Information technology law

775:: What Lessig calls "Standard East Coast Code", from laws enacted by government in Washington D.C. This is the most self-evident of the four modes of regulation. As the numerous United States statutes, codes, regulations, and evolving case law make clear, many actions on the Internet are already subject to conventional laws, both with regard to transactions conducted on the Internet and content posted. Areas like gambling, child pornography, and fraud are regulated in very similar ways online as off-line. While one of the most controversial and unclear areas of evolving laws is the determination of what forum has subject matter jurisdiction over activity (economic and other) conducted on the internet, particularly as cross border transactions affect local jurisdictions, it is certainly clear that substantial portions of internet activity are subject to traditional regulation, and that conduct that is unlawful off-line is presumptively unlawful online, and subject to traditional enforcement of similar laws and regulations. 814:, which affects the regulation of the infrastructure of the Internet. Though not obvious to most Internet users, every packet of data sent and received by every user on the Internet passes through routers and transmission infrastructure owned by a collection of private and public entities, including telecommunications companies, universities, and governments. This issue has been handled in the paast for electrical telegraph, telephone and cable TV. A critical aspect is that laws in force in one jurisdiction have the potential to have effects in other jurisdictions when host servers or telecommunications companies are affected. The Netherlands became in 2013 the first country in Europe and the second in the world, after Chile, to pass law relating to it. In U.S, on 12 March 2015, the FCC released the specific details of its new net neutrality rule. And on 13 April 2015, the FCC published the final rule on its new regulations. 797:: Closely allied with regulation by social norms, markets also regulate certain patterns of conduct on the Internet. While economic markets will have limited influence over non-commercial portions of the Internet, the Internet also creates a virtual marketplace for information, and such information affects everything from the comparative valuation of services to the traditional valuation of stocks. In addition, the increase in popularity of the Internet as a means for transacting all forms of commercial activity, and as a forum for advertisement, has brought the laws of supply and demand to cyberspace. Market forces of supply and demand also affect connectivity to the Internet, the cost of bandwidth, and the availability of software to facilitate the creation, posting, and use of internet content. 791:: As in all other modes of social interaction, conduct is regulated by social norms and conventions in significant ways. While certain activities or kinds of conduct online may not be specifically prohibited by the code architecture of the Internet, or expressly prohibited by traditional governmental law, nevertheless these activities or conduct are regulated by the standards of the community in which the activity takes place, in this case internet "users". Just as certain patterns of conduct will cause an individual to be ostracized from our real world society, so too certain actions will be censored or self-regulated by the norms of whatever community one chooses to associate with on the internet. 490:-website with the name "An Introduction to Cybersecession", that argues for ethical validation of absolute anonymity on the Internet. It compares the Internet with the human mind and declares: "Human beings possess a mind, which they are absolutely free to inhabit with no legal constraints. Human civilization is developing its own (collective) mind. All we want is to be free to inhabit it with no legal constraints. Since you make sure we cannot harm you, you have no ethical right to intrude our lives. So stop intruding!" The project is defining "you" as "all governments", "we" is undefined. Some scholars argue for more of a compromise between the two notions, such as 1152:, consolidated 22 federal agencies into what is commonly known today as the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). The HSA, also created a Privacy Office under the DoHS. The Secretary of Homeland Security must "appoint a senior official to assume primary responsibility for privacy policy." This privacy official's responsibilities include but are not limited to: ensuring compliance with the Privacy Act of 1974, evaluating "legislative and regulatory proposals involving the collection, use, and disclosure of personal information by the Federal Government", while also preparing an annual report to Congress. 1165:-This Act mandates that intelligence be "provided in its most shareable form" that the heads of intelligence agencies and federal departments "promote a culture of information sharing." The IRTPA also sought to establish protection of privacy and civil liberties by setting up a five-member Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board. This Board offers advice to both the President of the United States and the entire executive branch of the Federal Government concerning its actions to ensure that the branch's information sharing policies are adequately protecting privacy and civil liberties. 1124:-This act authorizes widespread sharing of personal information by financial institutions such as banks, insurers, and investment companies. The GLBA permits sharing of personal information between companies joined or affiliated as well as those companies unaffiliated. To protect privacy, the act requires a variety of agencies such as the SEC, FTC, etc. to establish "appropriate standards for the financial institutions subject to their jurisdiction" to "insure security and confidentiality of customer records and information" and "protect against unauthorized access" to this information. 785:. These mechanisms concern the parameters of how information can and cannot be transmitted across the Internet. Everything from internet filtering software (which searches for keywords or specific URLs and blocks them before they can even appear on the computer requesting them), to encryption programs, to the very basic architecture of TCP/IP protocols and user interfaces falls within this category of mainly private regulation. It is arguable that all other modes of internet regulation either rely on, or are significantly affected by, West Coast Code. 726:

laws of electronic entities like service providers. Instead of identifying as a physical person, Internet citizens will be known by their usernames or email addresses (or, more recently, by their Facebook accounts). Over time, suggestions that the Internet can be self-regulated as being its own trans-national "nation" are being supplanted by a multitude of external and internal regulators and forces, both governmental and private, at many different levels. The nature of Internet law remains a legal

1012:. In passing this Act, Congress found that "the privacy of an individual is directly affected by the collection, maintenance, use, and dissemination of personal information by Federal agencies" and that "the increasing use of computers and sophisticated information technology, while essential to the efficient operations of the Government, has greatly magnified the harm to individual privacy that can occur from any collection, maintenance, use, or dissemination of personal information". 473:, particularly private international law. An example would be where the contents stored on a server located in the United Kingdom, by a citizen of France, and published on a web site, are legal in one country and illegal in another. In the absence of a uniform jurisdictional code, legal practitioners and judges have solved these kind of questions according the general rules for conflict of law; governments and supra-national bodies did design outlines for new legal frameworks. 669: 3140: 986:, 389 U.S. 347 (1967) established what is known as the Reasonable Expectation of Privacy Test to determine the applicability of the Fourth Amendment in a given situation. The test was not noted by the majority, but instead it was articulated by the concurring opinion of Justice Harlan. Under this test, 1) a person must exhibit an "actual (subjective) expectation of privacy" and 2) "the expectation be one that society is prepared to recognize as 'reasonable'". 3154: 36: 486:, for example, has addressed the governments of the world and stated, "Where there are real conflicts, where there are wrongs, we will identify them and address them by our means. We are forming our own Social Contract. This governance will arise according to the conditions of our world, not yours. Our world is different". Another view can be read from a 1035:(a)(7)(B) and §1823(a)(7)(B). Another interesting result of FISA, is the creation of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISC). All FISA orders are reviewed by this special court of federal district judges. The FISC meets in secret, with all proceedings usually also held from both the public eye and those targets of the desired surveillance. 833:

In comparison to print-based media, the accessibility and relative anonymity of internet has torn down traditional barriers between an individual and his or her ability to publish. Any person with an internet connection has the potential to reach an audience of millions. These complexities have taken

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Codified at 50 U.S.C. §§ 1801–1811, this act establishes standards and procedures for use of electronic surveillance to collect "foreign intelligence" within the United States. §1804(a)(7)(B). FISA overrides the Electronic Communications Privacy Act during investigations when foreign intelligence is

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argue that territorially-based law-making and law-enforcing authorities find this new environment deeply threatening and give a scientific voice to the idea that became necessary for the Internet to govern itself. Instead of obeying the laws of a particular country, "Internet citizens" will obey the

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and virtual worlds. The ICT field of law comprises elements of various branches of law, originating under various acts or statutes of parliaments, the common and continental law and international law. Some important areas it covers are information and data, communication, and information technology,

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The frontier idea that laws do not apply in "cyberspace" is however not true in a legal sense. In fact, conflicting laws from different jurisdictions may apply, simultaneously, to the same event. The Internet does not tend to make geographical and jurisdictional boundaries clear, but both Internet

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and it refers to judicial, legislative and administrative competence. Although jurisdiction is an aspect of sovereignty, it is not coextensive with it. The laws of a nation may have extraterritorial impact extending the jurisdiction beyond the sovereign and territorial limits of that nation. The

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The DPPA was passed in response to states selling motor vehicle records to private industry. These records contained personal information such as name, address, phone number, SSN, medical information, height, weight, gender, eye color, photograph and date of birth. In 1994, Congress passed the

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law consists of 13 directives and 2 regulations, harmonising the essential rights of authors, performers, producers and broadcasters. The legal framework reduces national discrepancies, and guarantees the level of protection needed to foster creativity and investment in creativity. Many of the

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Whether to treat the Internet as if it were physical space and thus subject to a given jurisdiction's laws, or that the Internet should have a legal framework of its own has been questioned. Those who favor the latter view often feel that government should leave the Internet to self-regulate.

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Due to the shifting and adapting nature of the technological industry, the nature, source and derivation of this information legal system and ideology changes significantly across borders, economies and in time. As a base structure, Information technology law is related to primarily governing

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and the Canadian SecDev Group whose mission statement is "to investigate and challenge state filtration and surveillance practices" to "...generate a credible picture of these practices," has released numerous reports documenting the filtration of internet-speech in various countries. While

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became a more difficult area than before, and in the beginning courts in different countries have taken various views on whether they have jurisdiction over items published on the Internet, or business agreements entered into over the Internet. This can cover areas from contract law, trading

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In certain circumstances and jurisdictions, computer communications may be used in evidence, and to establish contracts. New methods of tapping and surveillance made possible by computers have wildly differing rules on how they may be used by law enforcement bodies and as evidence in court.

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These examples of filtration bring to light many underlying questions concerning the freedom of speech. For example, do government have a legitimate role in limiting access to information? And if so, what forms of regulation are acceptable? For example, some argue that the blocking of

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versus freedom of expression, rules on public access to government information, and individual access to information held on them by private bodies. There are laws on what data must be retained for law enforcement, and what may not be gathered or retained, for privacy reasons.

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These forces or regulators of the Internet do not act independently of each other. For example, governmental laws may be influenced by greater societal norms, and markets affected by the nature and quality of the code that operates a particular system.

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technology (hardware), the providers of services and its users remain in physical jurisdictions and are subject to laws independent of their presence on the Internet. As such, a single transaction may involve the laws of at least three jurisdictions:

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The motivation of both authors to write such an article is heavily debated amongst scholars, however, two developments during this time give some insight to the reasons behind it. First, the sensationalistic press and the concurrent rise and use of

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to Facilitate Access to Published Works for Persons who are Blind, Visually Impaired or otherwise Print Disabled. Moreover, free-trade agreements, which the EU concluded with a large number of third countries, reflect many provisions of EU law.

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that regulates aspects of the Internet must be considered in the context of the geographic scope of the technical infrastructure of Internet and state borders that are crossed in processing data around the globe. The global structure of the

469:, does not explicitly recognize sovereignty and territorial limitations. There is no uniform, international jurisdictional law of universal application, and such questions are generally a matter of international treaties and contracts, or 970:" to promote the sale of newspapers in the time following the Civil War brought privacy to the forefront of the public eye. The other reason that brought privacy to the forefront of public concern was the technological development of " 440:. They have been solved pretty quickly as well, because cross-border communication, negotiating or ordering was nothing new; new were the massive amounts of contacts, the possibilities of hiding one's identity and sometime later the 1058:) and included two new acts in response to developing computer technology and communication networks. Thus the ECPA in the domestic venue into three parts: 1) Wiretap Act, 2) Stored Communications Act, and 3) The Pen Register Act. 556:. This system runs into conflicts, however, when these suits are international in nature. Simply put, legal conduct in one nation may be decidedly illegal in another. In fact, even different standards concerning the 560:

in a civil case can cause jurisdictional problems. For example, an American celebrity, claiming to be insulted by an online American magazine, faces a difficult task of winning a lawsuit against that magazine for

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captivated the general public, and led to the 1890 publication of Samuel Warren and Louis Brandeis: "The Right to Privacy". The vitality of this article can be seen today, when examining the USSC decision of

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raises not only jurisdictional issues, that is, the authority to make and enforce laws affecting the Internet, but made corporations and scholars raise questions concerning the nature of the laws themselves.

494:'s argument that "The problem for law is to work out how the norms of the two communities are to apply given that the subject to whom they apply may be in both places at once" (Lessig, Code 190). 830:. Which includes right such as freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers. 1837: 541:, through a server in Canada, could theoretically be subject to the laws of all three countries and of international treaties as they relate to the transaction at hand. 1303: 886:

In many countries, speech through ICT has proven to be another means of communication which has been regulated by the government. The "Open Net Initiative" by the

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can involve discussion of product liability, professional liability of individual developers, warranties, contract law, trade secrets and intellectual property.

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has thus far (2011) proven to be the most rigorous in its attempts to filter unwanted parts of the internet from its citizens, many other countries – including

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In practical terms, a user of the Internet is subject to the laws of the state or nation within which he or she goes online. Thus, in the U.S., in 1997,

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IT law does not constitute a separate area of law; rather, it encompasses aspects of contract, intellectual property, privacy and data protection laws.

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Wire Communication: Any communication containing the human voice that travels at some point across a wired medium such as radio, satellite or cable.

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failed to reconcile the conflicting interests of speech and expression on the one hand and legitimate government concerns on the other hand.

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and of equipment which may be used to defeat copy protection schemes. The export of hardware and software between certain states within the

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reporting pilot programs of Artificial Intelligence programs to assist in practices such as legal research, drafting and document review.

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Information technology law can also relate directly to dissemination and utlilzation of information within the legal industry, dubbed

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to areas of fundamental rights such as freedom of speech and privacy, via state censorship, to criminal law with libel or sedition.

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In various countries, areas of the computing and communication industries are regulated – often strictly – by governmental bodies.

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The ECPA represents an effort by the United States Congress to modernize federal wiretap law. The ECPA amended Title III (see:

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Computerized voting technology, from polling machines to internet and mobile-phone voting, raise a host of legal issues.

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Solove, D., Schwartz, P.. (2009). Privacy, Information, and Technology. (2nd Ed.). New York, NY: Aspen Publishers.

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There are rules on the uses to which computers and computer networks may be put, in particular there are rules on

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considered this issue in his paper, "Be Careful What You Ask For: Reconciling a Global Internet and Local Law".

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incident, in which the limits of obscene Internet postings were at issue, the controversial distribution of the

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the laws of the state/nation which apply to the person or business with whom the transaction takes place.

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Zittrain, Jonathan (2003). "Be Careful What You Ask For: Reconciling a Global Internet and Local Law".

1185: 869: 358: 974:". This article set the stage for all privacy legislation to follow during the 20 and 21st centuries. 2836: 1355: 1089: 225:

both software and hardware and technical communications technology, including coding and protocols.

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So a user in one of the United States conducting a transaction with another user that lives in the

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Trout, B. (2007). "Cyber Law: A Legal Arsenal For Online Business", New York: World Audience, Inc.

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the laws of the state/nation that apply where the server hosting the transaction is located, and

3061: 3046: 1561:, Peter Brown, Jeffrey D. Neuburger and William E. Bandon III. Law Journal Press, 2002–2008. 1370: 1245: 1239: 1229: 1134: 1005: 958: 854: 553: 347: 209: 155: 3194: 3165: 2758: 2436: 2247: 1751: 1703: 1360: 1260: 1155: 894: 621: 557: 362: 323: 270: 246: 2886: 2232: 1718: 1350: 654: 633: 458: 428:

Global computer-based communications cut across territorial borders; issues of regulation,

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Myers KS (Fall 2006). "Wikimmunity: Fitting the Communications Decency Act to Knowledge".

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enacted the Privacy Act of 1974 just four months after the resignation of then President

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and the two 1996 World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO) Internet Treaties: the

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Driver's Privacy Protection (DPPA), 18 U.S.C. §§ 2721–2725, to cease this activity.

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Some states limit access to the Internet, by law as well as by technical means.

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Concerns the law of information technology, including computing and the internet

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Leaving aside the most obvious examples of governmental content monitoring and

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Warren & Louis Brandeis, The Right to Privacy, 4 Harv. L. Rev. 193 (1890)

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In their essay "Law and Borders – The Rise of Law in Cyberspace", from 2008,

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faced criminal charges for his e-conduct, and numerous users of peer-to-peer

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With the internationalism of the Internet and the rapid growth of users,

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liability of ISPs and hosts of internet forums, Section 230(c) of the

182:"Computer law" redirects here. For a branch of legal informatics, see 3051: 3016: 2958: 2933: 2798: 2695: 2683: 2668: 2656: 2584: 2502: 2475: 2359: 1719:"Warning to chatroom users after libel award for man labelled a Nazi" 1653: 1415:"Everything You Need to Know About the California Privacy Rights Act" 1340: 903: 604: 462: 327: 297: 230: 213: 3139: 579:(ITU), and the role of the current US-based co-ordinating body, the 3100: 3085: 2788: 2673: 2470: 2014: 1765: 1375: 931: 710: 516: 437: 384: 335: 250: 234: 221: 142: 2990: 2938: 2918: 2866: 2678: 2596: 2412: 2374: 2322: 1393:

Computer Law: Drafting and Negotiating Forms and Agreements, by

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for digital media and circumvention of such schemes. The area of

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OHCHR.org | United Nations Department of Public Information, NY

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Centers and groups for the study of cyberlaw and related areas

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Reasonable Expectation of Privacy Test and emerging technology

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E-Commerce and Internet Law: Treatise with Forms 2d edition,

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Beijing Treaty on the Protection of Audiovisual Performances

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Emerging Technologies and the Law: Forms and Analysis, by

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search engine to its own, state-controlled search engines.

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Institute for Information, Telecommunication and Media Law

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have therefore quickly come to the fore in the era of the

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There are laws governing trade on the Internet, taxation,

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Peer to Peer: Collaboration and Sharing Over the Internet

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in the United States, and similar laws in other countries

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Free Speech Implications Of Blocking Blog Posts In India

1144:-Passed by Congress in 2002, the Homeland Security Act, 1786: 1440:"How Europe's new digital law will change the internet" 1161:(2004) Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act 527:

the laws of the state/nation in which the user resides,

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In 1967, the United States Supreme Court decision in

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Digital Services Act & Digital Markets Act (2023)

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Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung (2020-07-17).

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Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers

569:may make the case more favorable to the plaintiff. 1056:Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 575:is a live issue in international fora such as the 1681:"Universal Declaration of Human Rights - English" 1604:"Law and Borders – The Rise of Law in Cyberspace" 1498:"A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace" 1397:and Peter Brown. Law Journal Press, 1999–2008. 951:At the close of the 19th century, concerns about 350:, and is still evolving in Europe and elsewhere. 3186: 1169:Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act 1119: 1888:Information Technology Law: The Law and Society 1320:Norwegian Research Center for Computers and Law 1139: 1027:"a significant purpose" of said investigation. 326:is an important component of IT law, including 817: 699: 1970: 1310:Institute of Space and Telecommunications Law 1016:Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 834:many forms, three notable examples being the 595: 198:information, communication and technology law 163: 1270:– First Amendment right to speak anonymously 942:The creation of privacy in U.S. Internet law 552:software were subject to civil lawsuits for 1945:Information Technology Law India – Bare Act 1044:(1986) Electronic Communication Privacy Act 872:may provide immunity in the United States. 730:, very much in the process of development. 567:burden of proof for establishing defamation 1977: 1963: 1094:The Pen Register Act: For information see 583:(ICANN) was discussed in the UN-sponsored 476: 170: 156: 1180:Berkman Center for Internet & Society 733: 608:directives reflect obligations under the 3122:History of the American legal profession 1803: 1735: 1697: 1325:Stanford Center for Internet and Society 60:of all important aspects of the article. 1739:Harvard Journal of Law & Technology 1289:Berkman Center for Internet and Society 1195:– on free speech protection of software 918:– have engaged in similar practices of 626:WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty 585:World Summit on the Information Society 208:, concerns the juridical regulation of 14: 3187: 1716: 1495: 1254:Ouellette v. Viacom International Inc. 1106:(1994) Driver's Privacy Protection Act 989: 946: 875: 861:laws applied to internet discussions. 387:. There are also limits on the use of 56:Please consider expanding the lead to 1958: 1235:Glossary of legal terms in technology 1225:Electronic Communications Privacy Act 1082:The Wiretap Act: For Information see 824:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 577:International Telecommunication Union 1813:. OpenNet Initiative. Archived from 1470: 1050:Electronic Communication Privacy Act 663: 507:standards and tax, through rules on 292:systems, with major lawfirms in the 29: 1536:"An Introduction to Cybersecession" 1496:Barlow, John P. (20 January 2016). 24: 1628:Autoriteit Consument & Markt. 810:Another major area of interest is 497: 25: 3206: 2106:Restitution and unjust enrichment 1938: 1895:Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace 805: 765:Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace 590: 444:of the terrain by corporations. 3153: 3152: 3138: 1345:Digital Millennium Copyright Act 1219:Digital Millennium Copyright Act 667: 34: 3117:History of the legal profession 1860: 1851: 1828: 1779: 1758: 1729: 1717:Gibson, Owen (March 23, 2006). 1710: 1691: 1673: 1647: 1621: 1596: 1571: 1298:Centre for Internet and Society 1115:Driver's Privacy Protection Act 447: 311: 245:. It raises specific issues of 48:may be too short to adequately 1848:, Retrieved December 05, 2011. 1811:"All Content related to China" 1551: 1542: 1528: 1504: 1489: 1464: 1432: 1407: 1387: 853:In the UK in 2006 the case of 58:provide an accessible overview 13: 1: 1880: 1846:Aaron Kelly Internet Law Firm 1656:"SPACE NET – Netzneutralität" 1583:digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu 1120:(1999) Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act 457:medium of the Internet, like 452:Jurisdiction is an aspect of 423: 1140:(2002) Homeland Security Act 826:calls for the protection of 649:did adopt landmark laws for 7: 1787:"Home | OpenNet Initiative" 1173: 828:free opinion and expression 818:Free speech on the Internet 700:Debates around Internet law 359:end user license agreements 267:right to self-determination 10: 3211: 2784:International legal theory 2263:International slavery laws 2258:International human rights 2253:International criminal law 1335:Topics related to cyberlaw 1186:Bernstein v. United States 1167:For more information see: 1154:For more information see: 1133:For more information see: 1113:For more information see: 1047: 1037:For more information see: 1019: 993: 879: 870:Communications Decency Act 596:Copyright / authors' right 315: 190:Information technology law 181: 86:Legal aspects of computing 3132: 3109: 2999: 2837:Administration of justice 2822: 2731: 2622: 2501: 2403: 2124: 1992: 1606:. Cli.org. Archived from 1356:Digital rights management 1090:Stored Communications Act 587:(WSIS) in December 2003. 2614:Basic structure doctrine 2464:Natural and legal rights 2345:Public international law 1381: 1267:Doe v. 2themart.com Inc. 1075:Electronic Communication 1039:Foreign Intelligence Act 1022:Foreign Intelligence Act 934:" and other websites in 857:confirmed that existing 294:United States of America 121:Regulation of algorithms 116:Hyperlinking and framing 2794:Principle of typicality 2268:International trade law 1984: 1768:. opennetinitiative.net 1766:"opennetinitiative.net" 1314:University of Paris-Sud 1275:United States v. Ivanov 1066:Types of Communication 477:Regulation alternatives 290:Artificial Intelligence 279:artificial intelligence 229:dissemination of both ( 218:artificial intelligence 96:Information privacy law 1950:Internet Law Resources 1371:Stop Online Piracy Act 1300:, in Bangalore, India. 1246:Universal v. Reimerdes 1240:Software patent debate 1230:Export of cryptography 1135:Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act 1006:United States Congress 959:Kyllo v. United States 855:Keith-Smith v Williams 734:Lawrence Lessig (1999) 554:copyright infringement 363:free software licenses 353:The related topics of 210:information technology 2789:Principle of legality 2548:Delegated legislation 2248:Intellectual property 1361:Intellectual property 1261:Wassenaar Arrangement 1156:Homeland Security Act 1020:Further information: 994:Further information: 895:University of Toronto 622:WIPO Copyright Treaty 324:Intellectual property 271:freedom of expression 247:intellectual property 3007:Barristers' chambers 2949:Legal representation 2887:Justice of the peace 2233:Financial regulation 1351:Cyber defamation law 984:Katz v United States 891:Berkman Klein Center 655:Digital Services Act 634:Marrakesh VIP Treaty 459:electrical telegraph 395:is also controlled. 367:open-source licenses 241:and crossing-border 239:information security 3042:Election commission 2754:Expressive function 2283:Landlord–tenant law 2182:Consumer protection 1901:The Future of Ideas 1366:Internet censorship 1329:Stanford Law School 1306:in Münster, Germany 1072:Oral Communication: 996:Privacy Act of 1974 990:Privacy Act of 1974 972:instant photography 947:Warren and Brandeis 920:Internet censorship 882:Internet censorship 876:Internet censorship 844:Gutnick v Dow Jones 756:Pathetic dot theory 740:internet censorship 659:Digital Markets Act 647:European Parliament 573:Internet governance 509:unauthorized access 402:, and advertising. 400:consumer protection 377:unauthorized access 216:, software coding, 80:Part of a series on 3000:Legal institutions 2867:Lawsuit/Litigation 2857:Dispute resolution 2662:Catholic canon law 2370:State of emergency 2333:Will and testament 2057:Law of obligations 2010:Constitutional law 2000:Administrative law 1840:2014-08-18 at the 1475:. Addison-Wesley. 1293:Harvard Law School 1199:Computer forensics 888:Harvard University 822:Article 19 of the 762:in his 1999 book, 679:. You can help by 651:internet platforms 405:There are laws on 259:fundamental rights 233:) information and 3182: 3181: 2842:Constitutionalism 2764:Law and economics 2602:Act of parliament 2340:Product liability 2293:Legal archaeology 2218:Environmental law 2212:Entertainment law 2052:International law 1872:978-0-7355-7910-1 1630:"Netneutraliteit" 1471:Leuf, Bo (2002). 1403:978-1-58852-024-1 1343:, especially the 1214:Data localization 1002:Watergate scandal 968:yellow journalism 848:Jonathan Zittrain 697: 696: 484:John Perry Barlow 454:state sovereignty 355:software licenses 286:legal informatics 196:), also known as 184:Computational law 180: 179: 138:Software licenses 106:Computer trespass 75: 74: 16:(Redirected from 3202: 3157: 3156: 3155: 3143: 3142: 2966:Question of fact 2847:Criminal justice 2177:Construction law 2172:Conflict of laws 2137:Agricultural law 1979: 1972: 1965: 1956: 1955: 1875: 1864: 1858: 1855: 1849: 1832: 1826: 1825: 1823: 1822: 1807: 1801: 1800: 1798: 1797: 1783: 1777: 1776: 1774: 1773: 1762: 1756: 1755: 1733: 1727: 1726: 1714: 1708: 1707: 1695: 1689: 1688: 1677: 1671: 1670: 1668: 1667: 1651: 1645: 1644: 1642: 1641: 1625: 1619: 1618: 1616: 1615: 1600: 1594: 1593: 1591: 1590: 1575: 1569: 1555: 1549: 1546: 1540: 1539: 1532: 1526: 1525: 1523: 1522: 1508: 1502: 1501: 1493: 1487: 1486: 1468: 1462: 1461: 1459: 1458: 1436: 1430: 1429: 1427: 1426: 1411: 1405: 1391: 1096:Pen Register Act 1000:Inspired by the 864:In terms of the 742:in nations like 719:David R. Johnson 692: 689: 671: 664: 618:TRIPS' Agreement 610:Berne Convention 600:As of 2020, the 471:conflict of laws 344:software patents 172: 165: 158: 126:Regulation of AI 77: 76: 70: 67: 61: 38: 30: 21: 3210: 3209: 3205: 3204: 3203: 3201: 3200: 3199: 3185: 3184: 3183: 3178: 3151: 3137: 3128: 3105: 3096:Political party 3069:Legal education 3057:Law enforcement 3037:Court of equity 2995: 2971:Question of law 2924:Practice of law 2904:Judicial review 2818: 2769:Legal formalism 2749:Comparative law 2744:Contract theory 2727: 2647:Legal pluralism 2618: 2607:Act of Congress 2531:Executive order 2497: 2399: 2318:Nationality law 2243:Immigration law 2167:Competition law 2120: 1988: 1983: 1941: 1913:Lawrence Lessig 1883: 1878: 1865: 1861: 1856: 1852: 1842:Wayback Machine 1833: 1829: 1820: 1818: 1809: 1808: 1804: 1795: 1793: 1785: 1784: 1780: 1771: 1769: 1764: 1763: 1759: 1734: 1730: 1715: 1711: 1696: 1692: 1679: 1678: 1674: 1665: 1663: 1652: 1648: 1639: 1637: 1626: 1622: 1613: 1611: 1602: 1601: 1597: 1588: 1586: 1577: 1576: 1572: 1559:Richard Raysman 1556: 1552: 1547: 1543: 1534: 1533: 1529: 1520: 1518: 1510: 1509: 1505: 1494: 1490: 1483: 1469: 1465: 1456: 1454: 1438: 1437: 1433: 1424: 1422: 1413: 1412: 1408: 1395:Richard Raysman 1392: 1388: 1384: 1192:Junger v. Daley 1176: 1166: 1163: 1153: 1142: 1132: 1122: 1112: 1108: 1052: 1046: 1036: 1024: 1018: 998: 992: 980: 949: 944: 884: 878: 820: 808: 760:Lawrence Lessig 736: 702: 693: 687: 684: 677:needs expansion 643: 614:Rome Convention 598: 593: 558:burden of proof 500: 498:Conflict of law 492:Lawrence Lessig 479: 450: 426: 340:copy protection 332:authors' rights 320: 314: 187: 176: 147: 71: 65: 62: 55: 43:This article's 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3208: 3198: 3197: 3180: 3179: 3177: 3176: 3169: 3162: 3148: 3145:Law portal 3133: 3130: 3129: 3127: 3126: 3125: 3124: 3113: 3111: 3107: 3106: 3104: 3103: 3098: 3093: 3088: 3083: 3078: 3077: 3076: 3066: 3065: 3064: 3054: 3049: 3044: 3039: 3034: 3029: 3024: 3019: 3014: 3009: 3003: 3001: 2997: 2996: 2994: 2993: 2988: 2983: 2981:Trial advocacy 2978: 2973: 2968: 2963: 2962: 2961: 2956: 2951: 2946: 2941: 2936: 2931: 2921: 2916: 2911: 2906: 2901: 2896: 2895: 2894: 2889: 2879: 2874: 2869: 2864: 2859: 2854: 2849: 2844: 2839: 2834: 2828: 2826: 2820: 2819: 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2162:Commercial law 2159: 2154: 2149: 2144: 2139: 2134: 2128: 2126: 2122: 2121: 2119: 2118: 2113: 2108: 2103: 2102: 2101: 2091: 2086: 2081: 2080: 2079: 2074: 2064: 2059: 2054: 2049: 2044: 2039: 2034: 2029: 2028: 2027: 2017: 2012: 2007: 2002: 1996: 1994: 1990: 1989: 1982: 1981: 1974: 1967: 1959: 1953: 1952: 1947: 1940: 1939:External links 1937: 1936: 1935: 1926: 1915: 1891: 1890:(3rd edn 2016) 1882: 1879: 1877: 1876: 1859: 1850: 1827: 1802: 1778: 1757: 1728: 1709: 1690: 1672: 1646: 1620: 1595: 1570: 1550: 1541: 1527: 1503: 1488: 1481: 1463: 1431: 1406: 1385: 1383: 1380: 1379: 1378: 1373: 1368: 1363: 1358: 1353: 1348: 1332: 1331: 1322: 1317: 1307: 1301: 1295: 1280: 1279: 1271: 1263: 1258: 1257:(DMCA and ADA) 1250: 1249:– test of DMCA 1242: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1222: 1216: 1211: 1206: 1204:Computer crime 1201: 1196: 1182: 1175: 1172: 1162: 1159: 1141: 1138: 1126:15 U.S.C. 1121: 1118: 1107: 1104: 1103: 1102: 1101: 1100: 1099: 1098: 1092: 1086: 1079: 1078: 1077: 1076: 1073: 1070: 1048:Main article: 1045: 1042: 1029:50 U.S.C. 1017: 1014: 991: 988: 979: 976: 948: 945: 943: 940: 880:Main article: 877: 874: 819: 816: 812:net neutrality 807: 806:Net neutrality 804: 799: 798: 792: 786: 783:Silicon Valley 776: 735: 732: 728:paradigm shift 701: 698: 695: 694: 674: 672: 657:(DSA) and the 642: 639: 602:European Union 597: 594: 592: 591:European Union 589: 539:United Kingdom 535: 534: 531: 528: 499: 496: 482:American poet 478: 475: 449: 446: 425: 422: 313: 310: 306:United Kingdom 178: 177: 175: 174: 167: 160: 152: 149: 148: 146: 145: 140: 135: 130: 129: 128: 118: 113: 108: 103: 98: 92: 89: 88: 82: 81: 73: 72: 66:September 2021 52:the key points 42: 40: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3207: 3196: 3193: 3192: 3190: 3175: 3174: 3170: 3168: 3167: 3163: 3161: 3160: 3149: 3147: 3146: 3141: 3135: 3134: 3131: 3123: 3120: 3119: 3118: 3115: 3114: 3112: 3108: 3102: 3099: 3097: 3094: 3092: 3089: 3087: 3084: 3082: 3079: 3075: 3072: 3071: 3070: 3067: 3063: 3060: 3059: 3058: 3055: 3053: 3050: 3048: 3045: 3043: 3040: 3038: 3035: 3033: 3030: 3028: 3027:Civil society 3025: 3023: 3020: 3018: 3015: 3013: 3010: 3008: 3005: 3004: 3002: 2998: 2992: 2989: 2987: 2986:Trier of fact 2984: 2982: 2979: 2977: 2974: 2972: 2969: 2967: 2964: 2960: 2957: 2955: 2952: 2950: 2947: 2945: 2942: 2940: 2937: 2935: 2932: 2930: 2927: 2926: 2925: 2922: 2920: 2917: 2915: 2912: 2910: 2907: 2905: 2902: 2900: 2897: 2893: 2890: 2888: 2885: 2884: 2883: 2880: 2878: 2875: 2873: 2872:Legal opinion 2870: 2868: 2865: 2863: 2860: 2858: 2855: 2853: 2852:Court-martial 2850: 2848: 2845: 2843: 2840: 2838: 2835: 2833: 2830: 2829: 2827: 2825: 2824:Jurisprudence 2821: 2815: 2812: 2810: 2807: 2805: 2802: 2800: 2797: 2795: 2792: 2790: 2787: 2785: 2782: 2780: 2777: 2775: 2772: 2770: 2767: 2765: 2762: 2760: 2757: 2755: 2752: 2750: 2747: 2745: 2742: 2740: 2737: 2736: 2734: 2730: 2724: 2721: 2719: 2716: 2714: 2713:Statutory law 2711: 2709: 2708:Socialist law 2706: 2702: 2701:Byzantine law 2699: 2698: 2697: 2694: 2690: 2687: 2685: 2682: 2680: 2677: 2675: 2672: 2670: 2667: 2663: 2660: 2659: 2658: 2655: 2654: 2653: 2652:Religious law 2650: 2648: 2645: 2643: 2640: 2638: 2635: 2633: 2630: 2629: 2627: 2625: 2624:Legal systems 2621: 2615: 2612: 2608: 2605: 2603: 2600: 2598: 2595: 2594: 2593: 2592:Statutory law 2590: 2586: 2583: 2582: 2581: 2578: 2576: 2573: 2571: 2568: 2566: 2563: 2559: 2556: 2554: 2551: 2549: 2546: 2545: 2544: 2541: 2537: 2534: 2532: 2529: 2527: 2524: 2523: 2522: 2519: 2517: 2514: 2512: 2509: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2500: 2494: 2491: 2489: 2486: 2482: 2479: 2477: 2474: 2473: 2472: 2469: 2465: 2462: 2461: 2460: 2457: 2455: 2452: 2450: 2447: 2443: 2440: 2439: 2438: 2435: 2433: 2430: 2428: 2425: 2423: 2422:Statutory law 2419: 2416: 2414: 2411: 2410: 2408: 2406: 2402: 2396: 2393: 2391: 2388: 2386: 2383: 2381: 2380:Transport law 2378: 2376: 2373: 2371: 2368: 2366: 2363: 2361: 2358: 2356: 2353: 2351: 2348: 2346: 2343: 2341: 2338: 2334: 2331: 2329: 2326: 2325: 2324: 2321: 2319: 2316: 2314: 2311: 2309: 2306: 2304: 2301: 2299: 2298:Legal fiction 2296: 2294: 2291: 2289: 2286: 2284: 2281: 2279: 2276: 2274: 2271: 2269: 2266: 2264: 2261: 2259: 2256: 2254: 2251: 2249: 2246: 2244: 2241: 2239: 2236: 2234: 2231: 2229: 2228:Financial law 2226: 2224: 2221: 2219: 2216: 2213: 2210: 2208: 2205: 2203: 2200: 2198: 2195: 2193: 2190: 2188: 2187:Corporate law 2185: 2183: 2180: 2178: 2175: 2173: 2170: 2168: 2165: 2163: 2160: 2158: 2155: 2153: 2150: 2148: 2145: 2143: 2140: 2138: 2135: 2133: 2130: 2129: 2127: 2123: 2117: 2114: 2112: 2111:Statutory law 2109: 2107: 2104: 2100: 2097: 2096: 2095: 2092: 2090: 2087: 2085: 2082: 2078: 2075: 2073: 2070: 2069: 2068: 2065: 2063: 2060: 2058: 2055: 2053: 2050: 2048: 2045: 2043: 2040: 2038: 2035: 2033: 2030: 2026: 2023: 2022: 2021: 2018: 2016: 2013: 2011: 2008: 2006: 2003: 2001: 1998: 1997: 1995: 1993:Core subjects 1991: 1987: 1980: 1975: 1973: 1968: 1966: 1961: 1960: 1957: 1951: 1948: 1946: 1943: 1942: 1934: 1933:Ian C. Ballon 1930: 1927: 1925: 1921: 1920: 1916: 1914: 1910: 1909: 1904: 1902: 1898: 1896: 1892: 1889: 1885: 1884: 1873: 1869: 1863: 1854: 1847: 1844:, taken from 1843: 1839: 1836: 1831: 1817:on 2007-09-28 1816: 1812: 1806: 1792: 1788: 1782: 1767: 1761: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1740: 1732: 1724: 1720: 1713: 1705: 1701: 1694: 1686: 1682: 1676: 1661: 1657: 1650: 1635: 1631: 1624: 1610:on 2008-05-07 1609: 1605: 1599: 1584: 1580: 1574: 1568: 1567:1-58852-107-9 1564: 1560: 1554: 1545: 1537: 1531: 1517: 1516:editthis.info 1513: 1507: 1499: 1492: 1484: 1482:9780201767322 1478: 1474: 1467: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1444:The Economist 1441: 1435: 1420: 1416: 1410: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1390: 1386: 1377: 1374: 1372: 1369: 1367: 1364: 1362: 1359: 1357: 1354: 1352: 1349: 1346: 1342: 1339: 1338: 1337: 1336: 1330: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1315: 1311: 1308: 1305: 1302: 1299: 1296: 1294: 1290: 1287: 1286: 1285: 1284: 1277: 1276: 1272: 1269: 1268: 1264: 1262: 1259: 1256: 1255: 1251: 1248: 1247: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1220: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1210: 1207: 1205: 1202: 1200: 1197: 1194: 1193: 1188: 1187: 1183: 1181: 1178: 1177: 1171: 1170: 1158: 1157: 1151: 1147: 1146:6 U.S.C. 1137: 1136: 1131: 1127: 1117: 1116: 1097: 1093: 1091: 1087: 1085: 1081: 1080: 1074: 1071: 1068: 1067: 1065: 1064: 1063: 1062: 1061: 1060: 1059: 1057: 1051: 1041: 1040: 1034: 1030: 1023: 1013: 1011: 1010:Richard Nixon 1007: 1003: 997: 987: 985: 975: 973: 969: 963: 961: 960: 954: 939: 937: 933: 927: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 896: 892: 889: 883: 873: 871: 867: 862: 860: 856: 851: 849: 845: 841: 837: 831: 829: 825: 815: 813: 803: 796: 793: 790: 787: 784: 780: 777: 774: 771: 770: 769: 767: 766: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 731: 729: 724: 723:David G. Post 720: 715: 712: 707: 691: 688:February 2023 682: 678: 675:This section 673: 670: 666: 665: 662: 660: 656: 652: 648: 638: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 606: 603: 588: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 568: 564: 559: 555: 551: 547: 542: 540: 532: 529: 526: 525: 524: 520: 518: 514: 510: 505: 495: 493: 489: 485: 474: 472: 468: 464: 460: 455: 445: 443: 439: 435: 431: 421: 418: 415: 411: 408: 403: 401: 396: 394: 393:United States 390: 386: 382: 378: 373: 370: 368: 364: 360: 356: 351: 349: 348:controversial 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 319: 309: 307: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 282: 280: 276: 275:data breaches 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 248: 244: 240: 236: 232: 226: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 195: 191: 185: 173: 168: 166: 161: 159: 154: 153: 151: 150: 144: 141: 139: 136: 134: 131: 127: 124: 123: 122: 119: 117: 114: 112: 109: 107: 104: 102: 99: 97: 94: 93: 91: 90: 87: 84: 83: 79: 78: 69: 59: 53: 51: 46: 41: 37: 32: 31: 19: 3195:Computer law 3171: 3164: 3150: 3136: 2909:Jurisdiction 2877:Legal remedy 2832:Adjudication 2732:Legal theory 2570:Ratification 2565:Promulgation 2536:Proclamation 2516:Codification 2449:Human rights 2437:Divine right 2427:Constitution 2395:Women in law 2313:Military law 2308:Marriage law 2303:Maritime law 2202:Election law 2142:Aviation law 2132:Abortion law 2084:Property law 2020:Criminal law 1928: 1919:Cyber Rights 1917: 1908:Free Culture 1906: 1899: 1893: 1887: 1862: 1853: 1830: 1819:. 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