730:
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2708:
2698:
2696:
2695:. 10 April 2013
2687:
2686:
2682:
2672:
2670:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2553:Object database
2543:
2493:Binary (BINARY)
2459:
2422:
2410:
2398:
2376:The concept of
2374:
2359:
2330:
2325:
2317:distributed SQL
2299:
2294:
2174:
2140:
1888:
1863:
1859:
1821:
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1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1693:
1690:
1685:
1679:(PL/V8) and C.
1633:object-oriented
1600:contained in a
1594:
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747:
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738:
737:
735:
732:
729:
728:
724:
718:
690:U.S. government
652:Hawker Siddeley
607:
484:structured data
474:"sequel") is a
436:
420:
391:
389:
385:Initial release
366:
365:application/sql
354:
266:
197:implementations
176:
136:
131:
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101:
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73:
35:
32:
21:
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11:
5:
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8753:
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7003:
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6756:
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6407:
6402:
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6387:
6372:
6362:
6351:
6348:
6347:
6345:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6317:
6315:Lucifer cipher
6312:
6307:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6266:
6265:
6264:
6259:
6251:
6243:
6241:
6237:
6236:
6234:
6233:
6231:Peter R. Voser
6228:
6223:
6218:
6216:Andrew Liveris
6213:
6211:Arvind Krishna
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6187:
6185:
6179:
6178:
6176:
6175:
6172:Arvind Krishna
6169:
6163:
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6145:
6139:
6133:
6127:
6121:
6114:
6112:
6106:
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6016:
6011:
6006:
6000:
5998:
5994:
5993:
5991:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5973:Smarter Planet
5970:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5949:
5948:
5938:
5934:
5932:
5928:
5927:
5925:
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5914:
5909:
5904:
5903:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5884:
5883:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5865:IBM Buildings
5863:
5862:
5861:
5856:
5850:Software Labs
5848:
5847:
5846:
5840:
5839:, Montreal, QC
5830:
5828:
5824:
5823:
5820:
5819:
5817:
5816:
5806:
5804:Service Bureau
5801:
5796:
5794:Product Center
5791:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5759:Ambra Computer
5756:
5755:
5754:
5749:
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5733:
5731:
5727:
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5718:
5713:
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5611:
5606:
5601:
5600:
5599:
5594:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5562:Lotus Software
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5528:
5527:
5517:
5511:
5509:
5505:
5504:
5501:
5500:
5498:
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5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
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5416:
5415:
5414:
5409:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5388:
5387:
5376:
5374:
5367:
5360:
5354:
5353:
5351:
5350:
5349:
5348:
5338:
5332:
5330:
5324:
5323:
5316:
5315:
5308:
5301:
5293:
5284:
5283:
5281:
5280:
5274:
5272:
5268:
5267:
5265:
5264:
5259:
5253:
5251:
5247:
5246:
5244:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5127:
5125:
5124:In current use
5121:
5120:
5113:
5112:
5105:
5098:
5090:
5081:
5080:
5078:
5077:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5038:
5035:
5034:
5032:
5031:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4963:
4962:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4866:
4865:
4864:
4863:
4858:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4832:
4831:
4821:
4815:
4812:
4811:
4809:
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4803:
4798:
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4781:
4780:
4773:
4766:
4758:
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4745:
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4725:
4714:
4711:
4710:
4708:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4651:
4649:
4648:Related topics
4645:
4644:
4642:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4624:Administration
4620:
4618:
4614:
4613:
4611:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4593:Query language
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4564:
4562:
4558:
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4555:
4554:
4549:
4544:
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4267:
4261:
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4221:
4216:
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4129:
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4115:
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4094:
4087:
4080:
4073:
4066:
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4038:
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4023:
4021:
4015:
4014:
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4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
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3976:
3971:
3966:
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3955:
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3949:
3948:
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3926:
3918:
3909:
3908:
3887:
3878:
3867:
3866:External links
3864:
3862:
3861:
3840:
3834:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3790:
3757:
3735:
3721:
3710:(3): 362–389.
3694:
3666:
3657:SQL:2011 draft
3647:
3638:SQL:2008 draft
3628:
3620:SQL:1992 draft
3610:
3605:"ISO/IEC 9075"
3596:
3578:
3552:
3549:on 2011-06-28.
3534:
3527:
3509:
3499:
3469:
3444:
3414:
3396:
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3338:
3304:
3270:
3256:
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3220:
3191:
3166:
3157:
3132:
3103:
3096:
3069:
3052:Starkey, Jim.
3044:
3003:
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2608:Data warehouse
2605:
2600:
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2544:
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2532:
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2522:
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2516:
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2508:
2504:Numeric types
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2501:
2500:
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2474:
2473:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2458:
2455:
2440:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2421:
2420:SQL data types
2418:
2409:
2406:
2397:
2394:
2390:3-valued logic
2373:
2370:
2358:
2355:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
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2292:
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2170:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2122:
2118:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2111:SQL:2019–2020
2109:
2105:
2104:
2097:
2095:
2090:
2086:
2085:
2074:
2072:
2067:
2063:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2052:
2048:
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2035:
2033:
2028:
2024:
2023:
2008:
2006:
2001:
1997:
1996:
1969:
1966:
1961:
1957:
1956:
1949:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1936:
1933:
1927:
1924:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1785:
1782:vendor lock-in
1778:
1771:
1767:
1764:
1757:
1749:
1746:
1740:, and lacks a
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1580:
1579:
1578:
1561:
1551:
1534:
1525:consisting of
1512:
1498:
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1469:
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1460:
1457:
1448:
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1417:
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1397:
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1371:
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1362:
1359:
1356:
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1347:
1344:
1337:
1331:
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1325:
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1301:
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1272:
1264:
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1242:
1238:
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1215:
1212:
1209:
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1203:
1197:
1194:
1189:
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1177:
1174:
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1165:
1162:
1159:
1156:
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1147:
1146:
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1130:
1127:
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1077:
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1015:
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837:
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777:
774:
771:
765:
762:
759:
756:
753:
750:
744:
743:
740:
727:
726:
725:
720:Main article:
717:
714:
606:
603:
452:
451:
434:
430:
429:
426:
417:
416:
411:
405:
404:
401:
400:Type of format
397:
396:
386:
382:
381:
372:
368:
367:
364:
362:
356:
355:
352:
350:
337:
336:
335:
334:
320:
319:
285:
284:
280:
279:
273:
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268:
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265:
264:
259:
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229:
224:
221:
217:
214:
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207:
206:
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199:
192:
191:
174:
170:
169:
167:Cross-platform
164:
158:
157:
148:
142:
141:
138:
137:
121:
119:
117:Stable release
113:
112:
109:
108:
95:
91:
90:
84:
78:
77:
68:
62:
61:
59:Query language
56:
52:
51:
46:
33:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8860:
8849:
8846:
8844:
8841:
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8811:
8809:
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8655:
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8648:
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8642:
8640:
8637:
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8630:
8627:
8625:
8622:
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8617:
8615:
8612:
8610:
8607:
8605:
8602:
8600:
8597:
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8502:
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8497:
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8490:
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8482:
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8477:
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8472:
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8407:
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8400:
8397:
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8384:
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8379:
8376:
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8364:
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8234:
8232:
8229:
8227:
8224:
8222:
8219:
8217:
8214:
8212:
8209:
8207:
8204:
8202:
8199:
8197:
8194:
8192:
8189:
8187:
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8182:
8179:
8177:
8174:
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8167:
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8162:
8159:
8157:
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8149:
8147:
8144:
8142:
8139:
8137:
8134:
8132:
8129:
8127:
8124:
8122:
8119:
8117:
8114:
8112:
8109:
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7868:
7866:
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7848:
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7841:
7838:
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7828:
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7823:
7819:
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7809:
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7801:
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6897:
6895:
6892:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6877:
6875:
6872:
6870:
6867:
6865:
6862:
6860:
6857:
6855:
6852:
6850:
6847:
6845:
6842:
6840:
6837:
6835:
6832:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6822:
6820:
6817:
6815:
6812:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6797:
6795:
6792:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6782:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6750:
6747:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6737:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6727:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6715:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6699:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6547:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6497:
6495:
6491:
6487:
6486:IEC standards
6483:
6479:
6478:ISO standards
6473:
6465:
6458:
6453:
6451:
6446:
6444:
6439:
6438:
6435:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6382:
6381:
6373:
6371:
6363:
6361:
6353:
6352:
6349:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6322:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6305:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6270:
6267:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6254:
6252:
6250:
6249:
6245:
6244:
6242:
6238:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6191:Thomas Buberl
6189:
6188:
6186:
6180:
6173:
6170:
6167:
6166:Ginni Rometty
6164:
6161:
6158:
6155:
6152:
6149:
6146:
6143:
6140:
6137:
6136:Frank T. Cary
6134:
6131:
6128:
6125:
6122:
6119:
6116:
6115:
6113:
6111:
6107:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6072:
6070:
6066:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6001:
5999:
5995:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5947:
5944:
5943:
5942:
5939:
5936:
5935:
5933:
5929:
5923:
5922:IBM Rochester
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5887:
5885:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:, Chicago, IL
5870:
5867:
5866:
5864:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5851:
5849:
5845:, Atlanta, GA
5844:
5841:
5838:
5835:
5834:
5832:
5831:
5829:
5825:
5814:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5744:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5734:
5732:
5728:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5705:
5702:
5701:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5688:
5685:
5684:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5669:
5667:
5663:
5660:
5654:
5644:
5641:
5637:
5634:
5633:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5620:
5617:
5616:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5589:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5572:Mashup Center
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5526:
5523:
5522:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5512:
5510:
5506:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5462:
5460:
5456:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5419:
5417:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5404:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5397:Power Systems
5395:
5393:
5390:
5386:
5383:
5382:
5381:
5378:
5377:
5375:
5371:
5368:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5355:
5347:
5344:
5343:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5333:
5331:
5329:
5325:
5321:
5314:
5309:
5307:
5302:
5300:
5295:
5294:
5291:
5279:
5276:
5275:
5273:
5269:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5254:
5252:
5248:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5128:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5111:
5106:
5104:
5099:
5097:
5092:
5091:
5088:
5076:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5040:
5039:
5036:
5030:
5029:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4961:
4960:Object Pascal
4958:
4957:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4853:
4852:
4849:
4848:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4830:
4827:
4826:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4816:
4813:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4793:
4790:
4786:
4779:
4774:
4772:
4767:
4765:
4760:
4759:
4756:
4744:
4736:
4734:
4726:
4724:
4716:
4715:
4712:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4652:
4650:
4646:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4621:
4619:
4615:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4565:
4563:
4559:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4497:
4496:
4493:
4492:
4490:
4486:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4474:Surrogate key
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4459:Candidate key
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4421:
4419:
4415:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4397:
4394:
4393:
4392:
4389:
4385:
4382:
4381:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4348:
4345:
4344:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4322:
4321:
4318:
4314:
4311:
4310:
4309:
4306:
4305:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4288:
4283:
4281:
4276:
4274:
4269:
4268:
4265:
4259:
4252:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4196:
4194:
4190:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4175:
4173:
4169:
4162:
4158:
4155:
4151:
4148:
4144:
4141:
4137:
4134:
4130:
4127:
4123:
4120:
4116:
4113:
4109:
4106:
4102:
4099:
4095:
4092:
4088:
4085:
4081:
4078:
4074:
4071:
4067:
4064:
4060:
4057:
4053:
4050:
4046:
4043:
4039:
4036:
4032:
4029:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4020:
4016:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3939:
3934:
3932:
3927:
3925:
3920:
3919:
3916:
3912:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3891:
3888:
3885:
3882:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3870:
3869:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3841:
3838:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3814:(6): 377–87.
3813:
3809:
3805:
3800:
3799:
3778:
3774:
3767:
3761:
3746:
3745:"Against SQL"
3739:
3731:
3725:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3698:
3684:
3677:
3670:
3659:
3658:
3651:
3640:
3639:
3632:
3622:
3621:
3614:
3606:
3600:
3589:
3582:
3574:
3570:
3569:SIGMOD Record
3563:
3556:
3548:
3544:
3538:
3530:
3524:
3520:
3513:
3506:
3502:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3487:
3481:
3473:
3458:
3451:
3449:
3434:on 2012-07-05
3433:
3429:
3425:
3418:
3410:
3406:
3405:"Finding Aid"
3400:
3392:
3386:
3382:
3375:
3368:
3353:
3349:
3342:
3335:
3319:
3315:
3308:
3301:
3285:
3281:
3274:
3266:
3260:
3252:
3248:
3242:
3234:
3230:
3224:
3217:
3205:
3201:
3195:
3180:
3176:
3170:
3161:
3146:
3142:
3136:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3107:
3099:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3084:
3076:
3074:
3059:
3055:
3048:
3034:on 2007-09-26
3030:
3026:
3019:
3012:
3010:
3008:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2954:. 1987-06-01.
2953:
2947:
2945:
2929:
2923:
2908:
2904:
2897:
2895:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2869:
2868:10.1.1.88.646
2864:
2861:(6): 377–87.
2860:
2856:
2849:
2841:
2839:9781291199512
2835:
2831:
2830:
2822:
2815:
2811:
2806:
2799:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2769:
2761:
2755:
2751:
2744:
2729:
2725:
2722:. p. 3.
2721:
2717:
2710:
2694:
2690:
2684:
2669:
2665:
2658:
2654:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2588:Oracle PL/SQL
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2517:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2490:Binary types
2489:
2484:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2417:
2415:
2405:
2403:
2393:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2369:
2367:
2362:
2354:
2352:
2351:0-321-39942-0
2348:
2344:
2339:
2335:
2320:
2318:
2314:
2309:
2305:
2303:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2158:
2153:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1890:
1884:
1857:
1851:
1815:
1810:
1808:
1803:
1801:
1800:
1786:
1783:
1779:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1745:
1722:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1680:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1576:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1446:
1430:
1376:
1335:
1304:
1299:
1285:
1283:
1240:
1100:
1068:
985:
857:
723:
713:
710:
706:
701:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
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620:
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585:SQL became a
583:
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572:Edgar F. Codd
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6100:Think slogan
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5422:Q System One
5225:
5060:Generational
5050:Alphabetical
5046:
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5001:
4851:Visual Basic
3944:
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3872:
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3807:
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3120:the original
3116:IBM Archives
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3082:
3061:. Retrieved
3057:
3047:
3036:. Retrieved
3029:the original
3024:
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2981:
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2922:
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2828:
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2805:
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2787:11299/107215
2778:
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2750:Learning SQL
2749:
2743:
2731:. Retrieved
2709:
2697:. Retrieved
2683:
2671:. Retrieved
2668:Ars Technica
2667:
2657:
2548:Wikibook SQL
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2442:
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2375:
2364:The lack of
2363:
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2306:
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2172:Alternatives
2165:
2161:
2157:ISO/IEC 9075
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2149:ISO/IEC 9075
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2143:
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671:
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530:sublanguages
519:
510:
488:
472:historically
467:
460:
456:
455:
414:ISO/IEC 9075
333:at Wikibooks
8392:20000–29999
7544:10000–19999
6415:Typewriters
6321:Mathematica
6262:Rugby union
6201:Alex Gorsky
6168:(2012–2020)
6162:(2002–2011)
6156:(1993–2002)
6150:(1985–1993)
6144:(1981–1985)
6138:(1973–1981)
6132:(1971–1973)
6126:(1956–1971)
6120:(1914–1956)
6068:Terminology
6024:Floppy disk
5968:SkillsBuild
5931:Initiatives
5912:IBM Hursley
5886:Facilities
5537:Connections
5407:FlashSystem
5250:Proprietary
5055:Categorical
4743:WikiProject
4634:Replication
4522:Transaction
4464:Foreign key
4444:CAP theorem
4391:Multi-model
3847:Hugh Darwen
3462:12 February
3145:www.iso.org
2909:. About.com
2633:Star schema
2319:databases.
2010:Introduced
1953:Entry Level
1736:behaves as
1604:. SQL is a
1521:values, or
1515:Expressions
700:computers.
544:(DCL), and
422:Open format
49:Declarative
8797:Categories
8171:16949 (TS)
7768:11941 (TR)
6466:standards
6410:System/370
6405:System/360
6196:David Farr
6095:e-business
5997:Inventions
5946:Develothon
5827:Facilities
5687:Promontory
5682:Consulting
5271:Superseded
4920:JavaScript
4796:Comparison
4608:Query plan
4561:Components
4479:Unique key
4396:comparison
4330:comparison
4320:Relational
4313:comparison
4204:Foundation
4178:Edgar Codd
3843:C. J. Date
3783:2024-03-27
3688:2017-01-16
3683:Lbd.udc.es
3438:2016-04-12
3185:2012-03-09
3126:2007-06-09
3063:2023-01-19
3038:2007-06-09
2934:2007-06-10
2913:2009-01-28
2792:2020-01-14
2650:References
2583:SQL syntax
2426:data types
2396:Duplicates
2323:Criticisms
2248:JavaScript
2038:code with
1814:initialism
1770:ambiguity.
1709:standard,
1702:PostgreSQL
1677:JavaScript
1661:PostgreSQL
1564:Statements
1537:Predicates
722:SQL syntax
567:elements.
565:procedural
465:pronounced
301:PowerShell
283:Influenced
8126:15926 WIP
7490:9592/9593
7415:9000/9001
7303:8805/8806
6278:Deep Blue
6184:directors
5643:WebSphere
5582:PureQuery
5490:Selectric
5465:Blue Gene
5380:Mainframe
5017:Smalltalk
4617:Functions
4552:Partition
4379:In-memory
4337:Key–value
4199:Framework
3839:(C2 wiki)
3830:207549016
3296:For each
3150:2 January
2907:Databases
2885:207549016
2863:CiteSeerX
2527:XML (see
2366:sum types
2242:Hibernate
2164:and some
1904:Comments
1706:Mimer SQL
1647:uses the
1612:, not an
1575:semicolon
1447:⏟
1439:statement
1377:⏟
1336:⏞
1305:⏞
1241:⏞
1101:⏞
1069:⏟
986:⏞
858:⏞
703:By 1986,
682:U.S. Navy
659:System/38
648:trademark
601:systems.
444:/standard
184:/standard
82:Developer
8751:Category
6476:List of
6360:Category
6327:IBM Plex
6182:Board of
6075:Big Blue
5875:Honolulu
5784:Merative
5769:EduQuest
5752:Taligent
5721:Research
5658:entities
5656:Business
5597:OpenQASM
5525:Cloudant
5495:ThinkPad
5418:Quantum
5366:Hardware
5358:Products
5075:Category
4841:Assembly
4801:Timeline
4723:Category
4639:Sharding
4495:Relation
4469:Superkey
4424:Database
4417:Concepts
4133:Truncate
4105:Order by
4063:Group by
4019:Keywords
4009:SQL:2023
4004:SQL:2016
3999:SQL:2011
3994:SQL:2008
3989:SQL:2006
3984:SQL:2003
3979:SQL:1999
3952:Versions
3750:2 August
3210:March 9,
2814:SQL:2003
2733:10 April
2699:10 April
2673:10 April
2541:See also
2286:than SQL
2125:SQL:2023
2093:SQL:2016
2070:SQL:2011
2055:SQL:2008
2031:SQL:2006
2004:SQL:2003
1981:triggers
1964:SQL:1999
1738:DATETIME
1688:Overview
1657:database
1608:-based,
1300:′
1286:′
628:System R
599:database
587:standard
493:such as
409:Standard
403:Database
299:, SOQL,
262:SQL:2023
257:SQL:2016
252:SQL:2011
247:SQL:2008
242:SQL:2006
237:SQL:2003
232:SQL:1999
211:Dialects
123:SQL:2023
44:Paradigm
8652:29199-2
8524:23094-2
8519:23094-1
8509:23090-3
8378:19794-5
8373:19775-1
8161:16612-2
8151:16355-1
7840:13406-2
7798:12234-2
7566:10118-3
6370:Commons
6337:ScicomP
5880:Seattle
5833:Towers
5779:Lexmark
5774:Kyndryl
5716:Red Hat
5665:Current
5636:Granite
5631:Watsonx
5547:Fortran
5475:PowerPC
5402:Storage
5373:Current
5336:History
5328:History
5278:CODASYL
5171:Gremlin
5166:GraphQL
5161:Datalog
5028:more...
5007:Scratch
4910:Haskell
4900:Fortran
4856:classic
4806:History
4733:Outline
4532:Trigger
4488:Objects
4171:Related
4119:Prepare
3795:Sources
3253:. 2018.
2998:1322572
2798:SQL/DS.
2529:SQL/XML
2524:Boolean
2252:MongoDB
2206:Datalog
2202:Datalog
2198:(4D QL)
2016:SQL/XML
1993:SQL/JRT
1989:SQL/OLB
1975:(e.g.,
1926:SQL-89
1915:SQL-87
1912:SQL-86
1856:acronym
1761:indices
1637:SQL/JRT
1554:Queries
1545:Boolean
1533:of data
1527:columns
1509:Clauses
667:IBM Db2
605:History
589:of the
548:(DML).
540:(DDL),
536:(DQL),
507:command
503:records
433:Website
390: (
277:Datalog
173:Website
132:2023-06
130: (
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8770:Portal
8666:30000+
7505:9797-1
7313:8820-5
7258:8501-1
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6809:1073-1
6493:1–9999
6342:Unions
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5764:Cognos
5737:AdStar
5730:Former
5694:Kenexa
5672:Apptio
5626:Watson
5592:Qiskit
5458:Former
5447:Condor
5437:Osprey
5412:DS8000
5231:XQuery
5221:SPARQL
5216:SMARTS
5146:Cypher
5047:Lists:
4982:Python
4977:Prolog
4955:Pascal
4945:MATLAB
4930:Kotlin
4890:Erlang
4829:Simula
4547:Cursor
4505:column
4374:NewSQL
4147:Update
4126:Select
4077:Insert
4070:Having
4049:Delete
4042:Create
3974:SQL-92
3969:SQL-89
3964:SQL-86
3959:SEQUEL
3857:
3828:
3773:Oracle
3624:(text)
3525:
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2756:
2402:Python
2382:debate
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2328:Design
2290:XQuery
2040:XQuery
1944:SQL-92
1932:127-1
1901:Alias
1717:, not
1669:Python
1649:SQLCLR
1523:tables
1519:scalar
1465:
1217:
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767:
716:Syntax
694:Oracle
665:, and
663:SQL/DS
644:Ingres
553:schema
446:/76583
297:SPARQL
227:SQL-92
223:SQL-89
220:SQL-86
195:Major
186:/76583
155:strong
151:Static
55:Family
25:sequel
8733:80000
8728:56000
8723:55000
8718:50001
8713:45001
8708:42010
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8678:31000
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8639:28000
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8514:23092
8504:23009
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8474:22301
8469:22300
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8434:21001
8429:21000
8424:20830
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8414:20400
8409:20121
8404:20022
8399:20000
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8368:19770
8363:19757
8358:19752
8353:19600
8348:19510
8343:19509
8338:19508
8333:19507
8328:19506
8323:19505
8318:19503
8313:19502
8308:19501
8303:19500
8298:19439
8293:19407
8288:19136
8283:19125
8278:19115
8273:19114
8256:19092
8251:19011
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8241:18916
8236:18629
8231:18245
8226:18181
8221:18014
8216:18004
8211:17799
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8201:17442
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8181:17025
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8166:16750
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8131:15930
8121:15926
8116:15924
8111:15919
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8101:15707
8089:15706
8084:15693
8079:15686
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8069:15504
8064:15438
8059:15445
8042:15444
8037:15408
8032:15398
8027:15291
8022:15288
8017:15189
8012:15022
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8002:14882
7997:14764
7992:14698
7987:14651
7982:14649
7977:14644
7972:14617
7920:14496
7915:14443
7910:14396
7905:14289
7900:14224
7895:14031
7890:14000
7885:13818
7880:13816
7875:13616
7870:13584
7865:13568
7860:13567
7855:13490
7850:13485
7845:13450
7835:13399
7830:13250
7825:13216
7808:13211
7803:12620
7793:12207
7788:12182
7783:12052
7778:12006
7773:11992
7763:11941
7753:11940
7748:11898
7743:11889
7738:11801
7733:11785
7728:11784
7723:11783
7718:11544
7713:11404
7708:11179
7703:11172
7698:11170
7693:11073
7688:10967
7683:10962
7678:10957
7673:10861
7668:10746
7663:10664
7658:10646
7653:10628
7648:10589
7643:10585
7638:10383
7606:10303
7601:10279
7596:10218
7591:10206
7586:10179
7581:10165
7576:10161
7571:10160
7561:10116
7556:10007
7551:10006
6240:Other
5711:Press
5704:India
5520:Cloud
5508:Other
5442:Heron
5432:Eagle
5385:IBM Z
5236:XPath
5136:ALPHA
5022:Swift
5012:Shell
4925:Julia
4895:Forth
4885:COBOL
4846:BASIC
4824:ALGOL
4537:Index
4500:table
4403:Cloud
4369:NoSQL
4364:Graph
4301:Types
4154:Where
4140:Union
4091:Merge
3845:with
3826:S2CID
3769:(PDF)
3679:(PDF)
3661:(Zip)
3642:(Zip)
3591:(PDF)
3565:(PDF)
3032:(PDF)
3021:(PDF)
2994:S2CID
2881:S2CID
2645:Notes
2623:MUMPS
2618:NoSQL
2338:lists
2272:QBE (
2212:HTSQL
2182:NoSQL
2121:2023
2108:2019
2089:2016
2066:2011
2051:2008
2027:2006
2000:2003
1968:SQL3
1960:1999
1940:1992
1923:1989
1909:1986
1898:Name
1895:Year
1622:BASIC
1616:like
678:RDBMS
515:index
468:S-Q-L
448:.html
188:.html
7631:-238
7535:9995
7530:9985
7525:9984
7520:9945
7515:9899
7510:9897
7500:9660
7495:9594
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7480:9529
7475:9506
7470:9496
7465:9407
7460:9362
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7450:9293
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7440:9227
7435:9141
7430:9126
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7420:9036
7410:8879
7363:-8-I
7318:8859
7308:8807
7298:8691
7293:8652
7288:8651
7283:8632
7278:8613
7273:8601
7268:8583
7263:8571
7253:8373
7248:8217
7243:8178
7238:8093
7233:8000
7228:7942
7223:7816
7218:7813
7213:7812
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7203:7810
7198:7736
7193:7637
7181:7498
7176:7200
7171:7185
7166:7098
7161:7064
7156:7027
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7146:7002
7141:7001
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7131:6709
7126:6523
7121:6438
7116:6429
7111:6425
7106:6385
7101:6373
7096:6346
7091:6344
7086:6166
7081:5964
7076:5807
7071:5800
7066:5776
7061:5775
7056:5725
7051:5428
7046:5427
7041:5426
7036:5218
7031:4909
7026:4217
7021:4165
7016:4157
7011:4031
7006:3977
7001:3950
6996:3901
6991:3864
6986:3602
6981:3601
6976:3307
6971:3297
6949:3166
6944:3103
6939:3029
6934:2921
6929:2852
6924:2848
6919:2788
6914:2720
6909:2711
6904:2709
6899:2533
6894:2281
6889:2240
6884:2146
6879:2145
6874:2108
6869:2047
6864:2033
6859:2022
6854:2015
6849:2014
6844:1989
6839:1745
6834:1629
6829:1538
6824:1413
6819:1155
6804:1007
6799:1004
6794:1000
6617:68-1
6385:FOSS
6110:CEOs
6014:DRAM
5609:SPSS
5552:ILOG
5262:LINQ
5211:QUEL
5186:LINQ
5181:LDAP
5176:ISBL
4997:Rust
4992:Ruby
4967:Perl
4935:Lisp
4915:Java
4861:.NET
4588:ODBC
4578:JDBC
4517:View
4454:Null
4449:CRUD
4429:ACID
4384:list
4347:list
4325:list
4161:With
4112:Over
4098:Null
4084:Join
4056:From
4035:Case
3899:and
3855:ISBN
3752:2021
3575:(3).
3523:ISBN
3495:ISBN
3464:2012
3385:ISBN
3366:TIME
3360:2010
3332:DATE
3326:2010
3298:DATE
3292:2010
3212:2012
3152:2021
3092:ISBN
2834:ISBN
2754:ISBN
2735:2013
2701:2013
2675:2011
2535:JSON
2378:Null
2372:Null
2347:ISBN
2280:QUEL
2264:code
2262:.Net
2258:LINQ
2229:jOOQ
2224:ISBL
2180:and
2101:JSON
1930:FIPS
1742:TIME
1734:DATE
1730:TIME
1726:DATE
1704:and
1694:NULL
1665:Perl
1653:.NET
1641:Java
1598:data
1531:rows
1529:and
707:and
705:ANSI
640:QUEL
617:and
524:and
499:VSAM
495:ISAM
491:APIs
442:.org
440:.iso
392:1986
388:1986
353:.sql
313:N1QL
309:jOOQ
305:JPQL
293:LINQ
204:Many
182:.org
180:.iso
104:1974
97:1974
8808:SQL
7965:-20
7960:-17
7955:-14
7950:-12
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