737:. In the United States, access to private data contained in, for example, third-party credit reports may be sought when seeking employment or medical care, or making automobile, housing, or other purchases on credit terms. Although partial regulations exist, there is no all-encompassing law regulating the acquisition, storage, or use of personal data in the U.S. In general terms, in the U.S., whoever can be troubled to key in the data, is deemed to own the right to store and use it, even if the data was collected without permission, except to any extent regulated by laws and rules such as the federal Communications Act's provisions, and implementing rules from the Federal Communications Commission, regulating use of
910:
purpose of a requested information release, but need to make no effort to verify the truth of the requester's assertions. In fact, the courts have ruled that, "The Act clearly does not provide a remedy for an illicit or abusive use of information about consumers" (Henry v Forbes, 1976). It is widely believed that in order to avoid the FCRA, ChoicePoint was created by
Equifax at which time the parent company copied all its records to its newly created subsidiary. ChoicePoint is not a credit reporting agency, and thus FCRA does not apply.
2979:
162:(APEC) Privacy Framework, the independent body would ensure compliance of the country with international standards set for data protection. The law requires government and private organizations composed of at least 250 employees or those which have access to the personal and identifiable information of at least 1000 people to appoint a Data Protection Officer that would assist in regulating the management of personal information in such entities.
673:
1214:, effective March 31, 2024. The law was the first in the nation to regulate consumer health data not protected by HIPAA. The law requires companies to obtain prior authorization to obtain, share, or sell health data, including data that can be used to infer or linked to health status, such as purchasing medications or digestion tracking. The law guarantees the right to withdraw consent and request deletion. The law also prohibits
1161:, effective July 1, 2024. It gives consumers the right to confirm whether businesses with over $ 1 billion in gross annual revenue who derive more than half of their revenue from online ads collected data about them and control over the data, including correction and deletion. The law also prohibits government agencies from asking a
1121:(California Bill AB 1291). The California Right to Know Act, if passed, would require every business which keeps user information to provide its user a copy of stored information when requested. The bill faced heavy oppositions from trade groups representing companies such as Google, Microsoft, and Facebook, and failed to pass.
1264:
approaches and provide a streamlined means for U.S. organizations to comply with the
Directive, the U.S. Department of Commerce in consultation with the European Commission developed a "safe harbor" framework. In order for the framework to be enforced, companies must publicly publish a privacy policy.
345:
Personal data covers both facts and opinions about the individual. It also includes information regarding the intentions of the data controller towards the individual, although in some limited circumstances exemptions will apply. With processing, the definition is far wider than before. For example,
191:
In early 2022, Sri Lanka became the first country in South Asia to enact comprehensive data privacy legislation. The
Personal Data Protection Act No. 9 of 2022, effective since March 19, 2022, applies to processing within Sri Lanka and extends extraterritorially to controllers or processors offering
909:
The Fair Credit
Reporting Act provides consumers the ability to view, correct, contest, and limit the uses of credit reports. The FCRA also protects the credit agency from the charge of negligent release in the case of misrepresentation by the requester. Credit agencies must ask the requester the
533:
The PIPEDA specifies the rules to govern collection, use, or disclosure of the personal information in the course of recognizing the right of privacy of individuals with respect to their personal information. It also specifies the rules for the organizations to collect, use, and disclose personal
172:
Personal information must be handled properly. Information must be kept accurate and relevant, used only for the stated purposes, and retained only for as long as reasonably needed. The law required entities to be active in ensuring that unauthorized parties do not have access to their customers'
36:
provide a legal framework on how to obtain, use and store data of natural persons. The various laws around the world describe the rights of natural persons to control who is using its data. This includes usually the right to get details on which data is stored, for what purpose and to request the
372:
The difference in language here is important: in the United States the debate is about privacy where in the
European Community the debate is on data protection. Moving the debate from privacy to data protection is seen by some philosophers as a mechanism for moving forward in the practical realm
1565:
Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the
European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC (General Data Protection Regulation) (Text with EEA
917:
similarly limits dissemination of information about a consumer's financial transactions. It prevents creditors or their agents from disclosing the fact that an individual is in debt to a third party, although it allows creditors and their agents to attempt to obtain information about a debtor's
1263:
that went into effect in
October 1998, includes, for example, the requirement to create government data protection agencies, registration of databases with those agencies, and in some instances prior approval before personal data processing may begin. In order to bridge these different privacy
859:
One difficulty with HIPAA is that there must be a mechanism to authenticate the patient who demands access to his/her data. As a result, medical facilities have begun to ask for Social
Security Numbers from patients, thus arguably decreasing privacy by simplifying the act of correlating health
364:
framework. The core principles of data protected are limited collection, consent of the subject, accuracy, integrity, security, subject right of review and deletion. As a result, customers of international organizations such as Amazon and eBay in the EU have the ability to review and delete
897:
The Fair Credit
Reporting Act has been effective in preventing the proliferation of specious so-called private credit guides. Before 1970, private credit guides offered detailed, if unreliable, information on easily identifiable individuals. Before the Fair Credit Reporting Act, salacious
847:
in 1996. HIPAA is also known as the
Kennedy-Kassebaum Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA-Public Law 104-191), effective August 21, 1996. The basic idea of HIPAA is that an individual who is a subject of individually identifiable health information should have:
1100:
Several US federal agencies have privacy statutes that cover their collection and use of private information. These include the Census Bureau, the Internal Revenue Service, and the National Center for Education Statistics (under the Education Sciences Reform Act). In addition, the
450:
and Information Commissioner in particular supervises compliance of the federal government agencies with the DPA, provides advice to private persons on data protection, conducts investigations and makes recommendations concerning data protection practices.
442:
The DPA applies to the processing of personal data by private persons and federal government agencies. Unlike the data protection legislation of many other countries, the DPA protects both personal data pertaining to natural persons and legal entities.
275:
The government is not the only entity which may pose a threat to data privacy. Other citizens, and private companies most importantly, may also engage in threatening activities, especially since the automated processing of data became widespread. The
296:
277:
303:
was concerned that diverging data protection legislation would emerge and impede the free flow of data within the EU zone. Therefore, the European Commission decided to propose harmonizing data protection law within the EU. The resulting
352:
Because of this, in theory the transfer of personal information from the EU to the US is prohibited when equivalent privacy protection is not in place in the US. American companies that would work with EU data must comply with the
1033:
222:. According to the Court's case law the collection of information by officials of the state about an individual without their consent always falls within the scope of Article 8. Thus, gathering information for the official
315:
The directive contains a number of key principles with which member states must comply. Anyone processing personal data must comply with the eight enforceable principles of good practice. They state that the data must be:
238:
or details of personal expenditures, and implementing a system of personal identification has been judged to raise data privacy issues. What also falls under "privacy-sensitive data" under the GDPR is such information as
2378:
James Grant, International data protection regulation: Data transfer – safe harbor, Computer Law & Security Review, Volume 21, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 257-261, ISSN 0267-3649, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2005.04.010.
439:. The Swiss Federal Data Protection Act (DPA) and the Swiss Federal Data Protection Ordinance (DPO) entered into force on July 1, 1993. The latest amendments of the DPA and the DPO entered into force on January 1, 2008.
1502:
1189:
In 2021, New York enacted a commercial biometric data privacy law that requires businesses to conspicuously notify consumers of data collection. The law bars employers from collecting biometric data from employees.
793:. The report submitted by the Chair to the HHS Secretary titled "Records, Computers and Rights of Citizens (07/01/1973)", proposes universal principles for the privacy and protection of consumer and citizen data:
587:
a work, undertaking or business that is operated or carried on for or in connection with navigation and shipping, whether inland or maritime, including the operation of ships and transportation by ship anywhere in
526:(PIPEDA) went into effect on 1 January 2001, applicable to private bodies which are federally regulated. All other organizations were included on 1 January 2004. The PIPEDA brought Canada into compliance with
1198:
In 2009, Texas enacted a consumer law requiring consent for biometric data for commercial use to be leased, sold, or disclosed. The law also requires the data be destroyed within one year of collection.
615:
a work, undertaking or business to which federal laws, within the meaning of section 2 of the Oceans Act, apply under section 20 of that Act and any regulations made under paragraph 26(1)(k) of that Act.
609:
a work that, although wholly situated within a province, is before or after its execution declared by Parliament to be for the general advantage of Canada or for the advantage of two or more provinces;
1439:
789:(later renamed Department of Health & Human Services (HHS)), by a Special Advisory Committee on Automated Personal Data Systems, under the chairmanship of computer pioneer and privacy pioneer
2497:
127:
860:
records with other records. The issue of consent is problematic under HIPAA, because the medical providers simply make care contingent upon agreeing to the privacy standards in practice.
2606:
349:
All EU member states adopted legislation pursuant this directive or adapted their existing laws. Each country also has its own supervisory authority to monitor the level of protection.
462:, special requirements need to be met and, depending on the circumstances, the Swiss Federal Data Protection and Information Commissioner must be informed before the transfer is made.
984:
978:
831:
in order to provide a means for U.S. companies to demonstrate compliance with European Commission directives and thus to simplify relations between them and European businesses.
774:(OPPA) of 2003 requires operators of commercial web sites or online services that collect personal information on California residents through a web site to conspicuously post a
1541:
918:
location. It limits the actions of those seeking payment of a debt. For example, debt collection agencies are prohibited from harassment or contacting individuals at work. The
1113:
Lawmakers in several states have proposed legislation to change the way online businesses handle user information. Among those generating significant attention are several
432:
and a corresponding amendment of the federal Data Protection Act. However, Swiss law imposes less restrictions upon data processing than the Directive in several respects.
1855:
523:
2601:
1051:
530:, although civil society, regulators, and academics have claimed that it does not address modern challenges of privacy law as well as the GDPR does, calling for reform.
573:" means information about an identifiable individual, but does not include the name, title, or business address or telephone number of an employee of an organization.
934:(ECPA) establishes criminal sanctions for interception of electronic communication. However, the legislation has been criticized for lack of impact due to loopholes.
1158:
1076:
1400:
2651:
1211:
2138:
919:
872:
applies the principles of the Code of Fair Information Practice to credit reporting agencies. The FCRA allows individuals to opt out of unwanted credit offers:
922:
of 2005 (which actually gutted consumer protections, for example in case of bankruptcy resulting from medical cost) limited some of these controls on debtors.
1443:
1260:
1045:
786:
486:
454:
Some data files must be registered with the Swiss Federal Data Protection and Information Commissioner before they are created. In the case of a transfer of
421:
2666:
2547:
1765:
1259:, which relies on industry-specific legislation, regulation and self-regulation, the European Union relies on the comprehensive privacy legislation. The
1118:
1094:
1057:
1008:
840:
742:
591:
a railway, canal, telegraph or other work or undertaking that connects a province with another province, or that extends beyond the limits of a province;
544:
The organizations and the employee of the organization collect, use, or discloses in the course of operation of a federal work, undertaking, or business.
2189:
2069:
2878:
953:
2586:
2165:
1039:
1976:
2843:
2782:
2671:
1177:. The law was the first in the nation to regulate biometric data. The law requires private businesses to obtain consent to collect or disclose the
583:"Federal work, undertaking or business" means any work, undertaking or business that is within the legislative authority of Parliament, including:
2329:
770:'s article 1, section 1, and the California legislature has enacted several pieces of legislation aimed at protecting this right. The California
284:
in 1981. This convention obliges the signatories to enact legislation concerning the automatic processing of personal data, which many duly did.
2304:
1414:
1923:
1181:
of consumers. The law also requires the data be securely stored and destroyed in a timely manner. The law specifically protects employee data.
800:
Information collected from an individual cannot be disclosed to other organizations or individuals unless specifically authorized by law or by
2537:
465:
Most Swiss cantons have enacted their own data protection laws regulating the processing of personal data by cantonal and municipal bodies.
2616:
1869:
746:
154:
that would monitor and maintain policies that involve information privacy and personal data protection in the country. Modeled after the
1237:(LGPD) became law on September 18, 2020. The law's primary aim is to unify 40 different Brazilian laws that regulate the processing of
638:
have the access to their personal information and ask for any corrections or have the right to make complain towards the organizations.
115:
1549:
959:
887:
750:
425:
151:
2626:
2542:
2532:
738:
694:
186:
138:, and transparency of data processing. PIPL has been compared to the EU GDPR as it has similar scope and many similar provisions.
2023:
1722:
1083:
Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools to Restrict, Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA PATRIOT) Act
816:
Transmission of personal information to locations where "equivalent" personal data protection cannot be assured is prohibited.
810:
There should be mechanisms for individuals to review data about them, to ensure accuracy. This may include periodic reporting.
2858:
1779:
1479:
998:
931:
2681:
2487:
2269:
1234:
828:
2838:
2646:
2636:
2596:
1278:
652:
establish personal information policies that are clear, reasonable, and ready to protect individuals' person information.
292:
207:
942:
The following summarized some of the laws, regulations and directives related to the protection of information systems:
819:
Some data is too sensitive to be collected, unless there are extreme circumstances (e.g., sexual orientation, religion).
562:
Organizations which collect, use, or disclose personal information only for journalistic, artistic or literary purposes.
2578:
2552:
2512:
914:
502:
494:
201:
65:
2114:
2048:
2755:
2676:
2661:
2557:
2421:
2090:
1313:
1174:
720:
662:
612:
a work, undertaking or business outside the exclusive legislative authority of the legislatures of the provinces; and
269:
159:
753:(FACTA), are all examples of U.S. federal laws with provisions which tend to promote information flow efficiencies.
702:
2444:
1064:
898:
unsubstantiated material could be included – and in fact, gossip was widely included in credit reports. EPIC has a
258:
Any state interference with a person's privacy is only acceptable for the Court if three conditions are fulfilled:
89:
2244:
2631:
2562:
2527:
1358:
1138:
176:
Personal information must be disposed in way that unauthorized third parties could not access the discarded data.
73:
594:
a line of ships that connects a province with another province, or that extends beyond the limits of a province;
2853:
2833:
2787:
2750:
2656:
2611:
1685:
1303:
1142:
698:
357:
312:
and ministers from national governments in 1995 and had to be transposed into national law by the end of 1998.
215:
68:, in force since May 25, 2018. The United States is notable for not having adopted a comprehensive information
2760:
2591:
2566:
1146:
1027:
771:
629:
understand who in the organizations pays the responsibility for protecting individuals' personal information.
366:
206:
The right to data privacy is relatively heavily regulated and actively enforced in Europe. Article 8 of the
3013:
2621:
1015:
991:
501:(c 12) updates data protection laws in the UK. It is a national law which complements the European Union's
165:
In summary, the law identifies important points regarding the handling of personal information as follows:
84:
626:
expect organizations to collect, use or disclose personal information in a reasonable and appropriate way.
2641:
240:
1603:"Internetauftritt der Bundesbeauftragten für den Datenschutz und die Informationsfreiheit - Startseite"
1465:
1004:
902:. The Consumer Data Industry Association, which represents the consumer reporting industry, also has a
436:
597:
a ferry between a province and another province or between a province and a country other than Canada;
2873:
2817:
2797:
2522:
2482:
1602:
947:
869:
782:
527:
305:
155:
1841:
1207:
In 2017, Washington enacted a specific consumer biometric data privacy law covering commercial use.
1820:
1752:"Commission finds that EU personal data flows can continue with 11 third countries and territories"
1723:"The Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act - Privacy Commissioner of Canada"
1298:
1114:
1021:
683:
635:
expect the personal information held by the organizations to be accurate, complete, and up-to-date.
498:
490:
482:
478:
365:
information, while Americans do not. In the United States the equivalent guiding philosophy is the
2218:
1751:
762:. Very few states, however, recognize an individual's right to privacy, a notable exception being
169:
Personal information must be collected for reasons that are specified, legitimate, and reasonable.
2868:
2863:
2517:
1337:
Greenleaf, Graham (6 February 2012). "Global Data Privacy Laws: 89 Countries, and Accelerating".
1250:
767:
758:
687:
297:
Convention for the Protection of Individuals with regard to Automatic Processing of Personal Data
278:
Convention for the Protection of Individuals with regard to Automatic Processing of Personal Data
1875:
192:
goods and services to individuals in Sri Lanka and/or monitoring their behavior in the country.
2909:
2507:
2502:
2449:
891:
824:
417:
1942:
1895:
1342:
3003:
2888:
2459:
2414:
2390:
Warren S. and Brandeis L., 1890, "The right to privacy," Harvard Law Review, Vol. 4, 193-220.
2049:"AB-1291 Privacy: Right to Know Act of 2013: disclosure of a customer's personal information"
1318:
1308:
1088:
756:
The Supreme Court interpreted the Constitution to grant a right of privacy to individuals in
559:
Individuals who collect, use, or disclose personal information for personal purpose and use.
3018:
2707:
2492:
1937:
Hoofnagle, Chris Jay (2013-09-10). "How the Fair Credit Reporting Act Regulates Big Data".
1273:
570:
94:
8:
2924:
2792:
2777:
2727:
2464:
1644:
966:
855:
The use and disclosure of individual health information should be authorized or required.
386:
no. 78-17 of 6 January 1978 concerning information technology, files and civil liberties"
309:
300:
20:
1517:
852:
Established procedures for the exercise of individual health information privacy rights.
632:
expect organizations to protect the personal information in a reasonable and secure way.
623:
understand the reasons why organizations collect, use, or disclose personal information.
3008:
2964:
1956:
McNamara Jr, Robert M (1973). "The Fair Credit Reporting Act: A Legislative Overview".
1917:
1256:
252:
1730:
2934:
2717:
2277:
1938:
1338:
1288:
429:
281:
1105:
statute protects confidentiality of data collected by federal statistical agencies.
373:
while not requiring agreement on fundamental questions about the nature of privacy.
2982:
2848:
2807:
2745:
2697:
2454:
2407:
1293:
781:
An early attempt to create rules around the use of information in the U.S. was the
135:
130:(PIPL) in mid-2021, and was effective from November 1, 2021. It focuses heavily on
85:
The German state of Hessia enacted the World's first data privacy law on 30SEP1970
2712:
2702:
2330:"Washington state lawmakers pass bill to protect privacy of consumer health data"
1689:
1362:
1082:
447:
361:
40:
Over 80 countries and independent territories, including nearly every country in
1563:
2949:
2929:
2802:
790:
775:
646:
obtain consent before they collect, use, and disclose any personal information.
541:
The organizations collect, uses, or disclosure in the matter of commercial use.
474:
413:
288:
61:
1806:
Griswold v. Connecticut: birth control and the constitutional right of privacy
1766:"Policy Proposals for PIPEDA Reform to Address Artificial Intelligence Report"
1149:, amended and expanded the CCPA. The law specifically protects employee data.
876:
Equifax (888) 567-8688 Equifax Options, P.O. Box 740123 Atlanta GA 30374-0123.
2997:
2919:
2914:
2812:
2772:
2767:
2281:
1238:
1077:
U.S. Congress Electronic Signatures in Global National Commerce Act ("ESIGN")
844:
734:
455:
219:
45:
1856:"Issuance of Safe Harbor Principles and Transmission to European Commission"
1631:
1380:
State of California - Department of Justice - Office of the Attorney General
882:
TransUnion (800) 680-7293 or (888) 5OPTOUT P.O Box 97328, Jackson, MS 39238.
93:
was first used in the context of a German constitutional ruling relating to
72:
law, but rather having adopted limited sectoral laws in some areas like the
2959:
2740:
2393:
Graham Greenleaf, Global Data Privacy Laws: 89 Countries, and Accelerating
2139:"Move Over, CCPA: The California Privacy Rights Act Gets the Spotlight Now"
1162:
649:
collect personal information in a reasonable, appropriate, and lawful ways.
577:
2270:"Washington becomes first state to adopt health data protections post-Roe"
813:
Data should be deleted when it is no longer needed for the stated purpose.
2954:
2474:
459:
409:
346:
it incorporates the concepts of "obtaining", "holding" and "disclosing".
235:
227:
147:
24:
2001:
435:
In Switzerland, the right to privacy is guaranteed in article 13 of the
2939:
1415:"The Personal Information Protection Law: China's Version of the GDPR?"
1178:
973:
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Guidelines
763:
248:
231:
98:
1977:"What's in the file? The economics and law of consumer credit bureaus"
1355:
879:
Experian (800) 353-0809 or (888) 5OPTOUT P.O. Box 919, Allen, TX 75013
2904:
1701:
1283:
1215:
899:
49:
2070:"Silicon Valley companies quietly try to kill Internet privacy bill"
1682:
672:
354:
2394:
580:" means an association, a partnership, a person and a trade union.
244:
1375:
1241:. The bill has 65 articles and has many similarities to the GDPR.
400:, both the federal government and the states enacted legislation.
2430:
2190:"DeSantis Takes Swing at Big Tech in New Florida Privacy Law (1)"
2166:"ANALYSIS: Will Companies Keep AI Models Fed With Employee Data?"
801:
397:
131:
69:
2353:
2305:"Varied Data Privacy Laws Across States Raise Compliance Stakes"
1046:
Council Directive on Data Protection for the European Union (EU)
807:
Records kept on an individual should be accurate and up to date.
2024:"Deep Dive: Updating the Electronic Communications Privacy Act"
1665:
1231:
1165:
companies to censor content or remove users from its platform.
1102:
519:
381:
223:
57:
41:
2115:"Bill Text - AB-375 Privacy: personal information: businesses"
1442:. HL Chronicle of Data Protection. 23 Aug 2012. Archived from
937:
2944:
1070:
954:
U.S. Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organization (RICO) Act
1244:
903:
524:
Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act
150:, The Data Privacy Act of 2012 mandated the creation of the
2883:
1589:
1137:
On June 28, 2018 California legislature passed AB 375, the
1052:
U.S. Economic and Protection of Proprietary Information Act
972:
743:
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996
60:, have now adopted comprehensive data protection laws. The
53:
2399:
1610:
1365:
Published by Dativa, June 7, 2018, retrieved June 11, 2018
1071:
U.S. Uniform Computer Information Transactions Act (UCITA)
733:
Data privacy is not highly legislated or regulated in the
218:
has given this article a very broad interpretation in its
212:"private and family life, his home and his correspondence"
797:
For all data collected, there should be a stated purpose.
556:
Government institutions to which the Privacy Act applies.
251:
beliefs and information regarding a person's sex life or
2002:"Electronic Privacy and Information Center: Choicepoint"
1666:"dataprotection.ch: dataprotection.ch - Walder Wyss AG"
1585:
920:
Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act
341:
Transferred only to countries with adequate protection.
335:
Processed in accordance with the data subject's rights.
1141:
of 2018, effective January 1, 2020. In November 2020,
1034:
OECD Guidelines to Serve as a Total Security Framework
766:. An inalienable right to privacy is enshrined in the
2219:"Is Biometric Information Protected by Privacy Laws?"
1842:"Records, Computers and the Rights of Citizens (HHS)"
600:
aerodromes, aircraft or a line of air transportation;
1984:
Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia Business Review
1095:
Federal Information Security Management Act of 2002
1058:
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
1009:
Federal Information Security Management Act of 2002
841:
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
37:deletion in case the purpose is not given anymore.
2879:International Association of Privacy Professionals
2245:"New Attack on the Illinois Biometric Privacy Act"
1871:Recent News Regarding HIPAA Violation Breach Cases
1862:
1466:"Republic Act No. 10173: Data Privacy Act of 2012"
787:Department for Health, Education and Welfare (HEW)
1660:
1658:
1630:See the Federal Council's Message to Parliament,
1040:Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act
999:U.S. Electronic Communications Privacy Act (ECPA)
751:Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act of 2003
2995:
2844:Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility
2354:"What is the LGPD? Brazil's version of the GDPR"
1440:"Philippine Data Privacy Law is Signed into Law"
747:Children's Online Privacy Protection Act of 1998
16:Law that governs the processing of personal data
1821:"Records, Computers and the Rights of Citizens"
1702:"Office of the Privacy Commissioner of Canada"
1655:
262:The interference is in accordance with the law
2415:
1780:"The differences between EU and US data laws"
1480:"New Wave of Privacy Laws in the APAC Region"
210:(ECHR) provides a right to respect for one's
1542:"International Business, Trade and Taxation"
1065:U.S. Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA)
1060:(HIPAA) (requirement added in December 2000)
487:Directive on the protection of personal data
422:Directive on the protection of personal data
1955:
1910:An Overview and History of Credit Reporting
1503:What personal data is considered sensitive?
1129:Arkansas has a biometric data privacy law.
938:Computer security, privacy and criminal law
778:on the site and to comply with its policy.
701:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
619:The PIPEDA gives individuals the right to:
420:(EEA), it has partially implemented the EU
2422:
2408:
2267:
1922:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1512:
1510:
1356:Adopting a Virtual Data Protection Officer
1210:On April 27, 2023, Washington enacted the
265:The interference pursues a legitimate goal
116:Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023
1936:
1645:"Swiss Federal Data Protection Act (DPA)"
1336:
1173:On October 3, 2008, Illinois enacted the
960:Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act
888:Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act
721:Learn how and when to remove this message
497:supersedes previous Protection Acts. The
66:General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)
2327:
2242:
1907:
1376:"California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA)"
739:customer proprietary network information
187:Personal Data Protection Act (Sri Lanka)
2021:
1803:
1683:Information Commissioner's Office - ICO
1507:
214:, subject to certain restrictions. The
2996:
2067:
1898:, Federal Trade Commission, March 2008
1108:
994:(amended in 1986, 1994, 1996 and 2001)
642:The PIPEDA requires organizations to:
2859:Electronic Privacy Information Center
2403:
2299:
2297:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2160:
2158:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2046:
1419:Columbia Journal of Transnational Law
1261:European Directive on Data Protection
932:Electronic Communications Privacy Act
326:Adequate, relevant and not excessive.
1974:
1235:General Personal Data Protection Law
829:United States Department of Commerce
699:adding citations to reliable sources
666:
2839:Center for Democracy and Technology
2091:"Biometric Time Clock Laws to Know"
1874:, December 26, 2013, archived from
1588:is available on the website of the
1279:Center for Democracy and Technology
293:European Convention on Human Rights
208:European Convention on Human Rights
128:Personal Information Protection Law
13:
2384:
2328:Schubert, Charlotte (2023-04-18).
2294:
2206:
2155:
2076:
1028:U.S. Federal Sentencing Guidelines
1022:United Kingdom Computer Misuse Act
915:Fair Debt Collection Practices Act
503:General Data Protection Regulation
495:General Data Protection Regulation
202:General Data Protection Regulation
79:
14:
3030:
1912:. philadelphiafed. pp. 1–16.
1314:Privacy laws of the United States
1175:Biometric Information Privacy Act
1157:On June 6, 2023, Florida enacted
1016:U.S. Video Privacy Protection Act
992:U.S. Computer Fraud and Abuse Act
663:Privacy laws of the United States
468:
367:Code of Fair Information Practice
270:necessary in a democratic society
234:in a police register, collecting
160:Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
30:Information privacy, data privacy
2978:
2977:
2445:Right of access to personal data
2395:http://ssrn.com/abstract=2000034
2068:Harmon, Steven (19 April 2013).
1818:
1221:
671:
656:
508:
287:As all the member states of the
90:informational self-determination
2372:
2346:
2321:
2261:
2236:
2182:
2131:
2107:
2061:
2040:
2015:
1994:
1968:
1949:
1930:
1901:
1889:
1848:
1834:
1812:
1797:
1772:
1758:
1744:
1715:
1694:
1676:
1637:
1624:
1595:
1579:
1556:
1534:
1245:"Safe Harbor" Privacy Framework
1139:California Consumer Privacy Act
987:(strengthened in 1986 and 1994)
985:U.S. Federal Computer Crime Act
979:U.S. Medical Computer Crime Act
323:Processed for limited purposes.
74:California Consumer Privacy Act
2854:Electronic Frontier Foundation
2834:American Civil Liberties Union
2788:Privacy-enhancing technologies
2268:Zakrzewski, Cat (2023-04-28).
2249:Electronic Frontier Foundation
2028:Electronic Frontier Foundation
2022:Reitman, rainey (2012-12-06).
1496:
1472:
1458:
1432:
1407:
1393:
1368:
1349:
1330:
1304:Privacy Commissioner of Canada
1218:around healthcare facilities.
948:U.S. Fair Credit Reporting Act
403:
332:Kept no longer than necessary.
320:Fairly and lawfully processed.
216:European Court of Human Rights
141:
1:
2243:Schwartz, Adam (2018-04-10).
1964:: 67 – via Hein Online.
1808:. University Press of Kansas.
1324:
1202:
1147:California Privacy Rights Act
1132:
904:website with FCRA information
772:Online Privacy Protection Act
603:a radio broadcasting station;
1401:"Data Protection in Germany"
1255:Unlike the U.S. approach to
785:guidelines developed by the
566:As specified in the PIPEDA:
291:are also signatories of the
180:
156:EU Data Protection Directive
7:
2579:Data protection authorities
2429:
1267:
1184:
1168:
1124:
1089:Homeland Security Act (HSA)
890:, each person can obtain a
843:(HIPAA) was enacted by the
424:in 2006 by acceding to the
384:adapted its existing law, "
152:National Privacy Commission
10:
3035:
2783:Social networking services
2119:leginfo.legislature.ca.gov
1518:"Data Protection Act 1998"
1248:
1152:
1005:U.S. Computer Security Act
741:(CPNI). For instance, the
660:
437:Swiss Federal Constitution
391:
199:
184:
97:collected during the 1983
18:
2973:
2897:
2874:Global Network Initiative
2826:
2818:Virtual assistant privacy
2798:Privacy-invasive software
2726:
2690:
2577:
2473:
2437:
1226:
892:free annual credit report
870:Fair Credit Reporting Act
783:fair information practice
513:
376:
306:Data Protection Directive
280:was concluded within the
195:
1804:Johnson, John W (2005).
1546:intersticeconsulting.com
1299:Do Not Track legislation
1193:
1115:Do Not Track legislation
834:
499:Data Protection Act 2018
491:Data Protection Act 1984
483:Information Commissioner
479:Data Protection Act 1998
136:rights of the individual
121:
109:
2869:Future of Privacy Forum
2864:European Digital Rights
1908:Furletti, Mark (2002).
1251:Safe harbor arrangement
1159:Florida Senate Bill 262
925:
863:
825:safe harbor arrangement
768:California Constitution
759:Griswold v. Connecticut
537:The PIPEDA applies to:
412:is not a member of the
241:racial or ethnic origin
104:
2910:Cellphone surveillance
2827:Advocacy organizations
2450:Expectation of privacy
2072:. Bay Area News Group.
1522:www.legislation.gov.uk
1212:My Health, My Data Act
528:EU data protection law
418:European Economic Area
243:, political opinions,
87:. In Germany the term
2889:Privacy International
2460:Right to be forgotten
2309:news.bloomberglaw.com
2194:news.bloomberglaw.com
2170:news.bloomberglaw.com
2143:news.bloomberglaw.com
1975:Hunt, Robert (2002).
1688:May 16, 2008, at the
1670:www.dataprotection.ch
1319:Right to be forgotten
1309:Privacy International
1179:biometric identifiers
827:was developed by the
485:) implemented the EU
200:Further information:
1878:on February 22, 2014
1446:on 14 September 2019
1274:Canadian privacy law
1145:, also known as the
695:improve this section
571:Personal Information
268:The interference is
95:personal information
34:data protection laws
3014:Information privacy
2925:Global surveillance
2793:Privacy engineering
2778:Personal identifier
2728:Information privacy
2465:Post-mortem privacy
2095:Business News Daily
2047:Lowenthal, Bonnie.
1896:Facts for Consumers
1784:Frontier Technology
1109:State-specific laws
310:European Parliament
308:was adopted by the
301:European Commission
21:information privacy
2965:Personality rights
1361:2019-02-23 at the
1257:privacy protection
804:of the individual.
489:. It replaced the
446:The Swiss Federal
360:2010-06-09 at the
253:sexual orientation
2991:
2990:
2935:Mass surveillance
1592:(in French only).
1484:Morrison Foerster
1289:Data localization
1119:Right to Know Act
1007:(Repealed by the
749:(COPPA), and the
731:
730:
723:
493:(c 35). The 2016
430:Council of Europe
428:agreement of the
282:Council of Europe
126:China passed its
114:India passed its
3026:
2981:
2980:
2849:Data Privacy Lab
2808:Privacy software
2455:Right to privacy
2424:
2417:
2410:
2401:
2400:
2379:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2315:
2301:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2288:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2230:
2215:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2162:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2149:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2087:
2074:
2073:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2055:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2034:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2009:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1981:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1921:
1913:
1905:
1899:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1825:
1819:Ware, Willis H.
1816:
1810:
1809:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1791:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1768:. November 2020.
1762:
1756:
1755:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1738:
1729:. Archived from
1719:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1698:
1692:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1662:
1653:
1652:
1641:
1635:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1618:
1609:. Archived from
1599:
1593:
1586:More information
1583:
1577:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1548:. Archived from
1538:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1528:
1514:
1505:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1490:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1426:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1387:
1372:
1366:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1334:
1294:Data sovereignty
967:U.S. Privacy Act
726:
719:
715:
712:
706:
675:
667:
548:The PIPEDA does
118:in August 2023.
3034:
3033:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3024:
3023:
2994:
2993:
2992:
2987:
2969:
2893:
2822:
2722:
2686:
2573:
2567:amended in 2020
2469:
2433:
2428:
2387:
2385:Further reading
2382:
2377:
2373:
2363:
2361:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2338:
2336:
2326:
2322:
2313:
2311:
2303:
2302:
2295:
2286:
2284:
2274:Washington Post
2266:
2262:
2253:
2251:
2241:
2237:
2228:
2226:
2217:
2216:
2207:
2198:
2196:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2174:
2172:
2164:
2163:
2156:
2147:
2145:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2123:
2121:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2099:
2097:
2089:
2088:
2077:
2066:
2062:
2053:
2051:
2045:
2041:
2032:
2030:
2020:
2016:
2007:
2005:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1979:
1973:
1969:
1954:
1950:
1935:
1931:
1915:
1914:
1906:
1902:
1894:
1890:
1881:
1879:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1858:. 24 July 2000.
1854:
1853:
1849:
1844:. 14 June 2016.
1840:
1839:
1835:
1823:
1817:
1813:
1802:
1798:
1789:
1787:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1764:
1763:
1759:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1736:
1734:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1706:
1704:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1690:Wayback Machine
1681:
1677:
1664:
1663:
1656:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1634:p. 2117 et seq.
1629:
1625:
1616:
1614:
1607:www.bfd.bund.de
1601:
1600:
1596:
1584:
1580:
1572:
1570:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1526:
1524:
1516:
1515:
1508:
1501:
1497:
1488:
1486:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1449:
1447:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1424:
1422:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1385:
1383:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1363:Wayback Machine
1354:
1350:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1270:
1253:
1247:
1229:
1224:
1205:
1196:
1187:
1171:
1155:
1135:
1127:
1111:
940:
928:
886:Because of the
866:
837:
727:
716:
710:
707:
692:
676:
665:
659:
516:
511:
471:
448:Data Protection
416:(EU) or of the
406:
394:
379:
362:Wayback Machine
204:
198:
189:
183:
144:
124:
112:
107:
82:
80:By Jurisdiction
27:
19:Main articles:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3032:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2985:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2950:Search warrant
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2930:Identity theft
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2901:
2899:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2830:
2828:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2803:Privacy policy
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2743:
2738:
2732:
2730:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2694:
2692:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2682:United Kingdom
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2597:European Union
2594:
2589:
2583:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2570:
2569:
2555:
2553:United Kingdom
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2513:European Union
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2479:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2441:
2439:
2435:
2434:
2427:
2426:
2419:
2412:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2391:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2380:
2371:
2360:. 31 July 2019
2345:
2320:
2293:
2260:
2235:
2205:
2181:
2154:
2130:
2106:
2075:
2060:
2039:
2014:
1993:
1967:
1948:
1929:
1900:
1888:
1861:
1847:
1833:
1811:
1796:
1771:
1757:
1743:
1714:
1693:
1675:
1654:
1636:
1623:
1594:
1578:
1555:
1552:on 2014-04-29.
1533:
1506:
1495:
1471:
1468:. 15 Aug 2012.
1457:
1431:
1406:
1392:
1367:
1348:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1269:
1266:
1249:Main article:
1246:
1243:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1204:
1201:
1195:
1192:
1186:
1183:
1170:
1167:
1154:
1151:
1143:Proposition 24
1134:
1131:
1126:
1123:
1110:
1107:
1098:
1097:
1091:
1085:
1079:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1054:
1048:
1042:
1036:
1030:
1024:
1018:
1012:
1001:
995:
988:
981:
975:
969:
963:
956:
950:
939:
936:
927:
924:
884:
883:
880:
877:
865:
862:
857:
856:
853:
836:
833:
821:
820:
817:
814:
811:
808:
805:
798:
791:Willis H. Ware
776:privacy policy
729:
728:
679:
677:
670:
661:Main article:
658:
655:
654:
653:
650:
647:
640:
639:
636:
633:
630:
627:
624:
617:
616:
613:
610:
607:
604:
601:
598:
595:
592:
589:
564:
563:
560:
557:
546:
545:
542:
515:
512:
510:
507:
475:United Kingdom
470:
469:United Kingdom
467:
414:European Union
405:
402:
393:
390:
378:
375:
343:
342:
339:
336:
333:
330:
327:
324:
321:
289:European Union
273:
272:
266:
263:
197:
194:
185:Main article:
182:
179:
178:
177:
174:
170:
143:
140:
123:
120:
111:
108:
106:
103:
81:
78:
62:European Union
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3031:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2984:
2976:
2975:
2972:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2920:Eavesdropping
2918:
2916:
2915:Data security
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2896:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2825:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2813:Secret ballot
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2773:Personal data
2771:
2769:
2766:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2689:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2576:
2568:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2558:United States
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2472:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2425:
2420:
2418:
2413:
2411:
2406:
2405:
2402:
2396:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2375:
2359:
2355:
2349:
2335:
2331:
2324:
2310:
2306:
2300:
2298:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2264:
2250:
2246:
2239:
2224:
2223:Bloomberg Law
2220:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2195:
2191:
2185:
2171:
2167:
2161:
2159:
2144:
2140:
2134:
2120:
2116:
2110:
2096:
2092:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2071:
2064:
2050:
2043:
2029:
2025:
2018:
2003:
1997:
1989:
1985:
1978:
1971:
1963:
1959:
1952:
1944:
1940:
1933:
1925:
1919:
1911:
1904:
1897:
1892:
1877:
1873:
1872:
1865:
1857:
1851:
1843:
1837:
1829:
1822:
1815:
1807:
1800:
1785:
1781:
1775:
1767:
1761:
1753:
1747:
1733:on 2009-02-27
1732:
1728:
1727:privcom.gc.ca
1724:
1718:
1703:
1697:
1691:
1687:
1684:
1679:
1671:
1667:
1661:
1659:
1650:
1646:
1640:
1633:
1632:BBl 2003 2101
1627:
1613:on 2009-04-22
1612:
1608:
1604:
1598:
1591:
1587:
1582:
1568:
1567:
1559:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1537:
1523:
1519:
1513:
1511:
1504:
1499:
1485:
1481:
1475:
1467:
1461:
1445:
1441:
1435:
1420:
1416:
1410:
1402:
1396:
1381:
1377:
1371:
1364:
1360:
1357:
1352:
1344:
1340:
1333:
1329:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1265:
1262:
1258:
1252:
1242:
1240:
1239:personal data
1236:
1233:
1222:South America
1219:
1217:
1213:
1208:
1200:
1191:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1130:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1106:
1104:
1096:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1010:
1006:
1002:
1000:
996:
993:
989:
986:
982:
980:
976:
974:
970:
968:
964:
961:
957:
955:
951:
949:
945:
944:
943:
935:
933:
923:
921:
916:
911:
907:
905:
901:
895:
893:
889:
881:
878:
875:
874:
873:
871:
861:
854:
851:
850:
849:
846:
845:U.S. Congress
842:
832:
830:
826:
818:
815:
812:
809:
806:
803:
799:
796:
795:
794:
792:
788:
784:
779:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
760:
754:
752:
748:
745:(HIPAA), the
744:
740:
736:
725:
722:
714:
711:November 2009
704:
700:
696:
690:
689:
685:
680:This section
678:
674:
669:
668:
664:
657:United States
651:
648:
645:
644:
643:
637:
634:
631:
628:
625:
622:
621:
620:
614:
611:
608:
605:
602:
599:
596:
593:
590:
586:
585:
584:
581:
579:
574:
572:
567:
561:
558:
555:
554:
553:
551:
543:
540:
539:
538:
535:
534:information.
531:
529:
525:
521:
509:North America
506:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
466:
463:
461:
457:
456:personal data
452:
449:
444:
440:
438:
433:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
401:
399:
389:
387:
383:
374:
370:
368:
363:
359:
356:
350:
347:
340:
337:
334:
331:
328:
325:
322:
319:
318:
317:
313:
311:
307:
302:
298:
294:
290:
285:
283:
279:
271:
267:
264:
261:
260:
259:
256:
254:
250:
249:philosophical
246:
242:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
220:jurisprudence
217:
213:
209:
203:
193:
188:
175:
171:
168:
167:
166:
163:
161:
157:
153:
149:
139:
137:
133:
129:
119:
117:
102:
100:
96:
92:
91:
86:
77:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
46:Latin America
43:
38:
35:
31:
26:
22:
3004:Computer law
2960:Human rights
2735:
2475:Privacy laws
2374:
2364:December 23,
2362:. Retrieved
2357:
2348:
2337:. Retrieved
2333:
2323:
2312:. Retrieved
2308:
2285:. Retrieved
2273:
2263:
2252:. Retrieved
2248:
2238:
2227:. Retrieved
2225:. 3 May 2023
2222:
2197:. Retrieved
2193:
2184:
2173:. Retrieved
2169:
2146:. Retrieved
2142:
2133:
2122:. Retrieved
2118:
2109:
2098:. Retrieved
2094:
2063:
2052:. Retrieved
2042:
2031:. Retrieved
2027:
2017:
2006:. Retrieved
1996:
1987:
1983:
1970:
1961:
1957:
1951:
1932:
1909:
1903:
1891:
1882:February 16,
1880:, retrieved
1876:the original
1870:
1864:
1850:
1836:
1827:
1814:
1805:
1799:
1788:. Retrieved
1786:. 2015-10-12
1783:
1774:
1760:
1746:
1735:. Retrieved
1731:the original
1726:
1717:
1705:. Retrieved
1696:
1678:
1669:
1648:
1639:
1626:
1615:. Retrieved
1611:the original
1606:
1597:
1581:
1571:, retrieved
1569:, 2016-05-04
1564:
1558:
1550:the original
1545:
1536:
1525:. Retrieved
1521:
1498:
1487:. Retrieved
1483:
1474:
1460:
1448:. Retrieved
1444:the original
1434:
1423:. Retrieved
1421:. 2022-02-14
1418:
1409:
1395:
1384:. Retrieved
1382:. 2018-10-15
1379:
1370:
1351:
1332:
1254:
1230:
1209:
1206:
1197:
1188:
1172:
1163:social media
1156:
1136:
1128:
1112:
1099:
941:
929:
912:
908:
896:
885:
867:
858:
838:
822:
780:
757:
755:
732:
717:
708:
693:Please help
681:
641:
618:
582:
578:Organization
575:
568:
565:
549:
547:
536:
532:
517:
472:
464:
453:
445:
441:
434:
407:
395:
385:
380:
371:
355:Safe Harbour
351:
348:
344:
314:
286:
274:
257:
236:medical data
228:fingerprints
226:, recording
211:
205:
190:
173:information.
164:
145:
125:
113:
88:
83:
44:and many in
39:
33:
29:
28:
3019:Privacy law
2955:Wiretapping
2667:Switzerland
2652:South Korea
2642:Philippines
2632:Netherlands
2627:Isle of Man
2548:Switzerland
2528:New Zealand
1707:16 February
460:Switzerland
458:outside of
410:Switzerland
404:Switzerland
232:photographs
148:Philippines
142:Philippines
25:privacy law
2998:Categories
2940:Panopticon
2563:California
2438:Principles
2339:2023-12-06
2314:2023-12-06
2287:2023-12-06
2254:2023-12-06
2229:2023-12-06
2199:2023-12-06
2175:2023-12-06
2148:2020-12-10
2124:2018-07-12
2100:2023-12-06
2054:2014-02-19
2033:2018-01-18
2008:2008-11-19
1790:2018-06-25
1737:2011-11-25
1617:2011-11-25
1573:2020-10-10
1566:relevance)
1527:2017-03-16
1489:2024-01-26
1425:2023-10-17
1386:2020-07-02
1325:References
1216:geo-fences
1203:Washington
1133:California
764:California
552:apply to:
3009:Data laws
2905:Anonymity
2741:Financial
2718:Workplace
2708:Education
2617:Indonesia
2587:Australia
2543:Sri Lanka
2538:Singapore
2483:Australia
2282:0190-8286
1958:J. Pub. L
1918:cite book
1284:Data care
900:FCRA page
682:does not
329:Accurate.
245:religious
181:Sri Lanka
50:Caribbean
2983:Category
2898:See also
2751:Facebook
2746:Internet
2698:Consumer
2672:Thailand
2334:GeekWire
1990:: 17–24.
1828:Rand.org
1686:Archived
1649:admin.ch
1359:Archived
1268:See also
1232:Brazil's
1185:New York
1169:Illinois
1125:Arkansas
1117:and the
505:(GDPR).
481:(c 29) (
358:Archived
295:and the
158:and the
76:(CCPA).
64:has the
48:and the
2761:Twitter
2713:Medical
2703:Digital
2622:Ireland
2607:Germany
2592:Denmark
2518:Germany
2508:England
2503:Denmark
2431:Privacy
2358:gdpr.eu
1943:2432955
1450:4 April
1343:2000034
1153:Florida
962:(FERPA)
802:consent
703:removed
688:sources
606:a bank;
588:Canada;
473:In the
426:STE 108
398:Germany
392:Germany
369:(FIP).
338:Secure.
146:In the
132:consent
70:privacy
2756:Google
2677:Turkey
2662:Sweden
2647:Poland
2637:Norway
2602:France
2533:Russia
2493:Canada
2488:Brazil
2280:
2004:. EPIC
1941:
1341:
1227:Brazil
1103:CIPSEA
522:, the
520:Canada
514:Canada
408:While
382:France
377:France
299:, the
224:census
196:Europe
99:census
58:Africa
56:, and
42:Europe
2945:PRISM
2768:Email
2691:Areas
2657:Spain
2612:India
2523:Ghana
2498:China
1980:(PDF)
1824:(PDF)
1194:Texas
1093:2002
1087:2002
1081:2001
1075:2000
1069:1999
1063:1998
1056:1996
1050:1996
1044:1995
1038:1994
1032:1992
1026:1991
1020:1990
1014:1988
1003:1987
997:1986
990:1986
983:1984
977:1984
971:1980
965:1974
958:1974
952:1970
946:1970
835:HIPAA
122:China
110:India
2884:NOYB
2366:2020
2278:ISSN
1939:SSRN
1924:link
1884:2014
1709:2014
1590:CNIL
1452:2019
1339:SSRN
930:The
926:ECPA
913:The
868:The
864:FCRA
839:The
823:The
686:any
684:cite
477:the
230:and
105:Asia
54:Asia
23:and
2736:Law
735:U.S
697:by
550:not
518:In
396:In
247:or
32:or
3000::
2565:,
2356:.
2332:.
2307:.
2296:^
2276:.
2272:.
2247:.
2221:.
2208:^
2192:.
2168:.
2157:^
2141:.
2117:.
2093:.
2078:^
2026:.
1988:Q2
1986:.
1982:.
1962:22
1960:.
1920:}}
1916:{{
1826:.
1782:.
1725:.
1668:.
1657:^
1647:.
1605:.
1544:.
1520:.
1509:^
1482:.
1417:.
1378:.
906:.
894:.
388:.
255:.
134:,
101:.
52:,
2423:e
2416:t
2409:v
2368:.
2342:.
2317:.
2290:.
2257:.
2232:.
2202:.
2178:.
2151:.
2127:.
2103:.
2057:.
2036:.
2011:.
1945:.
1926:)
1830:.
1793:.
1754:.
1740:.
1711:.
1672:.
1651:.
1620:.
1530:.
1492:.
1454:.
1428:.
1403:.
1389:.
1345:.
1011:)
724:)
718:(
713:)
709:(
705:.
691:.
576:"
569:"
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.