Dangote Refinery - Knowledge

863:(SAAU). The main technology for SAAU is the STRATCO process licensed by DuPont. It is a very established technology for alkylation in refineries. In the last ten years, more than 85% of the SAAU capacity added worldwide has been produced using it. A SAAU can be divided into five major sections: reaction, refrigeration, effluent treating, fractionation, and blowdown. In the reactor, the reacting hydrocarbons are brought into contact with the catalyst sulphuric acid at a temperature of 15.6 °C (60 °F). Then the feedstocks are treated to remove impurities, especially water. The feedstock is cooled in the refrigeration section and the light hydrocarbons are discharged from the plant. Then acid, alkyl sulfates, and di-alkyl sulfates are removed from the effluent stream to prevent corrosion and fouling in the downstream process. To maintain the desired strength of spent acid, a small amount of fresh acid is continuously added to the reactor. In the fractionation section, the superfluous isobutane is recovered and the remaining hydrocarbons are separated into the desired products. The spent acid is degassed in an acid blowdown drum and the acid effluent is neutralized with caustic in a scrubber before being flared. The spent acid is stored and discharged at regular intervals. 2118: 2278: 2254: 2134: 2194: 1070:

with 5 or 6 carbon atoms per molecule (pentane/C5, hexane/C6) has an octane rating (RON) of 50 ... 60, while gasoline at the pump station has a RON of 95 or 98. For this reason, refinery operators convert C5 and C6 into compounds with a higher RON, taking advantage of the fact that branched hydrocarbons (which begin with "Iso-" in the name) have a higher RON value than linear (so-called "normal") ones. If a molecule arranged in a row is "rearranged" so that it branches at least once, its RON value increases. This process is called "isomerization".

52: 2103: 2182: 2079: 2158: 2218: 2230: 2242: 2146: 2206: 2091: 2266: 2170: 1491:. Diesel fuel has 9 to 24 carbon atoms per molecule (C9 ... C24), while petrol has 4 to 12 carbon atoms per molecule (C4...C12). Diesel oil also has a higher sulphur content than naphtha. The process of hydrotreating diesel oils is similar as but much more complex than NHT, primarily due to the addition of the regenerative amine system, which recovers excess hydrogen gas and removes 2290: 1537:

therefore, depending on the existing economic factors, not as capital-intensive as hydrotreatment (NHT). In addition, it does not affect other properties of the naphtha (such as olefin content, nitrogen content, etc.) as much as NHT. It is therefore a more "selective" process for sulphur removal than NHT. SCANfining (

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by using thermocompression. At a pressure of 11 bar and 34C, propylene is gaseous and propane is liquid. The mixture is brought to this state in a distillation column, with propylene collecting at the top and propane at the bottom. The derived propylene has a purity of 99.5%, which corresponds to the

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of fuel, in this case of light naphtha. In a refinery, light naphtha can come from the distillation column ("straight-run naphtha") or from other processes, for example, the cracking units. Since Bonny crude oil is a light oil, it has a high percentage of light naphtha (C5, C6, and C7). Light naphtha

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At the end of May 2024, Aliko Dangote announced that within 2 months the refinery would attain the capacity of 500,000 barrels a day. The refinery would continue to import oil from the United States, since the domestic oil production can't deliver. "We can't wait" Mr. Dangote said. At the same time

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It is the first processing step in nearly all petroleum refineries (see image below). The CDU separates the different components of crude oil by their boiling points. - In the desalter salt is being removed from the crude oil. In a single preheat train the crude oil is warmed up by using heat from

1227:). Each sulphur atom is thereby bonded to another sulphur atom and thus largely ineffective against metals. Disulphides resemble, in a very simplified way, two snakes (sulphides) that bite into each other, subsequently cannot let go and are safely eliminated together. - This is achieved by adding 1536:

and to comply with international quality regulations, they must be removed. The above-mentioned naphtha hydrotreatment is cost-intensive and not very efficient with high sulphur content like in FCC-naptha. This is why the SCANfining process was developed in 1994. It is a low-pressure process and

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fertilizer factory, was scheduled to begin operation in late 2018 and produce about three million tons of urea annually. In 2018 the project was expected to cost up to $ 15 billion in total, with $ 10 billion invested in the refinery, $ 2.5 billion in the fertilizer factory, and $ 2.5 billion in

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NHT consists mainly of a heater, a hydrogen injector, a fixed-bed reactor, and a separator column, in which the desulfurized naphtha and gases like hydrogen and hydrogen sulfide are divided (see image in the gallery below). - The last section of NHT can be a "slide stripper". The slide stripper

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gasoline and 17,000,000 litres (4,500,000 US gal) of diesel daily, as well as aviation fuel and plastic products. With a greater capacity than the total output of Nigeria's existing refining infrastructure, the Dangote Refinery will be able to meet the country's entire domestic fuel

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unveiled early plans for the refinery in September 2013, when he announced that he had secured about $ 3.3 billion in financing for the project. At the time, the refinery was estimated to cost about $ 9 billion, of which $ 3 billion would be invested by the Dangote Group and the remainder via

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as plaque on the inside of pipes, e.g. heat exchangers - leading to blockages and leaks. (In 2012, a pipe of the CDU in the Chevron refinery in Richmond, California, burst and caused a serious fire. The carbon steel of the lining had eroded due to sulphur in the sidecut product from the CDU.)

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In September, it became clear that the refinery would not yet be able to start operations because the supply of crude oil was stalling. This caused considerable public reaction. On 25 November, the Financial Times gave a new date for the start of operations in December 2023, with the refinery

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atom from the sulphur atom in the sulphide, after which it bonds to a hydrogen-free sulphur atom of another sulphide molecule. Di-sulphide molecules are therefore almost twice as long as sulphide molecules (see image below), have a higher boiling temperature and can thus be easily

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ization), butane is therefore converted into isobutane. In principle, it is similar to the Penex process, but it involves gases rather than liquids. The Butamer process is a high-efficiency, cost-effective means of isomerizing normal butane (nC4) to isobutane (iC4).

449:. In very simplified terms, the sharp edges of the zeolite crystals cut up the molecules of the residue fluid without themselves changing shape. However, carbon atoms attach themselves to the zeolite crystals in the RFCC process and have to be removed again in the 331:. (Jet fuel A: C8...C15; jet fuel A-1: C9...C16; jet fuel B and JP-4: C5...15; Diesel fuel: C9...C25; heating oil: C14...C20.) These are liquids at room temperature. They do not evaporate (or ignite) quickly (which makes them "safe" fuel compounds,e.g. jet fuel in 938:

In high-compression engines, some fuel compounds tend to ignite before the spark plug delivers the spark. This is called "engine knocking" and is undesirable. For each component there is a measure that indicates how "knock-proof" it is: the RON or

378:. Generally speaking, a tall distilling column has better efficiency, better precision in separating crude oil components (less components that exit at the wrong point for example by turbulence), more exit points, and a higher throughput rate. 1114:, the distilling column of a isom unit erupted and then ignited, killing 15 employees and injuring 180 people. This happened due to a faulty measuring instrument as well as overworked and underqualified personnel. It is the worst accident the 79:

In July 2022, Dangote - Nigeria's richest resident - had to borrow 187 billion naira (about 442 million USD) at 12.75% resp. 13.5% p.a. to complete the refinery. At the same time, all of the four refineries of the state-owned oil company

1707:(SMR) and a hydrogen purification system. Preheated natural gas (or Refinery Off Gas) is introduced across a catalyst to produce a 75–80% hydrogen stream, then is puried (by a MEA scrubber or a PSA unit) to produce 99% pure hydrogen. 362:

The output streams are called "cuts" (e.g. "side cut", "top cut") and those ones that are not (yet) processed further are called "straight-run" (e.g. "straight-run naphtha" as opposed to naphtha produced in other refinery processes).

1192:, "foul fuel" was sold at Mobil and National Oil gas stations in Nigeria. The bad fuel was poisonous for humans and animals and damaged the engines of the cars. Concluding from the description, this was most certainly caused by the 1945:

the MECS DynaWave sulphur recovery unit, "reverse jet wet gas scrubber technology offers superior air pollution control by combining multiple functions into a single vessel, with high reliability, low maintenance and operational

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The gas plant leads the more valuable heavy components back into product blending or to conversion and sends the lighter and less valuable gases to the refinery fuel system where they are burned for heating processes like in the

943:. Since naphtha has an octane rating of around 90, but modern engines require RON 95 or 98, some of the naphtha must be converted into components that have a RON of over 98 and blended into petrol. These components are the 1386:

and are harmful to human health and the environment. Sulphur and nitrogen compounds in naphtha can also deactivate the catalyst in reforming procedures like CCR and therefore must be removed prior to catalytic reforming.

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The cracking takes place, turning the hot fluid into gas of short-molecule compounds. After this the catalyst is recovered and regenerated. The cracked compounds are fed to a column that separates them according to their

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worked insufficiently after too many years of usage) and incorrect actions after a malfunction occurred (decreasing the steam flow, installing a distance ring and "variance" from standard procedure). In 2018, the

2062:, where natural gas will also be sourced to supply the fertilizer factory and be used in electrical generation for the refinery complex. This corresponds with 50,000,000 litres (13,000,000 US gal) of 1450:

or CDU (see above). While the Dangote refinery lists this column as a separate unit, it probably is identical to the "slide stripper" mentioned in section "Naphtha hydrogen treatment" further up in this table.

963:). The conversion of heavy naphtha into these aromatic compounds takes place in the CCR (see images in the gallery below). This process converts linear molecules with at least 7 carbon atoms into ring-shaped 119:

On 26 June 2024, a minor fire occurred in the refinery with video from the scene showing smoke and flame billowing from one corner of the plant. The operator said in a statement that the blaze had no impact.

2530: 1646:, on the other hand, is used in the alkylation process to produce alkylate and is therefore a blending component of petrol used at the pump. Isobutane is therefore commercially more interesting than butane. 2133: 316:(C12)). At room temperature, they are liquids but evaporate (and ignite) quickly. Light naphtha goes to NHT and then to the Penex unit (see below). Heavy naphtha goes to NHT and then to CCR (see below). 3069: 2117: 106:

On 7 December, the refinery received its first delivery of 1 million barrels of Agbami crude oil. The delivery of the Supersuez tanker OTIS did not take place in the refinery's harbour, but via "

147:. It is supplied with crude oil by the largest sub-sea pipeline infrastructure of the world (1,100 km long). When fully operational it will provide 135,000 permanent jobs in the region. 1618:

Flue gas treatment reduces the number of pollutants produced from the combustion of fossil fuels. It can contain pollutants such as particulates, mercury, sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide.

1215:- a process also known as "sweetening" because (at least the larger-molecule) di-sulphides do not have the foul ("rotten eggs"/"rotten vegetables") odour of sulphides (the shorter molecule 2653: 2102: 2265: 435:, the residue fluid is brought into contact with a catalyst at high temperature under near-vacuum conditions (which helps to evaporate the fluid). The catalyst in this procedure is an 2193: 170:

In short: Like other refineries, the Dangote refinery separates the molecules of crude oil in the distillation column by their length, breaks the longer molecules into shorter ones ("

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of air. The constant challenge is not to let the hydrocarbons enter the regenerator via the two connections and not to let air enter the reactor. - In 2015, the regenerator of an

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platforming ("semi-regenerative", "fixed-bed"), should be mentioned. However, CCR is considered to be more technically advanced (e.g. the catalyst does not wear out as quickly).

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the spokesman of the refinery announced that the Dangote Refinery aims to be listed both at the London Stock Exchange (LSE) and the Nigerian Stock Exchange (NSE) in Lagos.

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of 10.5 which means that it will be more complex than most refineries in the United States (average 9.5) or Europe (average 6.5). (The largest refinery in the world, the

789:" molecules together that are too short for commercial purposes. Specifically, we are talking about two undesirable "waste products" from the RFCC process (see above): 1005:, which requires constant re-heating between several reactor chambers. The incoming naphtha must also be free of sulphur since it damages the catalyst (this is called 567:

The RFCC regenerator in Lekki has been the heaviest item on an African road, before it was installed. It also is the heaviest single piece made of metal in the world.

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The gas plant extracts the heavier and more valuable gases out of gas coming from the distillation units and other process units. There are two types of gas plant. A

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In July 2024, Aliko Dangote made an offer to sell the Dangote Refinery to the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation Limited after allegations of being a monopolist

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Operators of refineries, therefore, try to eliminate sulphur from their products, even if legal regulations do not stipulate this in this form - for example for

68:, construction of the refinery did not begin until 2016 with excavation and infrastructure preparation, and the planned completion was pushed back to late 2018. 4036: 3254: 3305: 2818: 3017: 3987: 103:

expecting a delivery of 6 million barrels of crude oil in December, after which operations could begin. This would be the first delivery of a total of six.

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from the fuel gas. (After the amine treatment the gas is called "sweet gas".) This protects the health of people living around and working in the refinery.

1405:. The slide stripper consists mainly of a stripping column and a reflux drum. Like the RFCC, the NHT is a safety-critical area of a refinery. 2010 the NHT 3751: 3043: 1115: 4567: 4648: 4607: 2750: 2440: 201:

In detail, the refinery will run these refinery processes among others (please find an illustration of the chemical processes in the gallery below):

4653: 2277: 4593: 3187: 2604: 3831: 3585: 1171:": in continuous operation, the sulphur decomposes all metallic objects with which it comes into contact and deposits elsewhere together with 4011: 413:

This cracking process converts residue fluid coming from the CDU into lighter components (see image below). The residue fluid consists of

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At full production, the facility will process about 650,000 barrels of crude oil daily, transported via pipelines from oil fields in the

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in India, has a complexity of 21.1.) The Nelson complexity index basically increases with the number and capacity of chemical procedures

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In September 2023, the refinery announced that it will start producing Diesel and kerosene in October 2023 and gasoline one month later.

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and branch structures. It is black, viscous, and can barely be evaporated - making it unusable as a fuel without having been "cracked".

4621: 2819:"Africa's Richest Man Aliko Dangote Offers To Sell 650,000 BPD Refinery To Nigeria's NNPC Amid Monopoly Allegations | Sahara Reporters" 3914: 2731: 116:

The Dangote Refinery is capable of supplying 100% of Nigeria's oil needs, and also have surplus of each of these products for export.

2794: 2654:"Dangote Refinery Receives Third Crude Shipment Of 1 Million Barrels, To Start Diesel and Aviation Fuel Production Mid-January 2024" 238:

different procedures on this list or burning fuel from own making, like LPG. After this the crude oil is heated up and led into the

2181: 2157: 2090: 1853:- The stream of the light components (methane and ethane) coming from the de-ethanizer is fed to another absorption tower where a 1875:

coming from the de-ethanizer is heated and sent to a fractionation tower which separates the propane and butane from the naphtha.

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The RFCC is one of the most safety-critical areas of a refinery. The main threat is that there must be absolutely no air in the

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The main distilling column in Lekki is the biggest in the world (as of 2022) and with 112.5m height even bigger than the rocket

4406: 3988:"ExxonMobil's SCANfining Technology Selected for Three Low Sulfur Gasoline Projects for Sunoco, Inc. | Exxon Mobil Corporation" 2384: 3634: 3429: 2139:

Sulphuric acid alkylation process (simplified), STRATCO procedure, SAAU; Line width corresponds approximately to the mass flow

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means that the molecule has "branches". In shorthand this is indicated by an added "i", e. g. iC7 for isoheptane. The suffix

354:/ bitumen / tar (C40...C150). The longer the molecules are (many carbon atoms and high C-number), the slower they flow (high 1881:- The propane / butane stream from the de-butanizer is sent to a second fractionation tower to separate propane from butane. 1285:

is a mixture of short but fluid hydrocarbon molecules (5 to 15 carbon atoms per molecule), some of which have inclusions of

3474: 1425:. The maintenance staff had ignored the leaking of the heat exchanger before the explosion, considering it to be "normal". 2229: 777:

Purpose: merging short hydrocarbons into medium-sized molecules, removing olefins, improving RON (see next line in table)

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Heavier oils (C25 ... C70) and residue (C70 ... C9000) leave at lower exit points of the column. Heavy oil can be used as

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The production of diesel fuel and aviation fuel A1 (the most common jet fuel except for the US) started in January 2024.

4643: 3865: 3618: 4084: 2677: 1301:). Some of it comes from the CDU ("straight-run naphtha") or from other processes in the refinery. In this procedure, 1013:

which extracts excess hydrogen. After this, a stabilizing column divides the stream into lighter molecule components (

4314: 2900: 2483: 2124: 4285: 3044:"Mitigation of Crude Oil Refinery Heat Exchanger Fouling Through Retrofits Based on Thermo-Hydraulic Fouling Models" 2706: 2463: 1159:

compounds in crude oil are a big problem for operators of refineries, even if the crude oil is low in sulphur, like

1009:). Water also damages the catalyzer as it washes out chlorides. After the chemical reaction, the stream goes into a 4338: 3281: 2843:"Dangote Refinery to create 135,000 direct jobs, 100,000 indirect jobs and fetch FG over $ 500m in 3 years —Ambode" 1942:

MECS sulphuric acid regeneration (SAR) unit for recovering the sulphuric acid from the alkylation unit (see above),

1420: 4658: 3775: 2628: 2314: 2007:

The self sufficient marine facility has the ability for freight optimization. To the marine facilities belong:

2289: 1111: 1001:.) In the CCR itself, hydrogen is added at 4 to 45 atm and 495 °C to 525 °C. The process is highly 2868:"Dangote Refinery to Create 235,000 Jobs - VP Osinbajo Visits Multi-billion Naira Project in Lagos (Photos)" 1682:, in which the incoming gas burns with oxygen and is refrigerated. This recovers sulfur from the burnt gas. 2217: 2052: 2769: 2199:

RFCC procedure in a refinery using a catalyst; below: how the explosions in Torrance and Superior occurred

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In July 2017, major structural construction began. An associated project at the site of the refinery, a

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3000-ton RFCC-regenerator arrives in Lekki, allegedly the "heaviest item on an African road" in history

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Naphtha is not only produced during distillation in the CDU ("straight-run naphtha") but also during

1337:. (Reactor conditions for a naphtha hydrotreater unit are around 205-260˚C with a 25-45 bar pressure. 183: 3405: 801:

on the other. They are merged into medium-length molecules with one or two branches, the so-called "

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Animation of April 26, 2018, Explosion and Fire at the Husky Energy Refinery in Superior, Wisconsin

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and the BELCO EDV wet scrubbing system for sulphur compounds in flue gas from the RFCC (see above).

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Output: catalyst (to be re-used), flue gas, olefins, isobutane, other short molecule hydrocarbons

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Output: combustible gases, naphtha (light/heavy), jet fuel, Diesel fuel, heavy oil, residue fluid

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The alkylation process takes place in the presence of an acid - in the Dangote refinery, this is

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Here, too, safety rules must be observed. On 22 November 2016, a fire occurred in a refinery in

1959: 1832: 1372:(see images in the gallery below). In a combustion engine, these fuel contaminations turn into 867: 810: 727: 4108: 3658: 3378: 3351: 273:

leave. They are gases even at room temperature. All of them can explode, when in contact with

2555: 2531:"INTERVIEW: Nigeria's colossal Dangote refinery to start operating in October at 370,000 b/d" 1767: 1600:

highest quality level "Polymer Grade Propylene" (PGP). The propane has a purity of over 90%.

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The Dangote refinery will be the seventh-largest oil refinery in the world (as of 2023, see

1887:- The butane from the de-propanizer is divided in a very tall column into normal butane and 1678:

SRU recovers sulfur-containing, poisonous acidic gas. The most commonly used process is the

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Purpose: removing sulphur or nitrogen components and olefins from gasoline blends (mainly)

1103:), then a reaction chamber with a fixed-bed catalyst, then a deisohexanizer (which extracts 2941: 1967: 1525: 1447: 1262: 1146: 669: 633: 587: 319:

In the middle section of the column compounds from C13 up to C25 exit. They can be used in

221: 171: 8: 4622:"Mammoet Meets Land Reclamation Challenges on Dangote Refinery Project – Heavy Lift News" 2241: 2012: 1810: 1197: 1026: 1002: 921: 612: 606:

from a different unit was leaking combustible gases into the system and a catalyst slide

274: 107: 1971:, weighing 2,350 tonnes, was installed in place at the Dangote refinery by a specialist 981:

Before entering the CCR unit, the feed of heavy naphtha has passed through the NHT, and

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commercial loans, and begin production in 2016. However, after a change in location to

2033: 1894: 1735: 35:. When fully operational, it is expected to have the capacity to process about 650,000 642:

Output: C4...C12 alkanes, fractionated into light and heavy naphtha, jet fuel, Diesel

4182: 4133: 4085:"Flue Gas Treatment Systems Market Size Share Growth Opportunities and Forecast 2022" 3614: 3384: 3357: 2955: 2896: 944: 426: 160: 4608:"Installation of World Heaviest Regenerator, RFCC Unit at Dangote Refinery (Photos)" 2108:

The CDU distilling/distillation column in comparison to the largest Eko Tower and a

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gas plant treats gas from cracking units (RFCC, hydrocracking, coker) that contains

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Preliminary Animation of Philadelphia Energy Solutions Refinery Fire and Explosions

2947: 1987:. In the same year, three more records were set when the world's heaviest refinery 1919: 1899: 1492: 1275:

Output: light naphtha for Penex, heavy naphtha for CCR, ammonia, hydrogen sulphide

1228: 735: 371: 4157: 4060: 2917:"Honeywell awarded equipment contract for Dangote's largest single-train refinery" 2605:"Dangote refinery receives 1m barrels of crude, to get second shipment in 3 weeks" 2505: 2169: 233:

Purpose: separating crude oil components by molecule length / boiling temperature

2362: 2332: 1704: 1611: 1160: 1104: 1093: 948: 883: 842: 765: 443: 343: 187: 175: 136: 51: 4453:"Dangote Refinery's RFCC Unit Gets Installation Of World's Heaviest Regenerator" 4207:"Sulfur Recovery Unit (SRU) In Refinery, Claus Process Plant Design Engineering" 4663: 1923: 1915: 1903: 1721: 1496: 1414: 1406: 841:

when they burn.) Alkylate is a high-quality gasoline blend because it has good

806: 603: 549: 422: 4543: 4522: 4476: 4430: 3893: 3726:"TIMELINE: Bad fuel, foul fuel, off-spec -- Nigeria's history with bad petrol" 3704: 3683: 3564: 3540: 3519: 3498: 3453: 3329: 3232: 3211: 3163: 3139: 3118: 2996: 2975: 2951: 1831:

are separated in a pressurized environment from heavier components, which are

1107:) and finally a Molex technology column. The end product has a RON of ca. 92. 4637: 2412:"Billionaire's huge Nigerian oil refinery likely delayed until 2022: sources" 1847:

The light gases go to the sponge absorption, the fat oil to the de-butanizer.

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in the fuel, which had not been removed.) - In the Merox process, the highly

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Output: di-sulphides (harmless, smell of garlic, onions or not at all) to be

1085: 1066: 952: 940: 848: 719: 599: 557: 497: 487: 458: 358:). Heavier oils go to the hydrocracking unit, residue fluid to the RFCC unit. 250: 179: 89: 60: 24: 3018:"How to Get the Best From Your Preheat Train a UK Refinery Based Case Study" 931:

Output: Toluene, Xylene (high octane gasoline components), hydrogen surplus

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Output: isoheptane, isooctane (for blending into gasoline), butane, propane

96:) are idle and expect to process crude oil again in 2023 after "revamping". 4037:"Unconventional Improvement of Propylene Recovery Yield at the PP Splitter" 4012:"Getting the most from your propane-propylene (PP) splitter unit | Aggreko" 1731: 1380: 1189: 1099:

In a UOP Penex unit the feedstock passes a deisopentanizer (which extracts

895: 751: 553: 339: 110:", a buoy-like floating facility for unloading liquid cargo off the coast. 2484:"Port Harcourt refinery to start operation next year The Nation Newspaper" 1738:

produced through the polymerization of propylene/ethylene with catalysts.

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Purpose: breaking molecules longer than 25 carbon atoms into shorter ones

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Purpose: breaking molecules longer than 70 carbon atoms into shorter ones

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the distillation, e.g. hydrocracking, NHT, CCR, RFCC, polymerization etc.

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4 subsea pipelines for products and imports (diameter 24" or 0.61 metres)

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at an alkylation plant and ignited, resulting in three extremely violent

742:(1.5m) below them. Other workers had previously flooded the reactor with 739: 656:

components (molecules with more than 25 carbon atoms) in the presence of

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Updated BP Texas City Animation on the 15th Anniversary of the Explosion

2580:"Africa's richest man under pressure as giant refinery nears production" 1142:

Input: sulphides (corrosive, foul smell) in jet fuel or combustible gas

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C.2.2 - Compare catalytic cracking, thermal cracking and steam cracking

2055:, the refinery will be the largest single-train refinery in the world. 1625: 1567: 1360:

compounds into products, which can be utilized in other processes. The

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of CCR and is used in other procedures on this list or can be sold for

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in comparison to conventional hydrocracking at 200 bar). As a catalyst

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The refinery is situated on a 6,180 acres (2,500 hectares) site at the

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Creating a solid foundation for economic development: Dangote Refinery

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Cracking, Merox, SCANfining, Butamer and Claus process, polymerization

578:, to which the reactor is doubly connected, is based precisely on the 3377:

Jones, David S. J.; Pujadó, Peter R.; Pujadó, Peter P. (2006-01-11).

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company. With a height of 112 metres it is slightly taller than the

3255:"UOP Hydrocracking Technology - Upgrading Fuel Oil to Euro V Fuels" 2940:

Treese, Steven A; Pujadó, Peter R; Jones, David S. J, eds. (2015).

2337: 2109: 1976: 1910:". The fuel gases for the refinery are compressed and treated with 1907: 1854: 1839:

stream. Naphtha before having absorbed the heavier gases is called

1696: 1528:(RFCC and MHC). This naphtha from cracking is particularly rich in 1480: 1391: 1349: 1334: 1290: 1258: 1236: 1181: 994: 989:

have been removed. (If C6 is not removed, the CCR process produces

826: 743: 723: 707: 683: 673: 657: 519: 509: 483: 414: 367: 332: 320: 313: 246: 40: 3213:

Animation of 2015 Explosion at ExxonMobil Refinery in Torrance, CA

2795:"Dangote to sell off petroleum refinery amid monopoly accusations" 2036:

crude pipelines (diameter 48" or 1.22 metres) with interconnection

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that was left switched on (20m away). 4 workers sustained serious

3802: 3188:"Optimisation of product yield and coke formation in a RFCC unit" 2732:"Dangote says he will continue to import US oil: 'We can't wait'" 2027: 2016: 1993:

heaviest item ever to be transported over a public road in Africa

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catalyst (RT-225) with a low metals content and high dispersion.

1443: 1302: 1282: 1269: 1255: 1232: 1200: 1168: 1077: 1022: 1014: 990: 982: 964: 960: 891: 785:

molecules that are too long for commercial purposes, alkylation "

691: 561: 531: 446: 440: 385: 351: 301: 293: 285: 262: 254: 32: 3706:

Animation of Fire at Chevron's Richmond Refinery, August 6, 2012

2163:

Continuous Catalytic Reforming in the reforming/platforming unit

4206: 2707:"Dangote refinery eyes 500,000-barrel production capacity July" 2441:"A $ 15 Billion Oil Bet Is Tough Challenge for Richest African" 2063: 1828: 1803: 1795: 1783: 1775: 1670: 1639: 1533: 1529: 1476: 1471:

Purpose: removing sulphur and nitrogen components from Diesel

1395: 1357: 1353: 1345: 1341: 1326: 1318: 1310: 1298: 1286: 1220: 1156: 1081: 1073: 1018: 986: 968: 956: 913: 822: 798: 747: 703: 699: 539: 535: 527: 513: 501: 465: 418: 309: 297: 278: 266: 258: 195: 191: 85: 36: 2333:"Nigeria: Why a new refinery is vital to the nation's economy" 1487:

in the presence of a catalyst and hydrogen converting it into

1096:). The Penex process uses fixed-bed catalysts with chlorides. 1058:

Output: gasoline blends with a RON of 92 (isomerized naphtha)

2187:

Mass flow of the Residue Fluid Catalytic Cracking (RFCC) unit

1911: 1744: 1402: 1224: 1193: 1164: 1131: 1050: 903: 875: 607: 375: 245:

In the column, lighter crude oil components travel up. Their

140: 93: 65: 28: 3803:"Naphtha hydrotreater - oil refinery - Naphtha hydrotreater" 2751:"Nigeria's Dangote refinery plans London and Lagos listings" 1272:

from CDU with sulphur and nitrogen contaminations, hydrogen

971:

by withdrawing hydrogen from them. Hydrogen is an important

902:. This launched several pieces of equipment, including a 19- 882:

escaped and formed an explosive gas cloud that ignited at a

619:

exploded, also due to a worn out RFCC catalyst slide valve.

4594:"Mammoet moves 3000-tonne regenerator for Dangote refinery" 2692:"No cause for alarm, Dangote Group reacts to fire incident" 1980: 1176: 1172: 887: 838: 834: 436: 288:

exit (naphtha can be described as crude gasoline; there is

72: 2385:"Can this massive refinery solve Nigeria's energy crisis?" 1816:

The gas plant consists of a number of process units like:

1413:

ruptured, causing an explosion and killing 7 workers. The

3282:"What is Hydrocracking? - Definition from Corrosionpedia" 1373: 1065:

Similar to the CCR, the Penex isomerization improves the

906:

container that crashed 700 m from its original location.

174:") and combines short molecules into medium-sized ones (" 55:

Dangote refinery and Free Trade Zone Lekki, east of Lagos

39:

of crude oil per day, making it the largest single-train

2096:

Simplified production flow chart of the Dangote refinery

1110:

An isomerization unit is also safety critical. 2005, in

464:

Because of the geometry of their molecules, cracking of

2506:"Nigeria: Kaduna Refinery to Resume Operations Q1 2023" 4669:

Buildings and structures under construction in Nigeria

3940:"Hydrocracker Unit (HCU) | Diesel Hydrotreating (DHT)" 3500:

Animation of Fire at ExxonMobil's Baton Rouge Refinery

2235:

Alkylation procedure, using sulphuric acid as catalyst

512:

is added, the outgoing compounds belong mostly to the

253:

are low. At the very top of the column compounds like

3895:

Animation of Explosion at Tesoro's Anacortes Refinery

2770:"Buy me out, Dangote offers to sell refinery to NNPC" 2629:"Dangote's diesel and JetA1 to hit market early 2024" 1475:

Diesel Hydrotreatment (DHDT) removes impurities like

1029:", similar to a distilling column. Besides Dangote's 198:

in the Merox system, with the NHT and by SCANfining.

43:

in the world. The investment is over US$ 19 billion.

4568:"In Nigeria, Plans for the World's Largest Refinery" 2363:"Nigeria's Dangote signs deal to build oil refinery" 4407:"Controlling FCCU emissions: â€¨EDV Wet Scrubbing" 3915:"544 tons naphtha splitter successfully relocated" 3455:CSB Safety Video: Hazards of Nitrogen Asphyxiation 3306:"Chinese Refiner to Use Honeywell UOP Unicracking" 2464:"Dangote Borrows N187.6bn for Refinery Completion" 922:Continuous Catalyst Regeneration (CCR) Platforming 890:. In Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on 21 June 2019, 771:Input: propylene, butylene (from RFCC), isobutane 4363:"Spent sulphuric acid regeneration (SAR) process" 3376: 2939: 1514:Input: Sulphur-rich naphtha from the RFCC or MHC 878:that had to be operated manually. 900 kg of 461:(and thus molecular length, similar to the CDU). 4635: 4387:"MECS® Process Technologies - Ecosystems Europe" 3430:"IsoTherming® Technology for Mild Hydrocracking" 1446:into light and heavy naphtha, very similar to a 698:, where hydrogen is used to break bonds between 3752:"Merox treatment in the oil & gas industry" 2895:(2nd ed.). Tulsa, Oklahoma: Pennwell Pub. 2084:Crude oil distillation unit (working principle) 1766:gas plant treats gas streams that contain only 1401:The light naphtha goes to the Penex unit to be 1152:Purpose: removing corrosive sulphide compounds 3353:Zeolite Catalysts: Principles and Applications 2865: 2678:"Fire Breaks Out at Africa's Biggest Refinery" 2326: 2324: 951:"): molecules with ring structures and double 664:molecules (4 - 12 carbon atoms per molecule). 3608: 2977:Petroleum refining processes explained simply 2315:"Buhari finally inaugurates Dangote refinery" 1997:"the heaviest single piece of steel structure 1755:Input: combustible gas from the CDU or RFCC, 718:. Safety rules must be observed here. At the 399:Input: residue fluid from CDU (long molecule 2461: 2295:Single point mooring (here: in Kochi, India) 2067:demand, as well as export refined products. 726:, two service technicians died in 2005 from 3120:Fluid Catalytic Cracking Unit Overview FCCU 2435: 2433: 2431: 2429: 2321: 2013:SPM (single point mooring, see image below) 1995:" at a stately 3,000 tonnes and also being 3613:. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. 431. 1305:reacts with hydrogen in the presence of a 4280: 4278: 3383:. Springer Science & Business Media. 3182: 3180: 2767: 2651: 2406: 2404: 2402: 1991:was installed - having already been the " 472:resulting excess of carbon atoms e.g. in 4649:Proposed energy infrastructure in Africa 3964:"Selective FCC naphtha desulphurisation" 3611:Small-Scale Gas to Liquid Fuel Synthesis 2556:"NNPC, supply crude to local refineries" 2528: 2426: 2330: 2026:3 product SPM for product exports up to 1163:. These sulphuric compounds are called " 928:Input: heavy naphtha from NHT, hydrogen 50: 4654:Buildings and structures in Lagos State 4034: 2602: 2283:Distillation column at Dangote refinery 2046: 1532:. To protect the refinery from harmful 1061:Purpose: improving the RON of gasoline 934:Purpose: improving the RON of gasoline 574:, whereas the working principle of the 27:that was inaugurated on 22 May 2023 in 4636: 4562: 4560: 4499:"Mammoet sets a new record in Nigeria" 4275: 3888: 3886: 3586:"Continuous Catalytic Reforming (CCR)" 3349: 3177: 2890: 2792: 2704: 2443:. Bloomberg Businessweek. 13 July 2018 2399: 1898:- Fuel gas contains acidic gases like 504:", mainly the case in this procedure). 4309: 4307: 4305: 4180: 3860: 3858: 3856: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3797: 3795: 3559: 3557: 3158: 3156: 2554:Board, Punch Editorial (2023-09-27). 2553: 2503: 2357: 2355: 1520:Purpose: removing sulphur components 1261:Treatment (NHT, "Hydrotreatment" or " 538:etc.). They can be hydrotreated into 4131: 3406:"Hydrocracking | Mild hydrocracking" 2893:Petroleum Refinery Process Economics 2223:Continuous Catalytic Reforming (CCR) 2002: 1843:, after the absorption it is called 1468:Output: C9...C24, hydrogen sulphide 1390:separates ("strips") light naphtha ( 1188:. (1997, during the era of dictator 639:Input: heavy oil from CDU, hydrogen 476:(in this procedure hardly the case) 4557: 4496: 4450: 4229: 4211:Peiyang Chemical Equipment Co., Ltd 3883: 2748: 2365:. BBC News Online. 4 September 2013 2123:Regenerator in comparison with the 1983:(110.6m) and 16 metres taller than 1979:which brought the first man to the 1965:In 2019, the world's largest crude 1638:There is only a limited market for 730:while trying to retrieve a roll of 13: 4536: 4478:Dangote Refinery - A Game changer! 4469: 4444: 4302: 4061:"Kashima Refinery - A Barrel Full" 3853: 3819: 3792: 3554: 3403: 3252: 3153: 3041: 2729: 2603:Aduloju, Bunmi (8 December 2023). 2462:Diala, Sam; THEWILL (2022-07-21). 2352: 1865:that might have been carried over. 1758:Output: LPG gas, propane, butane 1417:had suffered long-term effects of 396:(Residue Fluid Catalytic Cracking) 150: 14: 4680: 4232:"Refining Process Solution Guide" 3542:PFD of a catalytic reforming Unit 3067: 2455: 2331:Abubakar, Mansur (21 July 2024). 490:(in this procedure not the case) 4259:"Polypropylene | INEOS Polymers" 3749: 3635:"Fifty years of CCR platforming" 3380:Handbook of Petroleum Processing 2943:Handbook of Petroleum Processing 2529:Mitchell, Charlie (2023-09-18). 2288: 2276: 2264: 2252: 2240: 2228: 2216: 2204: 2192: 2180: 2168: 2156: 2151:NHT - Naphtha Hydrogen Treatment 2144: 2132: 2116: 2101: 2089: 2077: 1421:high-temperature hydrogen attack 1364:purpose of the NHT is to remove 1207:are converted into the harmless 4614: 4600: 4586: 4515: 4490: 4432:Monumental Milestone at Dangote 4423: 4399: 4379: 4355: 4331: 4251: 4223: 4199: 4174: 4150: 4125: 4101: 4077: 4053: 4028: 4004: 3980: 3956: 3932: 3907: 3768: 3743: 3718: 3697: 3676: 3651: 3627: 3602: 3578: 3533: 3512: 3491: 3467: 3446: 3422: 3397: 3370: 3343: 3322: 3298: 3274: 3246: 3225: 3204: 3132: 3111: 3086: 3070:"CDU (Crude Distillation Unit)" 3061: 3035: 3010: 2989: 2968: 2933: 2909: 2884: 2866:Odinaka; Odinaka (2016-06-27). 2859: 2835: 2811: 2786: 2768:Adeduyite, Okiki (2024-07-23). 2761: 2742: 2723: 2698: 2684: 2670: 2645: 2621: 2596: 2572: 2547: 2522: 2127:in the center of Lagos, Nigeria 2042:ca. 120 km subsea pipeline 1953: 1055:Input: light, "normal" naphtha 155:The Dangote Oil Refinery has a 4343:www.mckinseyenergyinsights.com 4319:www.mckinseyenergyinsights.com 3866:"An Overview of Hydrotreating" 3780:www.mckinseyenergyinsights.com 3479:www.mckinseyenergyinsights.com 3350:Bhatia, Subhash (1989-12-21). 2497: 2476: 2377: 2307: 1329:crude oil) at relatively high 861:sulphuric acid alkylation unit 750:but had not put up a specific 194:("Penex"). It removes harmful 1: 3919:www.hydrocarbonprocessing.com 2793:Ijeoma, Ijeoma (2024-07-21). 2300: 1813:CCR platforming / reforming. 1591:to the heavier Polymer Grade 1589:Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) 1051:Penex isomerization processes 714:uses hydrogen to break bonds 4134:"Refining - Butamer Process" 3838:. 2012-02-11. Archived from 3832:"Naphtha Hydrotreating Unit" 3609:Kanellopoulos, Nick (2015). 2921:www.constructionboxscore.com 2847:News Express Nigeria Website 1734:are the two most well known 845:properties and burns clean. 636:) in mild hydrocracking mode 23:is an oil refinery owned by 7: 3434:Elessent Clean Technologies 2705:Olawin, Dare (2024-05-27). 2053:crude oil distillation unit 2023:(ultra-large crude carrier) 1007:"nickel catalyst poisoning" 694:is being used. Unlike hydro 686:(the pressure is 60 to 110 500:in hydrocarbon compounds (" 350:(C20 ...C50) or for making 130: 10: 4685: 3750:GmbH, KROHNE Messtechnik. 3094:"How stuff works: asphalt" 2891:Maples, Robert E. (2000). 2504:Sadiq, Lami (2021-02-24). 2211:Naphtha Hydrogen Treatment 2125:Cathedral Church of Christ 2070: 1642:as it comes from the CDU. 1465:Input: C9...C24, hydrogen 1409:of the Tesoro refinery in 955:. They have a RON of 120 ( 833:bond between two of their 594:, exploded due to lack of 496:resulting unwanted double 344:petroleum jelly / vaseline 46: 4644:Oil refineries in Nigeria 4041:Asian Downstream Insights 2952:10.1007/978-3-319-14529-7 2414:. Reuters. 10 August 2018 2015:for unloading ships from 1823:- In an absorption tower 1703:It usually consists of a 1587:(PP) Splitters transform 859:). The plant is called a 249:are short and thus their 182:by remodelling initially 76:pipeline infrastructure. 4286:"Unsaturated Gas Plants" 3141:Fluid Catalytic Cracking 2652:AriseNews (2023-12-28). 2387:. CNN Money. 6 June 2016 1648:In the Butamer process ( 825:, which are hydrocarbon 4411:www.digitalrefining.com 4367:www.digitalrefining.com 4065:abarrelfull.wikidot.com 3968:www.digitalrefining.com 3659:"Isomerization Process" 3639:www.digitalrefining.com 3566:UOP Platforming Process 2998:Crude Distillation Unit 1442:It splits hydrotreated 1438:Naphtha splitter column 1167:" and cause so-called " 1116:US Chemical Safety Boar 1025:) and the high octane " 668:hydrocracking (MHC) is 548:(see "Alky" below") or 157:Nelson complexity index 16:Oil refinery in Nigeria 4659:Economy of Lagos State 4183:"Sulfur Recovery Unit" 4035:Aggreko (2021-09-21). 1705:Steam Methane Reformer 1595:(PGP) and the lighter 1088:, branched molecules ( 874:work on a 30-year-old 482:necessary addition of 56: 4113:TheFreeDictionary.com 3807:www.prelectronics.com 2736:The Africa Report.com 1770:hydrocarbons (mainly 1461:Diesel Hydrotreatment 1398:) from heavy naphtha. 1219:sulphides smell like 728:nitrogen asphyxiation 372:Eko Tower Black Pearl 137:Lekki Free Trade Zone 59:Nigerian businessman 54: 4181:admin (2022-01-29). 2047:Targeted performance 1293:or have undesirable 1263:Hydrodesulfurization 1244:out of the product. 1235:. The lye removes a 1118:d has investigated. 793:on the one hand and 716:between carbon atoms 180:knock resistance RON 178:"). It improves the 108:Single Point Mooring 2823:saharareporters.com 1968:distillation column 1938:Further units are: 1800:propene / propylene 1297:between two atoms ( 1084:(nC6)) into higher- 977:hydrogen technology 767:Alkylation ("Alky") 682:in the presence of 544:(see "NHT" below), 284:A little bit lower 4572:The New York Times 1906:, hence its name " 1736:commodity plastics 945:aromatic compounds 403:), air, catalyst, 227:Input: crude oil, 222:Crude Distillation 57: 4138:info.techstar.com 4109:"Butamer process" 4089:DataMIntelligence 3992:ir.exxonmobil.com 3921:. 21 October 2019 3590:www.chromalox.com 3475:"Alkylation unit" 3390:978-1-4020-2819-9 3363:978-0-8493-5628-5 3310:uop.honeywell.com 2961:978-3-319-14528-0 2730:M’Bida, Aurélie. 2003:Marine facilities 1936: 1935: 1918:") which removes 1851:Sponge absorption 1804:butene / butylene 1796:olefins / alkenes 1534:sulphur compounds 1448:distilling column 1033:the alternative, 959:) and 120...146 ( 508:Since in RFCC no 240:distilling column 192:branch structures 161:Jamnagar Refinery 4676: 4626: 4625: 4618: 4612: 4611: 4604: 4598: 4597: 4590: 4584: 4583: 4581: 4579: 4574:. 9 October 2018 4564: 4555: 4554: 4553: 4552: 4545:Dangote Refinery 4540: 4534: 4533: 4532: 4531: 4519: 4513: 4512: 4510: 4509: 4494: 4488: 4487: 4486: 4485: 4473: 4467: 4466: 4464: 4463: 4448: 4442: 4441: 4440: 4439: 4427: 4421: 4420: 4418: 4417: 4403: 4397: 4396: 4394: 4393: 4383: 4377: 4376: 4374: 4373: 4359: 4353: 4352: 4350: 4349: 4335: 4329: 4328: 4326: 4325: 4311: 4300: 4299: 4297: 4296: 4290:Set Laboratories 4282: 4273: 4272: 4270: 4269: 4255: 4249: 4248: 4246: 4245: 4236: 4227: 4221: 4220: 4218: 4217: 4203: 4197: 4196: 4194: 4193: 4178: 4172: 4171: 4169: 4168: 4154: 4148: 4147: 4145: 4144: 4129: 4123: 4122: 4120: 4119: 4105: 4099: 4098: 4096: 4095: 4081: 4075: 4074: 4072: 4071: 4057: 4051: 4050: 4048: 4047: 4032: 4026: 4025: 4023: 4022: 4008: 4002: 4001: 3999: 3998: 3984: 3978: 3977: 3975: 3974: 3960: 3954: 3953: 3951: 3950: 3936: 3930: 3929: 3927: 3926: 3911: 3905: 3904: 3903: 3902: 3890: 3881: 3880: 3878: 3877: 3862: 3851: 3850: 3848: 3847: 3828: 3817: 3816: 3814: 3813: 3799: 3790: 3789: 3787: 3786: 3772: 3766: 3765: 3763: 3762: 3747: 3741: 3740: 3738: 3737: 3722: 3716: 3715: 3714: 3713: 3701: 3695: 3694: 3693: 3692: 3680: 3674: 3673: 3671: 3670: 3665:. 16 August 2017 3663:Hassan ElBanhawi 3655: 3649: 3648: 3646: 3645: 3631: 3625: 3624: 3606: 3600: 3599: 3597: 3596: 3582: 3576: 3575: 3574: 3573: 3561: 3552: 3551: 3550: 3549: 3537: 3531: 3530: 3529: 3528: 3516: 3510: 3509: 3508: 3507: 3495: 3489: 3488: 3486: 3485: 3471: 3465: 3464: 3463: 3462: 3450: 3444: 3443: 3441: 3440: 3426: 3420: 3419: 3417: 3416: 3401: 3395: 3394: 3374: 3368: 3367: 3347: 3341: 3340: 3339: 3338: 3326: 3320: 3319: 3317: 3316: 3302: 3296: 3295: 3293: 3292: 3278: 3272: 3271: 3269: 3268: 3259: 3250: 3244: 3243: 3242: 3241: 3229: 3223: 3222: 3221: 3220: 3208: 3202: 3201: 3199: 3198: 3192:Digital Refining 3184: 3175: 3174: 3173: 3172: 3160: 3151: 3150: 3149: 3148: 3136: 3130: 3129: 3128: 3127: 3115: 3109: 3108: 3106: 3105: 3090: 3084: 3083: 3081: 3080: 3065: 3059: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3039: 3033: 3032: 3030: 3029: 3014: 3008: 3007: 3006: 3005: 2993: 2987: 2986: 2985: 2984: 2972: 2966: 2965: 2937: 2931: 2930: 2928: 2927: 2913: 2907: 2906: 2888: 2882: 2881: 2879: 2878: 2863: 2857: 2856: 2854: 2853: 2839: 2833: 2832: 2830: 2829: 2815: 2809: 2808: 2806: 2805: 2790: 2784: 2783: 2781: 2780: 2774:Punch Newspapers 2765: 2759: 2758: 2749:Anyaogu, Isaac. 2746: 2740: 2739: 2727: 2721: 2720: 2718: 2717: 2711:Punch Newspapers 2702: 2696: 2695: 2688: 2682: 2681: 2674: 2668: 2667: 2665: 2664: 2649: 2643: 2642: 2640: 2639: 2625: 2619: 2618: 2616: 2615: 2600: 2594: 2593: 2591: 2590: 2576: 2570: 2569: 2567: 2566: 2560:Punch Newspapers 2551: 2545: 2544: 2542: 2541: 2535:www.spglobal.com 2526: 2520: 2519: 2517: 2516: 2501: 2495: 2494: 2492: 2491: 2480: 2474: 2473: 2471: 2470: 2459: 2453: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2437: 2424: 2423: 2421: 2419: 2408: 2397: 2396: 2394: 2392: 2381: 2375: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2359: 2350: 2349: 2347: 2345: 2328: 2319: 2318: 2311: 2292: 2280: 2268: 2256: 2244: 2232: 2220: 2208: 2196: 2184: 2172: 2160: 2148: 2136: 2120: 2105: 2093: 2081: 1999:" of the world. 1920:hydrogen sulfide 1900:hydrogen sulfide 1517:Output: naphtha 1493:hydrogen sulfide 993:, which is both 602:had worn out, a 346:(C28...C60), as 342:(C20...C40), as 204: 203: 184:linear molecules 21:Dangote Refinery 4684: 4683: 4679: 4678: 4677: 4675: 4674: 4673: 4634: 4633: 4630: 4629: 4620: 4619: 4615: 4606: 4605: 4601: 4592: 4591: 4587: 4577: 4575: 4566: 4565: 4558: 4550: 4548: 4542: 4541: 4537: 4529: 4527: 4521: 4520: 4516: 4507: 4505: 4503:www.mammoet.com 4495: 4491: 4483: 4481: 4475: 4474: 4470: 4461: 4459: 4457:www.plat4om.com 4451:Odeleye, Femi. 4449: 4445: 4437: 4435: 4429: 4428: 4424: 4415: 4413: 4405: 4404: 4400: 4391: 4389: 4385: 4384: 4380: 4371: 4369: 4361: 4360: 4356: 4347: 4345: 4337: 4336: 4332: 4323: 4321: 4313: 4312: 4303: 4294: 4292: 4284: 4283: 4276: 4267: 4265: 4257: 4256: 4252: 4243: 4241: 4239:www.emerson.com 4234: 4228: 4224: 4215: 4213: 4205: 4204: 4200: 4191: 4189: 4179: 4175: 4166: 4164: 4156: 4155: 4151: 4142: 4140: 4130: 4126: 4117: 4115: 4107: 4106: 4102: 4093: 4091: 4083: 4082: 4078: 4069: 4067: 4059: 4058: 4054: 4045: 4043: 4033: 4029: 4020: 4018: 4016:www.aggreko.com 4010: 4009: 4005: 3996: 3994: 3986: 3985: 3981: 3972: 3970: 3962: 3961: 3957: 3948: 3946: 3938: 3937: 3933: 3924: 3922: 3913: 3912: 3908: 3900: 3898: 3892: 3891: 3884: 3875: 3873: 3864: 3863: 3854: 3845: 3843: 3830: 3829: 3820: 3811: 3809: 3801: 3800: 3793: 3784: 3782: 3774: 3773: 3769: 3760: 3758: 3748: 3744: 3735: 3733: 3724: 3723: 3719: 3711: 3709: 3703: 3702: 3698: 3690: 3688: 3682: 3681: 3677: 3668: 3666: 3657: 3656: 3652: 3643: 3641: 3633: 3632: 3628: 3621: 3607: 3603: 3594: 3592: 3584: 3583: 3579: 3571: 3569: 3563: 3562: 3555: 3547: 3545: 3539: 3538: 3534: 3526: 3524: 3518: 3517: 3513: 3505: 3503: 3497: 3496: 3492: 3483: 3481: 3473: 3472: 3468: 3460: 3458: 3452: 3451: 3447: 3438: 3436: 3428: 3427: 3423: 3414: 3412: 3402: 3398: 3391: 3375: 3371: 3364: 3348: 3344: 3336: 3334: 3328: 3327: 3323: 3314: 3312: 3304: 3303: 3299: 3290: 3288: 3280: 3279: 3275: 3266: 3264: 3257: 3251: 3247: 3239: 3237: 3231: 3230: 3226: 3218: 3216: 3210: 3209: 3205: 3196: 3194: 3186: 3185: 3178: 3170: 3168: 3162: 3161: 3154: 3146: 3144: 3138: 3137: 3133: 3125: 3123: 3117: 3116: 3112: 3103: 3101: 3092: 3091: 3087: 3078: 3076: 3066: 3062: 3052: 3050: 3040: 3036: 3027: 3025: 3016: 3015: 3011: 3003: 3001: 2995: 2994: 2990: 2982: 2980: 2974: 2973: 2969: 2962: 2938: 2934: 2925: 2923: 2915: 2914: 2910: 2903: 2889: 2885: 2876: 2874: 2864: 2860: 2851: 2849: 2841: 2840: 2836: 2827: 2825: 2817: 2816: 2812: 2803: 2801: 2791: 2787: 2778: 2776: 2766: 2762: 2747: 2743: 2728: 2724: 2715: 2713: 2703: 2699: 2690: 2689: 2685: 2676: 2675: 2671: 2662: 2660: 2650: 2646: 2637: 2635: 2627: 2626: 2622: 2613: 2611: 2601: 2597: 2588: 2586: 2578: 2577: 2573: 2564: 2562: 2552: 2548: 2539: 2537: 2527: 2523: 2514: 2512: 2502: 2498: 2489: 2487: 2482: 2481: 2477: 2468: 2466: 2460: 2456: 2446: 2444: 2439: 2438: 2427: 2417: 2415: 2410: 2409: 2400: 2390: 2388: 2383: 2382: 2378: 2368: 2366: 2361: 2360: 2353: 2343: 2341: 2329: 2322: 2313: 2312: 2308: 2303: 2296: 2293: 2284: 2281: 2272: 2269: 2260: 2257: 2248: 2247:Penex procedure 2245: 2236: 2233: 2224: 2221: 2212: 2209: 2200: 2197: 2188: 2185: 2176: 2173: 2164: 2161: 2152: 2149: 2140: 2137: 2128: 2121: 2112: 2110:Saturn V rocket 2106: 2097: 2094: 2085: 2082: 2073: 2049: 2028:Suezmax vessels 2005: 1977:Saturn V rocket 1956: 1895:Amine treatment 1885:De-isobutanizer 1634:Butamer process 1612:desulfurization 1560: 1556: 1384: 1377: 1340:) NHT converts 1076:light naphtha ( 884:welding machine 858: 854: 781:While cracking 676:but by using a 632:"Unicracking" ( 444:aluminosilicate 439:matrix such as 188:ring structures 153: 151:High complexity 133: 49: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4682: 4672: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4628: 4627: 4613: 4599: 4585: 4556: 4535: 4514: 4489: 4468: 4443: 4422: 4398: 4378: 4354: 4330: 4301: 4274: 4250: 4222: 4198: 4173: 4149: 4124: 4100: 4076: 4052: 4027: 4003: 3979: 3955: 3931: 3906: 3882: 3852: 3836:EnggCyclopedia 3818: 3791: 3767: 3742: 3717: 3696: 3675: 3650: 3626: 3620:978-1466599390 3619: 3601: 3577: 3553: 3532: 3511: 3490: 3466: 3445: 3421: 3410:www.topsoe.com 3396: 3389: 3369: 3362: 3342: 3321: 3297: 3286:Corrosionpedia 3273: 3245: 3224: 3203: 3176: 3152: 3131: 3110: 3085: 3060: 3034: 3009: 2988: 2967: 2960: 2932: 2908: 2901: 2883: 2858: 2834: 2810: 2785: 2760: 2741: 2722: 2697: 2683: 2669: 2644: 2620: 2595: 2571: 2546: 2521: 2496: 2475: 2454: 2425: 2398: 2376: 2351: 2320: 2317:. 22 May 2023. 2305: 2304: 2302: 2299: 2298: 2297: 2294: 2287: 2285: 2282: 2275: 2273: 2270: 2263: 2261: 2258: 2251: 2249: 2246: 2239: 2237: 2234: 2227: 2225: 2222: 2215: 2213: 2210: 2203: 2201: 2198: 2191: 2189: 2186: 2179: 2177: 2175:UOP Penex unit 2174: 2167: 2165: 2162: 2155: 2153: 2150: 2143: 2141: 2138: 2131: 2129: 2122: 2115: 2113: 2107: 2100: 2098: 2095: 2088: 2086: 2083: 2076: 2072: 2069: 2064:Euro-V quality 2051:With a single 2048: 2045: 2044: 2043: 2040: 2037: 2030: 2024: 2004: 2001: 1955: 1952: 1951: 1950: 1947: 1943: 1934: 1933: 1931: 1929: 1928: 1927: 1924:carbon dioxide 1916:diethanolamine 1904:carbon dioxide 1891: 1882: 1876: 1866: 1848: 1794:hydrocarbons ( 1760: 1748: 1747: 1742: 1739: 1725: 1722:Polymerization 1717: 1716: 1711: 1708: 1701: 1692: 1691: 1686: 1683: 1676: 1666: 1665: 1662: 1659: 1636: 1630: 1629: 1622: 1619: 1616: 1606: 1605: 1603: 1601: 1578: 1572: 1571: 1564: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1522: 1507: 1506: 1504: 1502: 1497:diethanolamine 1473: 1457: 1456: 1454: 1452: 1440: 1434: 1433: 1430: 1427: 1415:heat exchanger 1407:heat exchanger 1382: 1375: 1280: 1251: 1250: 1247: 1245: 1154: 1149:out, hydrogen 1138:("Sweetening") 1127: 1126: 1123: 1120: 1063: 1046: 1045: 1042: 1039: 953:covalent bonds 936: 917: 916: 911: 908: 894:leaked from a 856: 852: 849:sulphuric acid 837:. They create 813:. (The prefix 779: 762: 761: 758: 755: 706:or carbon and 647: 628: 627: 624: 621: 604:heat exchanger 506: 505: 498:covalent bonds 494: 480: 425:) and complex 411: 389: 388: 383: 380: 360: 359: 336: 317: 282: 251:boiling points 235: 217: 216: 213: 210: 207: 152: 149: 132: 129: 48: 45: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4681: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4641: 4639: 4632: 4623: 4617: 4609: 4603: 4595: 4589: 4573: 4569: 4563: 4561: 4547: 4546: 4539: 4526: 4525: 4518: 4504: 4500: 4493: 4480: 4479: 4472: 4458: 4454: 4447: 4434: 4433: 4426: 4412: 4408: 4402: 4388: 4382: 4368: 4364: 4358: 4344: 4340: 4334: 4320: 4316: 4310: 4308: 4306: 4291: 4287: 4281: 4279: 4264: 4263:www.ineos.com 4260: 4254: 4240: 4233: 4226: 4212: 4208: 4202: 4188: 4184: 4177: 4163: 4162:pdfcoffee.com 4159: 4158:"UOP BUTAMER" 4153: 4139: 4135: 4128: 4114: 4110: 4104: 4090: 4086: 4080: 4066: 4062: 4056: 4042: 4038: 4031: 4017: 4013: 4007: 3993: 3989: 3983: 3969: 3965: 3959: 3945: 3941: 3935: 3920: 3916: 3910: 3897: 3896: 3889: 3887: 3871: 3870:www.aiche.org 3867: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3842:on 2022-09-30 3841: 3837: 3833: 3827: 3825: 3823: 3808: 3804: 3798: 3796: 3781: 3777: 3771: 3757: 3753: 3746: 3731: 3727: 3721: 3708: 3707: 3700: 3687: 3686: 3679: 3664: 3660: 3654: 3640: 3636: 3630: 3622: 3616: 3612: 3605: 3591: 3587: 3581: 3568: 3567: 3560: 3558: 3544: 3543: 3536: 3523: 3522: 3515: 3502: 3501: 3494: 3480: 3476: 3470: 3457: 3456: 3449: 3435: 3431: 3425: 3411: 3407: 3400: 3392: 3386: 3382: 3381: 3373: 3365: 3359: 3356:. CRC Press. 3355: 3354: 3346: 3333: 3332: 3331:Hydrocracking 3325: 3311: 3307: 3301: 3287: 3283: 3277: 3263: 3256: 3253:Clarke, Ian. 3249: 3236: 3235: 3228: 3215: 3214: 3207: 3193: 3189: 3183: 3181: 3167: 3166: 3159: 3157: 3143: 3142: 3135: 3122: 3121: 3114: 3099: 3095: 3089: 3075: 3071: 3064: 3049: 3045: 3042:Wilson, Ian. 3038: 3023: 3022:www.aiche.org 3019: 3013: 3000: 2999: 2992: 2979: 2978: 2971: 2963: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2944: 2936: 2922: 2918: 2912: 2904: 2902:9780878147793 2898: 2894: 2887: 2873: 2869: 2862: 2848: 2844: 2838: 2824: 2820: 2814: 2800: 2796: 2789: 2775: 2771: 2764: 2756: 2752: 2745: 2737: 2733: 2726: 2712: 2708: 2701: 2693: 2687: 2679: 2673: 2659: 2655: 2648: 2634: 2630: 2624: 2610: 2606: 2599: 2585: 2581: 2575: 2561: 2557: 2550: 2536: 2532: 2525: 2511: 2510:allAfrica.com 2507: 2500: 2485: 2479: 2465: 2458: 2442: 2436: 2434: 2432: 2430: 2413: 2407: 2405: 2403: 2386: 2380: 2364: 2358: 2356: 2340: 2339: 2334: 2327: 2325: 2316: 2310: 2306: 2291: 2286: 2279: 2274: 2267: 2262: 2255: 2250: 2243: 2238: 2231: 2226: 2219: 2214: 2207: 2202: 2195: 2190: 2183: 2178: 2171: 2166: 2159: 2154: 2147: 2142: 2135: 2130: 2126: 2119: 2114: 2111: 2104: 2099: 2092: 2087: 2080: 2075: 2074: 2068: 2065: 2061: 2056: 2054: 2041: 2038: 2035: 2031: 2029: 2025: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2009: 2008: 2000: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1969: 1963: 1961: 1948: 1944: 1941: 1940: 1939: 1932: 1930: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1914:(like DEA / " 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1896: 1892: 1890: 1886: 1883: 1880: 1879:De-propanizer 1877: 1874: 1870: 1867: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1849: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1819: 1818: 1817: 1814: 1812: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1759: 1756: 1753: 1750: 1749: 1746: 1743: 1740: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1728:Polypropylene 1726: 1724: 1723: 1719: 1718: 1715: 1712: 1709: 1706: 1702: 1700: 1698: 1694: 1693: 1690: 1687: 1684: 1681: 1680:Claus Process 1677: 1674: 1672: 1668: 1667: 1663: 1660: 1658: 1655: 1651: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1635: 1632: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1620: 1617: 1615: 1613: 1608: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1579: 1577: 1574: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1563: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1515: 1512: 1509: 1508: 1505: 1503: 1501: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1472: 1469: 1466: 1462: 1459: 1458: 1455: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1439: 1436: 1435: 1431: 1428: 1426: 1424: 1422: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1397: 1393: 1385: 1378: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1356:, metals and 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1336: 1333:and moderate 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1281: 1279: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1266: 1264: 1260: 1257: 1253: 1252: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1213: 1212: 1206: 1205: 1204: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1148: 1143: 1140: 1139: 1135: 1133: 1129: 1128: 1124: 1121: 1119: 1117: 1113: 1108: 1106: 1102: 1097: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1072:This process 1068: 1067:octane rating 1064: 1062: 1059: 1056: 1053: 1052: 1048: 1047: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 941:octane rating 937: 935: 932: 929: 926: 924: 923: 919: 918: 915: 912: 909: 907: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 864: 862: 850: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 778: 775: 772: 769: 768: 764: 763: 759: 756: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 680: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 649:Hydrocracking 648: 646: 643: 640: 637: 635: 634:Hydrocracking 630: 629: 625: 622: 620: 618: 614: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 568: 565: 563: 559: 558:polypropylene 555: 551: 547: 543: 542: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 516: 511: 503: 499: 495: 493: 489: 488:hydrocracking 485: 481: 479: 475: 471: 470: 469: 468:always means 467: 462: 460: 459:boiling point 454: 452: 448: 445: 442: 438: 434: 428: 424: 420: 416: 412: 410: 407: 404: 402: 397: 395: 391: 390: 387: 384: 381: 379: 377: 373: 369: 364: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 315: 311: 307: 306:heavy naphtha 303: 299: 295: 291: 290:light naphtha 287: 283: 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 248: 244: 243: 241: 236: 234: 231: 228: 225: 223: 219: 218: 214: 211: 208: 206: 205: 202: 199: 197: 193: 189: 185: 181: 177: 173: 168: 166: 162: 158: 148: 146: 142: 138: 128: 125: 121: 117: 114: 111: 109: 104: 100: 97: 95: 91: 90:Port Harcourt 87: 83: 77: 74: 69: 67: 62: 61:Aliko Dangote 53: 44: 42: 38: 34: 30: 26: 25:Dangote Group 22: 4631: 4616: 4602: 4588: 4576:. Retrieved 4571: 4549:, retrieved 4544: 4538: 4528:, retrieved 4523: 4517: 4506:. Retrieved 4502: 4492: 4482:, retrieved 4477: 4471: 4460:. Retrieved 4456: 4446: 4436:, retrieved 4431: 4425: 4414:. Retrieved 4410: 4401: 4390:. Retrieved 4381: 4370:. Retrieved 4366: 4357: 4346:. Retrieved 4342: 4333: 4322:. Retrieved 4318: 4293:. Retrieved 4289: 4266:. Retrieved 4262: 4253: 4242:. Retrieved 4238: 4225: 4214:. Retrieved 4210: 4201: 4190:. Retrieved 4186: 4176: 4165:. Retrieved 4161: 4152: 4141:. Retrieved 4137: 4127: 4116:. Retrieved 4112: 4103: 4092:. Retrieved 4088: 4079: 4068:. Retrieved 4064: 4055: 4044:. Retrieved 4040: 4030: 4019:. Retrieved 4015: 4006: 3995:. Retrieved 3991: 3982: 3971:. Retrieved 3967: 3958: 3947:. Retrieved 3943: 3934: 3923:. Retrieved 3918: 3909: 3899:, retrieved 3894: 3874:. Retrieved 3872:. 2021-09-23 3869: 3844:. Retrieved 3840:the original 3835: 3810:. Retrieved 3806: 3783:. Retrieved 3779: 3770: 3759:. Retrieved 3755: 3745: 3734:. Retrieved 3732:. 2022-02-10 3729: 3720: 3710:, retrieved 3705: 3699: 3689:, retrieved 3684: 3678: 3667:. Retrieved 3662: 3653: 3642:. Retrieved 3638: 3629: 3610: 3604: 3593:. Retrieved 3589: 3580: 3570:, retrieved 3565: 3546:, retrieved 3541: 3535: 3525:, retrieved 3520: 3514: 3504:, retrieved 3499: 3493: 3482:. Retrieved 3478: 3469: 3459:, retrieved 3454: 3448: 3437:. Retrieved 3433: 3424: 3413:. Retrieved 3409: 3399: 3379: 3372: 3352: 3345: 3335:, retrieved 3330: 3324: 3313:. Retrieved 3309: 3300: 3289:. Retrieved 3285: 3276: 3265:. Retrieved 3261: 3248: 3238:, retrieved 3233: 3227: 3217:, retrieved 3212: 3206: 3195:. Retrieved 3191: 3169:, retrieved 3164: 3145:, retrieved 3140: 3134: 3124:, retrieved 3119: 3113: 3102:. Retrieved 3100:. 2010-08-14 3098:Deseret News 3097: 3088: 3077:. Retrieved 3073: 3063: 3051:. Retrieved 3048:Researchgate 3047: 3037: 3026:. Retrieved 3024:. 2013-04-29 3021: 3012: 3002:, retrieved 2997: 2991: 2981:, retrieved 2976: 2970: 2946:. Springer. 2942: 2935: 2924:. Retrieved 2920: 2911: 2892: 2886: 2875:. Retrieved 2871: 2861: 2850:. Retrieved 2846: 2837: 2826:. Retrieved 2822: 2813: 2802:. Retrieved 2799:Dockaysworld 2798: 2788: 2777:. Retrieved 2773: 2763: 2754: 2744: 2735: 2725: 2714:. Retrieved 2710: 2700: 2686: 2672: 2661:. Retrieved 2657: 2647: 2636:. Retrieved 2632: 2623: 2612:. Retrieved 2608: 2598: 2587:. Retrieved 2583: 2574: 2563:. Retrieved 2559: 2549: 2538:. Retrieved 2534: 2524: 2513:. Retrieved 2509: 2499: 2488:. Retrieved 2486:. 2022-04-15 2478: 2467:. Retrieved 2457: 2445:. Retrieved 2416:. Retrieved 2389:. Retrieved 2379: 2367:. Retrieved 2342:. Retrieved 2336: 2309: 2057: 2050: 2006: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1966: 1964: 1957: 1954:Superlatives 1937: 1893: 1884: 1878: 1872: 1869:De-butanizer 1868: 1862: 1858: 1850: 1844: 1840: 1821:De-ethanizer 1820: 1815: 1807: 1787: 1763: 1757: 1754: 1751: 1732:polyethylene 1720: 1695: 1669: 1653: 1649: 1647: 1633: 1609: 1576:LPG Splitter 1575: 1553:) uses an Al 1550: 1549:aphtha hydro 1546: 1542: 1538: 1519: 1516: 1513: 1510: 1500: 1488: 1484: 1470: 1467: 1464: 1460: 1437: 1418: 1399: 1388: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1338: 1331:temperatures 1295:double bonds 1277: 1274: 1267: 1254: 1242:fractionated 1229:caustic soda 1216: 1211:di-sulphides 1210: 1209: 1202: 1201: 1151: 1147:fractionated 1144: 1141: 1137: 1136: 1130: 1109: 1098: 1071: 1060: 1057: 1054: 1049: 1034: 1030: 1006: 999:carcinogenic 980: 933: 930: 927: 925: 920: 865: 860: 846: 830: 818: 814: 802: 786: 782: 776: 773: 770: 766: 722:refinery in 715: 711: 710:, mild hydro 695: 678: 665: 662:medium-sized 661: 653: 650: 644: 641: 638: 631: 615:refinery in 586:refinery in 579: 575: 571: 569: 566: 554:polyethylene 540: 514: 507: 491: 477: 463: 455: 450: 432: 430: 423:more than 70 408: 405: 401:hydrocarbons 398: 392: 365: 361: 340:paraffin wax 305: 289: 232: 229: 226: 220: 200: 169: 164: 154: 134: 126: 122: 118: 115: 112: 105: 101: 98: 78: 70: 58: 20: 18: 4315:"Gas plant" 4187:OilGasPedia 2060:Niger Delta 1989:regenerator 1861:) extracts 1811:endothermic 1792:unsaturated 1788:unsaturated 1714:Air Liquide 1489:diesel fuel 1003:endothermic 872:maintenance 868:Baton Rouge 596:maintenance 576:regenerator 550:polymerized 451:regenerator 441:crystalline 329:heating oil 325:Diesel fuel 312:(C8) up to 190:("CCR") or 145:Lagos State 4638:Categories 4578:13 October 4551:2022-06-16 4530:2022-06-13 4508:2022-06-13 4484:2022-06-14 4462:2022-06-13 4438:2022-06-13 4416:2023-12-15 4392:2023-12-15 4372:2023-12-15 4348:2022-06-26 4324:2022-06-14 4295:2022-06-15 4268:2022-06-18 4244:2022-06-18 4216:2022-06-18 4192:2022-06-16 4167:2022-06-18 4143:2022-06-15 4132:TechStar. 4118:2022-06-15 4094:2022-06-18 4070:2022-06-16 4046:2023-12-14 4021:2022-06-18 3997:2022-06-24 3973:2023-12-14 3949:2022-06-19 3944:yesyen.com 3925:2022-06-18 3901:2022-07-02 3876:2022-06-18 3846:2022-06-16 3812:2022-06-16 3785:2022-08-08 3761:2022-08-08 3756:krohne.com 3736:2023-10-19 3712:2023-10-20 3691:2022-10-01 3669:2022-06-15 3644:2022-06-18 3595:2022-06-15 3572:2022-06-23 3548:2022-06-23 3527:2022-07-18 3506:2022-07-12 3484:2022-07-27 3461:2022-07-11 3439:2022-06-19 3415:2022-06-19 3337:2022-06-15 3315:2022-06-15 3291:2022-06-15 3267:2022-06-16 3240:2022-07-02 3219:2022-07-02 3197:2022-06-30 3171:2022-06-15 3147:2022-06-15 3126:2022-06-15 3104:2022-12-05 3079:2022-06-18 3028:2022-06-23 3004:2022-06-16 2983:2022-06-15 2926:2022-06-14 2877:2022-12-08 2852:2022-12-08 2828:2024-07-23 2804:2024-07-23 2779:2024-07-23 2716:2024-05-29 2663:2024-04-12 2658:Arise News 2638:2023-12-12 2633:The Herald 2614:2023-12-08 2589:2023-12-01 2584:www.ft.com 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