565:' often accused of selling low quality liquor, but in effect was designed to curb consumption of alcohol in northern Australia and provide some revenue to the Federal budget. Known as the 'government-takeover', penalties were steep and costs of administration and auditing the hotels rose rapidly. There were also some adverse side-effects with the closure of several popular hotels and the appointment by Gilruth of a 'supervisor of hotels', at a high salary. As a result of the takeover, the price of beer and whisky rapidly increased. It was reported that the price of beer jumped by 30 percent. Gilruth had also ordered the closure of the public bar in the popular
580:, the women employed in the state hotels asked for a few hours off on Saturday, 14 November to join in the celebrations. The hotel boarders agreed to dine elsewhere and everybody presumed the matter was closed. However, Gilruth subsequently refused to concede leave for the women, who took the time off anyway. When they returned to work the next day, they found themselves locked out by order of the administrator. It was also reported that Gilruth refused permission for a ship to unload 700 cases of beer for the town's
482:
697:
427:, proposed setting up a meat processing plant in Darwin and work commenced on this in 1914. An analysis of the negotiations suggested that neither the government nor Vestey Brothers were fully confident of the success of the venture they were about to undertake. It also showed that Gilruth, as the middleman, was thoroughly influential in its outcome. It was largely through his efforts that Vestey Brothers finally consented to building a meatworks in Darwin.
612:
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449:. As a consequence, Vestey's could not make the meatworks profitable. Its temporary closure in 1917 significantly affected the already struggling Territory economy by putting hundreds of workers out of work. Additionally, a conspiracy was reportedly uncovered between the Government and Vestey's regarding the illegal takeover of a large pastoral property. Gilruth was alleged to have distributed significant bribes, and
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strikers were re-instated to their former positions. Not content with his devastating victory, Gilruth refused, "wanting to eliminate all traces of unionism in the
Northern Territory". Although the strike was called off in the first week of June, it shaped future industrial relations in the Northern Territory, as the "White Australia" policy and anti-Chinese feeling fuelled support for the Unions.
501:, decided to abolish the council, thus depriving Territorians of their slight vestige of democratic government. He gave as his reasons that "the District Council had blocked the government at every move". The new council would be replaced by two representatives of the government and two elected by the ratepayers, with Carey as
649:, Gilruth stated that "he was perfectly aware that had he promised to reduce the price of beer (at the expense of the Australian taxpayer) the mob would have departed peacefully. However, though this would have been 'diplomatic,' to purchase peace at this price would have been condemned by the Minister and the Treasury".
52:
413:
Nelson met with
Gilruth in the second week of November 1914. Although there is no record of the first confrontation between the men, subsequent records indicate the meeting concluded in a significant victory for the AWU. At that time, carpenters united to join the AWU (and not their parent Carpenters
342:
Given the option, most employers preferred to employ
Chinese workers, not necessarily because they were cheaper to employ, but because they were more reliable. The problem faced by unskilled European labourers in the Northern Territory was that no-one cared about their situation. "Local employers did
330:
population. Not only did Asians compete successfully against
Europeans for jobs that were scarce, but they also diversified into other profitable areas such as vegetable growing, cooking, tailoring and cleaning. Consequently, the retail trade was almost entirely in Chinese hands and their success was
300:
and the white trade unionists with suspicion". Gilruth constantly clashed with trade unionists, employers, workers, and even his own officers. With
Gilruth hindered by the Commonwealth Government, "which neither gave him the powers he needed to rule effectively nor evolved consistent policies for the
625:
Gilruth initially refused to address the crowd other than making a statement that he was answerable to the
Minister and would not and did not recognise the citizens of Darwin as having any authority over him. The crowd outside became tense and impatient. The crowd demanded that Gilruth appear before
365:
commencing 28 April. Although the Darwin strike was in itself insignificant, the threat of widespread national disruption if
Chinese labour were used to keep the northern port operational, was significant. After weeks of strike action, the union reserves were empty of strike funds, the parent AWU in
629:
As the crowd swelled, part of the picket fence around
Government House collapsed and union leader Harold Nelson reportedly called out "over the fence boys". The crowd advanced across the garden into Government House. For a few moments, Gilruth was roughly handled and abused as he attempted to flee
172:
On 1 January 1911, the transfer of the
Northern Territory to the Commonwealth government deprived Territorians of all political representation and voting rights. The Commonwealth Constitution did not allow for Federal electorates to cross state borders. This enabled national governments to avoid a
460:
It was widely thought that Vestey
Brothers, with its experience in similar ventures elsewhere and access to substantial capital, would be able to develop large-scale cattle rearing in the Territory without significant government intervention. Cattle was the one commodity that Northern Australia
409:
The Chinese were not allowed to join the unions and by late 1914, mainly through Nelson's swift and ruthless actions, Chinese workers had been excluded from all labouring work, except that of a domestic nature. Many Chinese had been employed at the wharf and as a result the AWU demanded and got
370:
hostile to the whole event, the Federal government indifferent and a number of strikers back at work, it was evident that strike action was lost. In late May, AWU representatives met with Gilruth to negotiate their terms of surrender; the unionists were prepared to return to work as long as the
587:
On Saturday afternoon, 7 December, there was a meeting at Darwin Oval, attended by several hundred people, about ever-increasing alcohol prices and the re-opening of the Victoria Hotel public bar. On 16 December, Nelson met with the Police Inspector and asked for permission to stage a peaceful
620:
We, the citizens of Darwin here assembled ask that the Administrator address us regarding his administration of the Territory of the last five years. Failing to comply, that he be asked if he is willing to leave Darwin by the steamer and remain away until a public commission is granted on his
524:
The Prime Minister was not as concerned as his colleagues were about the troubles in Darwin. He dismissed the matter, saying that it was "a healthy sign, showing that people are alive to their own interests". In the weeks that followed the announcement of the demise of the Palmerston District
358:(AWU) came into existence in 1912. Gilruth was given a free hand to deal with the situation in Darwin and arrived in the midst of a long pay dispute involving wharf lumpers and shipping agents. AWU representatives met with Gilruth several times in 1912 and 1913, but little was resolved.
410:
higher wages for white workers. In 1914 and early 1915, through a campaign of boycotts and strikes, Nelson forced Vestey Brothers to raise wages for their construction workers and meatworks employees in Darwin. Further industrial affairs continued as the meatworks project progressed.
398:(AWU). Under his leadership, membership to the AWU rapidly grew reaching approximately 700 by 1915. Most members were employed in key infrastructure areas including occupations at the wharf, on the railway line, truck owners, and in the construction of the
508:
The abolition of the Palmerston District Council was a political error, but at first neither the Minister nor Gilruth saw it. The council's importance, however, lay in the fact that it was "the only symbol of representative government and
704:
Wartime censorship prevented news of the storming of Government House in Darwin reaching the national press until the following Thursday afternoon. The news was received with great interest. The national press reacted by blaming a
626:
them to vindicate himself. Surprisingly, Gilruth complied but he was defiant, inviting the crowd to gaze upon him and stating if recalled by the Minister he would leave, but under no other circumstances would he leave his post.
659:
arrived to protect the administrator. She anchored beneath Government House Cliff on Christmas Eve. Another public meeting was held in January 1919, and a telegram sent from the meeting to the acting prime minister which read:
630:
into the residence. Windows were broken and the wire netting removed from the tennis court. Eventually, the crowd dispersed, but not before they carried Gilruth's effigy to the front gate of Government House, soaked it in
445:) in Darwin. Vestey's entry into the Northern Territory was by far the most promising development in the history of the region. However, due to the labour shortage, workers were able to obtain higher wages through regular
192:
answerable to the Commonwealth. In the years following Commonwealth Administration, Territorians became increasingly unhappy with unrepresentative government from southern Australia. The Northern Territory's few economic
291:
As a consequence, the weight of public frustration fell upon Gilruth, whose own character and actions helped to bring about that result. He was described as "headstrong and domineering". and his blunt, dynamic style of
464:
From the time of the meatworks establishment in 1914 until its permanent closure six years later in 1920, Vestey's had lost a great deal of money. The Darwin venture existed in a vacuum filled only by the emergent
275:
From the beginning, Gilruth's plans for economic development did not progress as planned. He did his best to promote mining and agriculture, including the development of a meatworks in Darwin by the English firm,
422:
Gilruth had correctly envisaged that, for the foreseeable future, large-scale private enterprise in Darwin would be based on the mining, agriculture and cattle industries. The large British conglomerate,
1873:
321:
came into effect, effectively putting a stop to the immigration increase. Those Chinese workers already in Darwin had proved themselves reliable, hard-working and good citizens. After the decline of the
537:, men of all classes united in the pursuit of a common aim behind Nelson. Ignoring growing discontent, Gilruth distanced himself from the people even further, by moving to take over the hotels.
296:
was seen as being arrogant, insensitive, and "not fitted to rule a democratic people". He went to Darwin predisposed "to treat the Chinese with reserve, the Aboriginals with heavy-handed
354:. With the threat of Chinese competition reduced, European workers were able to bargain for higher rates of pay. Needing an organisation to represent workers' interests, the Darwin
751:; the member had no voting rights, could not be chosen to be the Speaker or Chairman of Committees, and was not counted for quorum or majority determination purposes in the House.
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In the weeks that followed, Gilruth and his family were virtual prisoners within the residence. On 20 February 1919, Gilruth left Darwin by his own accord and boarded HMAS
755:
361:
When the government lowered the wages of survey field hands in April 1913, the AWU conducted a secret ballot amongst its members, which overwhelmingly supported a general
521:
and ranking public servants. These were the people whose support Gilruth needed, but instead the Minister's announcement further alienated Gilruth from the townspeople.
1756:
1693:
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576:, because of Gilruth's policies. However, the mistake that helped finish Gilruth's career in the Territory, was trivial. As Darwinites prepared to celebrate the
173:
hypothetical impasse where a thousand Territory voters might some day hold the balance of power in an evenly divided Commonwealth Parliament. Of the 4.5 million
145:, while the Vestey company permanently closed its Darwin operations in 1920. The event was described as the nearest thing to a revolution in Australia since the
343:
not want them, the South Australian Government was indifferent to them, and since they were not unionized, their comrades in southern Australia ignored them."
1969:
161:
and from 1901, Commonwealth elections. This status had also enabled Territorians to qualify as South Australian voters in elections for both Houses of the
2406:
600:
On the afternoon of 17 December 1918, stop-work meetings were held in Darwin and at the meatworks. Over 1,000 men walked to Government House demanding "
2162:
245:. Gilruth's appointment sparked his enthusiasm for economic development of the Northern Territory by means of "mining, crop-growing and pastoralism".
818:
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21:
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2006:
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280:. However, these attempts proved disappointing, and by 1913, the Gilruth administration was already becoming unpopular. With the outbreak of
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1952:
801:, also served as member for the Northern Territory and in 1973 became the first Territory-raised administrator of the Northern Territory.
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1147:
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469:(AWU) and by World War I. During that time, Gilruth came to matter less and less as the AWU gathered strength under the leadership of
1845:
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invited him to join a scientific mission to investigate the potential of the Northern Territory. He was later given the position of
2391:
2077:
494:
713:, an uncaring federal government and Gilruth himself. The rebellion was described as the nearest thing to a revolution since the
242:
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1848:(2008). Debates Eleventh Assembly, First Session 09/09/08 – Parliamentary Record No: 1 (page 14). Retrieved on 30 November 2009
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John Anderson Gilruth: the influence of his life and work on the development of the livestock industries of the Commonwealth
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nationalised the supply of liquor in the northern part of the Territory. The legislation was ostensibly aimed at Chinese '
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was established by proclamation in 1874, with representatives elected on a ratepayer franchise. On 4 February 1915 the
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and Joiners union). By late 1916, the AWU in Darwin had grown into a formidable body with little minority opposition.
188:
Following the transfer, the Northern Territory was run by an administrator appointed by the Commonwealth executive, a
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produced in large numbers. It was thought that Gilruth and the Federal government fully supported Vestey's plans.
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438:
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314:
406:'. Nelson's tactics were simple, he wanted to secure a strong membership base before using industrial muscle.
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with eleven 6-inch guns and nine 12-pounder guns, still the administrator, but now prepared to function from
205:—were all run down. Expected Commonwealth-led development dissipated as Federal funding was diverted towards
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mission there. Spencer was critical of Strehlow's work, and wanted to convert the mission into a home for "
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and held the seat until 1934. Nelson spent his time in parliament campaigning for greater expenditure and
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for his "no taxation without representation" campaign, Harold Nelson won the first Territory seat in the
763:
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209:. Consequently, conflict between labour unions and the Northern Territory administration began to grow.
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to Government House. The Police Inspector gave permission on the condition there would be no violence.
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lost interest in development of the Northern Territory as federal funds were diverted towards the war.
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84:
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In 1918, several station owners and businessmen abandoned the Territory, including the manager of the
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in the late 1880s required the immigration of Chinese labour. In December 1888, the South Australian
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1949:
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implore you to recall the Administrator, Dr. Gilruth, in the interests of life and property, as his
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2000:
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Journal of Chinese Australia: Chinese workers and merchants in the Northern Territory, 1880 to 1920
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in 1913 with his wife and five children. He quickly became the driving force and organiser for the
80:
56:
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in Melbourne. In 1933, he was elected to the presidency and in 1936 to honorary membership of the
310:
285:
166:
162:
1078:
850:, was named after the meatworks. In 2021, the name of the beach was changed to the traditional
797:
in Alice Springs in 1947. He was survived by his wife and five children. One of these children,
754:
Gilruth never returned to the Northern Territory. In the 1920s, he advanced his career with the
2401:
688:. His departure effectively ended what was to become commonly known as the "Darwin Rebellion".
577:
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135:
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Harold Nelson (sitting, second from left) and H. E. Carey (sitting, third from left) in 1919
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of Gilruth tied to a stake. A deputation presented a motion to Gilruth that stated in part:
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living on the continent, only 1,729 lived in the Northern Territory, along with about 1,300
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8:
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Branch Secretary's Report, Northern Territory AWU, ADM, Brisbane (14 January 1915, p. 6).
178:
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The government was alarmed, and within a week of the incident the lightly armed gunboat
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region", a confrontation between his administration and the townspeople was inevitable.
840:
453:—who was both Government Secretary and the Chief Clerk at the meatworks—was accused of
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1412:
1379:
1279:
1271:
1028:
1020:
989:
928:
920:
681:
327:
2159:
A chronology of Northern Territory constitutional and statehood milestones 1825–2007
1797:
1237:
864:
736:
502:
1719:
1705:
Nelson, Harold George (2006). Australian Dictionary of Biography: Online Edition.
1050:
739:
on Northern Territory Administration. The outcome of the Royal Commission was the
2263:
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2145:
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The Spanish Anarchists of Northern Australia: Revolution in the Sugar Cane Fields
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2010:
1956:
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1807:
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1604:, Item notes: v.153 1937 June–July. Published by Commonwealth Government Printer.
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230:
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From 1863 until 1911, Northern Territory residents were entitled to vote in both
146:
100:
945:
Parliament of Australia: Territory Representation in the Commonwealth Parliament
621:
administration. This meeting will guarantee him safe conduct to the steamer....
490:
2338:"Darwin's Larrakia traditional owners recognised in renaming of Vesteys Beach"
1587:
Australian Dictionary of Biography: Conacher, Charles William Davy (1881–1937)
785:
for the Northern Territory, with little success. Following his defeat at the
557:
On 29 September 1915, an ordinance passed by the Federal Executive Council in
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790:
732:
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446:
362:
347:
249:
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194:
189:
138:. Gilruth and his family left Darwin soon afterwards under the protection of
131:
36:
23:
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Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities
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Vestey interests: companies included in the Vestey Interests or Vestey Group
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725:
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534:
514:
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123:
111:
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1979:
1922:
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Minutes of the 13th Annual General Meeting, Canberra. July 2004: Number 40
51:
2192:
Australian Dictionary of Biography, Online Edition: Nelson, Harold George
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1574:
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1499:
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1052:
Documenting a Democracy: Northern Territory Representation Act 1922 (Cth)
1024:
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611:
297:
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261:
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Dr John A. Gilruth arrived in Darwin in April 1912, after prime minister
198:
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696:
430:
2229:. Northern Territory Government – Administrators. Retrieved 2011-12-02.
513:
in the Northern Territory", and was made up of a small but influential
498:
367:
293:
265:
1233:
1206:
1132:
Australian Dictionary of Biography: Gilruth, John Anderson (1871–1937)
334:
1016:
685:
669:
637:
581:
558:
510:
454:
2002:
History of Statehood and Political Rights in the Northern Territory
1098:
History of Statehood and Political Rights in the Northern Territory
916:
The Constitutional Systems of the Australian States and Territories
729:
718:
653:
631:
518:
1802:. Northern Territory University, Darwin. Retrieved on 4 May 2008.
1378:. History Unit, Northern Territory University Planning Authority.
710:
217:
1740:
1669:
Governors, Residents and Administrator of the Northern Territory
379:
2370:
641:
Demonstrators gathering at Government House on 17 December 1918
615:
Demonstrators walking through the town towards Government House
605:
441:
began operation in 1917 on Bullocky Point (current site of the
202:
92:
1074:
1974:. Published by Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Sydney.
1436:
1301:
The Chinese in Australia: 1301.0 – Year Book Australia, 1925
814:, is named after the gathering site of the Darwin Rebellion.
762:. Gilruth retired in 1935 and on 4 March 1937, he died of a
1917:. Published by ABC Books/HarperCollins Publishers, Sydney.
1479:. Australian Dictionary of Biography. Retrieved 2017-12-16.
988:. Labour History, no 11, November 1966, pp 3–13. Canberra.
1673:. Northern Territory Government. Retrieved on 4 May 2008.
1601:
Parliamentary Debates: Senate and House of Representatives
846:
Vesteys Beach in Darwin, one of the beaches overlooked by
485:
Elected members of the Palmerston District Council in 1909
2095:
Charles Darwin University: History, Identity and Politics
1945:
1408:
The history of Australia: the twentieth century 1901–1975
1295:
1092:
1046:
67:
of 17 December 1918 was the culmination of unrest in the
1689:
1270:. Published by Aboriginal Studies Press, Canberra, ACT.
1080:
The Northern Territory under Commonwealth administration
2180:. National Archives of Australia. Retrieved 2011-12-02.
1721:
Documenting a Democracy: Local Government Act 1978 (NT)
1465:. National Archives of Australia. Retrieved 2017-12-06.
71:
which had existed between 1911 and early 1919. Led by
1971:
Under the Influence: A history of alcohol in Australia
1914:
Under the Influence: A History of Alcohol in Australia
1559:
Far Country: A Short History of the Northern Territory
2116:
Royal Commission on Northern Territory Administration
326:, the Chinese population competed for jobs with the
810:Liberty Square, the parcel of vacant land opposite
1694:Department of Primary Industry: Portrait of the NT
402:at Bullocky Point. Their catchcry quickly became '
383:Harold Nelson, Australian Workers' Union organiser
350:issued a Ministerial instruction to implement the
2208:, Volume 10, Melbourne University Press, Carlton.
2157:Horne, Nicholas (2008). Parliament of Australia.
1589:. Online Edition. Retrieved on 28 September 2008.
517:of Darwin, such as shipping agents, mine owners,
505:. In effect, this gave Gilruth increased powers.
2383:
2073:The Federal Compact: The Territory and the Tampa
2051:History of Parliament House Site: Liberty Square
569:and consequently, the hotel was losing profits.
1911:Fitzgerald, Ross, & Jordan, Trevor (2009).
1494:. Published by University of Queensland Press.
672:administration is fast reaching a grave crisis.
1866:"Playford Club Hotel (former) (listing RNE40)"
1327:. Issue 1, May 2005. Retrieved on 29 May 2008.
756:Council for Scientific and Industrial Research
476:
434:Aerial view of Vestey's Meatworks in the 1930s
2204:Carment, D. (1986) "Nelson, Harold George",
1312:
1310:
1234:"The Northern Territory news Mon 23 May 2011"
1165:"Hermannsburg Mission: questions of survival"
1134:. Online Edition. Retrieved on 29 April 2008.
793:to work as an agent. He died from unexpected
1968:Ross Fitzgerald and Trevor L Jordan (2009).
1841:
1839:
1837:
1145:Northern Territory Government Administrators
664:We, the citizens of the Northern Territory,
540:
533:, rapidly grew. Although in a time of rigid
1950:Documenting a Democracy: Northern Territory
1941:
1939:
1619:. Published by Cambridge University Press.
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1353:
106:Their grievances were against the two main
2407:20th century in Darwin, Northern Territory
2138:The Hon. Norman Kirkwood Ewing (1919–1920)
1846:Ministerial Statement: Territory Statehood
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1349:
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1341:
1339:
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1307:
741:Northern Territory Representation Act 1922
59:in 1913, with Liberty Square in foreground
2253:Northern Territory Electoral Commission.
2028:. University of Wales Press. p. 61.
1834:
1553:
1551:
256:to investigate negative reports given by
1936:
1892:
1890:
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1236:. Darwin: Nationwide News Pty. Limited.
1228:
1226:
978:
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832:Gilruth Avenue in Darwin is named after
695:
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544:
480:
429:
378:
333:
252:his support after undertaking a trip to
216:
207:Australia's participation in World War I
50:
2198:
2178:Civil unrest and the 'Darwin Rebellion'
1718:National Archives of Australia (2008).
1371:
1330:
893:National Archives of Australia (2008).
374:
243:Administrator of the Northern Territory
97:Administrator of the Northern Territory
2384:
2135:Northern Territory Government (2000).
2048:Northern Territory Government (2007).
1818:Northern Territory Government (2007).
1642:
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839:Carey Street in Darwin is named after
2432:History of Darwin, Northern Territory
2335:
2108:
2021:
1887:
1655:
1462:Civil unrest and the Darwin Rebellion
1223:
1207:Australian Veterinary History Society
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1118:
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1114:
1042:
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957:
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1821:Legislative Assembly: Liberty Square
1787:(1915). Article of 27 February 1915.
1775:(1915). Article of 11 February 1915.
1753:The role of Council: A Brief History
491:Palmerston (Darwin) District Council
134:following the implementation of the
2346:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
2076:, Page 5. Retrieved on 1 May 2008.
1896:Hitch, Georgia (12 December 2017).
1870:Australia Heritage Places Inventory
1637:
1183:
1065:
998:
895:Northern Territory Act of 1863 (SA)
13:
2206:Australian Dictionary of Biography
1999:Charles Darwin University (2007).
1411:. Published by Heinemann, London.
1111:
1037:
947:. Retrieved on 29 September 2008.
602:no taxation without representation
404:no taxation without representation
14:
2468:
2363:
2118:. Government Printer, Melbourne.
2098:. Retrieved on 15 November 2008.
2022:Mason, Robert (15 October 2018).
1902:. ABC News. Retrieved 2017-12-14.
1864:
1824:. Retrieved on 15 November 2008.
1707:Nelson, Harold George (1881–1947)
1476:Nelson, Harold George (1881–1947)
760:Australian Veterinary Association
338:Early Chinese influence in Darwin
2427:History of Australia (1901–1945)
2369:
2054:. Retrieved on 17 October 2008.
1696:. Retrieved on 29 September 2008
1013:Criminal Laws Northern Territory
904:. Retrieved on 29 September 2008
779:House of Representatives in 1922
103:, and demanded his resignation.
91:, Australia where they burnt an
2392:1910s in the Northern Territory
2329:
2314:
2299:
2284:
2269:
2247:
2232:
2211:
2183:
2171:
2151:
2129:
2086:
2064:
2042:
2015:
1993:
1962:
1905:
1858:
1812:
1790:
1778:
1766:
1734:
1712:
1699:
1683:
1652:. Retrieved on 17 October 2008.
1607:
1592:
1579:
1526:
1523:. Retrieved on 20 October 2008.
1504:
1482:
1468:
1454:
1445:
1430:
1399:
1296:Australian Bureau of Statistics
1289:
1255:
1157:
1143:Gilruth, John Anderson (2008).
1137:
770:, Melbourne, and was cremated.
743:(Cwlth) which provided for one
709:establishment in Darwin, total
212:
149:rebellion at Ballarat in 1854.
2336:Lacey, Peter (21 March 2021).
1946:National Archives of Australia
1899:What was the Darwin rebellion?
1763:. Retrieved on 4 October 2008.
1731:. Retrieved on 4 October 2008.
1646:Royal Australian Navy (2008).
1561:. Melbourne University Press.
1086:
1047:National Archives of Australia
937:
919:. Cambridge University Press.
887:
645:In a subsequent letter to the
304:
1:
2092:Carment, David (2004, p. 3).
1690:Northern Territory Government
1598:Australia Parliament (1937).
1220:. Retrieved on 28 April 2008.
1083:. Retrieved on 28 April 2008.
1062:. Retrieved on 28 April 2008.
1011:Gray, Stephen (2004, p. 12).
880:
495:Minister for External Affairs
152:
16:1918 Australian labour unrest
1613:Jupp, James (2001, p. 407).
1101:. Retrieved on 28 May 2008.
870:Forest Creek Monster Meeting
819:Electoral division of Nelson
691:
604:", behind a car carrying an
595:
7:
2161:. Retrieved on 1 May 2008.
2005:. Retrieved on 7 May 2008.
1510:Vestey Foods Group (2008).
1375:Darwin Rebellion, 1911–1919
858:
477:Palmerston District Council
10:
2473:
2195:. Retrieved on 7 May 2008.
2148:. Retrieved on 1 May 2008.
1959:. Retrieved on 1 May 2008.
1709:. Retrieved on 1 May 2008.
1372:Alcorta, Frank X. (1984).
1304:. Retrieved on 4 May 2008.
1154:. Retrieved on 1 May 2008.
825:, as is Nelson Terrace in
726:Hon. Norman Kirkwood Ewing
2320:NT Place Names Register.
2305:NT Place Names Register.
2290:NT Place Names Register.
2275:NT Place Names Register.
2238:NT Place Names Register.
2219:John Norman "Jock" Nelson
2144:12 September 2008 at the
2058:17 September 2008 at the
1828:17 September 2008 at the
1746:18 September 2008 at the
1666:Rosenzweig, Paul (1996).
1519:27 September 2008 at the
1093:Charles Darwin University
804:
745:Northern Territory member
735:was appointed to chair a
541:Nationalisation of hotels
525:Council, support for the
467:Australian Workers' Union
396:Australian Workers' Union
356:Australian Workers' Union
181:and an unknown number of
116:Commonwealth of Australia
69:Australian Workers' Union
2452:Revolutions of 1917–1923
2262:23 December 2017 at the
2070:Tippett, J.C.A. (2001).
2009:21 November 2007 at the
1442:. Article of 1 May 1913.
1267:Paddy Cahill of Oenpelli
943:Healy, Margaret (2000).
749:House of Representatives
309:The construction of the
120:political representation
2447:Rebellions in Australia
2326:. Retrieved 2017-12-23.
2311:. Retrieved 2017-12-23.
2296:. Retrieved 2017-12-23.
2281:. Retrieved 2017-12-23.
2266:. Retrieved 2017-12-23.
2244:. Retrieved 2017-12-23.
2241:Extract: Liberty Square
2189:Carment, David (2006).
1955:14 October 2006 at the
1075:Encyclopædia Britannica
913:Carney, Gerard (2006).
817:The Northern Territory
574:State Liquor Department
348:Fisher Labor Government
346:On 9 January 1911, the
331:resented by Europeans.
319:Chinese Immigration Act
286:Commonwealth Government
163:Commonwealth Parliament
2412:Communism in Australia
2165:31 August 2007 at the
2102:19 August 2008 at the
2080:5 October 2007 at the
1852:3 October 2009 at the
1806:31 August 2007 at the
1677:10 August 2008 at the
1532:Foley, Edward (1930).
1323:31 August 2007 at the
1316:O'Neil, Allan (2005).
1150:9 January 2009 at the
1105:14 August 2008 at the
982:Jensen, H. I. (1966).
773:Briefly imprisoned at
724:In November 1919, the
701:
674:
642:
623:
616:
554:
486:
435:
384:
352:White Australia policy
339:
258:Walter Baldwin Spencer
234:
183:indigenous Australians
136:White Australia policy
60:
37:12.46833°S 130.84361°E
2442:Protests in Australia
1799:A Disorderly Frontier
1796:Wilson, Bill (1999).
1616:The Australian People
1585:Duncan, Ross (2006).
1557:Powell, Alan (1982).
1405:Ward, Russel (1978).
1130:Powell, Alan (2006).
854:name, Bundilla Beach.
764:respiratory infection
699:
662:
640:
618:
614:
548:
484:
433:
390:moved to Darwin from
382:
337:
248:In 1913 Gilruth gave
220:
83:at Liberty Square in
54:
2417:Alcohol in Australia
2378:at Wikimedia Commons
2225:2 April 2011 at the
2114:Ewing, N.K. (1921).
1759:21 July 2008 at the
1727:23 July 2008 at the
1513:Vestey Group History
1262:Mulvaney, Derek John
1212:19 July 2008 at the
1058:23 July 2008 at the
985:The Darwin Rebellion
900:24 July 2008 at the
375:Emergence of the AWU
313:from Port Darwin to
284:in August 1914, the
227:Sir Walter Barttelot
221:From left: Minister
175:European Australians
42:-12.46833; 130.84361
1785:Adelaide Advertiser
1741:Darwin City Council
1671:: Pages 30 & 31
951:16 May 2008 at the
634:and set it alight.
588:protest march from
132:industrial disputes
33: /
2256:Division of Nelson
1488:Ross, Ian (1956).
1171:. 23 December 2019
1169:Alice Springs News
848:Vestey's Meatworks
789:, Nelson moved to
702:
643:
617:
555:
487:
443:Darwin High School
439:Vestey's meatworks
436:
418:Vestey's meatworks
385:
340:
270:Aboriginal reserve
235:
112:Vestey’s Meatworks
108:Northern Territory
89:Northern Territory
61:
2422:Conflicts in 1918
2397:1918 in Australia
2374:Media related to
2035:978-1-78683-309-9
1931:978-0-7333-2301-0
1385:978-0-7245-0492-3
1284:978-0-85575-456-3
400:Vesteys Meatworks
2464:
2376:Darwin rebellion
2373:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2333:
2327:
2323:Extract: Vesteys
2318:
2312:
2303:
2297:
2293:Extract: Gilruth
2288:
2282:
2273:
2267:
2251:
2245:
2236:
2230:
2215:
2209:
2202:
2196:
2187:
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2175:
2169:
2155:
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2133:
2127:
2112:
2106:
2090:
2084:
2068:
2062:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2019:
2013:
1997:
1991:
1966:
1960:
1943:
1934:
1909:
1903:
1894:
1885:
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1880:
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1017:Federation Press
1009:
996:
980:
955:
941:
935:
911:
905:
891:
865:Bendigo Petition
834:Dr. John Gilruth
812:Government House
737:Royal Commission
535:social structure
159:South Australian
118:, and concerned
81:Government House
65:Darwin rebellion
57:Government House
48:
47:
45:
44:
43:
38:
34:
31:
30:
29:
26:
2472:
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2467:
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2462:
2461:
2437:Protest marches
2382:
2381:
2366:
2361:
2360:
2350:
2348:
2334:
2330:
2319:
2315:
2304:
2300:
2289:
2285:
2278:Extract: Nelson
2274:
2270:
2264:Wayback Machine
2252:
2248:
2237:
2233:
2227:Wayback Machine
2216:
2212:
2203:
2199:
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2104:Wayback Machine
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2087:
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2020:
2016:
2011:Wayback Machine
1998:
1994:
1967:
1963:
1957:Wayback Machine
1944:
1937:
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1906:
1895:
1888:
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1876:
1863:
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1729:Wayback Machine
1717:
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1679:Wayback Machine
1665:
1656:
1649:HMAS Coonawarra
1645:
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1325:Wayback Machine
1315:
1308:
1294:
1290:
1264:(2004, p. 66).
1260:
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1107:Wayback Machine
1091:
1087:
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1045:
1038:
1015:. Published by
1010:
999:
981:
958:
953:Wayback Machine
942:
938:
912:
908:
902:Wayback Machine
892:
888:
883:
861:
821:is named after
807:
795:cardiac failure
783:self-government
775:Fannie Bay Gaol
766:at his home at
715:Eureka Stockade
694:
598:
543:
479:
425:Vestey Brothers
420:
377:
307:
268:" (that is, an
215:
155:
147:Eureka Stockade
41:
39:
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27:
24:
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2380:
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2365:
2364:External links
2362:
2359:
2358:
2328:
2313:
2308:Extract: Carey
2298:
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2246:
2231:
2210:
2197:
2182:
2170:
2150:
2128:
2107:
2085:
2063:
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2014:
1992:
1961:
1935:
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830:
815:
806:
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693:
690:
647:Prime Minister
597:
594:
578:end of the war
567:Victoria Hotel
551:Victoria Hotel
542:
539:
478:
475:
419:
416:
376:
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306:
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260:of Strehlow's
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190:public servant
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1567:0-522-84226-7
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1033:1-86287-495-6
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875:Rum Rebellion
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849:
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838:
835:
831:
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827:Alice Springs
824:
823:Harold Nelson
820:
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791:Alice Springs
788:
787:1934 election
784:
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733:Supreme Court
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531:Harold Nelson
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250:Carl Strehlow
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239:Andrew Fisher
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82:
78:
77:demonstrators
75:, over 1,000
74:
73:Harold Nelson
70:
66:
58:
53:
49:
46:
2349:. Retrieved
2331:
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2066:
2050:
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2017:
2001:
1995:
1970:
1964:
1913:
1907:
1898:
1877:. Retrieved
1869:
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1780:
1773:The NT Times
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1407:
1401:
1389:. Retrieved
1374:
1300:
1291:
1266:
1257:
1245:. Retrieved
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1173:. Retrieved
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213:John Gilruth
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130:and ongoing
124:unemployment
105:
101:John Gilruth
64:
62:
18:
2457:Syndicalism
1879:15 November
1247:14 November
1175:12 November
841:H. E. Carey
799:Jock Nelson
768:South Yarra
529:organiser,
451:H. E. Carey
305:1913 strike
298:paternalism
282:World War I
266:half-castes
199:pastoralism
110:employers,
79:marched on
40: /
28:130°50′37″E
2386:Categories
881:References
670:autocratic
584:supplies.
499:Hugh Mahon
392:Pine Creek
368:Townsville
315:Pine Creek
294:leadership
167:Federation
153:Background
140:HMAS
25:12°28′06″S
2124:218454399
1980:319610765
1923:452491049
1417:185780099
730:Tasmanian
721:in 1854.
692:Aftermath
686:Melbourne
678:Encounter
596:Rebellion
582:Christmas
559:Melbourne
549:Darwin's
519:landlords
511:democracy
455:collusion
324:gold rush
193:pursuits—
169:in 1901.
142:Encounter
55:Darwin's
2351:25 March
2342:ABC News
2260:Archived
2223:Archived
2163:Archived
2142:Archived
2100:Archived
2078:Archived
2056:Archived
2007:Archived
1953:Archived
1948:(2008).
1850:Archived
1826:Archived
1804:Archived
1757:Archived
1744:Archived
1725:Archived
1692:(2006).
1675:Archived
1625:47283011
1575:10439093
1544:71099995
1517:Archived
1500:12283562
1439:NT Times
1391:25 March
1321:Archived
1298:(1925).
1276:55629071
1216:(2004).
1210:Archived
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1095:(2007).
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1049:(1922).
1025:56389566
994:84284994
949:Archived
933:63472441
898:Archived
859:See also
852:Larrakia
719:Ballarat
632:kerosene
503:Chairman
262:Lutheran
195:pearling
128:taxation
114:and the
1750:(2008)
747:of the
728:of the
711:anarchy
682:cruiser
447:strikes
278:Vesteys
233:in 1912
179:Chinese
95:of the
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707:Soviet
606:effigy
363:strike
229:, and
203:mining
201:, and
165:after
93:effigy
85:Darwin
654:HMAS
590:Parap
328:White
2353:2021
2120:OCLC
2030:ISBN
1984:ISBN
1976:OCLC
1927:ISBN
1919:OCLC
1881:2008
1628:ISBN
1621:OCLC
1571:OCLC
1563:ISBN
1540:OCLC
1496:OCLC
1437:The
1421:ISBN
1413:OCLC
1393:2021
1380:ISBN
1280:ISBN
1272:OCLC
1249:2022
1177:2022
1029:ISBN
1021:OCLC
990:OCLC
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680:, a
489:The
63:The
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717:at
656:Una
527:AWU
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