Dacians - Knowledge

3681:, Heather (2010) considers that Hasding Vandals, around 171 AD, attempted to take control of lands which previously belonged to the free Dacian group called the Costoboci. Hrushevskyi (1997) mentions that the earlier widespread view that these Carpathian tribes were Slavic has no basis. This would be contradicted by the Coestobocan names themselves that are known from the inscriptions, written by a Coestobocan and therefore presumably accurately. These names sound quite unlike anything Slavic. Scholars such as Tomaschek (1883), Schütte (1917) and Russu (1969) consider these Costobocian names to be Thraco-Dacian. This inscription also indicates the Dacian background of the wife of the Costobocian king "Ziais Tiati filia Daca". This indication of the socio-familial line of descent seen also in other inscriptions (i.e. Diurpaneus qui Euprepes Sterissae f(ilius) Dacus) is a custom attested since the historical period (beginning in the 5th century BC) when Thracians were under Greek influence. It may not have originated with the Thracians, as it could be just a fashion borrowed from Greeks for specifying ancestry and for distinguishing homonymous individuals within the tribe. Schütte (1917), Parvan, and Florescu (1982) pointed also to the Dacian characteristic place names ending in '–dava' given by Ptolemy in the Costoboci's country. 3609:(one offers to Trajan a tray of three gold ingots). Alternatively, a substantial number may have survived in the province, although were probably outnumbered by the Romanised immigrants. Cultural life in Dacia became very mixed and decidedly cosmopolitan because of the colonial communities. The Dacians retained their names and their own ways in the midst of the newcomers, and the region continued to exhibit Dacian characteristics. The Dacians who survived the war are attested as revolting against the Roman domination in Dacia at least twice, in the period of time right after the Dacian Wars, and in a more determined manner in 117 AD. In 158 AD, they revolted again, and were put down by M. Statius Priscus. Some Dacians were apparently expelled from the occupied zone at the end of each of the two Dacian Wars or otherwise emigrated. It is uncertain where these refugees settled. Some of these people might have mingled with the existing ethnic Dacian tribes beyond the Carpathians (the Costoboci and Carpi). 3373:"Dacian" reserved for the language or dialect that was spoken north of Danube, in present-day Romania and eastern Hungary, and "Thracian" for the variety spoken south of the Danube. There is no doubt that the Thracian language was related to the Dacian language which was spoken in what is today Romania, before some of that area was occupied by the Romans. Also, both Thracian and Dacian have one of the main satem characteristic changes of Indo-European language, *k and *g to *s and *z. With regard to the term "Getic" (Getae), even though attempts have been made to distinguish between Dacian and Getic, there seems no compelling reason to disregard the view of the Greek geographer Strabo that the Daci and the Getae, Thracian tribes dwelling north of the Danube (the Daci in the west of the area and the Getae further east), were one and the same people and spoke the same language. 4762: 4006:

with military equipment. It suggests the forceful penetration of a military Celtic elite within the region of Dacia, now known as Transylvania, that is bounded on the east by the Carpathian range. The archaeological sites of the third and second centuries BC in Transylvania revealed a pattern of co-existence and fusion between the bearers of La Tène culture and indigenous Dacians. These were domestic dwellings with a mixture of Celtic and Dacian pottery, and several graves in the Celtic style containing vessels of Dacian type. There are some seventy Celtic sites in Transylvania, mostly cemeteries, but most if not all of them indicate that the native population imitated Celtic art forms that took their fancy, but remained obstinately and fundamentally Dacian in their culture.

3829:

Carpathian area. About the year 1000 BC, the Carpatho-Danubian countries were inhabited by a northern branch of the Thracians. At the time of the arrival of the Scythians (c. 700 BC), the Carpatho-Danubian Thracians were developing rapidly towards the Iron Age civilization of the West. Moreover, the whole of the fourth period of the Carpathian Bronze Age had already been profoundly influenced by the first Iron Age as it developed in Italy and the Alpine lands. The Scythians, arriving with their own type of Iron Age civilization, put a stop to these relations with the West. From roughly 500 BC (the second Iron Age), the Dacians developed a distinct civilization, which was capable of supporting large centralised kingdoms by the 1st century BC and the 1st century AD.

4566: 38: 3380:(or Mysian) for the language of an intermediate area immediately to the south of Danube in Serbia, Bulgaria and Romanian Dobruja: this and the dialects north of the Danube have been grouped together as Daco-Moesian. The language of the indigenous population has left hardly any trace in the anthroponymy of Moesia, but the toponymy indicates that the Moesii on the south bank of the Danube, north of the Haemus Mountains, and the Triballi in the valley of the Morava, shared a number of characteristic linguistic features with the Dacii south of the Carpathians and the Getae in the Wallachian plain, which sets them apart from the Thracians though their languages are undoubtedly related. 3674:

slopes of the Carpathians. Ptolemy named the Coestoboci (Costoboci in Roman sources) twice, showing them divided by the Dniester and the Peucinian (Carpathian) Mountains. This suggests that they lived on both sides of the Carpathians, but it is also possible that two accounts about the same people were combined. There was also a group, the Transmontani, that some modern scholars identify as Dacian Transmontani Costoboci of the extreme north. The name Transmontani was from the Dacians' Latin, literally "people over the mountains". Mullenhoff identified these with the Transiugitani, another Dacian tribe north of the Carpathian mountains.

3983: 4770: 4845:, a Dacian workshop was discovered, along with equipment for minting coins and evidence of bronze, silver, and iron-working that suggests a broad spectrum of smithing. Evidence for the mass production of iron is found on many Dacian sites, indicating guild-like specialization. Dacian ceramic manufacturing traditions continue from the pre-Roman to the Roman period, both in provincial and unoccupied Dacia, and well into the fourth and even early fifth centuries. They engaged in considerable external trade, as is shown by the number of foreign coins found in the country (see also 3416:). According to Georgiev, the language spoken by the ethnic Dacians should be classified as "Daco-Moesian" and regarded as distinct from Thracian. Georgiev also claimed that names from approximately Roman Dacia and Moesia show different and generally less extensive changes in Indo-European consonants and vowels than those found in Thrace itself. However, the evidence seems to indicate divergence of a Thraco-Dacian language into northern and southern groups of dialects, not so different as to qualify as separate languages. Polomé considers that such lexical differentiation ( 4241:, a confederation of east German peoples, arrived in southern Ukraine no later than 230. During the next decade, a large section of them moved down the Black Sea coast and occupied much of the territory north of the lower Danube. The Goths' advance towards the area north of the Black Sea involved competing with the indigenous population of Dacian-speaking Carpi, as well as indigenous Iranian-speaking Sarmatians and Roman garrison forces. The Carpi, often called "Free Dacians", continued to dominate the anti-Roman coalition made up of themselves, Taifali, 3439: 1111: 4442: 4733: 463: 4810: 4227: 3958: 3816: 1550: 4690:; the lines of defence needed to be shortened, and Dacia was deemed not defensible given the demands on available resources. Roman power in Thracia rested mainly with the legions stationed in Moesia. The rural nature of Thracia's populations, and the distance from Roman authority, encouraged the presence of local troops to support Moesia's legions. Over the next few centuries, the province was periodically and increasingly attacked by migrating Germanic tribes. The reign of 5117:

throughout Dacia, but there is no doubt about the existence of such knowledge in some circles of Dacian society. However, the most revealing discoveries concerning the use of the writing by the Dacians occurred in the citadels on the Sebes mountains. Some groups of letters from stone blocks at Sarmisegetuza might express personal names; these cannot now be read because the wall is ruined, and because it is impossible to restore the original order of the blocks in the wall.

3700: 3605:

Dacians in the wars. This suggests that both refer to losses due to fighting, not due to a process of extermination of the whole population. A strong component of the Dacian army, including the Celtic Bastarnae and the Germans, had withdrawn rather than submit to Trajan. Some scenes on Trajan's Column represent acts of obedience of the Dacian population, and others show the refugee Dacians returning to their own places. Dacians trying to buy amnesty are depicted on

3361:

scholars (such as Tomaschek 1883; Russu 1967; Solta 1980; Crossland 1982; Vraciu 1980) consider Dacian to be a Thracian language or a dialect thereof. This view is supported by R. G. Solta, who says that Thracian and Dacian are very closely related languages. Other scholars (such as Georgiev 1965, Duridanov 1976) consider that Thracian and Dacian are two different and specific Indo-European languages which cannot be reduced to a common language. Linguists such as

5169: 5043:. These standpoints are highly problematic, as there is no linear continuity between aforementioned cultures. in reality, the creation of the Dacian ethnos was foreshadowed by migratory movements from the lower Danube region following the collapse of the Celtic cultural circle c. 300 BC (The grave with a helmet from Ciumeşti – 50 years from its discovery. Comments on the greaves. 2. The Padea-Panagjurski kolonii group in Transylvania. Old and new discoveries) 12837: 5717:

had been a slave to Pythagoras in Samos, but was manumitted, and acquired not only great wealth, but large stores of knowledge from Pythagoras, and from the Egyptians, whom he visited in the course of his travels. He returned among the Getae, introducing the civilization and the religious ideas which he had gained, especially regarding the immortality of the soul. Herodotus, however, suspects that he was an indigenous Getan divinity (Herod.iv. 95)

4554:, but the siege failed because of Decebalus' allied tribes. However, Trajan was an optimist. He returned with a newly constituted army and took Sarmizegetusa by treachery. Decebalus fled into the mountains, but was cornered by pursuing Roman cavalry. Decebalus committed suicide rather than being captured by the Romans and be paraded as a slave, then be killed. The Roman captain took his head and right hand to Trajan, who had them displayed in the 1355: 1294: 4745:

civilians followed the army out of Dacia; it is clear that there was no mass emigration, since there is evidence of continuity of settlement in Dacian villages and farms; the evacuation may not at first have been intended to be a permanent measure. The Romans left the province, but they didn't consider that they lost it. Dobrogea was not abandoned at all, but continued as part of the Roman Empire for over 350 years. As late as AD 300, the

3757: 4858: 196: 1400: 12857: 4741:

leaving a sizable population behind that was generally Romanized; and finally what is now the northern parts of Moldavia, Crisana, and Maramures, which were never occupied by the Romans. These last areas were always peripheral to the Roman province, not militarily occupied but nonetheless influenced by Rome as part of the Roman economic sphere. Here lived the free, unoccupied Carpi, often called "Free Dacians".

3748:, given by Ptolemy in their country. The origin and ethnic affiliations of the Carpi have been debated over the years; in modern times they are closely associated with the Carpathian Mountains, and a good case has been made for attributing to the Carpi a distinct material culture, "a developed form of the Geto-Dacian La Tene culture", often known as the Poienesti culture, which is characteristic of this area. 12847: 5316: 5262: 5108:. Therefore, in the study of the toponomy of Dacia, one must take account of the fact that some place-names were taken by the Slavs from as yet unromanised Dacians. A number of Dacian words are preserved in ancient sources, amounting to about 1150 anthroponyms and 900 toponyms, and in Discorides some of the rich plant lore of the Dacians is preserved along with the names of 42 medicinal plants. 4849:). On the northernmost frontier of "free Dacia", coin circulation steadily grew in the first and second centuries, with a decline in the third and a rise again in the fourth century; the same pattern as observed for the Banat region to the southwest. What is remarkable is the extent and increase in coin circulation after Roman withdrawal from Dacia, and as far north as Transcarpathia. 4196:. Certain details from their way of life, such as tattooing, also suggest that the Agathyrsi were Thracians. Their place was later taken by the Dacians. That the Dacians were of Thracian stock is not in doubt, and it is safe to assume that this new name also encompassed the Agathyrsi, and perhaps other neighbouring Thracian people as well, as a result of some political upheaval. 3696:

Carpi were Dacians from the eastern foothills of the Carpathian range – modern Moldavia and Wallachia – who had not been brought under direct Roman rule at the time of Trajan's conquest of Transylvania Dacia. After they generated a new degree of political unity among themselves in the course of the third century, these Dacian groups came to be known collectively as the Carpi.

5030:. Such narrative believe that the earlier Iron Age Basarabi evidence in the northern lower Danube area connects to the iron-using Ferigile-Birsesti group. This is an archaeological manifestation of the historical Getae who, along with the Agathyrsae, are one of a number of tribal formations recorded by Herodotus. In archaeology, "free Dacians" are attested by the 4644: 3452:. The Geography was probably written in the period AD 140–150, but the sources were often earlier; for example, Roman Britain is shown before the building of Hadrian's Wall in the AD 120s. Ptolemy's Geography also contains a physical map probably designed before the Roman conquest, and containing no detailed nomenclature. There are references to the 5357:, a single-edged scythe-like weapon. The falx was able to inflict horrible wounds on opponents, easily disabling or killing the heavily armored Roman legionaries that they faced. This weapon, more so than any other single factor, forced the Roman army to adopt previously unused or modified equipment to suit the conditions on the Dacian battlefield. 5290:

hardened by fire. Other inscriptions contain the name of the king, believed to be Thiemarcus, and Latin groups of letters (BVR, REB). BVR indicates the name of the tribe or union of tribes, the Buridavensi Dacians who lived at Buridava and who were mentioned by Ptolemy in the second century AD under the name of Buridavensioi.

4398:, also called Sargedava in some historical writings, situated close to the river Danube. The kingdom of Burebista extended south of the Danube, in what is today Bulgaria, and the Greeks believed their king was the greatest of all Thracians. During his reign, Burebista transferred the Geto-Dacians' capital from Argedava to 3776:. The artist of the Column took some care to depict, in his opinion, a variety of Dacian people—from high-ranking men, women, and children to the near-savage. Although the artist looked to models in Hellenistic art for some body types and compositions, he does not represent the Dacians as generic barbarians. 5137:

Dacian religion was considered by the classic sources as a key source of authority, suggesting to some that Dacia was a predominantly theocratic state led by priest-kings. However, the layout of the Dacian capital Sarmizegethusa indicates the possibility of co-rulership, with a separate high king and

4542:

in 101 AD. The Dacian king Decebalus was forced to sue for peace. Trajan and Decebalus then concluded a peace treaty which was highly favourable to the Romans. The peace agreement required the Dacians to cede some territory to the Romans and to demolish their fortifications. Decebalus' foreign policy

4172:

of Transylvania had been mentioned by Herodotus (fifth century BC), who regarded them as not a Scythian people, but closely related to them. In other respects, their customs were close to those of the Thracians. The Agathyrsi were completely denationalized at the time of Herodotus and absorbed by the

3863:

Since the writings of Herodotus in the 5th century BC, Getae/Dacians are acknowledged as belonging to the Thracian sphere of influence. Despite this, they are distinguished from other Thracians by particularities of religion and custom. Geto-Dacians and Thracians were kin people but they were not the

3695:

The Carpi were a sizeable group of tribes, who lived beyond the north-eastern boundary of Roman Dacia. The majority view among modern scholars is that the Carpi were a North Thracian tribe and a subgroup of the Dacians. However, some historians classify them as Slavs. According to Heather (2010), the

5716:

Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898),(Zalmoxis) or Zamolxis (Zamolxis). Said to have been so called from the bear's skin (zalmos) in which he was clothed as soon as he was born. He was, according to the story current among the Greeks on the Hellespont, a Getan, who

5289:

Fragments of pottery with different "inscriptions" with Latin and Greek letters incised before and after firing have been discovered in the settlement at Ocnita – Valcea. An inscription carries the word Basileus (Βασιλεύς in Greek, meaning "king") and seems to have been written before the vessel was

4036:

Archaeological discoveries in the settlements and fortifications of the Dacians in the period of their kingdoms (1st century BC and 1st century AD) included imported Celtic vessels and others made by Dacian potters imitating Celtic prototypes, showing that relations between the Dacians and the Celts

3546:

Some peoples inhabiting the region generally described in Roman times as "Dacia" were not ethnic Dacians. The true Dacians were a people of Thracian descent. German elements (Daco-Germans), Celtic elements (Daco-Celtic) and Iranian elements (Daco-Sarmatian) occupied territories in the north-west and

3372:

The Dacians are generally considered to have been Thracian speakers, representing a cultural continuity from earlier Iron Age communities loosely termed Getic, Since in one interpretation, Dacian is a variety of Thracian, for the reasons of convenience, the generic term ‘Daco-Thracian" is used, with

1252:

origins. When the Agathyrsi were later completely assimilated by the Geto-Thracian populations;, their fortified settlements became the centres of the Getic groups who would later transform into the Dacian culture; an important part of the Dacian people descended from the Agathyrsi. When the La Tène

5453: 3832:

Since the very first detailed account by Herodotus, Getae are acknowledged as belonging to the Thracians. Still, they are distinguished from the other Thracians by particularities of religion and custom. The first written mention of the name "Dacians" is in Roman sources, but classical authors are

3604:

The impact of the Roman conquest on these people is uncertain. One hypothesis was that they were effectively eliminated. An important clue to the character of Dacian casualties is offered by the ancient sources Eutropius and Crito. Both speak about men when they describe the losses suffered by the

5334:

The history of Dacian warfare spans from c. 10th century BC up to the 2nd century AD in the region typically referred to by Ancient Greek and Latin historians as Dacia. It concerns the armed conflicts of the Dacian tribes and their kingdoms in the Balkans. Apart from conflicts between Dacians and

5054:

stand out, depicting their cultural and aesthetic sense. There are difficulties correlating funerary monuments chronologically with Dacian settlements; a small number of burials are known, along with cremation pits, and isolated rich burials as at Cugir. Dacian burial ritual continued under Roman

4005:

material culture. This material appears in north-western and central Dacia, and is reflected especially in burials. The Dacians absorbed the Celtic influence from the northwest in the early third century BC. Archaeological investigation of this period has highlighted several Celtic warrior graves

3715:

The ancient sources about the Carpi, before 104 AD, located them on a territory situated between the western side of Eastern European Galicia and the mouth of the Danube. The name of the tribe is homonymous with the Carpathian mountains. Carpi and Carpathian are Dacian words derived from the root

3779:

Classical authors applied a generalized stereotype when describing the "barbarians"—Celts, Scythians, Thracians—inhabiting the regions to the north of the Greek world. In accordance with this stereotype, all these peoples are described, in sharp contrast to the "civilized" Greeks, as being much

3673:

were ethnically Dacian. Others considered them a Slavic or Sarmatian tribe. There was also a Celtic influence, so that some consider them a mixed Celtic and Thracian group that appear, after Trajan's conquest, as a Dacian group within the Celtic superstratum. The Costoboci inhabited the southern

5661:

Retrieved 2007-11-08. "In the year 88, the Romans resumed the offensive. The Roman troops were now led by the general Tettius Iulianus. The battle took place again at Tapae but this time the Romans defeated the Dacians. For fear of falling into a trap, Iulianus abandoned his plans of conquering

4740:

Roman Dacia was never a uniformly or fully Romanized area. Post-Aurelianic Dacia fell into three divisions: the area along the river, usually under some type of Roman administration even if in a highly localized form; the zone beyond this area, from which Roman military personnel had withdrawn,

3612:

After Trajan's conquest of Dacia, there was recurring trouble involving Dacian groups excluded from the Roman province, as finally defined by Hadrian. By the early third century the "Free Dacians", as they were earlier known, were a significantly troublesome group, then identified as the Carpi,

5116:

The Dacians knew about writing. Permanent contacts with the Graeco-Roman world had brought the use of the Greek and later the Latin alphabet. It is also certainly not the case that writing with Greek and Latin letters and knowledge of Greek and Latin were known in all the settlements scattered

3828:

period, and eventually the syncretism of both autochthonous and Indo-European elements from the steppes and the Pontic regions. Various groups of Thracians had not separated out by 1200 BC, but there are strong similarities between the ceramic types found at Troy and the ceramic types from the

4254:

surrendered the Dacian territory to the Carpi and the Goths. Over time, Gothic power in the region grew, at the Carpi's expense. The Germanic-speaking Goths replaced native Dacian-speakers as the dominant force around the Carpathian mountains. Large numbers of Carpi, but not all of them, were

3527:. Twelve out of these fifteen tribes listed by Ptolemy are ethnic Dacians, and three are Celts: Anarti, Teurisci, and Cotenses. There are also previous brief mentions of other Getae or Dacian tribes on the left and right banks of the Danube, or even in Transylvania, to be added to the list of 3360:

language in question became extinct and left very limited traces, usually in the form of place names, plant names and personal names. Thraco-Dacian (or Thracian and Daco-Mysian) seems to belong to the eastern (satem) group of Indo-European languages. There are two contradictory theories: some

4744:

The Aurelian retreat was a purely military decision to withdraw the Roman troops to defend the Danube. The inhabitants of the old province of Dacia displayed no awareness of impending dissolution. There were no sudden flights or dismantling of property. It is not possible to discern how many

4499:(ruled 87–106 AD) were seen as dangerous by Rome. Despite the fact that the Dacian army could now gather only some 40,000 soldiers, Decebalus' raids south of the Danube proved unstoppable and costly. In the Romans' eyes, the situation at the border with Dacia was out of control, and Emperor 1135:

Dacians had taken their name from a group of fugitive immigrants arrived from other regions or from their own young outlaws, who acted similarly to the wolves circling villages and living from looting. As was the case in other societies, those young members of the community went through an

4454:

By the year AD 100, more than 400,000 square kilometres were dominated by the Dacians, who numbered two million. Decebalus was the last king of the Dacians, and despite his fierce resistance against the Romans was defeated, and committed suicide rather than being marched through Rome in a

5138:

high priest. Ancient sources recorded the names of several Dacian high priests (Deceneus, Comosicus and Vezina) and various orders of priests: "god-worshipers", "smoke-walkers" and "founders". Both Hellenistic and Oriental influences are discernible in the religious background, alongside

4276:'great victor in Dacia', implying at least partial reconquest of Trajan Dacia. In an inscription of 337, Constantine was commemorated officially as Germanicus Maximus, Sarmaticus, Gothicus Maximus, and Dacicus Maximus, meaning he had defeated the Germans, Sarmatians, Goths, and Dacians. 4001:, and again after the latter were defeated by the Dacians under king Burebista. During the second half of the 4th century BC, Celtic cultural influence appears in the archaeological records of the middle Danube, Alpine region, and north-western Balkans, where it was part of the Middle 4029:. Around 150 BC, La Tène material disappears from the area. This coincides with the ancient writings which mention the rise of Dacian authority. It ended the Celtic domination, and it is possible that Celts were driven out of Dacia. Alternatively, some scholars have proposed that the 4301: 4667:(Free Dacia). By the early third century the "Free Dacians" were a significantly troublesome group, by now identified as the Carpi. Bichir argues that the Carpi were the most powerful of the Dacian tribes who had become the principal enemy of the Romans in the region. In 214 AD, 5215:

by immigrant Thracian residents, and, though Thracian and Athenian processions remained separate, both cult and festival became so popular that in Plato's time (c. 429–13 BC) its festivities were naturalised as an official ceremony of the Athenian city-state, called the

6810:, p. 221: Agrippa comments "Dacia, Getico finiuntur ab oriente desertis Sarmatiae, ab occidente flumine Vistula, a septentrione Oceano, a meridie flumine Histro. Quae patent in longitudine milia passuum CCLXXX, in latitudine qua cogitum est milia passuum CCCLXXXVI" 3795:

Body-painting was customary among the Dacians. It is probable that the tattooing originally had a religious significance. They practiced symbolic-ritual tattooing or body painting for both men and women, with hereditary symbols transmitted up to the fourth generation.

3621:

came in person to deal with them; he assumed the triumphal title Carpicus Maximus and inaugurated a new era for the province of Dacia (July 20, 246). Later both Decius and Gallienus assumed the titles Dacicus Maximus. In 272, Aurelian assumed the same title as Philip.

3823:

In the absence of historical records written by the Dacians (and Thracians) themselves, analysis of their origins depends largely on the remains of material culture. On the whole, the Bronze Age witnessed the evolution of the ethnic groups which emerged during the

5038:

to the east of the Carpathians. The Lipiţa culture has a Dacian/North Thracian origin. This North Thracian population was dominated by strong Celtic influences, or had simply absorbed Celtic ethnic components. Lipiţa culture has been linked to the Dacian tribe of

3740:), who attacked the Romans in the late 4th century, is seen as evidence of their Dacian ethnicity. In fact, Carpi/Carpodaces is the term used for Dacians outside of Dacia proper. However, that the Carpi were Dacians is shown not so much by the form Καρποδάκαι in 1210:

Indo-Europeanization was complete by the beginning of the Bronze Age. The people of that time are best described as proto-Thracians, which later developed in the Iron Age into Danubian-Carpathian Geto-Dacians as well as Thracians of the eastern Balkan Peninsula.

5196:), also gives an account of Deceneus the highest priest, and considered Dacians a nation related to the Goths. Besides Zalmoxis, the Dacians believed in other deities, such as Gebeleizis, the god of storm and lightning, possibly related to the Thracian god 1167:

artifacts: wolf statues and fairly rudimentary figurines representing dancers with a wolf mask. The items could indicate warrior initiation rites, or ceremonies in which young people put on their seasonal wolf masks. The element of unity of beliefs about

5157:, and regarded death as merely a change of country. Their chief priest held a prominent position as the representative of the supreme deity, Zalmoxis, who is called also Gebeleizis by some among them. Strabo wrote about the high priest of King Burebista 5200:. He was represented as a handsome man, sometimes with a beard. Later Gebeleizis was equated with Zalmoxis as the same god. According to Herodotus, Gebeleizis (*Zebeleizis/Gebeleizis who is only mentioned by Herodotus) is just another name of Zalmoxis. 4514:

wealth. The effort required two major wars (the Dacian Wars), one in 101–102 AD and the other in 105–106 AD. Only fragmentary details survive of the Dacian war: a single sentence of Trajan's own Dacica; little more of the Getica written by his doctor,

4255:

admitted into the Roman empire in the twenty-five years or so after 290 AD. Despite this evacuation of the Carpi around 300 AD, considerable groups of the natives (non-Romanized Dacians, Sarmatians and others) remained in place under Gothic domination.

4578:) of celebration, in which approximately 11,000 animals were slaughtered and 11,000 gladiators fought in combats. This surpassed Emperor Titus's celebration in AD 70, when a 100-day festival included 3,000 gladiators and 5,000 to 9,000 wild animals. 1207:(3,300–3,000 BC) when the latter, around 1500 BC, conquered the indigenous peoples. The indigenous people were Danubian farmers, and the invading people of the 3rd millennium BC were Kurgan warrior-herders from the Ukrainian and Russian steppes. 772:

has, moreover, stated that the "Dacians ... appear to be related to the Dahae". (Likewise White and other scholars also believe that the names Dacii and Dahae may also have a shared etymology – see the section following for further details.)

3911:. The Besso-Thracians and Getae-Dacians separated very early from Aryans, since their language still maintains roots that are missing from Iranian and it shows non-Iranian phonetic characteristics (i.e. replacing the Iranian "l" with "r"). 9156: 4602:, 40 km away from the site of Old Sarmisegetuza Regia, which was razed to the ground. The name of the Dacians' homeland, Dacia, became the name of a Roman province, and the name Dacians was used to designate the people in the region. 1259:

attacked the Getae in 335 BC on the lower Danube, but by 300 BC they had formed a state founded on a military democracy, and began a period of conquest. More Celts arrived during the 3rd century BC, and in the 1st century BC the people of

5083:

The Dacians are generally considered to have been Thracian speakers, representing a cultural continuity from earlier Iron Age communities. Some historians and linguists consider Dacian language to be a dialect of or the same language as

1264:

tried to conquer some of the Dacian territory on the eastern side of the Teiss river. The Dacians drove the Boii south across the Danube and out of their territory, at which point the Boii abandoned any further plans for invasion.

5480:

to Ceaușescu himself. The Ceaușescu government conspicuously commemorated the supposed 2,050th anniversary of the founding of the "unified and centralized" country that was to become Romania, on which occasion the historical film

4503:(ruled 81 to 96 AD) tried desperately to deal with the danger through military action. But the outcome of Rome's disastrous campaigns into Dacia in AD 86 and AD 88 pushed Domitian to settle the situation through diplomacy. 4249:

Goths were in Moldavia, and only during the fourth century did they move in strength down into the Danubian plain. The Carpi found themselves squeezed between the advancing Goths and the Roman province of Dacia. In 275 AD,

7747: 1505:, Dacia was limited by the Baltic Ocean in the North and by the Vistula in the West. The names of the people and settlements confirm Dacia's borders as described by Agrippa. Dacian people also lived south of the Danube. 6104:, p. 59: "...A tombstone inscription from Aquincum reads M. Secundi Genalis domo Cl. Agrip /pina/ negotiat. Dacisco. This is of a second century date and suggests the presence of some Dacian traders in Pannonia..." 4573:

The Roman people hailed Trajan's triumph in Dacia with the longest and most expensive celebration in their history, financed by a part of the gold taken from the Dacians. For his triumph, Trajan gave a 123-day festival

9651: 865:

In the 1st century AD, Strabo suggested that its stem formed a name previously borne by slaves: Greek Daos, Latin Davus (-k- is a known suffix in Indo-European ethnic names). In the 18th century, Grimm proposed the

5092:

form regional varieties (dialects) of a common language. (Thracians inhabited modern southern Bulgaria and northern Greece. Illyrians lived in modern Albania, Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia-Herzegovina and Croatia.)

5165:, but also had thoroughly learned certain prognostics through which he would pretend to tell the divine will; and within a short time he was set up as god (as I said when relating the story of Zamolxis)." 9157:

http://www.gandul.info/politica/the-ducks-come-from-the-trucks-pe-sulaina-cenal-cu-aviara-gripa-de-ce-insista-conducatorii-sa-se-faca-de-ras-in-limbi-straine-cititi-aici-explicatia-lui-ion-iliescu-4438675

632:

describes the Getae and Dacians as distinct but cognate tribes. This distinction refers to the regions they occupied. Strabo and Pliny the Elder also state that Getae and Dacians spoke the same language.

5776:, p. 205 "The Dacians were a people of present-day Romania, a subgroup of THRACIANS, who had significant contacts with the ROMANS from the mid-second century B.C.E. to the late third century C.E." 4315:

Dacian polities arose as confederacies that included the Getae, the Daci, the Buri, and the Carpi (cf. Bichir 1976, Shchukin 1989), united only periodically by the leadership of Dacian kings such as

5050:, precious metal plate, ashlar masonry, fortifications, upland sanctuaries with horseshoe-shaped precincts, and decorated clay heart altars at settlement sites. Among many discovered artifacts, the 1159:). To become formidable warriors they would assimilate behavior of the wolf, wearing wolf skins during the ritual. Traces related to wolves as a cult or as totems were found in this area since the 3864:

same. The differences from the southern Thracians or from the neighbouring Scythians were probably faint, as several ancient authors make confusions of identification with both groups. Linguist

5019:

According to Romanian nationalist archaeology, the cradle of the Dacian culture is considered to be north of the Danube towards the Carpathian mountains, in the historical Romanian province of

9040:

Hdt. 4.94,Their belief in their immortality is as follows: they believe that they do not die, but that one who perishes goes to the deity Salmoxis, or Gebeleïzis, as some of them call him.

5253:) was a chthonic god of health and human vitality. The pagan religion survived longer in Dacia than in other parts of the empire; Christianity made little headway until the fifth century. 5126: 3456:, but it appears that the Dacian map of the Tabula was completed after the final triumph of Roman nationality. Ptolemy's list includes no fewer than twelve tribes with Geto-Dacian names. 1155:

region, or a ritual imitation of the behavior and appearance of the wolf. Such a ritual was presumably a military initiation, potentially reserved to a secret brotherhood of warriors (or

4266:

preferred to live among their own kind. As a result, the Goths settled in pockets. Finally, although Roman towns continued on a reduced level, there is no question as to their survival.

7755: 4550:

construct a stone bridge over the Danube river, while Decebalus secretly plotted alliances against the Romans. In 105, Trajan crossed the Danube river and besieged Decebalus' capital,

4095:

It is possible that the Persian expedition and the subsequent occupation may have altered the way in which the Getae expressed the immortality belief. The influence of thirty years of

3653:. However, archaeology has revealed that the Celtic tribes had originally spread from west to east as far as Transylvania, before being absorbed by the Dacians in the 1st century BC. 10017:

Les substrats et leur influence sur les langues romanes: la Romania du Sud-Est / Substrate und ihre Wirkung auf die romanischen Sprachen: Sudostromania in Romanische Sprachgeschichte

1172:

and lycanthropy exists in the magical-religious experience of mystical solidarity with the wolf by whatever means used to obtain it. But all have one original myth, a primary event.

6131: 4258:

In 330 AD, the Gothic Thervingi contemplated moving to the Middle Danube region, and from 370 relocated with their fellow Gothic Greuthungi to new homes in the Roman Empire. The

4674:

Roman Dacia was evacuated by the Romans under emperor Aurelian (ruled 271–5 AD). Aurelian made this decision on account of counter-pressures on the Empire there caused by the

3987: 3629:(west, east and north of the Carpathian range), and the ethnic picture seems to be a mixed one. North of the Carpathians are recorded the Anarti, Teurisci and Costoboci. The 9657: 4092:

mentions Darius and although the Persian army probably did not reach the modern findspot of the tablet, the object is probably evidence of the Persian campaign to Dacia.

804:. Dio Cassius reported that the Dacians themselves used that name, and the Romans so called them, while the Greeks called them Getae. Opinions on the origins of the name 1214:

Between 15th–12th century BC, the Dacian-Getae culture was influenced by the Bronze Age Tumulus-Urnfield warriors who were on their way through the Balkans to Anatolia.

3792:

described the Thracians as "ruddy and tawny". On Trajan's column, Dacian soldiers' hair is depicted longer than the hair of Roman soldiers and they had trimmed beards.

4889:

of the Roman Republic, both official coins of Rome exported to Dacia, as well as locally made imitations of them. The Roman province Dacia is represented on the Roman

12480: 565:, the people became known as 'the Dacians'. Getae and Dacians were interchangeable terms, or used with some confusion by the Greeks. Latin poets often used the name 5490:"The ducks come from the trucks." – A Romanian language pun about a mistranslation (duck and truck sound like dac and trac, the ethnonyms for Dacian and Thracian). 4663:. The tribes Daci Magni (Great Dacians), Costoboci (generally considered a Dacian subtribe), and Carpi remained outside the Roman empire, in what the Romans called 4378:. Greek geographer Strabo claimed that the Dacians and Getae had been able to muster a combined army of 200,000 men during Strabo's era, the time of Roman emperor 4099:

presence may be detected in the emergence of an explicit iconography of the "Royal Hunt" that influenced Dacian and Thracian metalworkers, and of the practice of

10190: 11605: 660:". The name Daoi (one of the ancient Geto-Dacian tribes) was certainly adopted by foreign observers to designate all the inhabitants of the countries north of 4358:, the region between the Haemus (Balkan) mountain range and the Danube. In 72 BC, his troops occupied the Greek coastal cities of Scythia Minor (the modern 5691:

Extensive discussion of whether the date is 429 or 413 BC was reviewed and newly analyzed in Christopher Planeaux, "The Date of Bendis' Entry into Attica"

3784:

wrote that "the Scythians on the Black Sea and the Thracians are straight-haired, for both they themselves and the environing air are moist"; according to

4056:

stayed in the mountains of Central Slovakia, where they took up mining and metalworking. Together with the original domestic population, they created the

5464:

Study of the Dacians, their culture, society and religion is not purely a subject of ancient history, but has present day implications in the context of

5096:

The ancient languages of these people became extinct, and their cultural influence highly reduced, after the repeated invasions of the Balkans by Celts,

3393:

disputes that Dacian and Thracian were closely related for various reasons, most notably that Dacian and Moesian town names commonly end with the suffix

776:

By the end of the first century AD, all the inhabitants of the lands which now form Romania were known to the Romans as Daci, with the exception of some

5472:

and to what degree are present-day Romanians descended from the Dacians might have contemporary political implications. For example, the government of

4330:, one of the Getae, covered an area near the Black Sea, between northern Thrace and the Danube, today Bulgaria, in the 4th century BC. The kingdom of 7780: 5707:

Fifth-century fragmentary inscriptions that record formal descrees regarding formal aspects of the Bendis cult, are reproduced in Planeaux 2000:170f

12258: 11864: 4524: 946: 12455: 4906: 1099: 6128:, p. 313: "...Aurelian calls these soldiers Hiberi, Riparienses, Castriani, and Dacisci " conform to "Vopiscus in Historia Augusta XXVI 38" 11787: 5046:

Specific Dacian material culture includes: wheel-turned pottery that is generally plain but with distinctive elite wares, massive silver dress

4017:, Romania (northern Dacia), an Iron Age raven totem helmet, dated around the 4th century BC. A similar helmet is depicted on the Thraco-Celtic 3335: 12485: 12694: 4640:

attest that the language of administration was Latin. Historian estimates of the population of Roman Dacia range from 650,000 to 1,200,000.

4538:

In the first war, Trajan invaded Dacia by crossing the river Danube with a boat-bridge and inflicted a crushing defeat on the Dacians at the

3891:

considered a close affinity between the Besso-Thracians and Getae-Dacians, an original kinship of both people with Iranian peoples. They are

212: 4546:

However, both Trajan and Decebalus considered this only a temporary truce and readied themselves for renewed war. Trajan had Greek engineer

4323:. This union was both military-political and ideological-religious on ethnic basis. The following are some of the attested Dacian kingdoms: 3299: 3520: 3383:

Dacian culture is mostly followed through Roman sources. Ample evidence suggests that they were a regional power in and around the city of

6726: 9302: 4919:(double-skinned ashlar-masonry with rubble fill and tie beams) characteristic to their complexes of fortified cities, like their capital 2497: 768:, until the 1st millennium BC. Scholars have suggested that there were links between the two peoples since ancient times. The historian 327: 12406: 8909: 4245:, Vandals, Peucini, and Goths until 248, when the Goths assumed the hegemony of the loose coalition. The first lands taken over by the 3896: 3480: 1365: 3948: 10910:

The Slavonic and East European review: a survey of the peoples of eastern Europe, their history, economics, philology and literature

12799: 4116: 3633:(or Anartes) and the Teurisci were originally probably Celtic peoples or mixed Dacian-Celtic. The Anarti, together with the Celtic 10625:

Scythians and Greeks: a survey of ancient history and archaeology on the north coast of the Euxine from the Danube to the Caucasus

6140:, p. 28: The Persians knew that the Dahae and the other Massagetae were kin of the inhabitants of Scythia west of the Caspian Sea. 4088:

reached the Danube, the first people he subdued were the Getae, who believed that they never die". A persian clay tablet found at

5437:

was a Dacian chief, general and brother of Decebalus, and his representative at the peace negotiations held with Domitian (89 CE)

4761: 1143:

The existence of a ritual that provides one with the ability to turn into a wolf. Such a transformation may be related either to

992:, meaning to press, to gather, or to strangle – i.e. it was believed that wolves would often use a neck bite to kill their prey. 11843: 4927:, Romania. This type of wall has been discovered not only in the Dacian citadel of the Orastie mountains, but also in those at 4427: 449: 4975:

and in the account of how Sarmizegetusa Regia was defeated by the Romans. The Romans were given by treachery the locations of

4510:(ruled 98–117 AD) opted for a different approach and decided to conquer the Dacian kingdom, partly in order to seize its vast 1452:

North of the Danube, Dacians occupied a larger territory than Ptolemaic Dacia, stretching between Bohemia in the west and the

11742: 11695: 11676: 11657: 11556: 11537: 11509: 11472: 11453: 11434: 11393: 11374: 11355: 11334: 11283: 11264: 11205: 11168: 11149: 11130: 11067: 11045: 11026: 11007: 10988: 10953: 10898: 10879: 10835: 10801: 10751: 10732: 10701: 10674: 10651: 10632: 10613: 10563: 10544: 10523: 10502: 10465: 10446: 10427: 10399: 10369: 10348: 10327: 10308: 10289: 10266: 10247: 10228: 10200: 10176: 10142: 10123: 10104: 10073: 10043: 10024: 10005: 9986: 9956: 9937: 9905: 9855: 9806: 9778: 9759: 9745:. Bibliotheca historica Romaniae. Translated by Sanda Mihailescu. Bucuresti: Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste Romania. 9728: 9709: 9690: 9631: 9612: 9589: 9570: 9551: 9529: 9510: 9491: 9453: 9434: 9415: 9385: 9364: 9204: 9136: 6152:, p. 34: "Dasas or Dasyu of the RigVeda are the Dahae of Avesta, Daci of the Romans, Dakaoi (Hindi Dakku) of the Greeks" 4335: 4270: 3306: 3278: 10845: 2157: 5353:

The weapon most associated with the Dacian forces that fought against Trajan's army during his invasions of Dacia was the

4897:, a small child on her knee. The aquila holds ears of grain, and another small child is seated before her holding grapes. 3387:. Sarmizegetusa was their political and spiritual capital. The ruined city lies high in the mountains of central Romania. 12914: 12894: 12411: 3263: 4655:

Dacians that remained outside the Roman Empire after the Dacian wars of AD 101–106 had been named Dakoi prosoroi (Latin

4488:

lasted only until his death in 44 BC. The subsequent division of Dacia continued for about a century until the reign of

12904: 11714: 11111: 10591: 9472: 9291: 5544: 5539: 3328: 3285: 2216: 12850: 11811: 10770: 8490: 5192: 4565: 1549: 1439: 1336: 9563:

A history of ancient geography among the Greeks and Romans: from the earliest ages till the fall of the Roman empire

5698:.2 (December 2000:165–192). Planeaux offers a reconstruction of the inscription mentioning the first introduction, p 4616:, was a province of the Roman Empire from 106 to 271 or 275 AD. Its territory consisted of eastern and southeastern 12889: 3292: 2056: 11000:

Inscriptions de la Dacie romaine : inscriptions externes concernant l'histoire de la Dacie (Ier-IIIe siècles)

11613: 5088:. The vocalism and consonantism differentiate the Dacian and Thracian languages. Others consider that Dacian and 4983:

of the Dacian capital, only after destroying the water supply being able to end the long siege of Sarmisegetuza.

4948: 4343: 3459:

The fifteen tribes of Dacia as named by Ptolemy, starting from the northernmost ones, are as follows. First, the

1567: 1303: 1129:

Dacians might have called themselves "wolves" or "ones the same with wolves", suggesting religious significance.

37: 11638: 11326: 11309: 10684:

Nandris, John (1976). Friesinger, Herwig; Kerchler, Helga; Pittioni, Richard; Mitscha-Märheim, Herbert (eds.).

10666: 9330: 4956: 3924: 3148: 2923: 2327: 174: 10257:

Hainsworth, J.B. (1982). "The relationships of the ancient languages of the Balkan". In Boardman, John (ed.).

5386:, a semi-legendary social and religious reformer, eventually deified by the Getae and Dacians and regarded as 5078: 3321: 2893: 2162: 2099: 1900: 1786: 9926:

From Zalmoxis to Genghis Khan: comparative studies in the religions and folklore of Dacia and Eastern Europe

9683:

Art in the Lives of Ordinary Romans: Visual Representation and Non-Elite Viewers in Italy, 100 B.C.-A.D. 315

4940: 9921:

De la Zalmoxis la Genghis-Han: studii comparative despre religiile și folclorul Daciei și Europei Orientale

4753:

inside the empire, dispersing them in communities the length of the Danube, from Austria to the Black Sea.

4492:. This was a period of only occasional attacks on the Roman Empire's border, with some local significance. 4176:

The opinion that the Agathyrsi were almost certainly Thracians results also from the writings preserved by

3446:

An extensive account of the native tribes in Dacia can be found in the ninth tabula of Europe of Ptolemy's

3357: 2581: 2084: 1895: 1890: 1885: 1780: 1375: 1075: 11367:

The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Warfare: Volume 2, Rome from the Late Republic to the Late Empire

9893:

Zalmoxis, the vanishing God: comparative studies in the religions and folklore of Dacia and Eastern Europe

9653:

Paleo-mtDNA analysis and population genetic aspects of old Thracian populations from South-East of Romania

4133:, their military strategy, and the release of Lysimachus following a debate in the assembly of the Getae. 12860: 12793: 9897: 7788: 5006: 4599: 4230:

Map showing the Dacian-speaking Carpi place in invading Roman Dacia in AD 250–1, under the Gothic leader

3348:

The Dacians and Getae were always considered as Thracians by the ancients (Dio Cassius, Trogus Pompeius,

2898: 2393: 2094: 1973: 1959: 1940: 1030:

Hungarian linguist and historian Dr. Viktor Padányi writes "By all indications their name comes from the

413: 365: 10891:

The Central Balkan Tribes in Pre-Roman Times:Triballi, Autariatae, Dardanians, Scordisci, & Moesians

10793: 4410:. Burebista annexed the Greek cities on the Pontus.(55–48 BC). Augustus wanted to avenge the defeat of 12807: 12773: 12263: 11836: 11038:

Thracians and Mycenaeans: Proceedings of the Fourth International Congress of Thracology Rotterdam 1984

10114:

Glodariu, Ioan; Pop, Ioan Aurel; Nagler, Thomas (2005). "The history and civilization of the Dacians".

4928: 4671:

campaigned against the Free Dacians. There were also campaigns against the Dacians recorded in 236 AD.

2236: 2194: 1794: 1421: 1410: 442: 423: 9250: 5401:

was a king of Dacia, 70–44 BC, who united under his rule Thracians in a large territory, from today's

12909: 12221: 5010: 4932: 2938: 2903: 2576: 1880: 418: 11764: 11227: 11089: 9828: 4438:, and an experienced general at 33 years of age, who was appointed proconsul of Macedonia in 29 BC. 1191:. It is generally proposed that a proto-Dacian or proto-Thracian people developed from a mixture of 857:

groups that had been assimilated into the larger Thracian-speaking population of the later "Dacia."

12560: 12552: 12343: 10921: 10586:. Vol. 2: Government, Society, and Culture in the Roman Empire. University of North Carolina. 4468: 3560: 3198: 3088: 2908: 2439: 2271: 2222: 2118: 1920: 1875: 1870: 1790: 1502: 1125:, to give a mythological foundation to an alleged special relation between Dacians and the wolves: 394: 342: 11323:

Des les goths aux huns: le nord de la mer Noire au Bas-Empire et a l'époque des grandes migrations

11019:

Festschrift für Richard Pittioni zum siebzigsten Geburtstag, Archaeologia Austriaca : Beiheft

10696:(13–14) (Festschrift für Richard Pittioni zum siebzigsten Geburtstag ed.). Vienna: Deuticke. 10337:

Mykhaĭlo Hrushevskyĭ; Andrzej Poppe; Marta Skorupsky; Frank E. Sysyn; Uliana M. Pasicznyk (1997).

9641:

Bury, John Bagnell; Cook, Stanley Arthur; Adcock, Frank E.; Percival Charlesworth, Martin (1954).

5211:, which required the Athenians to grant land for a shrine or temple, her cult was introduced into 5149:

or Zamolxis, the Getae (speaking the same language as the Dacians and the Thracians, according to

4418:

32 years before, and to recover the lost standards. These were held in a powerful fortress called

3833:

unanimous in considering them a branch of the Getae, a Thracian people known from Greek writings.

1182: 12699: 12648: 12605: 12570: 10908:

Pares, Bernard Sir; Seton-Watso, Robert William; Williams, Harold; Brooke Jopson, Norman (1939).

9738: 9407: 5469: 5447: 4727: 4547: 4472: 4431: 4146: 3846: 3572: 3093: 2820: 1930: 1925: 1915: 1559: 1187:

Evidence of proto-Thracians or proto-Dacians in the prehistoric period depends on the remains of

970: 360: 246: 31: 11097: 11055: 4076:

they created Celtic-Dacian settlements which were known for the production of painted ceramics.

3362: 1268:

Some Hungarian historians consider the Dacians and Getae the same as the Scythian tribes of the

12584: 12495: 12303: 10090:(in Bulgarian and French). Sofia: Bŭlgarska akademii︠a︡ na naukite. Institut za Bŭlgarski ezik. 6712: 4976: 4539: 4411: 4112: 3982: 3576: 3083: 3055: 2839: 2741: 2507: 2353: 1977: 1815: 1707: 1646: 1601: 1541: 1533: 1307: 274: 11424: 11404: 11345: 10064:. History of Humanity. Vol. 3: From the seventh century B.C. to the seventh century A.D. 9314: 4484:

contemplated campaigning against the Dacians. Despite this, the formidable Dacian power under

3780:

taller, their skin lighter and with straight light-coloured hair and blue eyes. For instance,

11860: 11829: 10534: 7776: 6261: 4769: 4375: 4030: 3920: 3785: 3433: 3366: 3230: 3059: 1967: 1963: 1948: 1944: 1229: 549: 435: 169:

and may be a subgroup of it. Dacians were somewhat culturally influenced by the neighbouring

17: 10383:. Translated by Teresa A. Dmochowska. Łódzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe / Łodz Scientific Society. 1253:

Celts arrived in the 4th century BC, the Dacians were under the influence of the Scythians.

1221:

from the east into the Pontic Steppe pushed westwards and away from the steppes the related

891:"Daci" is difficult. In the 19th century, Tomaschek (1883) proposed the form "Dak", meaning 12709: 12268: 12027: 11465:

Northeastern European Iron Age pages 210–221 and East Central European Iron Age pages 79–90

10083: 5754: 5554: 5465: 5414: 5366: 5309: 5000: 4878: 4342:, becoming the first Roman general to reach the river Danube with his army. His successor, 4177: 3865: 3453: 3390: 3176: 3141: 2454: 2137: 2089: 2026: 1996: 1954: 1934: 1798: 1652: 1524: 1200: 1196: 996: 710: 532: 114: 5473: 4598:

Only about half part of Dacia then became a Roman province, with a newly built capital at

4543:

was also restricted, as he was prohibited from entering into alliances with other tribes.

3625:

In about 140 AD, Ptolemy lists the names of several tribes residing on the fringes of the

2322: 1318: 8: 12737: 12727: 12591: 12420: 12114: 11630: 11256:

Chronicle of the Roman Emperors: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial Rome

11017:

Pittioni, Richard; Kerchler, Helga; Friesinger, Herwig; Mitscha-Märheim, Herbert (1976).

9752:

Linguistic problems of the Balkan area in the late prehistoric and early Classical period

9030:

BENDIS : Thracian goddess of the moon & hunting ; mythology ; pictures

5818:

J. J. Wilkes mentions "the Getae of the Dobrudja, who were akin to the Dacians"; (p. 562)

5758: 5663: 5379:

This is a list of several important Dacian individuals or those of partly Dacian origin.

5335:

neighboring nations and tribes, numerous wars were recorded among Dacian tribes as well.

5130: 5014: 4920: 4882: 4551: 4399: 4221: 4022: 4018: 3769: 3741: 3729: 3585: 3448: 3384: 2449: 2444: 2340: 2264: 2229: 2152: 2142: 2001: 1702: 1697: 1666: 1371: 1256: 910:. Tomaschek also proposed the form "Davus", meaning "members of the clan/countryman" cf. 467: 221: 11294: 4073: 3438: 640:, whatever the origin of the name, was used by the more western tribes who adjoined the 12899: 12686: 12679: 12663: 12278: 11781: 11752: 11215: 11077: 10972: 10721: 10036:

The 3000-year-old hat: New connections with Old Europe : the Thraco-Phrygian world

9949:'Terra deserta': population, politics, and the colonization of Dacia. World archaeology 9816: 7943: 5583: 5299: 4980: 4972: 4846: 4798: 4593: 4559: 4520: 4516: 3773: 3606: 3155: 3106: 3040: 3024: 2649: 2302: 2041: 1727: 1632: 1627: 1024: 769: 11306:

Rome and the barbarians in central and eastern Europe: 1st century BC – 1st century AD

9871:

Man into wolf: an anthropological interpretation of sadism, masochism, and lycanthropy

7848: 7846: 7844: 7819: 7817: 4002: 1136:

initiation, perhaps up to a year, during which they lived as a "wolf". Comparatively,

1110: 12599: 12363: 12288: 12235: 11738: 11710: 11691: 11672: 11653: 11634: 11609: 11579: 11552: 11533: 11505: 11468: 11449: 11430: 11389: 11370: 11351: 11330: 11279: 11260: 11254: 11201: 11164: 11145: 11126: 11107: 11063: 11041: 11022: 11003: 10984: 10949: 10894: 10875: 10831: 10797: 10766: 10747: 10728: 10707: 10697: 10670: 10647: 10628: 10609: 10587: 10559: 10540: 10519: 10513: 10498: 10461: 10442: 10423: 10395: 10365: 10344: 10323: 10304: 10285: 10278: 10262: 10243: 10224: 10196: 10172: 10138: 10119: 10100: 10069: 10039: 10020: 10001: 9982: 9952: 9933: 9901: 9875: 9851: 9802: 9774: 9755: 9724: 9705: 9686: 9627: 9608: 9585: 9566: 9547: 9525: 9506: 9487: 9468: 9449: 9430: 9411: 9381: 9360: 9343: 9287: 9200: 9181: 9132: 8814: 8486: 8479: 7935: 5578: 5089: 5085: 5074: 4629: 4435: 4371: 4193: 4096: 3968: 3908: 3888: 3873: 3353: 3169: 3135: 3127: 3071: 3065: 3047: 3018: 2997: 2983: 2975: 2745: 2606: 2546: 2528: 2469: 2464: 2459: 2426: 2421: 2250: 2113: 1762: 1755: 1748: 1734: 1720: 1680: 1659: 1596: 1588: 1222: 1031: 962: 950: 911: 166: 142: 138: 42: 10863:

Thracian and pre-Thracian studies: linguistic papers published between 1986 and 1996

9650:

Cardos, G; Stoian, V; Miritoiu, N; Comsa, A; Kroll, A; Voss, S; Rodewald, A (2004).

5270: 5035: 4659:), "neighbouring Dacians". Modern historians use the generic name "Free Dacians" or 4422:(Isaccea, near modern Tulcea, in the Danube delta region of Romania), controlled by 4125:

Greek and Roman chroniclers record the defeat and capture of the Macedonian general

4026: 3952: 3424:) would, however, be hardly enough evidence to separate Daco-Moesian from Thracian. 1417: 12884: 12747: 12742: 12732: 12658: 12578: 12525: 12490: 12227: 12017: 9869: 7841: 7814: 6273: 5593: 5573: 5483: 5051: 5027: 4924: 4703: 4217: 4014: 3805: 3405: 3163: 3113: 2930: 2736: 2624: 2564: 2541: 2484: 2479: 2416: 2403: 2398: 2388: 2061: 1674: 1622: 1614: 1607: 1490: 1476: 1204: 1192: 1188: 1156: 56: 10917: 10782:"Remarks on the Presence of Iranian Peoples in Europe and Their Asiatic Relations" 10456:

Köpeczi, Béla; Makkai, Laszlo; Mócsy, András; Szász, Zoltán; Barta, Gabor (2002).

9967: 7781:"The heathens made gods like themselves, whence springs all superstition (VII.4.)" 5658: 5627:'Regarding Medical Materials') has all the Dacian names of the plants preceded by 5457: 4732: 1164: 1132:

Dacians draw their name from a god or a legendary ancestor who appeared as a wolf.

12653: 12293: 12245: 11624: 11567: 11318: 11101: 10825: 10685: 10581: 10389: 10359: 10338: 10162: 10057: 9919: 9891: 9837: 9601: 9375: 9126: 6639: 6435: 6257: 5939: 5598: 5549: 5282: 5266: 5064: 5047: 4441: 4415: 3838: 3618: 3413: 3244: 3213: 3208: 3203: 3184: 3120: 3099: 3077: 2662: 2551: 2474: 2383: 2316: 2257: 2123: 1855: 1840: 1830: 1825: 1741: 1713: 1514: 1048: 981: 867: 781: 562: 462: 380: 375: 269: 162: 4936: 4809: 3575:(AD 101–6), the Romans occupied only about half of the wider Dacian region. The 12840: 12717: 12668: 12506: 11987: 10515:

The grand strategy of the Roman Empire from the first century A.D. to the third

10168: 8577: 6974:

National Geographic, Hubble at 25, April 2015, Story by Andrew Curry, p.128.

6116:, p. 163: "...patri incom rabili, decep a Daciscis in bel- loproclio ..." 5329: 5305: 5212: 5173: 5031: 4894: 4834: 4750: 4719: 4675: 4528: 4403: 4367: 4057: 4041:, archaeology has revealed evidence for mixed Celtic-Dacian populations in the 4033:

remained, but merged into the local culture and thus ceased to be distinctive.

3708: 3704: 3690: 2989: 2856: 2731: 2289: 2243: 2211: 2147: 1638: 1068: 665: 489: 294: 184: 96: 91: 83: 8270: 5646: 4632:, and remained so throughout the Roman occupation. It was one of the empire's 12878: 12722: 12638: 12460: 12450: 12283: 12273: 11583: 10711: 10601: 10577: 10573: 10186: 10053: 9915: 9887: 9865: 9539: 9347: 7939: 5588: 5197: 5105: 5101: 4916: 4910: 4842: 4608: 4555: 4481: 4456: 3957: 3733: 3396: 3249: 2713: 2629: 2346: 2204: 2066: 1820: 1472: 1460: 1118: 974: 554: 503: 408: 337: 106: 9029: 5281:

illustrating the use of Greek and Latin letters by a Dacian potter (source:

4226: 2036: 12865:

Dacian kingdoms succeeding Burebista's state and preceding Decebalus' state

12768: 12626: 12542: 12440: 12386: 12216: 12074: 12049: 11962: 11912: 11907: 10976: 10493:

Lewis, D. M.; Boardman, John; Hornblower, Simon; Ostwald, M., eds. (2008).

10214:(in French). International Union of Prehistoric and Protohistoric Sciences. 8542:

Köpeczi, Béla; Makkai, László; Mócsy, András; Szász, Zoltán; Barta, Gábor.

5418: 5406: 5274: 4838: 4786: 4715: 4695: 4617: 4168:

The Scythians' arrival in the Carpathian mountains is dated to 700 BC. The

4130: 3858: 3842: 3598: 3492: 3476: 3472: 2868: 2706: 2180: 2051: 1850: 1845: 1835: 1241: 1039: 675:

is found under various forms within ancient sources. Greeks used the forms

519: 403: 385: 312: 11106:. The Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 3 (2nd ed.). London: CUP. 10927: 9797:

Dumitrescu, Vlad; Boardman, John; Hammond, N. G. L; Sollberger, E (1982).

6558: 6277: 5476:

claimed an uninterrupted continuity of a Dacian-Romanian state, from King

4960: 4628:(located in modern Romania). Dacia was organised from the beginning as an 3880:

and Dacians (or as he calls them Daco-Mysians) couldn't be related to the

1236:. Following this, the Agathyrsi settled in the territories of present-day 808:

are divided. Some scholars consider it to originate in the Indo-European *

12622: 11972: 11967: 11467:. Springer Published in conjunction with the Human Relations Area Files. 11016: 9395: 9380:. Coordinator Pop, Ioan Aurel. Cluj-Napoca: Romanian Cultural Institute. 9313:(in Romanian) (210). Rome: Centro Europeo di Studii Traci. Archived from 9152: 5237:. Gebeleizis is probably cognate to the Thracian god Zibelthiurdos (also 4841:. They also worked the gold and silver mines of Transylvania. At Pecica, 4826: 4818: 4698:

fortresses to supplement the defence. Thracians in Moesia and Dacia were

4648: 4587: 4363: 4338:(proconsul 75–73 BC) campaigned successfully against the Dardani and the 3815: 3699: 3678: 3626: 3563:(south-west Ukraine), although Ptolemy places Moldavia and Bessarabia in 3547:

north-east of Dacia. This region covered roughly the same area as modern

3516: 3512: 2844: 2830: 2794: 2502: 1493:, which is somewhere in the vicinity of the river Duria, the present-day 1481: 1233: 1144: 1043:, a standard flown by the Dacians, also prominently featured a wolf head. 765: 731:

There are similarities between the ethnonyms of the Dacians and those of

694: 690: 646: 351: 11733:

Wilkes, John (2005). Alan Bowman; Averil Cameron; Peter Garnsey (eds.).

9214:

Cassius, Dio Cocceianus; Cary, Earnest; Foster, Herbert Baldwin (1968).

7754:. Electronic Text Center, University of Virginia Library. Archived from 5168: 5125: 4394:(ruled 82 – 44 BC). The capital of the kingdom was possibly the city of 4010: 3837:

specified that the Daci are the Getae who lived in the area towards the

2031: 12822: 12763: 12348: 12338: 12069: 11878: 11797:

Eclogae ex Q. Horatii Flacci poematibus page 140 and page 175 by Horace

11189:

La linguistique Balkanique in Revue roumaine de linguistique, volume 27

10320:

Empires and Barbarians: Migration, Development, and the Birth of Europe

9977:

Elton, Hugh; Lenski, Noel Emmanuel (2005). "Warfare and the Military".

9879: 8567: 8565: 7947: 7923: 6155: 5679: 5568: 5529: 5524: 5387: 4992: 4968: 4890: 4822: 4785:). Only the aristocracy had the right to cover their heads, and wore a 4683: 4511: 4331: 4259: 4126: 4120: 3994: 3900: 3825: 3789: 3760:

Roman monument commemorating the Battle of Adamclisi clearly shows two

3552: 3488: 3356:. The linguistic affiliation of Dacian is uncertain, since the ancient 2807: 2721: 2599: 2364: 1273: 1169: 1152: 1012: 995:

Endonyms linked to wolves have been demonstrated or proposed for other

641: 370: 11737:. The Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 12 (second ed.). CUP. 11570:[The Danubian populations: comparative ethnographic studies]. 10872:

Etymological Lexicon of the Indigenous (Thracian) Elements in Romanian

10301:

The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History of Rome and the Barbarians

9227: 7534: 4885:. Early in the 1st century BC, the Dacians replaced these with silver 4789:. The common people, who comprised the rank and file of the army, the 4535:'s Dacica. Nonetheless, a reasonable account can be pieced together. 644:

and therefore first became known to the Romans. According to Strabo's

12812: 12391: 12253: 12120: 12102: 12090: 12012: 11977: 11927: 11296:

Ptolemy's maps of northern Europe: a reconstruction of the prototypes

10907: 9223: 8820: 8718: 7743: 5667: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5477: 5424: 5398: 5374: 5370: 5040: 4830: 4746: 4723: 4699: 4691: 4679: 4668: 4637: 4496: 4485: 4477: 4407: 4391: 4320: 4316: 4308: 4295: 4291: 4263: 4246: 4209: 4185: 4169: 4142: 3944: 3936: 3881: 3781: 3761: 3669: 3662: 3614: 3594: 3580: 3500: 3468: 3010: 2787: 2779: 2772: 2765: 2751: 2619: 1456: 1249: 1225: 1218: 1160: 1019:(of the south-east Caspian region), who were known in Old Persian as 1008: 942: 930: 854: 829: 785: 537: 322: 317: 170: 122: 118: 11816: 10789: 10781: 9700:

Conti, Stefano; Scardigli, Barbara; Torchio, Maria Cristina (2007).

8562: 8082: 8080: 5452: 4706:

were their Hellenized descendants that had mingled with the Greeks.

3903:

left the Aryan homeland and settled in the Carpathian chain, in the

3756: 3352:, Strabo and Pliny the Elder), and were both said to speak the same 12817: 12445: 12435: 12430: 12425: 12373: 12353: 12333: 12328: 12323: 12096: 12064: 12044: 12002: 11982: 11957: 11932: 11917: 11575: 9796: 9640: 9327:

Prolegomena to the study of the second Jewish revolt (A.D. 132–135)

7852: 7823: 7687: 6645: 5975: 5950: 5948: 5897: 5895: 5893: 5891: 5889: 5887: 5885: 5879:, p. 189): "the Getae over the Danube, whom they call Dacians" 5675: 5671: 5383: 5233: 5181: 5158: 5146: 5139: 5024: 5020: 4996: 4500: 4395: 4379: 4359: 4347: 4327: 4251: 4242: 4154: 4100: 4085: 4038: 4037:

from the regions north and west of Dacia continued. In present-day

3932: 3646: 3536: 3508: 3504: 3464: 2953: 2944: 2835: 2636: 2611: 2515: 2006: 1582: 1137: 900: 801: 541: 466:

Two of the eight marble statues of Dacian warriors surmounting the

236: 231: 226: 146: 11709:. Men at Arms. Vol. 129. Illustrator Gerry Embleton. Osprey. 11426:

The Ephemeral Civilization: Exploding the Myth of Social Evolution

11344:

Siani-Davies, Peter; Siani-Davies, Mary; Deletant, Andrea (1998).

10164:

Dacia: Land of Transylvania, Cornerstone of Ancient Eastern Europe

8028: 8026: 7212: 5866: 5421:. The Greeks considered him the first and greatest king of Thrace. 4952: 3845:), while the Getae proper gravitated towards the Black Sea coast ( 3613:

requiring imperial intervention on more than one occasion. In 214

1475:

stated that the Dacian territory was on the eastern border of the

12368: 12183: 12165: 12108: 11952: 11922: 11883: 11198:

The supposed extermination of the Dacians: the literary tradition

10723:

Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture

9847: 9131:. Budapest: Central European University Press. pp. 78, 125. 8987: 8077: 6748: 6320: 6240: 6238: 5682:(a Germanic tribe), the emperor was obliged to accept the peace." 5410: 5402: 5298:

The typical dress of Dacians, both men and women, can be seen on

5278: 4886: 4874: 4857: 4790: 4687: 4625: 4489: 4423: 4419: 4158: 4065: 3940: 3638: 3556: 3548: 3528: 3460: 3377: 3003: 2967: 2960: 2378: 2011: 1464: 1453: 1245: 1237: 1148: 1027:

have explicitly linked the endonyms of the Dacians and the Dahae.

1004: 1000: 934: 617: 605: 195: 150: 134: 130: 126: 11343: 10811:

Oledzki, M. (2000). "La Tène Culture in the Upper Tisza Basin".

10497:. The Cambridge ancient history. Vol. 6 (7 ed.). CUP. 10340:

History of Ukraine-Rus': From prehistory to the eleventh century

10212:

Actes du VIIIe congrès international des sciences préhistoriques

8583: 7961: 7959: 7957: 6977: 6905: 6903: 5945: 5882: 5456:

Modern Romanian statue of the Dacian King Burebista (located in

4869:

The first coins produced by the Geto-Dacians were imitations of

4426:, the local Getan petty king. The man selected for the task was 4061: 1501:, Moesians also lived on both sides of the Danube. According to 1497:(Waag). Dacians lived on both sides of the Danube. According to 1147:

itself, a widespread phenomenon, but attested especially in the

873:

or "day" that would give the meaning of "light, brilliant". Yet

12673: 12643: 12358: 12318: 12160: 12137: 12059: 12054: 12007: 11997: 11902: 11893: 10065: 9932:, Payot, Paris, 1970 ed.). București, Romania: Humanitas. 9403: 9246: 9177: 8457: 8455: 8357: 8282: 8023: 7870: 6376: 6071: 5998: 5996: 5994: 5992: 5990: 5603: 5563: 5434: 5428: 5427:, a king of Dacia who was ultimately defeated by the forces of 5393: 5315: 5208: 5204: 5186: 5150: 4964: 4870: 4532: 4507: 4355: 4189: 4181: 4089: 4069: 4053: 3904: 3834: 3634: 3630: 3540: 3532: 3524: 3484: 3401: 3349: 2726: 2680: 2199: 2016: 1498: 686: 661: 629: 593: 582: 570: 558: 241: 154: 10492: 8766: 8276: 7402: 7338: 7336: 6825: 6235: 5261: 4300: 3645:

Germanic people. The Teurisci were probably a group of Celtic

3376:

Another variety that has sometimes been recognized is that of

1494: 1485:, written around AD 20, the Getes (Geto-Dacians) bordered the 71: 12154: 12039: 11947: 11942: 11898: 11888: 11852: 11568:"Les populations danubiennes: études d'ethnographie comparée" 11549:

The Making of Eastern Europe: From the Earliest Times to 1815

11161:

Archaeology and Language, The Puzzle of Indo-European Origins

10539:. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina. 10135:

Barbarian Tides: The Migration Age and the Later Roman Empire

9928:] (in Romanian) (Based on the translation from French of 9264:

Strabo; Jones, Horace Leonard; Sterrett, John Robert (1967).

8648: 8646: 8644: 8642: 8640: 8118: 8116: 8001: 7999: 7997: 7954: 7377: 7375: 6900: 5738: 5736: 5734: 5732: 5637: 5628: 5534: 5504: 5499: 5162: 5070: 4944: 4862: 4633: 4621: 4362:

region in Romania and Bulgaria), which had sided with Rome's

4351: 4339: 4304: 4285: 4238: 4231: 4213: 4205: 4150: 4042: 3892: 3877: 3642: 3496: 2825: 2699: 2693: 2675: 2046: 2021: 1520: 1486: 1277: 1269: 1016: 886: 777: 736: 732: 704: 698: 676: 651: 332: 203: 158: 110: 100: 9799:

The prehistory of Romania from the earliest times to 1000 BC

8963: 8936: 8452: 8318: 8176: 8174: 8172: 7802: 7603: 7455: 7453: 7348: 7103: 7101: 6388: 6064: 6062: 5987: 5674:

refused this request, but after he was defeated in a war in

4643: 4562:

in Rome was constructed to celebrate the conquest of Dacia.

1067:

standard was not unique to Dacians. He thus dismisses it as

973:(5th/6th century), as well as by the 20th century historian 12520: 12515: 11992: 11873: 10556:

Archaeology in Romania: the mystery of the Roman occupation

9544:

Dacia felix: Das antike Rumänien im Brennpunkt der Kulturen

9400:

Rome and the Nomads: The Pontic-Danubian Realm in Antiquity

9060: 9058: 8867: 8865: 8730: 8613: 8406: 8404: 8402: 8258: 8197: 8195: 8193: 8191: 8189: 8050: 8038: 7333: 6677: 6675: 6337: 6335: 6225: 6223: 5354: 5348: 5344: 5154: 5097: 4575: 4334:

controlled a region in Transylvania in the 2nd century BC.

4052:

After the Dacians subdued the Celtic tribes, the remaining

4046: 4021:, being worn by one of the mounted warriors (detail tagged 3998: 3928: 3728:- "cut". A quote from the 6th-century Byzantine chronicler 3650: 3217: 1468: 1261: 1055:("wolf") has little plausibility, as the transformation of 1047:

However, according to Romanian historian and archaeologist

860: 471: 65: 11669:

Handbook of Egyptian, Greek, Etruscan and Roman Archeology

11196:

Ruscu, D. (2004). William S. Hanson; I. P. Haynes (eds.).

8637: 8345: 8224: 8222: 8113: 7994: 7470: 7468: 7392: 7390: 7372: 7269: 7164: 5729: 4480:'s Dacian state was powerful enough to threaten Rome, and 4060:

that spread into central and northern Slovakia, including

624:

for the Dacians. Modern historians prefer to use the name

68: 11416:

Berücksichtigung des Substrats und des Balkanlateinischen

9649: 8999: 8790: 8742: 8335: 8333: 8169: 7984: 7982: 7980: 7978: 7976: 7974: 7651: 7639: 7480: 7450: 7229: 7227: 7098: 6944: 6662: 6660: 6658: 6656: 6654: 6296: 6143: 6059: 6025: 6023: 5931: 5929: 5856: 5854: 4971:. The degree of their urban development was displayed on 4390:

The Dacian kingdom reached its maximum extent under king

289: 165:, which has a debated relationship with the neighbouring 125:. This area includes mainly the present-day countries of 11821: 10979:(2001). "Encyclopedia of Prehistory: Volume 4: Europe". 9236: 9094: 9082: 9070: 9055: 9043: 8960:

Histories by Herodotus Book 4 translated by G. Rawlinson

8889: 8877: 8862: 8838: 8754: 8682: 8499: 8399: 8186: 8067: 8065: 7726: 7724: 7722: 7720: 7718: 7716: 7714: 7152: 7061: 7059: 7057: 6890: 6888: 6873: 6803: 6801: 6799: 6672: 6531: 6529: 6514: 6444: 6332: 6220: 6161: 6107: 6083: 5965: 5963: 5784: 5782: 5623:

Dioscorides's book (known in English by its Latin title

4777:

Dacians were divided into two classes: the aristocracy (

1314: 11246:

Die Sprache der Thrako-Daker ('Thraco-Dacian language')

10744:

In Praise of Later Roman Emperors: The Panegyric Latini

10686:"The Dacian Iron Age – A Comment in a European Context" 10455: 10361:

Slovakia: walking through centuries of cities and towns

10192:

The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire

8625: 8234: 8219: 8207: 8157: 8135: 8133: 8131: 8101: 7893: 7891: 7889: 7887: 7885: 7663: 7615: 7522: 7465: 7438: 7387: 7360: 7076: 7074: 6996: 6994: 6992: 6922: 6920: 6918: 6784: 6772: 6694: 6692: 6690: 6575: 6573: 6548: 6546: 6544: 6504: 6502: 6500: 6498: 6473: 6471: 6354: 6352: 6350: 6196: 6174: 6172: 6170: 5826: 5824: 5207:, goddess of the moon and the hunt. By a decree of the 5172:

Votive stele representing Bendis wearing a Dacian cap (

4797:

in Latin. Their appearance and clothing can be seen on

3768:

Dacians are represented in the statues surmounting the

1248:, where they mingled with the indigenous population of 929:

Since the 19th century, many scholars have proposed an

816:- 'to put, to place', while others think that the name 11316: 11103:

Balkan Languages (Illyrian, Thracian and Daco-Moesian)

10944:

Parvan, Vasile; Vulpe, Alexandru; Vulpe, Radu (2002).

10156:. Univerzita J.E. Purkyně v Brně. Filozofická fakulta. 9501:

Bowman, Alan; Cameron, Averil; Garnsey, Peter (2005).

9106: 9011: 8975: 8850: 8826: 8802: 8724: 8706: 8550: 8428: 8416: 8369: 8330: 8246: 8145: 8098:

Herodotus, Rawlinson G, Rawlinson H, Gardner (1859) 93

7971: 7903: 7829: 7627: 7426: 7224: 7188: 6813: 6651: 6627: 6308: 6047: 6020: 6008: 5926: 5851: 5841: 5839: 5794: 4129:

in the 3rd century BC by the Getae (Dacians) ruled by

3868:

says that based on the absence of toponyms ending in

11365:

Sidebottom, Harry (2007). "International Relations".

10458:

History of Transylvania – From the Beginnings to 1606

10223:. Translated by Alexandra Bley-Vroman. I. B. Tauris. 9699: 8778: 8694: 8670: 8658: 8601: 8544:

History of Transylvania – From the Beginnings to 1606

8062: 7858: 7752:

De Generatione Animalium (Translated by Arthur Platt)

7711: 7699: 7675: 7510: 7414: 7257: 7054: 7042: 7030: 7018: 6956: 6932: 6885: 6837: 6796: 6760: 6736: 6526: 6483: 6364: 6119: 5960: 5916: 5914: 5912: 5910: 5779: 4406:

was the Dacian capital, reaching its peak under king

1420:. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are 1217:

In the 8th to 7th centuries BC, the migration of the

74: 11600:

Vulpe, Alexandru (2001). "Dacia înainte de romani".

11384:

Skvarna, Dusan; Cicaj, Viliam; Letz, Robert (2000).

9656:. Romanian Society of legal medicine. Archived from 9505:. The Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 12. CUP. 9500: 8571: 8128: 8011: 7882: 7131: 7086: 7071: 7006: 6989: 6915: 6861: 6687: 6585: 6570: 6541: 6495: 6468: 6456: 6412: 6400: 6347: 6284: 6208: 6167: 6095: 6035: 5821: 4449: 1034:"dag, tag" word meaning two handed axe, battle axe." 62: 11795:Zumpt, Karl Gottlob; Zumpt, August Wilhelm (1852). 10741: 9754:. The Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 3. CUP. 9263: 8589: 8541: 8523: 8440: 7693: 7176: 6849: 6754: 6184: 5836: 5100:, Goths, and Sarmatians, accompanied by persistent 4749:emperors had resettled tens of thousands of Dacian 969:. Such a connection was supported by material from 895:, by considering "Dak" as a derivation of the root 59: 10893:. Translated by Mary Stansfield-Popovic. Hakkert. 10720: 10277: 9607:. Fitzhenry & Whiteside; 2nd Revised edition. 9603:Roman Empire, Encyclopedia of The, Revised Edition 9600: 8478: 7200: 6597: 5907: 965:recruited from the Dacian area were also known as 10742:Nixon, C. E. V.; Saylor Rodgers, Barbara (1995). 10343:. Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Press. 10113: 10097:Dacian trade with the Hellenistic and Roman world 9979:The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine 9918:(1995). Ivănescu, Maria; Ivănescu, Cezar (eds.). 9749: 9463:Boak, Arthur E. R.; Sinnigen, William G. (1977). 9213: 8993: 7775: 6983: 6326: 5954: 5816:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. 1996. 4765:Dacian tarabostes (nobleman) – (Hermitage Museum) 4199: 12876: 11383: 10943: 10411:Sanskrit: its origin, composition, and diffusion 9424: 9373: 8511: 8288: 8032: 7876: 6382: 6244: 6077: 5145:According to Herodotus' account of the story of 4569:Death of Decebalus (Trajan's Column, Scene CXLV) 4027:illustration of Brennos wearing a similar helmet 845:'to utter, to talk'. Another hypothesis is that 27:Indo-European people in Ancient Southeast Europe 10848:(2000). "Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften". 10827:Dacia: landscape, colonisation and romanisation 10237: 10219:Georgescu, Vlad (1991). Matei Calinescu (ed.). 9790:A history of the Roman world from AD 138 to 337 9522:Phrygian in The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor 8363: 7143: 6719:Natives of Hungary and the origin of the Vlachs 5468:. Positions taken on the vexed question of the 764:), an Indo-European people located east of the 11237:Limba Traco-Dacilor ('Thraco-Dacian language') 10971: 10962: 10209: 9300: 8772: 8584:Siani-Davies, Siani-Davies & Deletant 1998 7572: 7540: 7408: 6909: 6394: 4813:Dacian tools: compasses, chisels, knives, etc. 1140:laws referred to fugitive outlaws as "wolves". 853:are the Iranian names of two Iranian-speaking 828:meaning 'wolf' in the related language of the 121:. They are often considered a subgroup of the 11837: 11565: 11060:Linguistic situation in the western provinces 10663:Late Roman Villas in the Danube-Balkan Region 6002: 4893:coin as a woman seated on a rock, holding an 4709: 4495:The unifying actions of the last Dacian king 3819:Getae on the World Map according to Herodotus 3329: 1471:rivers in the north and northwest. In 53 BC, 1368:to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies 443: 11622: 10210:Garašanin, Milutin V.; Benac, Alojz (1973). 10118:. Romanian Cultural Institute, Cluj Napoca. 9787: 9462: 8461: 8381: 7808: 7609: 7590: 7354: 7295: 7218: 5773: 5441: 3369:expressed reservations about both theories. 1283: 11446:The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantin 10532: 10474: 10336: 9976: 9671: 9645:. The Cambridge Ancient History. Macmillan. 9427:Celt and Greek: Celts in the Hellenic World 9237:Pliny (the Elder); Rackham, Harris (1971). 9222: 8736: 8619: 8505: 8472: 8470: 8351: 8264: 8122: 8086: 8005: 7566: 7381: 7342: 7170: 6149: 5901: 5161:: "a man who not only had wandered through 5055:occupation and into the post-Roman period. 4385: 4354:tribe and the Moesi, ravaging the whole of 4136: 3961:Diachronic distribution of Celtic peoples: 3852: 3751: 3744:as by their characteristic place-names in – 3471:. To the south of them are the Buredeense ( 1176: 961:was also a Phrygian deity. In later times, 12456:Dacian Fortresses of the Orăștie Mountains 11844: 11830: 11794: 11786:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 11495:(in German). Vol. 1. Vienna: Tempsky. 11364: 10483: 10460:(in Hungarian). East European Monographs. 10418:Koch, John T (2005). "Dacians and Celts". 10378: 10256: 9674:The prehistory of India: tribal migrations 9565:. London: Humanities Press International. 9374:Barbulescu, Mihai; Nagler, Thomas (2005). 9128:History and Myth in Romanian Consciousness 9100: 8748: 7787:. Early Christian Writings. Archived from 6950: 6302: 6202: 5981: 5245:), wielder of lightning and thunderbolts. 5023:. It is identified as an evolution of the 4907:Dacian Fortresses of the Orăştie Mountains 4817:The chief occupations of the Dacians were 4180:, who explains that the Greeks called the 4079: 3764:Dacian warriors wielding a two-handed falx 3336: 3322: 3300:Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch 1378:this issue before removing this message. 1317:. Please do not remove this message until 949:(in a work not published until 1957). The 450: 436: 175:Celtic invaders of the 4th century BC 11707:Rome's Enemies (1): Germanics and Dacians 11490: 11481: 11406:A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography 10997: 10888: 10850:Ethnographisch-archäologische Zeitschrift 10813:Ethnographisch-Archäologische Zeitschrift 10608:(2nd illus. ed.). Gerald Duckworth. 10553: 10477:Les origines de la civilisation polonaise 10439:Celtic culture: a historical encyclopedia 10420:Celtic culture: a historical encyclopedia 10387: 10218: 10058:"Thracians, Celts, Illyrians and Dacians" 9846:]. Bulgarische Sammlung (in German). 9835: 9538: 9324: 9088: 9076: 9064: 9005: 8981: 8928: 8895: 8871: 8796: 8688: 8556: 8056: 8044: 7965: 7742: 7657: 7459: 7158: 6879: 6790: 6714:Magyarország őslakói és az oláhok eredete 6520: 6341: 6229: 6113: 6089: 5814:The Cambridge Ancient History (Volume 10) 5133:. The figure is identified with Zalmoxis. 5034:(in which there are Celtic elements) and 4402:. For at least one and a half centuries, 4163: 3993:Geto-Dacians inhabited both sides of the 3977: maximal Celtic expansion, by 275 BC 3949:List of Celtic cities in Thrace and Dacia 1508: 1440:Learn how and when to remove this message 1337:Learn how and when to remove this message 553:. In Greek and Latin, in the writings of 11771: 11666: 11623:Waldman, Carl; Mason, Catherine (2006). 11443: 11386:Slovak History: Chronology & Lexicon 11303: 11100:(1982). "20e". In Boardman, John (ed.). 10779: 10641: 10357: 10238:Goodman, Martin; Sherwood, Jane (2002). 10094: 10082: 9768: 9750:Crossland, R.A.; Boardman, John (1982). 9337: 9176: 9049: 8934: 8883: 8844: 8760: 8535: 8467: 8201: 7921: 7325: 6698: 6666: 6633: 6564: 6440:(in Hungarian). Editorial Transsylvania. 5872: 5860: 5800: 5451: 5319:A 19th century depiction of Dacian women 5314: 5260: 5167: 5124: 4856: 4808: 4768: 4760: 4731: 4642: 4564: 4440: 4299: 4225: 4117:List of Greek cities in Thrace and Dacia 4106: 3981: 3956: 3814: 3755: 3698: 3437: 1416:Relevant discussion may be found on the 1313:Relevant discussion may be found on the 1109: 1105: 861:Early history of etymological approaches 824:'knife, dagger' or in a word similar to 709:"Daoi" was frequently used according to 461: 36: 11604:(in Romanian). Vol. 1. Bucharest: 11546: 11527: 11518: 11499: 11292: 11273: 11186: 11177: 11158: 11142:Encyclopedia of the Languages of Europe 11035: 10983:. Vol. 4 : Europe. Springer. 10963:Parvan, Vasile; Florescu, Radu (1982). 10810: 10786:Collectanea Celto-Asiatica Cracoviensia 10718: 10683: 10511: 10408: 10317: 10298: 10160: 10132: 9995: 9560: 9443: 9377:The History of Transylvania: Until 1541 9281: 9245: 9112: 8969: 8901: 8832: 8631: 8476: 8422: 8339: 8324: 8240: 8228: 8213: 8151: 8107: 7669: 7621: 7554: 7528: 7474: 7444: 7432: 7396: 7366: 7319: 7313: 7301: 7289: 7048: 7036: 7024: 6938: 6843: 6831: 6819: 6766: 6710: 6433: 6314: 6256: 6190: 6137: 6053: 6029: 6014: 5969: 5935: 5845: 5788: 5742: 5293: 4262:were still more isolated, but even the 3986:Replica of the raven-totem helmet from 3914: 1228:people who had previously dwelt on the 650:, the original name of the Dacians was 14: 12877: 12311: 11732: 11723: 11704: 11647: 11590: 11462: 11422: 11252: 11123:Romanians and Romania: A Brief History 11096: 11054: 10934: 10916: 10869: 10860: 10823: 10660: 10600: 10572: 10484:Lemny, Stefan; Iorga, Nicolae (1984). 10185: 10116:The history of Transylvania Until 1541 10033: 10014: 9914: 9886: 9864: 9801:. The Cambridge Ancient History. CUP. 9737: 9680: 9643:Rome and the Mediterranean, 218-133 BC 9598: 9579: 9519: 9354: 9017: 8907: 8856: 8808: 8712: 8700: 8652: 8529: 8434: 8410: 8375: 8252: 8139: 8071: 7988: 7909: 7864: 7835: 7730: 7705: 7633: 7596: 7560: 7307: 7275: 7263: 7233: 7194: 7182: 7107: 7092: 7080: 7065: 7000: 6962: 6894: 6867: 6807: 6742: 6603: 6591: 6579: 6552: 6535: 6508: 6489: 6477: 6418: 6406: 6370: 6358: 6290: 6214: 6125: 6101: 6041: 5876: 5830: 5360: 4445:One of the greatest existence of Dacia 109:inhabitants of the cultural region of 11825: 11685: 11599: 11578:: Société scientifique de Bruxelles. 11418:. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. 11413: 11402: 11243: 11234: 11195: 11139: 10760: 10622: 10275: 9965: 9946: 9718: 9621: 9481: 9394: 8935:Dimitrov, Kalin (12 September 2008). 8784: 8676: 8664: 8607: 8595: 8180: 8163: 7928:The Slavonic and East European Review 7681: 7645: 7584: 7578: 7516: 7486: 7420: 7137: 6926: 6855: 6681: 6462: 6450: 6429: 6427: 6178: 5413:) in the East, and from the Northern 5153:) believed in the immortality of the 4793:and artisans, might have been called 4462: 3307:Indo-European Etymological Dictionary 3279:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture 478: 255: 90: 12846: 11774:I Balcani e l'Italia nella Preistori 10844: 10763:Constantine and the Christian empire 10436: 10417: 10381:Atlas to the prehistory of the Slavs 10151: 10137:. University of Pennsylvania Press. 9969:The Armenian origin of the Etruscans 9874:. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. 9788:Denne Parker, Henry Michael (1958). 9199:. Vol. 3 (of 6). Echo Library. 9124: 8725:Shchukin, Kazanski & Sharov 2006 8446: 8017: 7897: 7012: 6162:Pliny (the Elder) & Rackham 1971 1393: 1348: 1287: 1051:, the Dacian etymology explained by 41:Dacian Marble Head of the type from 12856: 12131:Dacian kingdom of Banat and Oltenia 11239:(in Romanian). Editura Stiintifica. 11191:. Editions de l'Academie de la RSR. 11120: 10583:Rome, the Greek World, and the East 10261:. Vol. 3 (2nd ed.). CUP. 10052: 9721:Imperial Roman Legionary AD 161–284 9194: 8517: 7924:"The Genesis of the Balkan Peoples" 7206: 6778: 5920: 5764:, Libraria Weidannia, 1828, p. 145. 4986: 3531:. Among these other tribes are the 3264:Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European 1372:create a more balanced presentation 1183:Prehistoric Balkans § Iron Age 1098:is supported by Romanian historian 1063:is phonetically improbable and the 784:who infiltrated from the west, and 664:that had not yet been conquered by 24: 12177:southern Moldavia and Transylvania 11799:. Philadelphia: Blanchard and Lea. 10533:MacKendrick, Paul Lachlan (2000). 10099:. British Archaeological Reports. 8572:Bowman, Cameron & Garnsey 2005 6424: 5942:"Daci quoque suboles Getarum sunt" 5545:List of cities in Thrace and Dacia 5540:List of rulers of Thrace and Dacia 4350:, campaigned against the Thracian 4279: 3601:, as bordered by the Carpathians. 3499:, while the southernmost were the 3286:The Horse, the Wheel, and Language 924: 893:those who understand and can speak 877:belongs to the Sanskrit word-root 788:and related people from the east. 530:as depicted on the late Roman map 25: 12926: 11805: 11572:Revue des questions scientifiques 11248:(in German). Editura Stiintifica. 10856:. Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin. 10088:Българска етимология и ономастика 10060:. In de Laet, Sigfried J. (ed.). 9702:Geografia e viaggi nell'antichità 9305:[The Geto-Dacians' Flag] 6755:Strabo, Jones & Sterrett 1967 5193:The origin and deeds of the Goths 5129:Detail of the main fresco of the 4694:saw the construction of over 100 4450:The kingdom of Decebalus 87 – 106 3895:tribes, several centuries before 3617:dealt with their attacks. Later, 1114:Dacian Draco from Trajan's Column 1074:Another etymology, linked to the 703:"Daoi" (singular Daos). The form 279: 12855: 12845: 12836: 12835: 12222:Art, jewellery, treasures, tools 11626:Encyclopedia of European Peoples 11486:(in French). Belgium: Le Muséon. 11200:. Journal of Roman Archaeology. 11021:. Wien, Deuticke, Horn, Berger. 10998:Petolescu, Constantin C (2000). 10437:Koch, John T (2007). "Ptolemy". 10195:. Vol. 1. Cosimo Classics. 9582:A Dictionary of the Roman Empire 9561:Bunbury, Edward Herbert (1979). 9503:The Crisis of Empire, AD 193–337 9425:Berresford Ellis, Peter (1996). 9145: 9118: 9034: 9023: 8954: 8390: 8306: 8294: 8092: 7915: 7769: 7736: 7546: 7501: 7492: 7281: 7248: 7239: 7122: 7113: 6732:from the original on 2013-12-15. 5710: 5701: 5685: 5652: 5265:Fragment of a vase collected by 4269:In 336 AD, Constantine took the 3971:territory, by the 6th century BC 3810: 3293:Journal of Indo-European Studies 2057:Bible translations into Armenian 1548: 1398: 1353: 1292: 837:One hypothesis is that the name 194: 55: 12259:Words of possible Dacian origin 12175:Dacian kingdom of Wallachia and 11519:Toynbee, Arnold Joseph (1961). 10912:. Vol. 18–19. W.S. Manely. 10606:Roman Empire and Its Neighbours 9998:Hadrian and the Triumph of Rome 9467:(6th Rev ed.). Macmillan. 9342:. Ed. di Storia e Letteratura. 9301:Alecu-Călușiță, Mioara (1992). 9239:Pliny Natural History, Volume 2 8994:Glodariu, Pop & Nagler 2005 8937:"Thracian tomb of Aleksandrovo" 8481:Romania: An Illustrated History 7694:Nixon & Saylor Rodgers 1995 6968: 6704: 6618: 6609: 6250: 5617: 4900: 4773:Comati on Trajan's Column, Rome 4068:and southern Poland. Along the 1568:List of Indo-European languages 941:A possible connection with the 800:, or "Dacians" is a collective 113:, located in the area near the 12084:Dacian nucleus in Transylvania 11772:Zambotti, Pia Laviosa (1954). 11650:Aurelian and the Third Century 11566:Van Den Gheyn, Joseph (1886). 11500:Thomson, James Oliver (1948). 11327:British Archaeological Reports 11310:British Archaeological Reports 10761:Odahl, Charles Matson (2004). 10667:British Archaeological Reports 9338:Astarita, Maria Laura (1983). 9286:. Idea Advertising-Marketing. 8908:Wagner, Hans (5 August 2004). 8033:Skvarna, Cicaj & Letz 2000 7877:Parvan, Vulpe & Vulpe 2002 6383:Parvan, Vulpe & Vulpe 2002 6262:"Ethnozoonymes indo-européens" 6078:Parvan, Vulpe & Vulpe 2002 5806: 5767: 5748: 5223:Known Dacian theonyms include 4804: 4736:Dacian on the Constantine Arch 4200:Relations with Germanic tribes 4064:, and penetrated northeastern 3997:before the rise of the Celtic 3925:Gallic invasion of the Balkans 490:Getae § Getae and Dacians 157:. The Dacians and the related 13: 1: 11414:Solta, Georg Renatus (1980). 11276:The Dacian threat, 101–106 AD 10930:, Romania: Cvltvra Națională. 10623:Minns, Ellis Hovell (2011) . 10479:. Press University of France. 10394:(in French). New York: Arno. 10259:The Cambridge Ancient History 9844:The Language of the Thracians 9672:Chakraberty, Chandra (1948). 9484:Romania: Borderland of Europe 9465:A History of Rome to A.D. 565 9216:Dio's Roman history, volume 8 7785:The Stromata, or Miscellanies 6984:Crossland & Boardman 1982 6327:Crossland & Boardman 1982 6266:Dialogues d'histoire ancienne 5955:Crossland & Boardman 1982 5723: 5079:Languages of the Roman Empire 4581: 2894:Proto-Indo-European mythology 2163:Paleolithic continuity theory 1123:From Zalmoxis to Genghis Khan 841:originates in Indo-European * 728:(Vopiscus and inscriptions). 11686:White, David Gordon (1991). 11667:Westropp, Hodder M. (2003). 11502:History of Ancient Geography 11484:Les Restes de la langue dace 11125:. East European Monographs. 10824:Oltean, Ioana Adina (2007). 10780:Olbrycht, Marek Jan (2000). 10746:. University of California. 10518:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins. 10280:Who's Who in the Roman World 10240:The Roman World 44 BC–AD 180 9685:. University of California. 9626:. Indiana University Press. 9429:. Constable & Robinson. 6245:Barbulescu & Nagler 2005 5875:, Praef. 4/14-15, quoted in 5203:Another important deity was 4459:as a captured enemy leader. 4307:kingdom during the reign of 3656: 3511:. To the south of them were 2582:Northern Black Polished Ware 1781:Proto-Indo-European language 1082:meaning "to set, place" and 1076:Proto-Indo-European language 791: 738:Δάσαι Δάοι, Δάαι, Δαι, Δάσαι 303: 284: 7: 11491:Tomaschek, Wilhelm (1893). 11482:Tomaschek, Wilhelm (1883). 11178:Roesler, Robert E. (1864). 10512:Luttwak, Edward N. (1976). 10475:Kostrzewski, Józef (1949). 10379:Jażdżewski, Konrad (1948). 10133:Goffart, Walter A. (2006). 9898:University of Chicago Press 9769:Cunliffe, Barry W. (1994). 9624:A History of the Ostrogoths 9355:Barnes, Timothy D. (1984). 9268:. Harvard University Press. 9241:. Harvard University Press. 8364:Goodman & Sherwood 2002 7922:Georgiev, Vladimir (1966). 6068:Garašanin, Benac (1973) 243 5670:asked for peace. At first, 5493: 5120: 5058: 4852: 4600:Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa 3736:(Greek: Καρποδάκαι, Latin: 3641:as vassals of the powerful 2899:Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism 1459:in the east, and up to the 1319:conditions to do so are met 937:of the Dacians and wolves. 366:Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa 10: 12931: 12915:Ancient history of Romania 12895:Iron Age peoples of Europe 12774:Eastern Romance substratum 11812:Dacian reenactor with falx 11036:Poghirc, Cicerone (1989). 10981:Encyclopedia of Prehistory 10926:(in Romanian and French). 10889:Papazoglu, Fanula (1978). 10719:Niessen, James P. (2004). 10554:MacKenzie, Andrew (1986). 10358:Husovská, Ludmilá (1998). 9325:Applebaum, Shimon (1976). 9169: 9164: 9155:speaking about drugs, cf. 8773:Parvan & Florescu 1982 7573:Parvan & Florescu 1982 7541:Parvan & Florescu 1982 7409:Parvan & Florescu 1982 6910:Peregrine & Ember 2001 5938:, p. 730: Strabo and 5638: 5629: 5445: 5364: 5342: 5338: 5327: 5323: 5256: 5111: 5068: 5062: 5004: 4990: 4915:Dacians had developed the 4904: 4756: 4713: 4710:After the Aurelian Retreat 4591: 4585: 4527:(if it was ever written), 4466: 4289: 4283: 4203: 4140: 4110: 3918: 3856: 3803: 3799: 3711:. Early second century AD. 3688: 3667:The main view is that the 3660: 3431: 3404:proper (i.e. South of the 2195:Domestication of the horse 1518: 1512: 1180: 899:("k" being a suffix); cf. 887: 737: 705: 699: 677: 652: 494:The Dacians were known as 487: 101: 29: 12905:Ancient peoples of Serbia 12831: 12786: 12756: 12733:Sarmatiae (Devil's Dykes) 12708: 12634: 12621: 12569: 12551: 12538: 12504: 12469: 12404: 12382: 12302: 12244: 12209: 12196: 12174: 12148:Dacian kingdom of Dobruja 12147: 12130: 12083: 12035: 12026: 11859: 11851: 11726:Barbarian Enemies of Rome 11690:. University of Chicago. 11293:Schütte, Gudmund (1917). 11278:. Armidale, NSW: Caeros. 11274:Schmitz, Michael (2005). 11140:Price, Glanville (2000). 10580:; Rogers, Guy M. (eds.). 10441:. Vol. 4. ABC-CLIO. 10422:. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. 10388:Jeanmaire, Henri (1975). 10221:The Romanians – A History 10084:Georgiev, Vladimir Ivanov 9996:Everitt, Anthony (2010). 9930:De Zalmoxis à Gengis-Khan 9622:Burns, Thomas S. (1991). 9274: 9259:] (in Ancient Greek). 9190:] (in Ancient Greek). 8477:Klepper, Nicolae (2002). 6567:, p. 184, fig. 13-14, 16. 5984:, pp. 140 & 175. 5442:Romanian cultural affects 5308:described the Dacians as 5104:, romanisation and later 4781:) and the common people ( 4702:, while those within the 3988:Ciumeşti/Satu Mare County 3427: 2904:Historical Vedic religion 2181:Chalcolithic (Copper Age) 1284:Identity and distribution 636:By contrast, the name of 11671:. Kessinger Publishing. 11528:Treptow, Kurt W (1996). 11463:Taylor, Timothy (2001). 11423:Snooks, Graeme (2002) . 11244:Russu, I. Iosif (1969). 11235:Russu, I. Iosif (1967). 11121:Pop, Ioan Aurel (2000). 10948:. Editura 100+1 Gramar. 10874:. Fundatia Evenimentul. 10642:Mountain, Harry (1998). 10409:Kephart, Calvin (1949). 9972:. Parker, Son and Bourn. 9836:Duridanov, Ivan (1985). 9681:Clarke, John R. (2003). 9599:Bunson, Matthew (2002). 9580:Bunson, Matthew (1995). 9446:Trajan: Optimus Princeps 9444:Bennett, Julian (1997). 9357:Constantine and Eusebius 9282:Abramea, Anna P (1994). 8462:Waldman & Mason 2006 7809:Waldman & Mason 2006 7610:Waldman & Mason 2006 7591:Waldman & Mason 2006 7355:Waldman & Mason 2006 7296:Waldman & Mason 2006 6711:Hollósy, István (1913). 6434:Padányi, Viktor (1963). 5774:Waldman & Mason 2006 5659:De Imperatoribus Romanis 5611: 5005:See also the categories 4523:of the poem proposed by 4386:The kingdom of Burebista 4346:, brother of the famous 4344:Marcus Licinius Lucullus 4137:Relations with Scythians 4084:Herodotus says: "before 3853:Relations with Thracians 3752:Physical characteristics 3684: 3677:Based on the account of 2909:Ancient Iranian religion 2272:Novotitarovskaya culture 2119:Indo-European migrations 1479:. According to Strabo's 1177:Origins and ethnogenesis 1015:and, in particular, the 881:, and a derivation from 183:This article is part of 30:For uses of Dacian, see 12890:Ancient tribes in Dacia 12606:Battle of Sarmizegetusa 11735:Provinces and Frontiers 11648:Watson, Alaric (2004). 11591:Vraciu, Ariton (1980). 11547:Turnock, David (1988). 11403:Smith, William (1873). 11321:; Sharov, Oleg (2006). 11304:Shchukin, Mark (1989). 11259:. Thames & Hudson. 11159:Renfrew, Colin (1990). 10935:Parvan, Vasile (1928). 10644:The Celtic Encyclopedia 10536:The Dacian Stones Speak 10318:Heather, Peter (2010). 10299:Heather, Peter (2006). 10152:Groh, Vladimir (1964). 10095:Glodariu, Ioan (1976). 9839:Die Sprache der Thraker 9520:Brixhe, Claude (2008). 9408:Oxford University Press 9266:The geography of Strabo 8265:Elton & Lenski 2005 7543:, pp. 142 and 152. 6834:, pp. 101 and 109. 5666:and, at the same time, 5470:origin of the Romanians 5448:Origin of the Romanians 4728:Origin of the Romanians 4548:Apollodorus of Damascus 4428:Marcus Licinius Crassus 4188:, and we know that the 4147:Scythia Minor (Dobruja) 4080:Relations with Persians 4009:The Celtic Helmet from 3577:Roman province of Dacia 2410:Northern/Eastern Steppe 1121:attempted, in his book 988:to wolves via the root 971:Hesychius of Alexandria 522:documents, but also as 483: 12585:Second Battle of Tapae 11724:Wilcox, Peter (2000). 11705:Wilcox, Peter (1982). 11444:Southern, Pat (2001). 11253:Scarre, Chris (1995). 11180:Das vorromische Dacien 11040:. Brill Academic Pub. 10870:Paliga, Sorin (2006). 10861:Paliga, Sorin (1999). 10690:Archaeologia Austriaca 10661:Mulvin, Lynda (2002). 10495:The fourth century B.C 10034:Florov, Irina (2001). 10015:Fisher, Iancu (2003). 10000:. Random House Trade. 9966:Ellis, Robert (1861). 9743:Burebista and his time 9482:Boila, Lucian (2001). 9303:"Steagul geto-dacilor" 8087:Herodotus & 440 BC 7853:Dumitrescu et al. 1982 7310:, pp. 184 and 188 6646:Dumitrescu et al. 1982 6303:Lemny & Iorga 1984 5982:Zumpt & Zumpt 1852 5902:Herodotus & 440 BC 5461: 5320: 5286: 5177: 5134: 4866: 4814: 4774: 4766: 4737: 4652: 4570: 4540:Second Battle of Tapae 4446: 4412:Gaius Antonius Hybrida 4336:Gaius Scribonius Curio 4312: 4234: 4164:Agathyrsi Transylvania 4113:Decree of Dionysopolis 4103:by their upper class. 3990: 3979: 3820: 3765: 3712: 3443: 2881:Religion and mythology 2840:Medieval Scandinavians 2131:Alternative and fringe 1509:Linguistic affiliation 1163:period, including the 1115: 716:Latins used the forms 671:The ethnographic name 475: 133:, as well as parts of 87: 46: 12561:First Battle of Tapae 11388:. Bolchazy-Carducci. 11182:. Academy, Wien, XLV. 11098:Polomé, Edgar Charles 11062:. Walter de Gruyter. 10794:Księgarnia Akademicka 10765:. London: Routledge. 10161:Grumeza, Ion (2009). 10019:. Mouton De Gruyter. 9850:: Hieronymus Verlag. 9195:Dio, Cassius (2008). 9125:Boia, Lucian (2001). 8289:Berresford Ellis 1996 7777:Clement of Alexandria 7221:, pp. 12 and 19. 6278:10.3406/dha.1991.1932 5693:The Classical Journal 5645:προποδιλα Latin Daci 5455: 5318: 5264: 5171: 5128: 4860: 4812: 4772: 4764: 4735: 4646: 4620:, and the regions of 4568: 4469:Domitian's Dacian War 4444: 4376:Third Mithridatic War 4303: 4290:Further information: 4229: 4107:Relations with Greeks 3985: 3960: 3921:Celts in Transylvania 3887:In the 19th century, 3818: 3786:Clement of Alexandria 3759: 3724:"stone" and Sanskrit 3720:- "cut" cf. Albanian 3702: 3579:covered just western 3441: 3434:List of Dacian tribes 3231:Indo-European studies 2594:Peoples and societies 1113: 1106:Mythological theories 724:, and a derived form 620:used the poetic term 465: 40: 11688:Myths of the Dog-Man 11606:Univers Enciclopedic 11574:(in French). 17–18. 11530:A History of Romania 11187:Rosetti, A. (1982). 10967:. Editura Meridiane. 10796:. pp. 101–104. 10276:Hazel, John (2002). 9719:Cowan, Ross (2003). 8485:. Hippocrene Books. 8312:Smith's Dictionary: 8300:Smith's Dictionary: 7581:, pp. 26 and 27 5755:Dionysius Periegetes 5555:List of Dacian names 5466:Romanian nationalism 5415:Carpathian Mountains 5405:in the West, to the 5367:List of Dacian kings 5310:natural philosophers 5294:Clothing and science 5001:Romanian archaeology 4865:, mid 1st century BC 4636:provinces; official 4473:Trajan's Dacian Wars 4178:Stephen of Byzantium 3915:Relations with Celts 3707:, after original in 3454:Tabula Peutingeriana 2138:Anatolian hypothesis 2090:Proto-Indo-Europeans 1997:Hittite inscriptions 1542:Indo-European topics 1525:List of Dacian towns 1409:factual accuracy is 997:Indo-European tribes 980:The German linguist 711:Stephan of Byzantium 533:Tabula Peutingeriana 361:Trajan's Dacian Wars 115:Carpathian Mountains 12592:Battle of Adamclisi 11817:Dacian Enciclopedia 11776:(in Italian). Como. 11631:Infobase Publishing 11523:. Vol. 2. OUP. 11144:. Wiley-Blackwell. 10973:Peregrine, Peter N. 10488:. Editura Eminescu. 10062:History of Humanity 9771:Rome and Her Empire 9739:Crișan, Ion Horațiu 9232:(in Ancient Greek). 8914:Eurasisches Magazin 8655:, pp. 214–215. 8183:, pp. 110–111. 7968:, pp. 400–401. 7648:, pp. 114–115. 7489:, pp. 99, 116. 7278:, pp. 461–462. 7128:Barrington Plate 22 7119:Ptolemy III.5 and 8 7110:, pp. 222–223. 6453:, pp. 420–421. 6395:Alecu-Călușiță 1992 5873:Appian & 165 AD 5649:"Dacians propodila" 5361:Notable individuals 5131:Aleksandrovo kurgan 4921:Sarmizegetusa Regia 4883:Alexander the Great 4661:Independent Dacians 4651:by the year 125 AD. 4222:Chernyakhov culture 4031:Transylvanian Celts 4019:Gundestrup cauldron 3770:Arch of Constantine 3637:, are described by 3589:(East of the river 3586:Limes Transalutanus 3467:and the Coertoboci/ 3408:) generally end in 2394:Multi-cordoned ware 2265:Mikhaylovka culture 2153:Indigenous Aryanism 2143:Armenian hypothesis 2002:Hieroglyphic Luwian 1306:of this section is 1257:Alexander the Great 1201:Proto-Indo-European 1090:("settlement") and 1023:. Scholars such as 540:who first used the 468:Arch of Constantine 105:) were the ancient 12664:Dacia Mediterranea 12279:Sinaia lead plates 12264:Dacian plant names 11593:Limba daco-geţilor 11521:A study of history 10391:Couroi et courètes 9947:Ellis, L. (1998). 9546:. Darmstadt: wbg. 8970:Strabo & 20 AD 8325:Strabo & 20 AD 6684:, p. 202-203. 6003:Van Den Gheyn 1886 5743:Strabo & 20 AD 5584:Thracian mythology 5462: 5321: 5287: 5178: 5142:and solar motifs. 5135: 5007:Dacian archaeology 4867: 4847:Decebalus Treasure 4815: 4775: 4767: 4738: 4653: 4594:Danubian provinces 4571: 4521:nothing whatsoever 4517:T. Statilius Crito 4463:Conflict with Rome 4447: 4313: 4235: 4173:native Thracians. 3991: 3980: 3821: 3766: 3713: 3519:/Rhatacenses, the 3515:/Predavenses, the 3444: 1974:Proto-Indo-Iranian 1960:Proto-Balto-Slavic 1941:Proto-Italo-Celtic 1276:, also the exonym 1193:indigenous peoples 1116: 1025:David Gordon White 957:meant "wolf", and 812:-, with the stem * 770:David Gordon White 604:five times, while 479:Name and etymology 476: 343:Conflict with Rome 102:Δάκοι, Δάοι, Δάκαι 47: 12872: 12871: 12782: 12781: 12617: 12616: 12534: 12533: 12400: 12399: 12289:Thracian language 12192: 12191: 11744:978-0-521-30199-2 11697:978-0-226-89509-3 11678:978-0-766-17733-8 11659:978-0-415-30187-9 11602:Istoria Românilor 11558:978-0-415-01267-6 11539:978-0-880-33345-0 11511:978-0-819-60143-8 11493:Die alten Thraker 11474:978-0-306-46258-0 11455:978-0-203-45159-5 11436:978-1-134-70004-2 11395:978-0-865-16444-4 11376:978-0-521-78274-6 11357:978-1-85109-244-4 11336:978-1-841-71756-2 11285:978-0-975-84450-2 11266:978-0-500-05077-4 11207:978-1-887-82956-4 11170:978-0-521-38675-3 11151:978-0-631-22039-8 11132:978-0-880-33440-2 11069:978-3-110-09525-8 11047:978-9-004-08864-1 11028:978-3-700-54420-3 11009:978-9-734-50182-3 11002:. Enciclopedica. 10990:978-0-306-46258-0 10955:978-9-735-91361-8 10900:978-9-025-60793-7 10881:978-9-738-79200-5 10837:978-0-415-41252-0 10803:978-8-371-88337-8 10753:978-0-520-08326-4 10734:978-1-576-07800-6 10703:978-3-700-54420-3 10676:978-1-841-71444-8 10653:978-1-581-12890-1 10634:978-1-108-02487-7 10615:978-0-715-61452-5 10578:Cotton, Hannah M. 10565:978-0-709-02724-9 10546:978-0-807-84939-2 10525:978-0-801-81863-9 10504:978-0-521-23348-4 10467:978-0-880-33479-2 10448:978-1-851-09440-0 10429:978-1-851-09440-0 10401:978-0-405-07001-3 10371:978-8-007-01041-3 10350:978-1-895571-19-6 10329:978-0-199-73560-0 10310:978-0-195-15954-7 10291:978-0-203-42599-2 10268:978-0-521-22496-3 10249:978-0-203-40861-2 10230:978-1-850-43332-3 10202:978-1-605-20120-7 10178:978-0-7618-4465-5 10144:978-0-812-23939-3 10125:978-9-737-78400-1 10106:978-0-904-53140-4 10075:978-9-231-02812-0 10045:978-0-968-84870-8 10026:978-3-110-14694-3 10007:978-0-812-97814-8 9988:978-0-521-81838-4 9958:978-0-415-19809-7 9939:978-9-732-80554-1 9907:978-0-226-20385-0 9857:978-3-888-93031-7 9808:978-0-521-22496-3 9780:978-0-094-73500-2 9761:978-0-521-22496-3 9730:978-1-841-76601-0 9711:978-8-873-26090-5 9692:978-0-520-21976-2 9633:978-0-253-20600-8 9614:978-0-816-04562-4 9591:978-0-195-10233-8 9572:978-9-070-26511-3 9553:978-3-8053-5059-4 9531:978-0-521-68496-5 9512:978-0-521-30199-2 9493:978-1-861-89103-7 9455:978-0-415-16524-2 9436:978-0-094-75580-2 9417:978-0-198-14936-1 9387:978-9-737-78400-1 9366:978-0-674-16531-1 9206:978-1-4068-2644-9 9138:978-963-9116-97-9 8821:Pares et al. 1939 8413:, pp. 53–54. 8277:Lewis et al. 2008 8166:, pp. 26–27. 8059:, pp. 56–59. 8047:, pp. 46–47. 7498:VI, 1 801=ILS 854 7219:Denne Parker 1958 6615:Hoddinott, p. 27. 5625:De Materia Medica 5579:Thracian language 5474:Nicolae Ceaușescu 5388:the only true god 5075:Thracian language 4923:in what is today 4630:imperial province 4366:arch-enemy, king 4194:Rhodope Mountains 3909:Rhodope mountains 3874:Southern Bulgaria 3866:Vladimir Georgiev 3732:referring to the 3649:from the eastern 3565:Sarmatia Europaea 3442:Roman era Balkans 3400:, while towns in 3391:Vladimir Georgiev 3354:Thracian language 3346: 3345: 2607:Anatolian peoples 2577:Painted Grey Ware 2465:Nordic Bronze Age 2114:Kurgan hypothesis 2067:Old Irish glosses 2032:Gaulish epigraphy 1489:who lived in the 1450: 1449: 1442: 1392: 1391: 1370:. Please help to 1362:This section may 1347: 1346: 1339: 1203:expansion in the 1199:from the time of 963:Roman auxiliaries 951:Phrygian language 933:link between the 506:writings, and as 460: 459: 167:Thracian language 143:Northern Bulgaria 92:[ˈdaːkiː] 16:(Redirected from 12922: 12910:Ancient Bulgaria 12859: 12858: 12849: 12848: 12839: 12838: 12802: 12800:sites in Romania 12748:Brazda lui Novac 12695:Towns and cities 12689: 12682: 12659:Diocese of Dacia 12632: 12631: 12608: 12594: 12587: 12549: 12548: 12526:Thracian warfare 12309: 12308: 12230: 12207: 12206: 12157:(1st-century BC) 12105:(9 BC(?)–30s AD) 12033: 12032: 11846: 11839: 11832: 11823: 11822: 11800: 11791: 11785: 11777: 11768: 11762: 11758: 11756: 11748: 11729: 11720: 11701: 11682: 11663: 11644: 11619: 11596: 11587: 11562: 11543: 11524: 11515: 11496: 11487: 11478: 11459: 11440: 11419: 11410: 11399: 11380: 11361: 11340: 11319:Kazanski, Michel 11317:Shchukin, Mark; 11313: 11300: 11289: 11270: 11249: 11240: 11231: 11225: 11221: 11219: 11211: 11192: 11183: 11174: 11155: 11136: 11117: 11093: 11087: 11083: 11081: 11073: 11056:Polomé, Edgar C. 11051: 11032: 11013: 10994: 10968: 10959: 10940: 10931: 10913: 10904: 10885: 10866: 10857: 10846:Otto, Karl-Heinz 10841: 10820: 10807: 10776: 10757: 10738: 10726: 10715: 10680: 10657: 10638: 10619: 10597: 10569: 10550: 10529: 10508: 10489: 10480: 10471: 10452: 10433: 10414: 10405: 10384: 10375: 10354: 10333: 10314: 10295: 10283: 10272: 10253: 10234: 10215: 10206: 10182: 10157: 10148: 10129: 10110: 10091: 10079: 10049: 10030: 10011: 9992: 9973: 9962: 9943: 9911: 9883: 9861: 9832: 9826: 9822: 9820: 9812: 9793: 9784: 9765: 9746: 9734: 9715: 9696: 9677: 9676:. Vijayakrishna. 9668: 9666: 9665: 9646: 9637: 9618: 9606: 9595: 9576: 9557: 9535: 9516: 9497: 9478: 9459: 9440: 9421: 9391: 9370: 9351: 9334: 9321: 9319: 9308: 9297: 9269: 9260: 9242: 9233: 9219: 9210: 9191: 9159: 9149: 9143: 9142: 9122: 9116: 9110: 9104: 9098: 9092: 9086: 9080: 9074: 9068: 9062: 9053: 9047: 9041: 9038: 9032: 9027: 9021: 9015: 9009: 9003: 8997: 8991: 8985: 8979: 8973: 8967: 8961: 8958: 8952: 8951: 8949: 8947: 8932: 8926: 8925: 8923: 8921: 8905: 8899: 8893: 8887: 8881: 8875: 8869: 8860: 8854: 8848: 8842: 8836: 8830: 8824: 8818: 8812: 8806: 8800: 8794: 8788: 8782: 8776: 8770: 8764: 8758: 8752: 8746: 8740: 8737:Kostrzewski 1949 8734: 8728: 8722: 8716: 8710: 8704: 8698: 8692: 8686: 8680: 8674: 8668: 8662: 8656: 8650: 8635: 8629: 8623: 8620:MacKendrick 2000 8617: 8611: 8605: 8599: 8593: 8587: 8581: 8575: 8569: 8560: 8554: 8548: 8547: 8539: 8533: 8527: 8521: 8515: 8509: 8506:MacKendrick 2000 8503: 8497: 8496: 8484: 8474: 8465: 8459: 8450: 8444: 8438: 8432: 8426: 8420: 8414: 8408: 8397: 8394: 8388: 8385: 8379: 8373: 8367: 8361: 8355: 8352:MacKendrick 2000 8349: 8343: 8337: 8328: 8322: 8316: 8310: 8304: 8298: 8292: 8286: 8280: 8274: 8268: 8262: 8256: 8250: 8244: 8238: 8232: 8226: 8217: 8211: 8205: 8199: 8184: 8178: 8167: 8161: 8155: 8149: 8143: 8137: 8126: 8123:Hrushevskyi 1997 8120: 8111: 8105: 8099: 8096: 8090: 8084: 8075: 8069: 8060: 8054: 8048: 8042: 8036: 8030: 8021: 8015: 8009: 8006:MacKendrick 2000 8003: 7992: 7986: 7969: 7963: 7952: 7951: 7934:(103): 286–288. 7919: 7913: 7907: 7901: 7895: 7880: 7874: 7868: 7862: 7856: 7850: 7839: 7833: 7827: 7824:Bury et al. 1954 7821: 7812: 7806: 7800: 7799: 7797: 7796: 7773: 7767: 7766: 7764: 7763: 7740: 7734: 7728: 7709: 7703: 7697: 7691: 7685: 7679: 7673: 7667: 7661: 7655: 7649: 7643: 7637: 7631: 7625: 7619: 7613: 7607: 7601: 7567:MacKendrick 2000 7550: 7544: 7538: 7532: 7526: 7520: 7514: 7508: 7505: 7499: 7496: 7490: 7484: 7478: 7472: 7463: 7457: 7448: 7442: 7436: 7430: 7424: 7418: 7412: 7406: 7400: 7394: 7385: 7382:Hrushevskyi 1997 7379: 7370: 7364: 7358: 7352: 7346: 7343:Hrushevskyi 1997 7340: 7331: 7285: 7279: 7273: 7267: 7261: 7255: 7252: 7246: 7243: 7237: 7231: 7222: 7216: 7210: 7204: 7198: 7192: 7186: 7180: 7174: 7171:MacKendrick 2000 7168: 7162: 7156: 7150: 7147: 7141: 7135: 7129: 7126: 7120: 7117: 7111: 7105: 7096: 7090: 7084: 7078: 7069: 7063: 7052: 7046: 7040: 7034: 7028: 7022: 7016: 7010: 7004: 6998: 6987: 6981: 6975: 6972: 6966: 6960: 6954: 6948: 6942: 6936: 6930: 6924: 6913: 6907: 6898: 6892: 6883: 6877: 6871: 6865: 6859: 6853: 6847: 6841: 6835: 6829: 6823: 6817: 6811: 6805: 6794: 6788: 6782: 6776: 6770: 6764: 6758: 6752: 6746: 6740: 6734: 6733: 6731: 6724: 6708: 6702: 6696: 6685: 6679: 6670: 6664: 6649: 6643: 6637: 6631: 6625: 6622: 6616: 6613: 6607: 6601: 6595: 6589: 6583: 6577: 6568: 6562: 6556: 6550: 6539: 6533: 6524: 6518: 6512: 6506: 6493: 6487: 6481: 6475: 6466: 6460: 6454: 6448: 6442: 6441: 6431: 6422: 6416: 6410: 6404: 6398: 6392: 6386: 6380: 6374: 6368: 6362: 6356: 6345: 6339: 6330: 6324: 6318: 6312: 6306: 6300: 6294: 6288: 6282: 6281: 6258:Sergent, Bernard 6254: 6248: 6242: 6233: 6227: 6218: 6212: 6206: 6200: 6194: 6188: 6182: 6176: 6165: 6159: 6153: 6150:Chakraberty 1948 6147: 6141: 6135: 6129: 6123: 6117: 6111: 6105: 6099: 6093: 6087: 6081: 6075: 6069: 6066: 6057: 6051: 6045: 6039: 6033: 6027: 6018: 6012: 6006: 6000: 5985: 5979: 5973: 5967: 5958: 5952: 5943: 5933: 5924: 5918: 5905: 5899: 5880: 5870: 5864: 5858: 5849: 5843: 5834: 5828: 5819: 5817: 5810: 5804: 5798: 5792: 5786: 5777: 5771: 5765: 5760:Graece et Latine 5752: 5746: 5740: 5718: 5714: 5708: 5705: 5699: 5689: 5683: 5656: 5650: 5641: 5640: 5632: 5631: 5621: 5594:Thraco-Cimmerian 5574:Odrysian kingdom 5209:oracle of Dodona 5052:Dacian bracelets 5028:Basarabi culture 5011:Museums of Dacia 4987:Material culture 4967:to the north of 4925:Hunedoara County 4704:Byzantine empire 4218:Marcomannic Wars 3976: 3966: 3899:of the Pont and 3806:History of Dacia 3406:Balkan mountains 3338: 3331: 3324: 3179: 3172: 3158: 3151: 3144: 3130: 3123: 3116: 3109: 3102: 3027: 3013: 3006: 2992: 2970: 2963: 2956: 2947: 2782: 2775: 2768: 2761: 2754: 2737:Germanic peoples 2727:Hellenic peoples 2716: 2709: 2702: 2625:Mycenaean Greeks 2614: 2542:Thraco-Cimmerian 2440:Globular Amphora 2417:Abashevo culture 2356: 2349: 2319: 2274: 2267: 2260: 2253: 2246: 2239: 2232: 2225: 2062:Tocharian script 1765: 1758: 1751: 1744: 1737: 1730: 1723: 1716: 1683: 1669: 1662: 1655: 1641: 1617: 1610: 1591: 1552: 1529: 1528: 1491:Hercynian Forest 1477:Hercynian forest 1445: 1438: 1434: 1431: 1425: 1422:reliably sourced 1402: 1401: 1394: 1387: 1384: 1357: 1356: 1349: 1342: 1335: 1331: 1328: 1322: 1296: 1295: 1288: 1280:one with Dacia. 1205:Early Bronze Age 1189:material culture 999:, including the 945:was proposed by 890: 889: 740: 739: 708: 707: 702: 701: 680: 679: 655: 654: 588:three times and 577:four times, and 452: 445: 438: 206: 198: 187: 180: 179: 117:and west of the 104: 103: 94: 81: 80: 77: 76: 73: 70: 67: 64: 61: 21: 12930: 12929: 12925: 12924: 12923: 12921: 12920: 12919: 12875: 12874: 12873: 12868: 12827: 12798: 12778: 12752: 12704: 12685: 12678: 12654:Dacia Aureliana 12613: 12604: 12590: 12583: 12565: 12545: 12541: 12530: 12509: 12500: 12491:Germanic tribes 12474: 12472: 12465: 12414: 12410: 12396: 12378: 12298: 12294:Thraco-Illyrian 12240: 12226: 12203: 12200: 12188: 12176: 12170: 12143: 12140:(c. 40–c. 9 BC) 12126: 12079: 12022: 11855: 11850: 11808: 11803: 11779: 11778: 11760: 11759: 11750: 11749: 11745: 11717: 11698: 11679: 11660: 11641: 11616: 11559: 11540: 11512: 11504:. Biblo-Moser. 11475: 11456: 11437: 11396: 11377: 11358: 11337: 11286: 11267: 11223: 11222: 11213: 11212: 11208: 11171: 11152: 11133: 11114: 11085: 11084: 11075: 11074: 11070: 11048: 11029: 11010: 10991: 10956: 10901: 10882: 10865:. Sorin Paliga. 10838: 10804: 10773: 10754: 10735: 10704: 10677: 10654: 10635: 10616: 10594: 10566: 10558:. Robert Hale. 10547: 10526: 10505: 10468: 10449: 10430: 10402: 10372: 10351: 10330: 10311: 10292: 10269: 10250: 10231: 10203: 10179: 10145: 10126: 10107: 10076: 10046: 10038:. Golden Vine. 10027: 10008: 9989: 9959: 9940: 9908: 9858: 9824: 9823: 9814: 9813: 9809: 9781: 9762: 9731: 9712: 9693: 9663: 9661: 9634: 9615: 9592: 9573: 9554: 9532: 9513: 9494: 9475: 9456: 9437: 9418: 9388: 9367: 9317: 9306: 9294: 9277: 9272: 9218:. W. Heinemann. 9207: 9183:Historia Romana 9172: 9167: 9162: 9150: 9146: 9139: 9123: 9119: 9111: 9107: 9101:Sidebottom 2007 9099: 9095: 9087: 9083: 9075: 9071: 9063: 9056: 9048: 9044: 9039: 9035: 9028: 9024: 9016: 9012: 9004: 9000: 8992: 8988: 8980: 8976: 8968: 8964: 8959: 8955: 8945: 8943: 8933: 8929: 8919: 8917: 8906: 8902: 8894: 8890: 8882: 8878: 8870: 8863: 8855: 8851: 8843: 8839: 8831: 8827: 8819: 8815: 8807: 8803: 8795: 8791: 8783: 8779: 8771: 8767: 8759: 8755: 8749:Jażdżewski 1948 8747: 8743: 8735: 8731: 8723: 8719: 8711: 8707: 8699: 8695: 8687: 8683: 8675: 8671: 8663: 8659: 8651: 8638: 8630: 8626: 8618: 8614: 8606: 8602: 8594: 8590: 8582: 8578: 8570: 8563: 8555: 8551: 8540: 8536: 8528: 8524: 8516: 8512: 8504: 8500: 8493: 8475: 8468: 8460: 8453: 8445: 8441: 8433: 8429: 8421: 8417: 8409: 8400: 8395: 8391: 8386: 8382: 8374: 8370: 8362: 8358: 8350: 8346: 8338: 8331: 8323: 8319: 8311: 8307: 8299: 8295: 8287: 8283: 8275: 8271: 8263: 8259: 8251: 8247: 8239: 8235: 8227: 8220: 8212: 8208: 8200: 8187: 8179: 8170: 8162: 8158: 8150: 8146: 8138: 8129: 8121: 8114: 8106: 8102: 8097: 8093: 8085: 8078: 8070: 8063: 8055: 8051: 8043: 8039: 8031: 8024: 8016: 8012: 8004: 7995: 7987: 7972: 7964: 7955: 7920: 7916: 7908: 7904: 7896: 7883: 7875: 7871: 7863: 7859: 7851: 7842: 7834: 7830: 7822: 7815: 7807: 7803: 7794: 7792: 7774: 7770: 7761: 7759: 7741: 7737: 7729: 7712: 7704: 7700: 7692: 7688: 7680: 7676: 7668: 7664: 7656: 7652: 7644: 7640: 7632: 7628: 7620: 7616: 7608: 7604: 7551: 7547: 7539: 7535: 7527: 7523: 7515: 7511: 7506: 7502: 7497: 7493: 7485: 7481: 7473: 7466: 7458: 7451: 7443: 7439: 7431: 7427: 7419: 7415: 7407: 7403: 7395: 7388: 7380: 7373: 7365: 7361: 7353: 7349: 7341: 7334: 7286: 7282: 7274: 7270: 7262: 7258: 7253: 7249: 7244: 7240: 7232: 7225: 7217: 7213: 7205: 7201: 7193: 7189: 7181: 7177: 7169: 7165: 7157: 7153: 7149:Wilcox (2000)27 7148: 7144: 7136: 7132: 7127: 7123: 7118: 7114: 7106: 7099: 7091: 7087: 7079: 7072: 7064: 7055: 7047: 7043: 7035: 7031: 7023: 7019: 7015:, p. 1471. 7011: 7007: 6999: 6990: 6982: 6978: 6973: 6969: 6961: 6957: 6951:Hainsworth 1982 6949: 6945: 6937: 6933: 6925: 6916: 6908: 6901: 6893: 6886: 6878: 6874: 6866: 6862: 6854: 6850: 6842: 6838: 6830: 6826: 6818: 6814: 6806: 6797: 6789: 6785: 6777: 6773: 6765: 6761: 6753: 6749: 6741: 6737: 6729: 6722: 6709: 6705: 6697: 6688: 6680: 6673: 6665: 6652: 6644: 6640: 6632: 6628: 6623: 6619: 6614: 6610: 6602: 6598: 6590: 6586: 6578: 6571: 6563: 6559: 6551: 6542: 6534: 6527: 6519: 6515: 6507: 6496: 6488: 6484: 6476: 6469: 6461: 6457: 6449: 6445: 6432: 6425: 6417: 6413: 6405: 6401: 6393: 6389: 6381: 6377: 6369: 6365: 6357: 6348: 6340: 6333: 6329:, p. 8375. 6325: 6321: 6313: 6309: 6301: 6297: 6289: 6285: 6255: 6251: 6243: 6236: 6228: 6221: 6213: 6209: 6203:Sidebottom 2007 6201: 6197: 6189: 6185: 6177: 6168: 6160: 6156: 6148: 6144: 6136: 6132: 6124: 6120: 6112: 6108: 6100: 6096: 6088: 6084: 6076: 6072: 6067: 6060: 6052: 6048: 6040: 6036: 6028: 6021: 6013: 6009: 6001: 5988: 5980: 5976: 5968: 5961: 5953: 5946: 5940:Trogus Pompeius 5934: 5927: 5919: 5908: 5900: 5883: 5871: 5867: 5859: 5852: 5844: 5837: 5829: 5822: 5812: 5811: 5807: 5799: 5795: 5787: 5780: 5772: 5768: 5753: 5749: 5741: 5730: 5726: 5721: 5715: 5711: 5706: 5702: 5690: 5686: 5657: 5653: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5599:Thraco-Illyrian 5550:Dacian language 5496: 5450: 5444: 5377: 5363: 5351: 5341: 5332: 5326: 5300:Trajan's column 5296: 5269:at the site of 5267:Mihail Dimitriu 5259: 5123: 5114: 5081: 5067: 5065:Dacian language 5061: 5017: 5003: 4989: 4973:Trajan's Column 4913: 4903: 4855: 4807: 4799:Trajan's Column 4759: 4730: 4712: 4596: 4590: 4584: 4560:Trajan's Column 4475: 4467:Main articles: 4465: 4452: 4416:Histria (Sinoe) 4388: 4348:Lucius Lucullus 4326:The kingdom of 4298: 4288: 4282: 4280:Dacian kingdoms 4274:Dacicus Maximus 4224: 4202: 4166: 4161: 4139: 4123: 4109: 4082: 4025:). See also an 3978: 3974: 3972: 3964: 3962: 3955: 3917: 3861: 3855: 3839:Pannonian plain 3813: 3808: 3802: 3774:Trajan's Column 3754: 3703:Dacian cast in 3693: 3687: 3665: 3659: 3619:Philip the Arab 3607:Trajan's Column 3436: 3430: 3414:Dacian language 3342: 3313: 3312: 3245:Marija Gimbutas 3233: 3223: 3222: 3214:Winter solstice 3204:Horse sacrifice 3175: 3168: 3154: 3147: 3140: 3126: 3119: 3112: 3105: 3098: 3051: 3036: 3023: 3009: 3002: 2988: 2979: 2966: 2959: 2952: 2943: 2934: 2913: 2882: 2874: 2873: 2816: 2803: 2778: 2771: 2764: 2757: 2750: 2712: 2705: 2698: 2689: 2671: 2658: 2645: 2616: 2610: 2595: 2587: 2586: 2560: 2537: 2524: 2512: 2493: 2435: 2412: 2374: 2367: 2361: 2352: 2345: 2336: 2334:Northern Europe 2315: 2311: 2298: 2285: 2270: 2263: 2256: 2249: 2242: 2235: 2228: 2221: 2217:Steppe cultures 2190: 2183: 2176: 2168: 2167: 2158:Baltic homeland 2132: 2128: 2124:Eurasian nomads 2108: 2104: 2080: 2072: 2071: 2042:Runic epigraphy 2037:Latin epigraphy 1992: 1984: 1983: 1921:Proto-Anatolian 1905: 1860: 1856:Thraco-Illyrian 1841:Graeco-Phrygian 1831:Graeco-Armenian 1826:Graeco-Albanian 1805: 1783: 1770: 1761: 1754: 1747: 1740: 1733: 1726: 1719: 1712: 1679: 1665: 1658: 1651: 1637: 1613: 1606: 1587: 1572: 1564: 1562: 1527: 1517: 1515:Dacian language 1511: 1446: 1435: 1429: 1426: 1415: 1407:This section's 1403: 1399: 1388: 1382: 1379: 1358: 1354: 1343: 1332: 1326: 1323: 1312: 1297: 1293: 1286: 1185: 1179: 1108: 1049:Alexandru Vulpe 982:Paul Kretschmer 927: 925:Modern theories 863: 820:originates in * 794: 782:Germanic tribes 563:Pliny the Elder 492: 486: 481: 456: 381:Dacia Aureliana 204: 185: 163:Dacian language 58: 54: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12928: 12918: 12917: 12912: 12907: 12902: 12897: 12892: 12887: 12870: 12869: 12867: 12866: 12863: 12853: 12843: 12832: 12829: 12828: 12826: 12825: 12820: 12815: 12810: 12805: 12804: 12803: 12790: 12788: 12784: 12783: 12780: 12779: 12777: 12776: 12771: 12766: 12760: 12758: 12754: 12753: 12751: 12750: 12745: 12740: 12735: 12730: 12725: 12720: 12714: 12712: 12706: 12705: 12703: 12702: 12697: 12692: 12691: 12690: 12683: 12671: 12669:Dacia Ripensis 12666: 12661: 12656: 12651: 12646: 12641: 12635: 12629: 12619: 12618: 12615: 12614: 12612: 12611: 12610: 12609: 12597: 12596: 12595: 12588: 12575: 12573: 12567: 12566: 12564: 12563: 12557: 12555: 12546: 12539: 12536: 12535: 12532: 12531: 12529: 12528: 12523: 12518: 12512: 12510: 12505: 12502: 12501: 12499: 12498: 12493: 12488: 12483: 12477: 12475: 12470: 12467: 12466: 12464: 12463: 12458: 12453: 12448: 12443: 12438: 12433: 12428: 12423: 12417: 12415: 12405: 12402: 12401: 12398: 12397: 12395: 12394: 12389: 12383: 12380: 12379: 12377: 12376: 12371: 12366: 12361: 12356: 12351: 12346: 12341: 12336: 12331: 12326: 12321: 12315: 12313: 12306: 12300: 12299: 12297: 12296: 12291: 12286: 12281: 12276: 12271: 12266: 12261: 12256: 12250: 12248: 12242: 12241: 12239: 12238: 12233: 12232: 12231: 12219: 12213: 12211: 12204: 12197: 12194: 12193: 12190: 12189: 12187: 12186: 12180: 12178: 12172: 12171: 12169: 12168: 12163: 12158: 12151: 12149: 12145: 12144: 12142: 12141: 12134: 12132: 12128: 12127: 12125: 12124: 12118: 12112: 12111:(c. 30s–70 AD) 12106: 12100: 12094: 12087: 12085: 12081: 12080: 12078: 12077: 12072: 12067: 12062: 12057: 12052: 12047: 12042: 12036: 12030: 12024: 12023: 12021: 12020: 12015: 12010: 12005: 12000: 11995: 11990: 11985: 11980: 11975: 11970: 11965: 11960: 11955: 11950: 11945: 11940: 11935: 11930: 11925: 11920: 11915: 11910: 11905: 11896: 11891: 11886: 11881: 11876: 11870: 11868: 11857: 11856: 11849: 11848: 11841: 11834: 11826: 11820: 11819: 11814: 11807: 11806:External links 11804: 11802: 11801: 11792: 11769: 11743: 11730: 11721: 11716:978-0850454734 11715: 11702: 11696: 11683: 11677: 11664: 11658: 11645: 11639: 11620: 11614: 11597: 11588: 11563: 11557: 11544: 11538: 11525: 11516: 11510: 11497: 11488: 11479: 11473: 11460: 11454: 11441: 11435: 11420: 11411: 11409:. John Murray. 11400: 11394: 11381: 11375: 11362: 11356: 11350:. Clio Press. 11341: 11335: 11314: 11301: 11290: 11284: 11271: 11265: 11250: 11241: 11232: 11206: 11193: 11184: 11175: 11169: 11156: 11150: 11137: 11131: 11118: 11113:978-0521224963 11112: 11094: 11068: 11052: 11046: 11033: 11027: 11014: 11008: 10995: 10989: 10969: 10960: 10954: 10941: 10932: 10918:Pârvan, Vasile 10914: 10905: 10899: 10886: 10880: 10867: 10858: 10842: 10836: 10821: 10808: 10802: 10777: 10771: 10758: 10752: 10739: 10733: 10716: 10702: 10681: 10675: 10658: 10652: 10639: 10633: 10620: 10614: 10602:Millar, Fergus 10598: 10593:978-0807855201 10592: 10574:Millar, Fergus 10570: 10564: 10551: 10545: 10530: 10524: 10509: 10503: 10490: 10481: 10472: 10466: 10453: 10447: 10434: 10428: 10415: 10406: 10400: 10385: 10376: 10370: 10355: 10349: 10334: 10328: 10315: 10309: 10296: 10290: 10273: 10267: 10254: 10248: 10235: 10229: 10216: 10207: 10201: 10187:Gibbon, Edward 10183: 10177: 10169:Hamilton Books 10158: 10149: 10143: 10130: 10124: 10111: 10105: 10092: 10080: 10074: 10054:Fol, Alexander 10050: 10044: 10031: 10025: 10012: 10006: 9993: 9987: 9974: 9963: 9957: 9944: 9938: 9916:Eliade, Mircea 9912: 9906: 9888:Eliade, Mircea 9884: 9866:Eisler, Robert 9862: 9856: 9833: 9807: 9794: 9785: 9779: 9766: 9760: 9747: 9735: 9729: 9716: 9710: 9697: 9691: 9678: 9669: 9647: 9638: 9632: 9619: 9613: 9596: 9590: 9577: 9571: 9558: 9552: 9540:Brodersen, Kai 9536: 9530: 9517: 9511: 9498: 9492: 9479: 9474:978-0029796900 9473: 9460: 9454: 9441: 9435: 9422: 9416: 9392: 9386: 9371: 9365: 9352: 9335: 9322: 9320:on 2013-10-02. 9298: 9293:978-9608560918 9292: 9278: 9276: 9273: 9271: 9270: 9261: 9243: 9234: 9220: 9211: 9205: 9192: 9173: 9171: 9168: 9166: 9163: 9161: 9160: 9151:Attributed to 9144: 9137: 9117: 9105: 9093: 9089:MacKenzie 1986 9081: 9077:MacKenzie 1986 9069: 9065:MacKenzie 1986 9054: 9052:, p. 128. 9042: 9033: 9022: 9020:, p. 335. 9010: 9008:, p. 410. 9006:Tomaschek 1883 8998: 8996:, p. 120. 8986: 8982:Tomaschek 1893 8974: 8962: 8953: 8927: 8900: 8896:Applebaum 1976 8888: 8886:, p. 101. 8876: 8872:Applebaum 1976 8861: 8859:, p. 275. 8849: 8847:, p. 193. 8837: 8825: 8823:, p. 149. 8813: 8811:, p. 648. 8801: 8799:, p. 401. 8797:Tomaschek 1883 8789: 8787:, p. 233. 8777: 8775:, p. 547. 8765: 8763:, p. 306. 8753: 8741: 8739:, p. 230. 8729: 8717: 8715:, p. 279. 8705: 8693: 8689:Applebaum 1976 8681: 8679:, p. 232. 8669: 8667:, p. 229. 8657: 8636: 8634:, p. 159. 8624: 8622:, p. 161. 8612: 8610:, p. 360. 8600: 8588: 8576: 8574:, p. 224. 8561: 8557:Georgescu 1991 8549: 8534: 8522: 8510: 8498: 8491: 8466: 8464:, p. 205. 8451: 8439: 8437:, p. 153. 8427: 8415: 8398: 8389: 8380: 8378:, p. 118. 8368: 8366:, p. 227. 8356: 8344: 8329: 8317: 8305: 8293: 8281: 8279:, p. 773. 8269: 8267:, p. 338. 8257: 8255:, p. 250. 8245: 8243:, p. 165. 8233: 8231:, p. 116. 8218: 8216:, p. 128. 8206: 8204:, p. 325. 8185: 8168: 8156: 8144: 8127: 8112: 8110:, p. 399. 8100: 8091: 8076: 8061: 8057:Brodersen 2020 8049: 8045:Brodersen 2020 8037: 8022: 8020:, p. 550. 8010: 7993: 7991:, p. 215. 7970: 7966:Tomaschek 1883 7953: 7914: 7912:, p. 661. 7902: 7900:, p. 549. 7881: 7869: 7857: 7855:, p. 166. 7840: 7838:, p. 114. 7828: 7826:, p. 543. 7813: 7811:, p. 208. 7801: 7768: 7735: 7710: 7698: 7696:, p. 116. 7686: 7684:, p. 124. 7674: 7672:, p. 205. 7662: 7660:, p. 403. 7658:Tomaschek 1883 7650: 7638: 7636:, p. 239. 7626: 7624:, p. 114. 7614: 7612:, p. 129. 7602: 7600: 7599: 7594: 7588: 7582: 7576: 7570: 7564: 7558: 7545: 7533: 7531:, p. 101. 7521: 7519:, p. 161. 7509: 7500: 7491: 7479: 7477:, p. 143. 7464: 7462:, p. 407. 7460:Tomaschek 1883 7449: 7447:, p. 131. 7437: 7425: 7423:, p. 916. 7413: 7411:, p. 135. 7401: 7399:, p. 100. 7386: 7371: 7369:, p. 729. 7359: 7357:, p. 184. 7347: 7345:, p. 100. 7332: 7330: 7329: 7323: 7317: 7311: 7305: 7299: 7293: 7280: 7268: 7256: 7247: 7238: 7236:, p. 224. 7223: 7211: 7199: 7197:, p. 167. 7187: 7175: 7163: 7159:MacKenzie 1986 7151: 7142: 7130: 7121: 7112: 7097: 7085: 7070: 7068:, p. 250. 7053: 7041: 7029: 7017: 7005: 6988: 6986:, p. 838. 6976: 6967: 6965:, p. 540. 6955: 6953:, p. 848. 6943: 6931: 6929:, p. 120. 6914: 6912:, p. 215. 6899: 6897:, p. 876. 6884: 6882:, p. 130. 6880:Duridanov 1985 6872: 6860: 6848: 6836: 6824: 6822:, p. 109. 6812: 6795: 6791:Papazoglu 1978 6783: 6771: 6759: 6747: 6745:, p. 279. 6735: 6703: 6686: 6671: 6650: 6638: 6626: 6617: 6608: 6596: 6584: 6569: 6557: 6540: 6538:, p. 144. 6525: 6523:, p. 540. 6521:Jeanmaire 1975 6513: 6494: 6492:, p. 137. 6482: 6467: 6465:, p. 133. 6455: 6443: 6423: 6411: 6399: 6387: 6385:, p. 149. 6375: 6373:, p. 136. 6363: 6346: 6344:, p. 404. 6342:Tomaschek 1883 6331: 6319: 6317:, p. 435. 6307: 6305:, p. 210. 6295: 6283: 6249: 6234: 6232:, p. 434. 6230:Papazoglu 1978 6219: 6207: 6195: 6183: 6181:, p. 239. 6166: 6164:, p. 375. 6154: 6142: 6130: 6118: 6114:Petolescu 2000 6106: 6094: 6092:, p. 397. 6090:Tomaschek 1883 6082: 6080:, p. 158. 6070: 6058: 6056:, p. 151. 6046: 6034: 6032:, p. 150. 6019: 6017:, p. 151. 6007: 6005:, p. 170. 5986: 5974: 5959: 5957:, p. 837. 5944: 5925: 5923:, p. 223. 5906: 5881: 5865: 5863:, p. 104. 5850: 5835: 5833:, p. 570. 5820: 5805: 5803:, p. 187. 5793: 5791:, p. 731. 5778: 5766: 5747: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5719: 5709: 5700: 5684: 5651: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5609: 5608: 5607: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5561: 5560: 5559: 5558: 5557: 5547: 5542: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5495: 5492: 5487:was produced. 5446:Main article: 5443: 5440: 5439: 5438: 5432: 5422: 5396: 5391: 5362: 5359: 5340: 5337: 5330:Dacian warfare 5328:Main article: 5325: 5322: 5306:Dio Chrysostom 5295: 5292: 5271:Poiana, Galaţi 5258: 5255: 5174:British Museum 5122: 5119: 5113: 5110: 5063:Main article: 5060: 5057: 5036:Lipiţa culture 5032:Puchov culture 4988: 4985: 4965:Piatra Craivii 4902: 4899: 4854: 4851: 4806: 4803: 4758: 4755: 4720:Carpi (people) 4711: 4708: 4657:Daci limitanei 4586:Main article: 4583: 4580: 4529:Dio Chrysostom 4525:Caninius Rufus 4464: 4461: 4451: 4448: 4430:, grandson of 4404:Sarmizegethusa 4387: 4384: 4368:Mithridates VI 4284:Main article: 4281: 4278: 4201: 4198: 4165: 4162: 4138: 4135: 4108: 4105: 4081: 4078: 4058:Puchov culture 4049:river basins. 3973: 3963: 3953:Púchov culture 3916: 3913: 3854: 3851: 3812: 3809: 3804:Main article: 3801: 3798: 3753: 3750: 3709:Lateran Museum 3705:Pushkin Museum 3691:Carpi (people) 3689:Main article: 3686: 3683: 3661:Main article: 3658: 3655: 3583:as far as the 3567:, rather than 3559:) and eastern 3432:Main article: 3429: 3426: 3344: 3343: 3341: 3340: 3333: 3326: 3318: 3315: 3314: 3311: 3310: 3303: 3296: 3289: 3282: 3274: 3273: 3267: 3266: 3260: 3259: 3253: 3252: 3247: 3241: 3240: 3234: 3229: 3228: 3225: 3224: 3221: 3220: 3211: 3206: 3201: 3199:Fire sacrifice 3195: 3194: 3188: 3187: 3182: 3181: 3180: 3173: 3161: 3160: 3159: 3152: 3145: 3133: 3132: 3131: 3124: 3117: 3110: 3103: 3091: 3086: 3081: 3044: 3043: 3031: 3030: 3029: 3028: 3016: 3015: 3014: 3007: 2995: 2994: 2993: 2990:Zoroastrianism 2972: 2971: 2964: 2957: 2950: 2949: 2948: 2927: 2926: 2920: 2919: 2912: 2911: 2906: 2901: 2896: 2890: 2889: 2883: 2880: 2879: 2876: 2875: 2872: 2871: 2860: 2859: 2857:Medieval India 2848: 2847: 2842: 2833: 2828: 2823: 2811: 2810: 2798: 2797: 2791: 2790: 2785: 2784: 2783: 2776: 2769: 2762: 2755: 2739: 2734: 2732:Italic peoples 2729: 2724: 2719: 2718: 2717: 2710: 2703: 2684: 2683: 2678: 2666: 2665: 2653: 2652: 2640: 2639: 2633: 2632: 2627: 2622: 2617: 2603: 2602: 2596: 2593: 2592: 2589: 2588: 2585: 2584: 2579: 2568: 2567: 2555: 2554: 2549: 2544: 2532: 2531: 2519: 2518: 2511: 2510: 2508:Gandhara grave 2505: 2500: 2488: 2487: 2482: 2477: 2472: 2467: 2462: 2457: 2452: 2447: 2442: 2430: 2429: 2424: 2419: 2407: 2406: 2401: 2396: 2391: 2386: 2381: 2369: 2368: 2360: 2359: 2358: 2357: 2354:Middle Dnieper 2350: 2331: 2330: 2325: 2320: 2309:Eastern Europe 2306: 2305: 2293: 2292: 2280: 2279: 2278: 2277: 2276: 2275: 2268: 2254: 2247: 2240: 2237:Dnieper–Donets 2233: 2226: 2214: 2212:Kurgan culture 2209: 2208: 2207: 2197: 2185: 2184: 2177: 2174: 2173: 2170: 2169: 2166: 2165: 2160: 2155: 2150: 2148:Beech argument 2145: 2140: 2134: 2133: 2127: 2126: 2121: 2116: 2110: 2109: 2103: 2102: 2097: 2092: 2087: 2081: 2078: 2077: 2074: 2073: 2070: 2069: 2064: 2059: 2054: 2049: 2044: 2039: 2034: 2029: 2024: 2019: 2014: 2009: 2004: 1999: 1993: 1990: 1989: 1986: 1985: 1982: 1981: 1971: 1957: 1952: 1938: 1931:Proto-Germanic 1928: 1926:Proto-Armenian 1923: 1918: 1916:Proto-Albanian 1912: 1911: 1904: 1903: 1898: 1893: 1888: 1883: 1878: 1873: 1867: 1866: 1859: 1858: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1838: 1833: 1828: 1823: 1818: 1812: 1811: 1804: 1803: 1802: 1801: 1777: 1776: 1769: 1768: 1767: 1766: 1759: 1752: 1745: 1738: 1731: 1724: 1717: 1705: 1700: 1694: 1693: 1687: 1686: 1685: 1684: 1672: 1671: 1670: 1663: 1656: 1644: 1643: 1642: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1619: 1618: 1611: 1599: 1594: 1593: 1592: 1579: 1578: 1571: 1570: 1563: 1558: 1557: 1554: 1553: 1545: 1544: 1538: 1537: 1513:Main article: 1510: 1507: 1448: 1447: 1406: 1404: 1397: 1390: 1389: 1374:. Discuss and 1361: 1359: 1352: 1345: 1344: 1300: 1298: 1291: 1285: 1282: 1197:Indo-Europeans 1178: 1175: 1174: 1173: 1141: 1133: 1130: 1107: 1104: 1069:folk etymology 1045: 1044: 1035: 1028: 993: 978: 947:Dimitar Dechev 926: 923: 862: 859: 793: 790: 612:and two times 488:Main article: 485: 482: 480: 477: 458: 457: 455: 454: 447: 440: 432: 429: 428: 427: 426: 421: 416: 411: 406: 398: 397: 391: 390: 389: 388: 383: 378: 373: 368: 363: 355: 354: 348: 347: 346: 345: 340: 335: 330: 325: 320: 315: 307: 306: 300: 299: 298: 297: 292: 287: 282: 277: 272: 267: 259: 258: 252: 251: 250: 249: 244: 239: 234: 229: 224: 216: 215: 209: 208: 200: 199: 191: 190: 139:Eastern Serbia 43:Trajan's Forum 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12927: 12916: 12913: 12911: 12908: 12906: 12903: 12901: 12898: 12896: 12893: 12891: 12888: 12886: 12883: 12882: 12880: 12864: 12862: 12854: 12852: 12844: 12842: 12834: 12833: 12830: 12824: 12821: 12819: 12816: 12814: 12811: 12809: 12806: 12801: 12797: 12796: 12795: 12792: 12791: 12789: 12785: 12775: 12772: 12770: 12767: 12765: 12762: 12761: 12759: 12755: 12749: 12746: 12744: 12743:Trajan's Wall 12741: 12739: 12738:Transalutanus 12736: 12734: 12731: 12729: 12728:Porolissensis 12726: 12724: 12721: 12719: 12716: 12715: 12713: 12711: 12707: 12701: 12698: 12696: 12693: 12688: 12684: 12681: 12677: 12676: 12675: 12672: 12670: 12667: 12665: 12662: 12660: 12657: 12655: 12652: 12650: 12649:Scythia Minor 12647: 12645: 12642: 12640: 12639:Dacia Traiana 12637: 12636: 12633: 12630: 12628: 12624: 12620: 12607: 12603: 12602: 12601: 12598: 12593: 12589: 12586: 12582: 12581: 12580: 12577: 12576: 12574: 12572: 12568: 12562: 12559: 12558: 12556: 12554: 12550: 12547: 12544: 12540:Wars with the 12537: 12527: 12524: 12522: 12519: 12517: 12514: 12513: 12511: 12508: 12503: 12497: 12494: 12492: 12489: 12487: 12484: 12482: 12479: 12478: 12476: 12468: 12462: 12461:Murus Dacicus 12459: 12457: 12454: 12452: 12449: 12447: 12444: 12442: 12439: 12437: 12434: 12432: 12429: 12427: 12424: 12422: 12421:Sarmizegetusa 12419: 12418: 12416: 12413: 12408: 12403: 12393: 12390: 12388: 12385: 12384: 12381: 12375: 12372: 12370: 12367: 12365: 12362: 12360: 12357: 12355: 12352: 12350: 12347: 12345: 12342: 12340: 12337: 12335: 12332: 12330: 12327: 12325: 12322: 12320: 12317: 12316: 12314: 12310: 12307: 12305: 12301: 12295: 12292: 12290: 12287: 12285: 12284:Daco-Thracian 12282: 12280: 12277: 12275: 12274:Dacian script 12272: 12270: 12267: 12265: 12262: 12260: 12257: 12255: 12252: 12251: 12249: 12247: 12243: 12237: 12234: 12229: 12225: 12224: 12223: 12220: 12218: 12215: 12214: 12212: 12208: 12205: 12202: 12195: 12185: 12182: 12181: 12179: 12173: 12167: 12164: 12162: 12159: 12156: 12153: 12152: 12150: 12146: 12139: 12136: 12135: 12133: 12129: 12122: 12119: 12117:(c. 69–87 AD) 12116: 12113: 12110: 12107: 12104: 12101: 12098: 12095: 12093:(82/61–44 BC) 12092: 12089: 12088: 12086: 12082: 12076: 12073: 12071: 12068: 12066: 12063: 12061: 12058: 12056: 12053: 12051: 12048: 12046: 12043: 12041: 12038: 12037: 12034: 12031: 12029: 12025: 12019: 12016: 12014: 12011: 12009: 12006: 12004: 12001: 11999: 11996: 11994: 11991: 11989: 11986: 11984: 11981: 11979: 11976: 11974: 11971: 11969: 11966: 11964: 11961: 11959: 11956: 11954: 11951: 11949: 11946: 11944: 11941: 11939: 11936: 11934: 11931: 11929: 11926: 11924: 11921: 11919: 11916: 11914: 11911: 11909: 11906: 11904: 11900: 11897: 11895: 11892: 11890: 11887: 11885: 11882: 11880: 11877: 11875: 11872: 11871: 11869: 11866: 11862: 11858: 11854: 11847: 11842: 11840: 11835: 11833: 11828: 11827: 11824: 11818: 11815: 11813: 11810: 11809: 11798: 11793: 11789: 11783: 11775: 11770: 11766: 11754: 11746: 11740: 11736: 11731: 11727: 11722: 11718: 11712: 11708: 11703: 11699: 11693: 11689: 11684: 11680: 11674: 11670: 11665: 11661: 11655: 11652:. Routledge. 11651: 11646: 11642: 11636: 11632: 11628: 11627: 11621: 11617: 11611: 11607: 11603: 11598: 11594: 11589: 11585: 11581: 11577: 11573: 11569: 11564: 11560: 11554: 11551:. Routledge. 11550: 11545: 11541: 11535: 11531: 11526: 11522: 11517: 11513: 11507: 11503: 11498: 11494: 11489: 11485: 11480: 11476: 11470: 11466: 11461: 11457: 11451: 11448:. Routledge. 11447: 11442: 11438: 11432: 11429:. Routledge. 11428: 11427: 11421: 11417: 11412: 11408: 11407: 11401: 11397: 11391: 11387: 11382: 11378: 11372: 11368: 11363: 11359: 11353: 11349: 11348: 11342: 11338: 11332: 11328: 11324: 11320: 11315: 11311: 11307: 11302: 11299:. H. Hagerup. 11298: 11297: 11291: 11287: 11281: 11277: 11272: 11268: 11262: 11258: 11257: 11251: 11247: 11242: 11238: 11233: 11229: 11217: 11209: 11203: 11199: 11194: 11190: 11185: 11181: 11176: 11172: 11166: 11162: 11157: 11153: 11147: 11143: 11138: 11134: 11128: 11124: 11119: 11115: 11109: 11105: 11104: 11099: 11095: 11091: 11079: 11071: 11065: 11061: 11057: 11053: 11049: 11043: 11039: 11034: 11030: 11024: 11020: 11015: 11011: 11005: 11001: 10996: 10992: 10986: 10982: 10978: 10977:Ember, Melvin 10974: 10970: 10966: 10961: 10957: 10951: 10947: 10942: 10938: 10933: 10929: 10925: 10924: 10919: 10915: 10911: 10906: 10902: 10896: 10892: 10887: 10883: 10877: 10873: 10868: 10864: 10859: 10855: 10851: 10847: 10843: 10839: 10833: 10830:. Routledge. 10829: 10828: 10822: 10819:(4): 507–530. 10818: 10814: 10809: 10805: 10799: 10795: 10791: 10787: 10783: 10778: 10774: 10772:0-415-17485-6 10768: 10764: 10759: 10755: 10749: 10745: 10740: 10736: 10730: 10725: 10724: 10717: 10713: 10709: 10705: 10699: 10695: 10691: 10687: 10682: 10678: 10672: 10668: 10664: 10659: 10655: 10649: 10646:. Universal. 10645: 10640: 10636: 10630: 10626: 10621: 10617: 10611: 10607: 10603: 10599: 10595: 10589: 10585: 10584: 10579: 10575: 10571: 10567: 10561: 10557: 10552: 10548: 10542: 10538: 10537: 10531: 10527: 10521: 10517: 10516: 10510: 10506: 10500: 10496: 10491: 10487: 10486:Vasile Pârvan 10482: 10478: 10473: 10469: 10463: 10459: 10454: 10450: 10444: 10440: 10435: 10431: 10425: 10421: 10416: 10413:. Shenandoah. 10412: 10407: 10403: 10397: 10393: 10392: 10386: 10382: 10377: 10373: 10367: 10363: 10362: 10356: 10352: 10346: 10342: 10341: 10335: 10331: 10325: 10321: 10316: 10312: 10306: 10302: 10297: 10293: 10287: 10284:. Routledge. 10282: 10281: 10274: 10270: 10264: 10260: 10255: 10251: 10245: 10242:. Routledge. 10241: 10236: 10232: 10226: 10222: 10217: 10213: 10208: 10204: 10198: 10194: 10193: 10188: 10184: 10180: 10174: 10170: 10166: 10165: 10159: 10155: 10150: 10146: 10140: 10136: 10131: 10127: 10121: 10117: 10112: 10108: 10102: 10098: 10093: 10089: 10085: 10081: 10077: 10071: 10067: 10063: 10059: 10055: 10051: 10047: 10041: 10037: 10032: 10028: 10022: 10018: 10013: 10009: 10003: 9999: 9994: 9990: 9984: 9980: 9975: 9971: 9970: 9964: 9960: 9954: 9951:. Routledge. 9950: 9945: 9941: 9935: 9931: 9927: 9923: 9922: 9917: 9913: 9909: 9903: 9899: 9895: 9894: 9889: 9885: 9881: 9877: 9873: 9872: 9867: 9863: 9859: 9853: 9849: 9845: 9841: 9840: 9834: 9830: 9818: 9810: 9804: 9800: 9795: 9791: 9786: 9782: 9776: 9773:. Constable. 9772: 9767: 9763: 9757: 9753: 9748: 9744: 9740: 9736: 9732: 9726: 9722: 9717: 9713: 9707: 9703: 9698: 9694: 9688: 9684: 9679: 9675: 9670: 9660:on 2009-02-12 9659: 9655: 9654: 9648: 9644: 9639: 9635: 9629: 9625: 9620: 9616: 9610: 9605: 9604: 9597: 9593: 9587: 9583: 9578: 9574: 9568: 9564: 9559: 9555: 9549: 9545: 9541: 9537: 9533: 9527: 9523: 9518: 9514: 9508: 9504: 9499: 9495: 9489: 9485: 9480: 9476: 9470: 9466: 9461: 9457: 9451: 9448:. Routledge. 9447: 9442: 9438: 9432: 9428: 9423: 9419: 9413: 9409: 9405: 9401: 9397: 9393: 9389: 9383: 9379: 9378: 9372: 9368: 9362: 9358: 9353: 9349: 9345: 9341: 9340:Avidio Cassio 9336: 9332: 9328: 9323: 9316: 9312: 9304: 9299: 9295: 9289: 9285: 9280: 9279: 9267: 9262: 9258: 9254: 9253: 9248: 9244: 9240: 9235: 9231: 9230: 9225: 9221: 9217: 9212: 9208: 9202: 9198: 9193: 9189: 9188:Roman History 9185: 9184: 9179: 9175: 9174: 9158: 9154: 9148: 9140: 9134: 9130: 9129: 9121: 9115:, p. 30. 9114: 9109: 9102: 9097: 9091:, p. 66. 9090: 9085: 9079:, p. 26. 9078: 9073: 9067:, p. 67. 9066: 9061: 9059: 9051: 9050:Glodariu 1976 9046: 9037: 9031: 9026: 9019: 9014: 9007: 9002: 8995: 8990: 8983: 8978: 8971: 8966: 8957: 8942: 8938: 8931: 8915: 8911: 8910:"Die Thraker" 8904: 8898:, p. 95. 8897: 8892: 8885: 8884:Glodariu 1976 8880: 8874:, p. 94. 8873: 8868: 8866: 8858: 8853: 8846: 8845:Cunliffe 1994 8841: 8835:, p. 42. 8834: 8829: 8822: 8817: 8810: 8805: 8798: 8793: 8786: 8781: 8774: 8769: 8762: 8761:Shchukin 1989 8757: 8751:, p. 76. 8750: 8745: 8738: 8733: 8727:, p. 20. 8726: 8721: 8714: 8709: 8703:, p. 86. 8702: 8697: 8691:, p. 91. 8690: 8685: 8678: 8673: 8666: 8661: 8654: 8649: 8647: 8645: 8643: 8641: 8633: 8628: 8621: 8616: 8609: 8604: 8597: 8592: 8586:, p. 33. 8585: 8580: 8573: 8568: 8566: 8558: 8553: 8545: 8538: 8531: 8526: 8519: 8514: 8507: 8502: 8494: 8492:9780781809351 8488: 8483: 8482: 8473: 8471: 8463: 8458: 8456: 8449:, p. 47. 8448: 8443: 8436: 8431: 8425:, p. 97. 8424: 8419: 8412: 8407: 8405: 8403: 8393: 8384: 8377: 8372: 8365: 8360: 8354:, p. 48. 8353: 8348: 8342:, p. 54. 8341: 8336: 8334: 8326: 8321: 8315: 8309: 8303: 8297: 8291:, p. 61. 8290: 8285: 8278: 8273: 8266: 8261: 8254: 8249: 8242: 8237: 8230: 8225: 8223: 8215: 8210: 8203: 8202:Southern 2001 8198: 8196: 8194: 8192: 8190: 8182: 8177: 8175: 8173: 8165: 8160: 8154:, p. 85. 8153: 8148: 8141: 8136: 8134: 8132: 8125:, p. 97. 8124: 8119: 8117: 8109: 8104: 8095: 8088: 8083: 8081: 8074:, p. 48. 8073: 8068: 8066: 8058: 8053: 8046: 8041: 8035:, p. 14. 8034: 8029: 8027: 8019: 8014: 8008:, p. 50. 8007: 8002: 8000: 7998: 7990: 7985: 7983: 7981: 7979: 7977: 7975: 7967: 7962: 7960: 7958: 7949: 7945: 7941: 7937: 7933: 7929: 7925: 7918: 7911: 7906: 7899: 7894: 7892: 7890: 7888: 7886: 7879:, p. 49. 7878: 7873: 7867:, p. 35. 7866: 7861: 7854: 7849: 7847: 7845: 7837: 7832: 7825: 7820: 7818: 7810: 7805: 7791:on 2002-06-13 7790: 7786: 7782: 7778: 7772: 7758:on 2012-12-15 7757: 7753: 7749: 7748:"Hair (V.3.)" 7745: 7739: 7733:, p. 45. 7732: 7727: 7725: 7723: 7721: 7719: 7717: 7715: 7708:, p. 37. 7707: 7702: 7695: 7690: 7683: 7678: 7671: 7666: 7659: 7654: 7647: 7642: 7635: 7630: 7623: 7618: 7611: 7606: 7598: 7595: 7592: 7589: 7586: 7583: 7580: 7577: 7575:, p. 136 7574: 7571: 7569:, p. 117 7568: 7565: 7562: 7559: 7557:, p. 205 7556: 7553: 7552: 7549: 7542: 7537: 7530: 7525: 7518: 7513: 7504: 7495: 7488: 7483: 7476: 7471: 7469: 7461: 7456: 7454: 7446: 7441: 7435:, p. 18. 7434: 7429: 7422: 7417: 7410: 7405: 7398: 7393: 7391: 7384:, p. 98. 7383: 7378: 7376: 7368: 7363: 7356: 7351: 7344: 7339: 7337: 7327: 7326:Astarita 1983 7324: 7322:, p. 525 7321: 7318: 7316:, p. 729 7315: 7312: 7309: 7306: 7304:, p. 302 7303: 7300: 7298:, p. 184 7297: 7294: 7292:, p. 131 7291: 7288: 7287: 7284: 7277: 7272: 7266:, p. 47. 7265: 7260: 7251: 7245:Ptolemy III.8 7242: 7235: 7230: 7228: 7220: 7215: 7209:, p. 22. 7208: 7203: 7196: 7191: 7184: 7179: 7173:, p. 90. 7172: 7167: 7161:, p. 51. 7160: 7155: 7146: 7140:, p. 78. 7139: 7134: 7125: 7116: 7109: 7104: 7102: 7095:, p. 24. 7094: 7089: 7083:, p. 18. 7082: 7077: 7075: 7067: 7062: 7060: 7058: 7051:, p. 47. 7050: 7045: 7039:, p. 89. 7038: 7033: 7027:, p. 88. 7026: 7021: 7014: 7009: 7003:, p. 46. 7002: 6997: 6995: 6993: 6985: 6980: 6971: 6964: 6959: 6952: 6947: 6941:, p. 71. 6940: 6935: 6928: 6923: 6921: 6919: 6911: 6906: 6904: 6896: 6891: 6889: 6881: 6876: 6870:, p. 72. 6869: 6864: 6858:, p. 70. 6857: 6852: 6846:, p. 10. 6845: 6840: 6833: 6828: 6821: 6816: 6809: 6804: 6802: 6800: 6793:, p. 67. 6792: 6787: 6780: 6775: 6769:, p. 17. 6768: 6763: 6757:, p. 28. 6756: 6751: 6744: 6739: 6728: 6720: 6716: 6715: 6707: 6700: 6699:Olbrycht 2000 6695: 6693: 6691: 6683: 6678: 6676: 6669:, p. 59. 6668: 6667:Mountain 1998 6663: 6661: 6659: 6657: 6655: 6648:, p. 53. 6647: 6642: 6636:, p. 58. 6635: 6634:Mountain 1998 6630: 6624:Casson, p. 3. 6621: 6612: 6605: 6600: 6594:, p. 27. 6593: 6588: 6582:, p. 23. 6581: 6576: 6574: 6566: 6565:Zambotti 1954 6561: 6555:, p. 15. 6554: 6549: 6547: 6545: 6537: 6532: 6530: 6522: 6517: 6511:, p. 13. 6510: 6505: 6503: 6501: 6499: 6491: 6486: 6480:, p. 11. 6479: 6474: 6472: 6464: 6459: 6452: 6447: 6439: 6438: 6437:Dentumagyaria 6430: 6428: 6421:, p. 12. 6420: 6415: 6409:, p. 33. 6408: 6403: 6397:, p. 19. 6396: 6391: 6384: 6379: 6372: 6367: 6361:, p. 77. 6360: 6355: 6353: 6351: 6343: 6338: 6336: 6328: 6323: 6316: 6311: 6304: 6299: 6293:, p. 45. 6292: 6287: 6279: 6275: 6271: 6267: 6263: 6259: 6253: 6247:, p. 68. 6246: 6241: 6239: 6231: 6226: 6224: 6217:, p. 66. 6216: 6211: 6204: 6199: 6192: 6187: 6180: 6175: 6173: 6171: 6163: 6158: 6151: 6146: 6139: 6134: 6127: 6122: 6115: 6110: 6103: 6098: 6091: 6086: 6079: 6074: 6065: 6063: 6055: 6050: 6044:, p. 44. 6043: 6038: 6031: 6026: 6024: 6016: 6011: 6004: 5999: 5997: 5995: 5993: 5991: 5983: 5978: 5972:, p. 89. 5971: 5966: 5964: 5956: 5951: 5949: 5941: 5937: 5932: 5930: 5922: 5917: 5915: 5913: 5911: 5903: 5898: 5896: 5894: 5892: 5890: 5888: 5886: 5878: 5874: 5869: 5862: 5861:Westropp 2003 5857: 5855: 5847: 5842: 5840: 5832: 5827: 5825: 5815: 5809: 5802: 5801:Husovská 1998 5797: 5790: 5785: 5783: 5775: 5770: 5763: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5744: 5739: 5737: 5735: 5733: 5728: 5713: 5704: 5697: 5694: 5688: 5681: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5665: 5664:Sarmizegetuza 5660: 5655: 5648: 5644: 5635: 5626: 5620: 5616: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5589:Thraco-Dacian 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5566: 5565: 5562: 5556: 5553: 5552: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5537: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5497: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5485: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5436: 5433: 5430: 5426: 5423: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5389: 5385: 5382: 5381: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5358: 5356: 5350: 5346: 5336: 5331: 5317: 5313: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5301: 5291: 5284: 5283:Dacia journal 5280: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5263: 5254: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5235: 5230: 5226: 5221: 5219: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5201: 5199: 5198:Zibelthiurdos 5195: 5194: 5189: 5188: 5183: 5175: 5170: 5166: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5143: 5141: 5132: 5127: 5118: 5109: 5107: 5106:slavicisation 5103: 5102:hellenization 5099: 5094: 5091: 5087: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5066: 5056: 5053: 5049: 5044: 5042: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5026: 5022: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4984: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4959:not far from 4958: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4917:murus dacicus 4912: 4911:Murus dacicus 4908: 4898: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4873:coins of the 4872: 4864: 4859: 4850: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4811: 4802: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4771: 4763: 4754: 4752: 4748: 4742: 4734: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4707: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4672: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4650: 4645: 4641: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4610: 4609:Dacia Traiana 4605: 4601: 4595: 4589: 4579: 4577: 4567: 4563: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4552:Sarmizegetusa 4549: 4544: 4541: 4536: 4534: 4531:'s Getica or 4530: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4513: 4509: 4504: 4502: 4498: 4493: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4474: 4470: 4460: 4458: 4443: 4439: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4400:Sarmizegetusa 4397: 4393: 4383: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4324: 4322: 4318: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4297: 4293: 4287: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4267: 4265: 4261: 4256: 4253: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4197: 4195: 4192:lived in the 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4174: 4171: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4134: 4132: 4128: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4104: 4102: 4098: 4093: 4091: 4087: 4077: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4050: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4034: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4007: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3989: 3984: 3970: 3959: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3912: 3910: 3907:(Balkan) and 3906: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3885: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3860: 3850: 3848: 3847:Scythia Minor 3844: 3840: 3836: 3830: 3827: 3817: 3811:Early history 3807: 3797: 3793: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3777: 3775: 3771: 3763: 3758: 3749: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3734:Carpo-Dacians 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3710: 3706: 3701: 3697: 3692: 3682: 3680: 3675: 3672: 3671: 3664: 3654: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3623: 3620: 3616: 3610: 3608: 3602: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3587: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3555:(Republic of 3554: 3550: 3544: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3487:and then the 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3457: 3455: 3451: 3450: 3440: 3435: 3425: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3398: 3392: 3388: 3386: 3385:Sarmizegetusa 3381: 3379: 3374: 3370: 3368: 3364: 3359: 3358:Indo-European 3355: 3351: 3339: 3334: 3332: 3327: 3325: 3320: 3319: 3317: 3316: 3309: 3308: 3304: 3302: 3301: 3297: 3295: 3294: 3290: 3288: 3287: 3283: 3281: 3280: 3276: 3275: 3272: 3269: 3268: 3265: 3262: 3261: 3258: 3255: 3254: 3251: 3250:J. P. Mallory 3248: 3246: 3243: 3242: 3239: 3236: 3235: 3232: 3227: 3226: 3219: 3215: 3212: 3210: 3207: 3205: 3202: 3200: 3197: 3196: 3193: 3190: 3189: 3186: 3183: 3178: 3174: 3171: 3167: 3166: 3165: 3162: 3157: 3153: 3150: 3146: 3143: 3139: 3138: 3137: 3134: 3129: 3125: 3122: 3118: 3115: 3111: 3108: 3104: 3101: 3097: 3096: 3095: 3092: 3090: 3087: 3085: 3082: 3079: 3076: 3073: 3070: 3067: 3064: 3061: 3057: 3054: 3053: 3052: 3050: 3049: 3042: 3039: 3038: 3037: 3035: 3026: 3022: 3021: 3020: 3017: 3012: 3008: 3005: 3001: 3000: 2999: 2996: 2991: 2987: 2986: 2985: 2982: 2981: 2980: 2978: 2977: 2969: 2965: 2962: 2958: 2955: 2951: 2946: 2942: 2941: 2940: 2937: 2936: 2935: 2933: 2932: 2925: 2922: 2921: 2918: 2915: 2914: 2910: 2907: 2905: 2902: 2900: 2897: 2895: 2892: 2891: 2888: 2887:Reconstructed 2885: 2884: 2878: 2877: 2870: 2867: 2866: 2865: 2864: 2858: 2855: 2854: 2853: 2852: 2846: 2843: 2841: 2837: 2834: 2832: 2829: 2827: 2824: 2822: 2819: 2818: 2817: 2815: 2809: 2806: 2805: 2804: 2802: 2796: 2793: 2792: 2789: 2786: 2781: 2777: 2774: 2770: 2767: 2763: 2760: 2756: 2753: 2749: 2748: 2747: 2743: 2740: 2738: 2735: 2733: 2730: 2728: 2725: 2723: 2720: 2715: 2714:Insular Celts 2711: 2708: 2704: 2701: 2697: 2696: 2695: 2692: 2691: 2690: 2688: 2682: 2679: 2677: 2674: 2673: 2672: 2670: 2664: 2661: 2660: 2659: 2657: 2651: 2648: 2647: 2646: 2644: 2638: 2635: 2634: 2631: 2630:Indo-Iranians 2628: 2626: 2623: 2621: 2618: 2613: 2608: 2605: 2604: 2601: 2598: 2597: 2591: 2590: 2583: 2580: 2578: 2575: 2574: 2573: 2572: 2566: 2563: 2562: 2561: 2559: 2553: 2550: 2548: 2545: 2543: 2540: 2539: 2538: 2536: 2530: 2527: 2526: 2525: 2523: 2517: 2514: 2513: 2509: 2506: 2504: 2501: 2499: 2496: 2495: 2494: 2492: 2486: 2483: 2481: 2478: 2476: 2473: 2471: 2468: 2466: 2463: 2461: 2458: 2456: 2453: 2451: 2448: 2446: 2443: 2441: 2438: 2437: 2436: 2434: 2428: 2425: 2423: 2420: 2418: 2415: 2414: 2413: 2411: 2405: 2402: 2400: 2397: 2395: 2392: 2390: 2387: 2385: 2382: 2380: 2377: 2376: 2375: 2373: 2372:Pontic Steppe 2366: 2363: 2362: 2355: 2351: 2348: 2344: 2343: 2342: 2339: 2338: 2337: 2335: 2329: 2326: 2324: 2321: 2318: 2314: 2313: 2312: 2310: 2304: 2301: 2300: 2299: 2297: 2291: 2288: 2287: 2286: 2284: 2273: 2269: 2266: 2262: 2261: 2259: 2255: 2252: 2248: 2245: 2241: 2238: 2234: 2231: 2227: 2224: 2220: 2219: 2218: 2215: 2213: 2210: 2206: 2205:Kurgan stelae 2203: 2202: 2201: 2198: 2196: 2193: 2192: 2191: 2189: 2188:Pontic Steppe 2182: 2179: 2178: 2172: 2171: 2164: 2161: 2159: 2156: 2154: 2151: 2149: 2146: 2144: 2141: 2139: 2136: 2135: 2130: 2129: 2125: 2122: 2120: 2117: 2115: 2112: 2111: 2106: 2105: 2101: 2098: 2096: 2093: 2091: 2088: 2086: 2083: 2082: 2076: 2075: 2068: 2065: 2063: 2060: 2058: 2055: 2053: 2050: 2048: 2045: 2043: 2040: 2038: 2035: 2033: 2030: 2028: 2025: 2023: 2020: 2018: 2015: 2013: 2010: 2008: 2005: 2003: 2000: 1998: 1995: 1994: 1988: 1987: 1979: 1978:Proto-Iranian 1975: 1972: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1958: 1956: 1953: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1939: 1936: 1932: 1929: 1927: 1924: 1922: 1919: 1917: 1914: 1913: 1910: 1907: 1906: 1902: 1899: 1897: 1894: 1892: 1889: 1887: 1884: 1882: 1879: 1877: 1874: 1872: 1869: 1868: 1865: 1862: 1861: 1857: 1854: 1852: 1849: 1847: 1844: 1842: 1839: 1837: 1834: 1832: 1829: 1827: 1824: 1822: 1821:Daco-Thracian 1819: 1817: 1814: 1813: 1810: 1807: 1806: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1785: 1784: 1782: 1779: 1778: 1775: 1774:Reconstructed 1772: 1771: 1764: 1760: 1757: 1753: 1750: 1746: 1743: 1739: 1736: 1732: 1729: 1725: 1722: 1718: 1715: 1711: 1710: 1709: 1706: 1704: 1701: 1699: 1696: 1695: 1692: 1689: 1688: 1682: 1678: 1677: 1676: 1673: 1668: 1664: 1661: 1657: 1654: 1650: 1649: 1648: 1645: 1640: 1636: 1635: 1634: 1631: 1629: 1626: 1624: 1621: 1616: 1612: 1609: 1605: 1604: 1603: 1600: 1598: 1595: 1590: 1586: 1585: 1584: 1581: 1580: 1577: 1574: 1573: 1569: 1566: 1565: 1561: 1556: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1546: 1543: 1540: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1516: 1506: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1483: 1478: 1474: 1473:Julius Caesar 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1455: 1444: 1441: 1433: 1423: 1419: 1413: 1412: 1405: 1396: 1395: 1386: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1367: 1360: 1351: 1350: 1341: 1338: 1330: 1327:November 2013 1320: 1316: 1310: 1309: 1305: 1299: 1290: 1289: 1281: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1266: 1263: 1258: 1254: 1251: 1247: 1244:and possibly 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1230:Pontic Steppe 1227: 1224: 1220: 1215: 1212: 1208: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1184: 1171: 1166: 1165:Vinča culture 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1139: 1134: 1131: 1128: 1127: 1126: 1124: 1120: 1119:Mircea Eliade 1112: 1103: 1101: 1100:Ioan I. Russu 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1072: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1042: 1041: 1036: 1033: 1029: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 991: 987: 983: 979: 976: 975:Mircea Eliade 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 939: 938: 936: 932: 922: 920: 916: 913: 909: 905: 902: 898: 894: 884: 880: 876: 872: 869: 858: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 835: 834: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 789: 787: 783: 779: 774: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 734: 729: 727: 723: 719: 714: 712: 696: 692: 688: 684: 674: 669: 667: 663: 659: 649: 648: 643: 639: 634: 631: 627: 623: 619: 616:. In AD 113, 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 555:Julius Caesar 552: 551: 546: 543: 539: 535: 534: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 504:Ancient Greek 501: 497: 491: 473: 469: 464: 453: 448: 446: 441: 439: 434: 433: 431: 430: 425: 422: 420: 417: 415: 412: 410: 409:Daco-Romanian 407: 405: 402: 401: 400: 399: 396: 393: 392: 387: 384: 382: 379: 377: 374: 372: 369: 367: 364: 362: 359: 358: 357: 356: 353: 350: 349: 344: 341: 339: 336: 334: 331: 329: 326: 324: 321: 319: 316: 314: 311: 310: 309: 308: 305: 302: 301: 296: 293: 291: 288: 286: 283: 281: 278: 276: 273: 271: 268: 266: 263: 262: 261: 260: 257: 254: 253: 248: 247:Scythia Minor 245: 243: 240: 238: 235: 233: 230: 228: 225: 223: 222:Sarmizegetusa 220: 219: 218: 217: 214: 211: 210: 207: 202: 201: 197: 193: 192: 188: 182: 181: 178: 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 156: 153:and Southern 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 132: 128: 124: 120: 116: 112: 108: 107:Indo-European 98: 93: 89: 85: 79: 52: 44: 39: 33: 19: 12769:Thraco-Roman 12627:Free Dacians 12543:Roman Empire 12441:Piroboridava 12387:Dacian Draco 12269:Dacian names 12201:civilization 12198: 12075:Zalmodegicus 12050:Dromichaetes 11963:Potulatenses 11937: 11908:Burs (Dacia) 11796: 11773: 11734: 11725: 11706: 11687: 11668: 11649: 11625: 11601: 11595:. Ed. Facla. 11592: 11571: 11548: 11529: 11520: 11501: 11492: 11483: 11464: 11445: 11425: 11415: 11405: 11385: 11366: 11346: 11322: 11305: 11295: 11275: 11255: 11245: 11236: 11197: 11188: 11179: 11160: 11141: 11122: 11102: 11059: 11037: 11018: 10999: 10980: 10964: 10945: 10936: 10922: 10909: 10890: 10871: 10862: 10853: 10849: 10826: 10816: 10812: 10785: 10762: 10743: 10727:. ABC-CLIO. 10722: 10693: 10689: 10662: 10643: 10624: 10605: 10582: 10555: 10535: 10514: 10494: 10485: 10476: 10457: 10438: 10419: 10410: 10390: 10380: 10360: 10339: 10319: 10300: 10279: 10258: 10239: 10220: 10211: 10191: 10163: 10153: 10134: 10115: 10096: 10087: 10061: 10035: 10016: 9997: 9978: 9968: 9948: 9929: 9925: 9920: 9892: 9870: 9843: 9838: 9798: 9789: 9770: 9751: 9742: 9720: 9701: 9682: 9673: 9662:. Retrieved 9658:the original 9652: 9642: 9623: 9602: 9581: 9562: 9543: 9521: 9502: 9486:. Reaktion. 9483: 9464: 9445: 9426: 9399: 9396:Batty, Roger 9376: 9356: 9339: 9326: 9315:the original 9310: 9283: 9265: 9256: 9251: 9238: 9228: 9215: 9196: 9187: 9182: 9147: 9127: 9120: 9113:Schmitz 2005 9108: 9103:, p. 5. 9096: 9084: 9072: 9045: 9036: 9025: 9013: 9001: 8989: 8977: 8965: 8956: 8944:. Retrieved 8940: 8930: 8918:. Retrieved 8913: 8903: 8891: 8879: 8852: 8840: 8833:Turnock 1988 8828: 8816: 8804: 8792: 8780: 8768: 8756: 8744: 8732: 8720: 8708: 8696: 8684: 8672: 8660: 8632:Heather 2006 8627: 8615: 8603: 8598:, p. 5. 8591: 8579: 8552: 8543: 8537: 8525: 8513: 8501: 8480: 8442: 8430: 8423:Bennett 1997 8418: 8392: 8383: 8371: 8359: 8347: 8340:Grumeza 2009 8320: 8313: 8308: 8301: 8296: 8284: 8272: 8260: 8248: 8241:Heather 2010 8236: 8229:Heather 2010 8214:Heather 2010 8209: 8159: 8152:Heather 2006 8147: 8142:, p. 8. 8108:Thomson 1948 8103: 8094: 8089:, 4.48–4.49. 8052: 8040: 8013: 7931: 7927: 7917: 7905: 7872: 7860: 7831: 7804: 7793:. Retrieved 7789:the original 7784: 7771: 7760:. Retrieved 7756:the original 7751: 7738: 7701: 7689: 7677: 7670:Goffart 2006 7665: 7653: 7641: 7629: 7622:Heather 2010 7617: 7605: 7593:, p. 19 7587:, p. 19 7563:, p. 74 7555:Goffart 2006 7548: 7536: 7529:Schütte 1917 7524: 7512: 7503: 7494: 7482: 7475:Schütte 1917 7445:Heather 2010 7440: 7433:Schütte 1917 7428: 7416: 7404: 7397:Schütte 1917 7367:Nandris 1976 7362: 7350: 7328:, p. 62 7320:Oledzki 2000 7314:Nandris 1976 7302:Poghirc 1989 7290:Heather 2010 7283: 7271: 7259: 7254:Tacitus G.43 7250: 7241: 7214: 7202: 7190: 7178: 7166: 7154: 7145: 7133: 7124: 7115: 7088: 7049:Bennett 1997 7044: 7037:Schütte 1917 7032: 7025:Schütte 1917 7020: 7008: 6979: 6970: 6958: 6946: 6939:Renfrew 1990 6934: 6875: 6863: 6851: 6844:Treptow 1996 6839: 6832:Schütte 1917 6827: 6820:Schütte 1917 6815: 6786: 6774: 6767:Abramea 1994 6762: 6750: 6738: 6725:. Mór Ráth. 6718: 6713: 6706: 6641: 6629: 6620: 6611: 6599: 6587: 6560: 6516: 6485: 6458: 6446: 6436: 6414: 6402: 6390: 6378: 6366: 6322: 6315:Toynbee 1961 6310: 6298: 6286: 6269: 6265: 6252: 6210: 6205:, p. 6. 6198: 6191:Grumeza 2009 6186: 6157: 6145: 6138:Kephart 1949 6133: 6121: 6109: 6097: 6085: 6073: 6054:Bunbury 1979 6049: 6037: 6030:Bunbury 1979 6015:Everitt 2010 6010: 5977: 5970:Roesler 1864 5936:Nandris 1976 5904:, 4.93–4.97. 5877:Millar (2004 5868: 5848:, p. 5. 5846:Rosetti 1982 5813: 5808: 5796: 5789:Nandris 1976 5769: 5759: 5750: 5712: 5703: 5695: 5692: 5687: 5678:against the 5654: 5642: 5633: 5624: 5619: 5489: 5482: 5463: 5419:Dionysopolis 5417:to Southern 5407:Southern Bug 5378: 5352: 5333: 5304: 5297: 5288: 5275:Piroboridava 5250: 5246: 5243:Zibelthurdos 5242: 5238: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5222: 5217: 5202: 5191: 5185: 5179: 5144: 5136: 5115: 5095: 5082: 5045: 5018: 4914: 4901:Construction 4868: 4861:Geto-Dacian 4839:metalworking 4816: 4794: 4782: 4778: 4776: 4743: 4739: 4716:Free Dacians 4673: 4665:Dacia Libera 4664: 4660: 4656: 4654: 4618:Transylvania 4613: 4607: 4603: 4597: 4572: 4545: 4537: 4505: 4494: 4476: 4453: 4389: 4325: 4314: 4273: 4268: 4257: 4236: 4175: 4167: 4124: 4094: 4083: 4051: 4035: 4008: 3992: 3886: 3869: 3862: 3859:Dromichaetes 3843:Transylvania 3831: 3822: 3794: 3778: 3767: 3745: 3737: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3714: 3694: 3676: 3668: 3666: 3624: 3611: 3603: 3599:Transylvania 3590: 3584: 3571:. After the 3568: 3564: 3545: 3523:(Cauci) and 3493:Potulatenses 3458: 3447: 3445: 3421: 3417: 3409: 3394: 3389: 3382: 3375: 3371: 3347: 3305: 3298: 3291: 3284: 3277: 3271:Publications 3270: 3256: 3237: 3191: 3074: 3068: 3062: 3056:Paleo-Balkan 3046: 3045: 3033: 3032: 2974: 2973: 2929: 2928: 2916: 2886: 2869:Greater Iran 2862: 2861: 2850: 2849: 2813: 2812: 2800: 2799: 2758: 2742:Paleo-Balkan 2707:Celtiberians 2686: 2685: 2668: 2667: 2655: 2654: 2642: 2641: 2570: 2569: 2557: 2556: 2534: 2533: 2521: 2520: 2490: 2489: 2432: 2431: 2409: 2408: 2371: 2370: 2333: 2332: 2308: 2307: 2295: 2294: 2282: 2281: 2223:Bug–Dniester 2187: 2186: 2052:Gothic Bible 1968:Proto-Baltic 1964:Proto-Slavic 1949:Proto-Italic 1945:Proto-Celtic 1908: 1863: 1851:Italo-Celtic 1846:Indo-Hittite 1836:Graeco-Aryan 1809:Hypothetical 1808: 1773: 1708:Paleo-Balkan 1690: 1647:Indo-Iranian 1602:Balto-Slavic 1575: 1480: 1451: 1436: 1430:October 2018 1427: 1408: 1383:October 2018 1380: 1366:undue weight 1363: 1333: 1324: 1302: 1267: 1255: 1242:Transylvania 1234:Lake Maeotis 1216: 1213: 1209: 1186: 1122: 1117: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1073: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1046: 1038: 1020: 989: 985: 966: 958: 954: 931:etymological 928: 918: 914: 907: 903: 896: 892: 882: 878: 874: 870: 864: 850: 846: 842: 838: 836: 833: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 797: 795: 775: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 730: 725: 721: 717: 715: 682: 672: 670: 657: 645: 637: 635: 626:Geto-Dacians 625: 621: 613: 609: 601: 597: 589: 585: 578: 574: 573:called them 566: 548: 544: 531: 527: 523: 515: 511: 507: 499: 495: 493: 404:Thraco-Roman 386:Free Dacians 313:Dromichaetes 280:Construction 264: 50: 48: 45:, 120-130 AD 12861:WikiProject 12794:Archaeology 12623:Roman Dacia 12407:Settlements 12199:Culture and 12123:(87–106 AD) 12099:(44 BC–???) 12018:Troglodytae 11973:Rhadacenses 11968:Predasenses 11761:|work= 11615:973-4503812 11532:. Polygon. 11224:|work= 11086:|work= 10364:. Príroda. 9825:|work= 9359:. Harvard. 9252:Geographica 9153:Ion Iliescu 9018:Paliga 2006 8972:, VII 3,11. 8916:(in German) 8857:Millar 1981 8809:Pârvan 1926 8713:Millar 1981 8701:Taylor 2001 8653:Taylor 2001 8530:Oltean 2007 8435:Snooks 2002 8411:Oltean 2007 8396:Dio LI.23.2 8387:Dio LI.26.5 8376:Crișan 1978 8327:, VII 3,13. 8253:Barnes 1984 8140:Watson 2004 8072:Parvan 1928 7989:Taylor 2001 7910:Pârvan 1926 7865:Parvan 1928 7836:Oltean 2007 7731:Oltean 2007 7706:Clarke 2003 7634:Pârvan 1926 7597:Millar 1981 7561:Bunson 1995 7507:VI, 16, 903 7308:Parvan 1928 7276:Pârvan 1926 7264:Oltean 2007 7234:Wilkes 2005 7195:Bunson 2002 7183:Millar 1981 7108:Pârvan 1926 7093:Wilcox 2000 7081:Wilcox 2000 7066:Pârvan 1926 7001:Oltean 2007 6963:Polomé 1983 6895:Polomé 1982 6868:Brixhe 2008 6808:Pârvan 1926 6781:, Volume 3. 6743:Pârvan 1926 6604:Eliade 1986 6592:Eliade 1995 6580:Eliade 1995 6553:Eliade 1995 6536:Eisler 1951 6509:Eliade 1995 6490:Eisler 1951 6478:Eliade 1995 6419:Eliade 1995 6407:Eisler 1951 6371:Eisler 1951 6359:Paliga 1999 6291:Vraciu 1980 6215:Florov 2001 6126:Gibbon 2008 6102:Mulvin 2002 6042:Oltean 2007 5831:Fisher 2003 5745:, VII 3,12. 4827:viticulture 4819:agriculture 4805:Occupations 4649:Roman Dacia 4614:Dacia Felix 4604:Roman Dacia 4588:Roman Dacia 4364:Hellenistic 3967: core 3738:Carpo-Dacae 3679:Dio Cassius 3627:Roman Dacia 3573:Dacian Wars 3517:Rhadacenses 3513:Predasenses 3149:Continental 3142:Anglo-Saxon 2845:Middle Ages 2795:Middle Ages 2650:Indo-Aryans 2643:Indo-Aryans 2450:Bell Beaker 2445:Corded ware 2341:Corded ware 2230:Sredny Stog 2175:Archaeology 1955:Proto-Greek 1935:Proto-Norse 1482:Geographica 1232:around the 1157:Männerbünde 1145:lycanthropy 906:, Bactrian 766:Caspian Sea 695:Dioscorides 691:Dio Cassius 647:Geographica 596:named them 414:Archaeology 352:Roman Dacia 328:Other kings 173:and by the 12879:Categories 12823:Thracology 12764:Daco-Roman 12600:Second War 12412:Fortresses 12349:Pleistoros 12339:Gebeleizis 12070:Rubobostes 11879:Albocenses 11640:1438129181 9880:B0000CI25D 9792:. Methuen. 9723:. Osprey. 9704:. Ancona. 9664:2017-09-09 9311:Noi Tracii 8946:19 January 8920:19 January 8785:Ellis 1998 8677:Ellis 1998 8665:Ellis 1998 8608:Hazel 2002 8596:Cowan 2003 8181:Burns 1991 8164:Burns 1991 7795:2014-01-11 7762:2014-01-11 7682:Minns 2011 7646:Russu 1969 7585:Odahl 2004 7579:Burns 1991 7517:Russu 1967 7487:Russu 1969 7421:Smith 1873 7138:Ruscu 2004 6927:Price 2000 6856:Ellis 1861 6682:Batty 2007 6463:Russu 1967 6451:Vulpe 2001 6179:White 1991 5762:, Volume 1 5724:References 5680:Marcomanni 5569:Thracology 5530:Cimmerians 5525:Sarmatians 5365:See also: 5343:See also: 5239:Zbelsurdos 5229:Gebeleïzis 5069:See also: 5015:Dacian art 4993:Thracology 4991:See also: 4969:Alba Iulia 4905:See also: 4891:sestertius 4875:Macedonian 4823:apiculture 4779:tarabostes 4747:tetrarchic 4714:See also: 4684:Sarmatians 4592:See also: 4582:Roman rule 4512:gold mines 4332:Rubobostes 4260:Ostrogoths 4204:See also: 4141:See also: 4127:Lysimachus 4121:Lysimachus 4111:See also: 4097:Achaemenid 3995:Tisa River 3919:See also: 3901:Sauromatae 3857:See also: 3826:Eneolithic 3790:Xenophanes 3553:Bessarabia 3521:Caucoenses 3489:Albocenses 3257:Institutes 3177:Lithuanian 2931:Indo-Aryan 2917:Historical 2851:Indo-Aryan 2808:Tocharians 2722:Cimmerians 2600:Bronze Age 2491:South Asia 2365:Bronze Age 2303:Afanasievo 2107:Mainstream 1871:Vocabulary 1791:Sound laws 1653:Indo-Aryan 1519:See also: 1304:neutrality 1274:Massagetae 1181:See also: 1170:werewolves 1153:Carpathian 1013:Hyrcanians 921:"canton". 642:Pannonians 600:twice and 371:Porolissum 161:spoke the 12900:Thracians 12813:Dacianism 12579:First War 12473:relations 12392:Kogaionon 12254:Belagines 12228:bracelets 12210:Artifacts 12121:Decebalus 12103:Comosicus 12091:Burebista 12013:Tyragetae 11978:Saldenses 11928:Costoboci 11782:cite book 11763:ignored ( 11753:cite book 11584:0035-2160 11226:ignored ( 11216:cite book 11088:ignored ( 11078:cite book 10928:București 10712:0003-8008 10189:(2008) . 9827:ignored ( 9817:cite book 9348:461867183 9257:Geography 9229:Histories 9224:Herodotus 8447:Boia 2001 8018:Koch 2005 7940:0037-6795 7898:Koch 2005 7744:Aristotle 7013:Koch 2007 6272:(2): 19. 5668:Decebalus 5647:propodila 5520:Scythians 5515:Illyrians 5510:Thracians 5484:Burebista 5478:Burebista 5425:Decebalus 5399:Burebista 5375:Decebalus 5371:Burebista 5218:Bendideia 5180:The Goth 5041:Costoboci 4981:pipelines 4977:aqueducts 4961:Petroșani 4879:Philip II 4831:livestock 4795:capillati 4724:Costoboci 4700:Romanized 4696:legionary 4692:Justinian 4680:Visigoths 4669:Caracalla 4638:epigraphs 4497:Decebalus 4486:Burebista 4478:Burebista 4408:Decebalus 4392:Burebista 4374:, in the 4317:Burebista 4309:Burebista 4296:Decebalus 4292:Burebista 4264:Visigoths 4247:Thervingi 4210:Bastarnae 4186:Agathyrsi 4170:Agathyrsi 4143:Agathyrsi 4131:Dromihete 4072:River in 4015:Satu Mare 3969:Hallstatt 3945:Burebista 3937:Scordisci 3889:Tomaschek 3882:Thracians 3782:Aristotle 3670:Costoboci 3663:Costoboci 3657:Costoboci 3615:Caracalla 3581:Wallachia 3501:Saldenses 3469:Costoboci 3449:Geography 3192:Practices 3011:Yarsanism 2821:Albanians 2801:East Asia 2788:Scythians 2780:Phrygians 2773:Paeonians 2766:Illyrians 2752:Thracians 2669:East Asia 2620:Armenians 2547:Hallstatt 2529:Chernoles 2470:Terramare 2460:Trzciniec 2427:Sintashta 2422:Andronovo 2323:Cernavodă 2296:East Asia 2251:Khvalynsk 1991:Philology 1901:Particles 1787:Phonology 1728:Liburnian 1703:Tocharian 1698:Anatolian 1667:Nuristani 1560:Languages 1457:cataracts 1418:talk page 1315:talk page 1226:Agathyrsi 1219:Scythians 1161:Neolithic 1009:Lucanians 943:Phrygians 830:Phrygians 796:The name 792:Etymology 786:Sarmatian 668:or Rome. 608:one time 550:Histories 538:Herodotus 536:. It was 323:Decebalus 318:Burebista 213:Geography 171:Scythians 123:Thracians 119:Black Sea 12841:Category 12818:Dacology 12787:Research 12718:Alutanus 12553:Domitian 12446:Sucidava 12436:Cumidava 12431:Buridava 12426:Argidava 12374:Zalmoxis 12364:Seirenes 12354:Sabazios 12334:Dionysus 12329:Derzelas 12324:Deceneus 12304:Religion 12246:Language 12236:Clothing 12097:Deceneus 12065:Rhemaxos 12045:Cothelas 12003:Teurisci 11983:Scaugdae 11958:Piephigi 11933:Crobidae 11918:Ciaginsi 11576:Brussels 11058:(1983). 10920:(1926). 10604:(1981). 10576:(2004). 10086:(1960). 10056:(1996). 9890:(1986). 9868:(1951). 9741:(1978). 9542:(2020). 9398:(2007). 8518:Pop 2000 8314:Lucullus 7746:(2001). 7207:Pop 2000 6779:Dio 2008 6727:Archived 6260:(1991). 5921:Fol 1996 5676:Pannonia 5672:Domitian 5494:See also 5458:Călărași 5384:Zalmoxis 5251:Darzalas 5247:Derzelas 5234:Darzalas 5225:Zalmoxis 5182:Jordanes 5159:Deceneus 5147:Zalmoxis 5140:chthonic 5121:Religion 5090:Illyrian 5086:Thracian 5059:Language 5025:Iron Age 5021:Muntenia 4997:Dacology 4955:valley, 4853:Currency 4835:ceramics 4791:peasants 4787:felt hat 4506:Emperor 4501:Domitian 4436:triumvir 4396:Argedava 4380:Augustus 4360:Dobrogea 4328:Cothelas 4252:Aurelian 4243:Astringi 4155:Roxolani 4039:Slovakia 4011:Ciumeşti 3933:Taurisci 3897:Scolotes 3878:Moesians 3647:Taurisci 3537:Crobidae 3509:Piephigi 3507:and the 3505:Ciaginsi 3495:and the 3481:Cotenses 3465:Teurisci 3238:Scholars 3136:Germanic 3107:Scottish 3072:Thracian 3066:Illyrian 3060:Albanian 3048:European 3041:Armenian 3025:Ossetian 3019:Scythian 3004:Yazidism 2954:Buddhism 2945:Hinduism 2836:Norsemen 2746:Anatolia 2663:Iranians 2656:Iranians 2637:Iron Age 2612:Hittites 2565:Colchian 2558:Caucasus 2516:Iron Age 2485:Lusatian 2480:Urnfield 2404:Srubnaya 2399:Poltavka 2389:Catacomb 2328:Cucuteni 2283:Caucasus 2100:Religion 2085:Homeland 2027:Behistun 2007:Linear B 1896:Numerals 1891:Pronouns 1816:Balkanic 1763:Thracian 1756:Phrygian 1749:Paeonian 1735:Messapic 1721:Illyrian 1633:Hellenic 1628:Germanic 1597:Armenian 1589:Albanian 1583:Albanoid 1534:a series 1532:Part of 1411:disputed 1308:disputed 1250:Thracian 1102:(1967). 1032:Sumerian 912:Bactrian 901:Sanskrit 855:Scythian 802:ethnonym 756:; Latin 542:ethnonym 510:(plural 498:(plural 275:Religion 270:Language 237:Ziridava 232:Capidava 227:Argidava 186:a series 147:Slovakia 12885:Dacians 12851:Commons 12757:Culture 12723:Moesiae 12507:Warfare 12471:Foreign 12369:Silenus 12312:Deities 12217:Coinage 12184:Dicomes 12166:Zyraxes 12109:Scorilo 11953:Peukini 11923:Clariae 11884:Anartes 11369:. CUP. 11347:Romania 11163:. CUP. 10627:. CUP. 10322:. OUP. 10303:. OUP. 9981:. CUP. 9848:Neuried 9584:. OUP. 9524:. CUP. 9180:(165). 9170:Ancient 9165:Sources 7948:4205776 5411:Ukraine 5409:river ( 5403:Moravia 5339:Weapons 5324:Warfare 5285:, 1933) 5279:Romania 5257:Pottery 5184:in his 5112:Symbols 5048:fibulae 4951:in the 4949:Căpâlna 4941:Tilișca 4937:Făgăraș 4929:Covasna 4887:denarii 4757:Society 4688:Vandals 4647:Map of 4626:Oltenia 4606:, also 4490:Scorilo 4457:triumph 4432:Crassus 4424:Zyraxes 4420:Genucla 4321:Decebal 4311:, 82 BC 4159:Iazyges 4101:hawking 4074:Zemplin 4066:Moravia 4003:La Tène 3941:Anartes 3800:History 3772:and on 3742:Zosimus 3730:Zosimus 3639:Tacitus 3561:Galicia 3557:Moldova 3549:Romania 3529:Ptolemy 3479:), the 3461:Anartes 3378:Moesian 3367:Katičić 3170:Latvian 3128:Cornish 2998:Kurdish 2984:Persian 2976:Iranian 2968:Sikhism 2961:Jainism 2924:Hittite 2863:Iranian 2759:Dacians 2552:Jastorf 2475:Tumulus 2455:Únětice 2384:Yamnaya 2379:Chariot 2317:Usatovo 2258:Yamnaya 2095:Society 2079:Origins 2012:Rigveda 1864:Grammar 1691:Extinct 1681:Romance 1660:Iranian 1503:Agrippa 1465:Vistula 1461:Pripyat 1454:Dnieper 1376:resolve 1246:Oltenia 1238:Moldova 1223:Scythic 1149:Balkans 1138:Hittite 1005:Lycians 1001:Luvians 984:linked 935:endonym 735:(Greek 726:Dacisci 638:Dacians 618:Hadrian 606:Juvenal 592:twice, 547:in his 419:Museums 304:History 295:Warfare 285:Pottery 256:Culture 151:Hungary 135:Ukraine 131:Moldova 127:Romania 51:Dacians 12700:Castra 12687:Column 12680:Bridge 12674:Trajan 12644:Moesia 12571:Trajan 12496:Romans 12481:Greeks 12359:Semele 12319:Bendis 12161:Rholes 12138:Cotiso 12060:Oroles 12055:Moskon 12008:Trixae 11998:Terizi 11988:Senses 11903:Bessoi 11894:Biephi 11861:Tribes 11741: 11713: 11694: 11675: 11656: 11637: 11612: 11582: 11555: 11536: 11508: 11471: 11452: 11433: 11392: 11373: 11354: 11333: 11282: 11263: 11204: 11167: 11148: 11129: 11110: 11066: 11044: 11025: 11006: 10987: 10965:Getica 10952: 10939:. CUP. 10923:Getica 10897: 10878: 10834: 10800: 10790:Kraków 10769: 10750: 10731: 10710: 10700: 10673: 10650: 10631: 10612: 10590: 10562: 10543: 10522: 10501: 10464: 10445: 10426: 10398: 10368: 10347: 10326: 10307: 10288: 10265: 10246: 10227: 10199: 10175: 10141: 10122: 10103: 10072: 10066:UNESCO 10042: 10023: 10004: 9985: 9955: 9936: 9904: 9878: 9854: 9805: 9777: 9758: 9727: 9708: 9689: 9630: 9611: 9588: 9569: 9550: 9528: 9509: 9490: 9471: 9452: 9433: 9414: 9404:Oxford 9384: 9363: 9346: 9290: 9284:Thrace 9275:Modern 9247:Strabo 9203: 9178:Appian 9135: 8489: 7946: 7938: 6721:] 5604:Thraex 5564:Thrace 5435:Diegis 5429:Trajan 5394:Zoltes 5373:, and 5249:(also 5213:Attica 5205:Bendis 5187:Getica 5151:Strabo 5077:, and 5013:, and 4999:, and 4963:, and 4957:Bănița 4933:Breaza 4895:aquila 4877:kings 4871:silver 4783:comati 4726:, and 4686:, and 4556:Forums 4533:Appian 4508:Trajan 4482:Caesar 4372:Pontus 4356:Moesia 4305:Dacian 4220:, and 4190:Trausi 4182:Trausi 4157:, and 4119:, and 4090:Gherla 4086:Darius 4070:Bodrog 4054:Cotini 3975: 3965: 3951:, and 3905:Haemus 3876:, the 3835:Strabo 3718:(s)ker 3635:Cotini 3631:Anarti 3597:) and 3591:Alutus 3541:Appuli 3533:Trixae 3525:Biephi 3503:, the 3491:, the 3485:Cotini 3463:, the 3428:Tribes 3402:Thrace 3363:Polomé 3350:Appian 3185:Slavic 3164:Baltic 3114:Breton 3094:Celtic 3078:Dacian 3034:Others 2814:Europe 2687:Europe 2681:Yuezhi 2535:Europe 2522:Steppe 2433:Europe 2290:Maykop 2244:Samara 2200:Kurgan 2017:Avesta 1799:Ablaut 1795:Accent 1742:Mysian 1714:Dacian 1675:Italic 1623:Celtic 1615:Slavic 1608:Baltic 1576:Extant 1499:Strabo 1467:, and 1078:roots 967:Phrygi 908:daonha 868:Gothic 778:Celtic 697:) and 693:, and 687:Strabo 666:Greece 662:Danube 630:Strabo 594:Horace 583:Lucian 581:once, 571:Vergil 561:, and 559:Strabo 395:Legacy 376:Castra 338:Tribes 265:People 242:Moesia 155:Poland 32:Dacian 12808:Books 12710:Limes 12486:Celts 12451:Davae 12344:Kotys 12155:Dapyx 12115:Duras 12040:Coson 12028:Kings 11948:Moesi 11943:Getae 11913:Carpi 11899:Bessi 11889:Apuli 11853:Dacia 10946:Dacia 10937:Dacia 10154:Mnema 9924:[ 9842:[ 9318:(PDF) 9307:(PDF) 9255:[ 9186:[ 8941:Chain 8302:Curio 7944:JSTOR 6730:(PDF) 6723:(PDF) 6717:[ 5643:Dakoi 5639:Δάκοι 5636:i.e. 5634:Dakoi 5630:Δάκοι 5612:Notes 5535:Dacia 5505:Moesi 5500:Getae 5163:Egypt 5071:Davae 4953:Sebeș 4945:Sibiu 4943:near 4935:near 4863:Koson 4751:Carpi 4676:Carpi 4634:Latin 4622:Banat 4352:Bessi 4340:Moesi 4286:Dacia 4271:title 4239:Goths 4232:Kniva 4214:Goths 4206:Suebi 4151:Alans 4043:Nitra 3893:Aryan 3762:giant 3685:Carpi 3643:Quadi 3593:, or 3569:Dacia 3551:plus 3497:Sense 3418:-dava 3412:(see 3410:-PARA 3156:Norse 3121:Welsh 3100:Irish 3089:Roman 3084:Greek 2939:Vedic 2831:Slavs 2826:Balts 2700:Gauls 2694:Celts 2676:Wusun 2571:India 2347:Baden 2047:Ogham 2022:Homer 1909:Other 1886:Nouns 1881:Verbs 1639:Greek 1521:Davae 1487:Suevi 1364:lend 1278:Daxia 1270:Dahae 1092:dhe-k 1084:dheua 1080:*dhe- 1065:Draco 1061:dakos 1059:into 1040:Draco 1017:Dahae 953:word 919:danhu 915:daqyu 888:Δάσαι 847:Getae 843:guet- 839:Getae 826:dáos, 810:dha-k 758:Dahae 754:Dasai 733:Dahae 722:Dacus 718:Davus 683:Dakoi 678:Δάκοι 622:Getae 610:Getae 598:Getae 586:Getae 575:Getae 567:Getae 545:Getae 528:Gaete 524:Dagae 520:Roman 516:Getae 514:) or 508:Dacus 502:) in 500:Getae 424:Books 333:Moesi 205:Dacia 159:Getae 111:Dacia 97:Greek 84:Latin 18:Dacii 12521:Sica 12516:Falx 11993:Suci 11938:Daci 11874:Aedi 11865:List 11788:link 11765:help 11739:ISBN 11711:ISBN 11692:ISBN 11673:ISBN 11654:ISBN 11635:ISBN 11610:ISBN 11580:ISSN 11553:ISBN 11534:ISBN 11506:ISBN 11469:ISBN 11450:ISBN 11431:ISBN 11390:ISBN 11371:ISBN 11352:ISBN 11331:ISBN 11280:ISBN 11261:ISBN 11228:help 11202:ISBN 11165:ISBN 11146:ISBN 11127:ISBN 11108:ISBN 11090:help 11064:ISBN 11042:ISBN 11023:ISBN 11004:ISBN 10985:ISBN 10950:ISBN 10895:ISBN 10876:ISBN 10832:ISBN 10798:ISBN 10767:ISBN 10748:ISBN 10729:ISBN 10708:ISSN 10698:ISBN 10671:ISBN 10648:ISBN 10629:ISBN 10610:ISBN 10588:ISBN 10560:ISBN 10541:ISBN 10520:ISBN 10499:ISBN 10462:ISBN 10443:ISBN 10424:ISBN 10396:ISBN 10366:ISBN 10345:ISBN 10324:ISBN 10305:ISBN 10286:ISBN 10263:ISBN 10244:ISBN 10225:ISBN 10197:ISBN 10173:ISBN 10139:ISBN 10120:ISBN 10101:ISBN 10070:ISBN 10040:ISBN 10021:ISBN 10002:ISBN 9983:ISBN 9953:ISBN 9934:ISBN 9902:ISBN 9876:ASIN 9852:ISBN 9829:help 9803:ISBN 9775:ISBN 9756:ISBN 9725:ISBN 9706:ISBN 9687:ISBN 9628:ISBN 9609:ISBN 9586:ISBN 9567:ISBN 9548:ISBN 9526:ISBN 9507:ISBN 9488:ISBN 9469:ISBN 9450:ISBN 9431:ISBN 9412:ISBN 9382:ISBN 9361:ISBN 9344:OCLC 9288:ISBN 9201:ISBN 9197:Rome 9133:ISBN 8948:2020 8922:2020 8487:ISBN 7936:ISSN 5355:falx 5349:Sica 5347:and 5345:Falx 5231:and 5155:soul 5098:Huns 4979:and 4909:and 4881:and 4843:Arad 4837:and 4624:and 4576:ludi 4471:and 4434:the 4319:and 4294:and 4237:The 4184:the 4062:Spis 4047:Hron 4045:and 4023:here 3999:Boii 3929:Boii 3870:dava 3746:dava 3722:karp 3651:Alps 3539:and 3477:Burs 3473:Buri 3422:para 3420:vs. 3397:DAVA 3365:and 3218:Yule 3209:Sati 2498:BMAC 1876:Root 1523:and 1469:Oder 1301:The 1262:Boii 1195:and 1096:daci 1088:dava 1057:daos 1053:daos 1037:The 1021:Daos 990:dhau 986:daos 959:Daos 955:daos 904:dasa 879:dah- 875:dags 871:dags 851:Daci 849:and 822:daca 818:Daci 806:Daci 798:Daci 780:and 762:Daci 746:Dáai 742:Dáoi 706:Δάοι 700:Δάοι 673:Daci 658:Daoi 653:Δάοι 614:Daci 602:Daci 590:Daci 579:Daci 526:and 512:Daci 496:Geta 484:Name 472:Rome 129:and 88:Daci 49:The 12409:and 9331:BAR 6274:doi 5277:), 4612:or 4414:at 4370:of 3872:in 3849:). 3726:kar 3595:Olt 2503:Yaz 1495:Váh 885:to 883:Dah 814:dhe 750:Dai 685:" ( 518:in 470:in 290:Art 12881:: 12625:/ 11784:}} 11780:{{ 11757:: 11755:}} 11751:{{ 11633:. 11629:. 11608:. 11329:. 11325:. 11308:. 11220:: 11218:}} 11214:{{ 11082:: 11080:}} 11076:{{ 10975:; 10854:41 10852:. 10817:41 10815:. 10792:: 10788:. 10784:. 10706:. 10694:13 10692:. 10688:. 10669:. 10665:. 10171:. 10167:. 10068:. 9900:. 9896:. 9821:: 9819:}} 9815:{{ 9410:. 9406:: 9402:. 9329:. 9309:. 9249:. 9226:. 9057:^ 8939:. 8912:. 8864:^ 8639:^ 8564:^ 8469:^ 8454:^ 8401:^ 8332:^ 8221:^ 8188:^ 8171:^ 8130:^ 8115:^ 8079:^ 8064:^ 8025:^ 7996:^ 7973:^ 7956:^ 7942:. 7932:44 7930:. 7926:. 7884:^ 7843:^ 7816:^ 7783:. 7779:. 7750:. 7713:^ 7467:^ 7452:^ 7389:^ 7374:^ 7335:^ 7226:^ 7100:^ 7073:^ 7056:^ 6991:^ 6917:^ 6902:^ 6887:^ 6798:^ 6689:^ 6674:^ 6653:^ 6572:^ 6543:^ 6528:^ 6497:^ 6470:^ 6426:^ 6349:^ 6334:^ 6270:17 6268:. 6264:. 6237:^ 6222:^ 6169:^ 6061:^ 6022:^ 5989:^ 5962:^ 5947:^ 5928:^ 5909:^ 5884:^ 5853:^ 5838:^ 5823:^ 5781:^ 5757:, 5731:^ 5696:96 5369:, 5312:. 5302:. 5241:, 5227:, 5220:. 5073:, 5009:, 4995:, 4947:, 4939:, 4931:, 4833:, 4829:, 4825:, 4821:, 4801:. 4722:, 4718:, 4682:, 4678:, 4558:. 4519:; 4382:. 4216:, 4212:, 4208:, 4153:, 4149:, 4145:, 4115:, 4013:, 3947:, 3943:, 3939:, 3935:, 3931:, 3927:, 3923:, 3884:. 3788:, 3543:. 3535:, 2615:) 1966:· 1947:· 1797:, 1793:, 1789:: 1536:on 1463:, 1272:, 1240:, 1094:→ 1086:→ 1071:. 1011:, 1007:, 1003:, 917:, 897:da 760:, 752:, 748:, 744:, 720:, 713:. 689:, 628:. 569:. 557:, 189:on 177:. 149:, 145:, 141:, 137:, 99:: 95:; 86:: 82:; 72:ən 66:eɪ 11901:/ 11867:) 11863:( 11845:e 11838:t 11831:v 11790:) 11767:) 11747:. 11728:. 11719:. 11700:. 11681:. 11662:. 11643:. 11618:. 11586:. 11561:. 11542:. 11514:. 11477:. 11458:. 11439:. 11398:. 11379:. 11360:. 11339:. 11312:. 11288:. 11269:. 11230:) 11210:. 11173:. 11154:. 11135:. 11116:. 11092:) 11072:. 11050:. 11031:. 11012:. 10993:. 10958:. 10903:. 10884:. 10840:. 10806:. 10775:. 10756:. 10737:. 10714:. 10679:. 10656:. 10637:. 10618:. 10596:. 10568:. 10549:. 10528:. 10507:. 10470:. 10451:. 10432:. 10404:. 10374:. 10353:. 10332:. 10313:. 10294:. 10271:. 10252:. 10233:. 10205:. 10181:. 10147:. 10128:. 10109:. 10078:. 10048:. 10029:. 10010:. 9991:. 9961:. 9942:. 9910:. 9882:. 9860:. 9831:) 9811:. 9783:. 9764:. 9733:. 9714:. 9695:. 9667:. 9636:. 9617:. 9594:. 9575:. 9556:. 9534:. 9515:. 9496:. 9477:. 9458:. 9439:. 9420:. 9390:. 9369:. 9350:. 9333:. 9296:. 9209:. 9141:. 8984:. 8950:. 8924:. 8559:. 8546:. 8532:. 8520:. 8508:. 8495:. 7950:. 7798:. 7765:. 7185:. 6701:. 6606:. 6280:. 6276:: 6193:. 5460:) 5431:. 5390:. 5273:( 5190:( 5176:) 4574:( 3841:( 3483:/ 3475:/ 3395:- 3337:e 3330:t 3323:v 3216:/ 3080:) 3075:· 3069:· 3063:· 3058:( 2838:/ 2744:/ 2609:( 1980:) 1976:( 1970:) 1962:( 1951:) 1943:( 1937:) 1933:( 1443:) 1437:( 1432:) 1428:( 1424:. 1414:. 1385:) 1381:( 1340:) 1334:( 1329:) 1325:( 1321:. 1311:. 1151:- 977:. 832:. 681:" 656:" 474:. 451:e 444:t 437:v 78:/ 75:z 69:ʃ 63:d 60:ˈ 57:/ 53:( 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index