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341:, near to Cusco, in 1611 and active almost until end the century. It is in the work of Diego Quispe Tito that some of the characteristics of Cuzqueña painting are prefigured, such as a certain freedom in the handling of perspective, a previously unknown role of the landscape and the abundance of birds in the leafy trees that are part of the same. The motif of the birds, especially the Amazon forest's parrot, is interpreted by some researchers to refer to the Inca nobility.
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addition to the paintings, artists do
Indigenous photo montages on recreations of the paintings. According to them, the Cusco school is a symbol of the power of the colonizer "representing images with Caucasian features, imposing ideas, religion and Western stereotypes" and the project re-poses them with new signs that refer directly to the descendants of the former victims.
326:. From an anonymous painter of the late-17th century (some researchers attribute them to the workshops of Diego Quispe Tito and Pumacallao), these canvases are considered true masterpieces because of the richness of their color, the quality of the drawing and how well they achieved the portraits of the main characters of each scene. The series has enormous historical and
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An event which occurred at the end of the 17th century, was decisive for the direction taken by Cuzqueña painting. In 1688, after continuous conflicts, there was a rupture in the corporation of painters that ended with the removal of the
Amerindian-Quechua and Mestizo painters due, according to them,
279:
The increasing activity of
Amerindian-Quechua and Mestizo painters towards the end of the 17th century, makes the term Cusco school conform more strictly to this artistic movement. This painting is "Cuzqueña", not only because it comes from the hands of local artists, but mainly because it moves away
921:
The nationally recognized "Vírgenes
Urbanas" project aims to recreate the paintings of the Cusco school replacing the figures with Indigenous people, as well as Indigenous angels, Virgin Marys and saints like Rose of Lima with new Indigenous faces in order to represent the Peruvian population. In
306:
paintings also appear. As for the technical treatment, there is a misunderstanding of the perspective added to a fragmentation of the space in several concurrent spaces or compartmentalized scenes. New chromatic solutions, with a predilection for intense colors, are another typical feature of the
311:
to the exploitation they were subjected by their
Spanish colleagues. From this moment, free of the impositions of the corporation, the Amerindian and Mestizo artists were guided by their own sensibility and transfer to the canvas their mentality and their way of conceiving the world.
379:
ancestry like Quispe Tito, but unlike him, much more attached to the canons of
Western painting within the Baroque current. Active in the second half of the 17th century, Santa Cruz leaves the best of his work in the Cathedral of Cusco, as he was commissioned to decorate the
559:
A large quantity of Cusco school paintings remain from
Colonial times. In recent years there has been a significant increase in demand from both Latin American art collectors and certain museums for paintings from the Cusco school period. In 2010, the American government
442:. His pictorial output, which spans more than 200 paintings, ranges between 1748 and 1764. The best are the fifty large canvases that cover the high arches of the Cathedral of Cusco and that are characterized by the abundance of flora and fauna as a decorative element.
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A major patron of the Cuzco artists was Bishop Manuel de
Mollinedo y Angulo, who collected European art and made his collection available to Peruvian artists. He promoted and financially assisted such Cusqueña artists such as
319:
932:
created works inspired by the Cusco school style of
Madonna painting, creating a hybrid of traditional and contemporary Latino subject matter representing the colonialist encounters between Europeans and Mesoamericans.
431:, active towards the mid-18th century, for example, signed a contract to deliver about five hundred canvases in seven months. This was what was known as "ordinary" painting to differentiate it from the painting of fine
513:, their works were freer than those of their European tutors; they used bright colors and distorted, dramatic images. They often adapted the topics to depict their native flora and fauna as a backdrop in their works.
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Such is the fame reached by the Cusqueña painting of the 17th century, which during the following century produces a singular phenomenon that curiously left its mark not only in art but in the local
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348:. One highlight is the series of twelve compositions on the life of St. John the Baptist, in the main nave of the church. Of great mastery are also the two enormous canvases dedicated to
217:, authors of the most complete history of Cuzqueño Art, Riaño lords in the local artistic environment between 1618 and 1640, leaving among other works, the murals of the church of
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Most Cusqueña paintings were created anonymously because of Pre-Columbian traditions that define art as communal. An exception is one of the last members of the Cuzco school,
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value, because it shows in detail the various social strata of
Colonial Cusco, as well as many other elements of a festival that already was central in the life of the city.
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whose main purpose was didactic. The Spanish, who aimed to convert the Incas to Catholicism, sent a group of religious artists to Cusco. These artists formed a school for
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The most famous series of the Cuzco school is undoubtedly that of the sixteen paintings of the Corpus Christi series, which originally were in the
497:, and the predominance of red, yellow and earth colors. They are also remarkable for their lavish use of gold leaf, especially with images of the
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During his two stays in Cusco, Bitti was commissioned to make the main altarpiece of the church of his Order, replaced by another after the
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74:) during the Colonial period, in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries. It was not limited to Cusco only, but spread to other cities in the
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276:, and that of St. Francis, some of the canvases that illustrate the life of the founder of the Order, belonging to various authors.
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Many colonial Cusco school paintings are preserved, most of them currently at Cusco, but also in other areas of Peru, the town of
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to 1630, where his techniques and themes were very influential. Painting located at Museo Pedro de Osma de Barranco, Lima
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399:. Industrial workshops made canvases in large quantities for merchants who would sell these works in cities such as
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2007:
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The defining characteristics of the Cusqueña style are believed to have originated in the art of Quechua painter
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105:, and it is considered the first artistic center that systematically taught European artistic techniques in the
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466:. The designation "Cusqueña," however, is not limited to the city of Cusco or to indigenous artists, as White
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The Virgin of Bethlehem of the city of Cusco, 17th century. Currently this painting is located in Cusco, Peru
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two Cusco and Lima style paintings to Peru that had been illegally brought into the United States in 2005.
17:
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526:(c. 1710–1773). Other known artists of the Cuzco school include Diego Cusihuamán, Gregorio Gamarra,
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Cusqueña paintings are characterized by their use of exclusively religious subjects, their lack of
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in 1830, is the major exponent of this tendency. Five pieces of apostles by him can be seen in the
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figure for three times, representing the sacred trinity, 16th century, private collection - Brazil
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145:, whose main characteristics were the treatment of figures in a somewhat elongated way, with the
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Today Peruvian local artists paints replicas of Colonial Cusco paintings that sell to tourists.
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Christ Carrying the Cross, called "The Lord of the Fall", made in Cusco, ca. 1770–75, at the
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subjects such as the procession of Corpus Christi, and by the presence for the first time of
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The most valuable part of Quispe Tito's work is located in the church of his native town,
8:
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1379:. New York: Center for Inte-American Relations Art Gallery, 1984. Exhibition catalogue.
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from the influence of the predominant trends in European art and follows its own path.
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897:
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766:; parents of the first Marchioness of Oropesa. 17th century painting located in the
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Gloria in excelsis: the Virgin and Angels in Viceregal Painting of Peru and Bolivia
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Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)
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Information System of the Arts in Peru - INFOARTES. Ministry of cutrure of Peru
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These new paintings are also exhibited in many museums throughout the country.
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221:. Another standout in these first decades of the 17th century is the muralist
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on the side of the choir and the arms of the transept. In the picture of the
556:. The Lima Art Museum and the Inca Museum also house important collections.
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2197:
1973:
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698:
463:
327:
299:
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118:
117:, to the Cusco school of painting, is given from very early time, when the
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in 1583, that marks a beginning of the development of Cuzqueño art. The
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1523:
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858:
591:
283:
This new Cuzqueño art is characterized thematically by the interest in
153:
1089:"Restoring Cultural Heritage: 18th-Century Paintings Returned to Peru"
392:
who helped the development of the Cusco Painting School and the city.
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2133:
1908:
1810:
1744:
416:
388:, located in the choir, there is a portrait of the bishop and patron
356:
and that of the death of the saint. Also famous is the series of the
241:
142:
90:
552:
The largest collection of paintings from the Cusco school is in the
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style in Cuzqueña painting is mainly the result of the influence of
201:
Another of the great exponents of Cusqueño mannerism is the painter
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1528:
408:
404:
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106:
1206:"Vírgenes Urbanas. El Recorrido de las Vírgenes a Través del Perú"
756:
3808:
3779:
2289:
2274:
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that the artist painted for the Cathedral of Cuzco towards 1680.
253:
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171:
83:
79:
1173:"The Marriage of don Martín García de Loyola with Beatriz Ñusta"
2745:
2299:
2294:
2071:
357:
138:
114:
93:(Bolivia) and in museums of Brazil, United States and England.
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628:, detail, c. 1675-1690, Church of la Compañía de Jesús, Cusco
608:
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126:
110:
75:
63:
37:
Circle of Diego Quispe Tito, 17th century, collection of the
821:
Example of Bolivian painting (part of the Cusco school): an
501:. Though the Cusqueño painters were familiar with prints of
2129:
2044:
1426:
1321:
Converging Cultures: Art & Identity in Spanish America.
1267:"NM History Museum unveils rare colonial paintings of Mary"
1148:
Spanish King of the Incas: The Epic Life of Pedro Bohorques
753:
412:
268:, two in the altarpiece and another in a side reredos. The
213:. In the words of the Bolivian historians José de Mesa and
206:
183:
67:
2022:
626:
The Marriage of Captain Martin de Loyola to Beatriz Ñusta
1401:
The colonial Andes: tapestries and silverwork, 1530-1830
703:, anonymous, oil on canvas, 40.5" x 32.2", 18th century
137:
introduced in Cusco one of the fashionable currents in
1030:
415:, or even in much more distant places, in the current
333:
The most original and important Amerindian painter is
1777:
Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France
320:
Museum of Religious Art of the Archbishopric of Cusco
1425:in English about Cuzco school, 18th century at the
1371:
Peruvian colonial art: The Cuzco school of painting
1293:
A History of Latin America: C. 1450 to the Present.
371:Another outstanding painter of the Cusco school is
298:. A series of portraits of Amerindian caciques and
435:, with a much more elaborate and colorful design.
1144:
438:The most important artist of the 18th century is
3835:
2321:
478:, Antonio Sinchi Roca Inka, and Marcos Rivera.
470:artists participated in the tradition as well.
1258:
1114:Sonia Alconini, R. Alan Covey (2 April 2018).
519:became a popular motif in Cusqueña paintings.
1966:, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon)
1447:
1396:
1641:Independence of Spanish continental Americas
1405:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
1033:"LOS MOLLINEDO y EL ARTE DEL CUZCO COLONIAL"
967:Latin American artists of indigenous descent
27:Roman Catholic art movement from Cusco, Peru
248:and through inspiration from engravings of
35:Virgin of Carmel Saving Souls in Purgatory,
1454:
1440:
1241:"The Art Is Striking, and So Are the Cars"
125:begins. However, it is the arrival of the
3760:Colonial universities in Hispanic America
916:
590:. The festive animal to be consumed is a
538:, active in the 18th century in Bolivia.
156:, and painted some masterpieces, such as
3765:Colonial universities in the Philippines
1238:
1151:. University of Pittsburgh. p. 62.
362:
170:
101:The tradition originated after the 1534
29:
2756:Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia
1303:The Cambridge History of Latin America.
1264:
1239:Williams, Stephen P. (August 5, 2007).
998:
996:
994:
992:
990:
988:
986:
984:
982:
867:
270:monastery of Santa Catalina of Arequipa
14:
3836:
3709:
1373:. New York, Distributed by Wittenborn
450:The Cuzqueña paintings were a form of
3708:
3604:
3603:
2727:
2605:
2320:
2179:
2147:
2084:
2021:
1936:
1859:
1799:
1713:
1702:
1474:
1473:
1435:
1047:
1045:
1012:National Historical Museum of Brazil.
768:Church of la Compañía de Jesús, Cusco
2037:Captaincy General of the Philippines
1529:New Laws in favour of the indigenous
1265:Roberts, Kathaleen (June 29, 2014).
979:
3859:Indigenous painting of the Americas
3740:Indochristian painting in New Spain
1860:
1397:Phipps, Elena; et al. (2004).
1232:
24:
2707:Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires
2180:
1461:
1389:Mesa, José de and Teresa Gisbert,
1340:
1042:
25:
3895:
1937:
1800:
1681:Independence of Equatorial Guinea
928:Throughout his life, the painter
209:and a disciple of Italian artist
160:, currently in the museum of the
3792:Criollos in the colonial society
3720:Spanish missions in the Americas
2842:Charles Bonaventure de Longueval
1117:The Oxford Handbook of the Incas
936:
880:Basilio de Santa Cruz Pumacallao
850:
834:
814:
805:, 2nd half of the 17th century (
791:
775:
741:
726:
709:
689:
670:
651:
634:
617:
599:
569:
225:, with works in the churches of
3819:Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649
1703:
1391:Historia de la pintura cuzqueña
1386:. New York : Walker, 1977.
1223:"EXPOSICIÓN "VÍRGENES URBANAS""
1215:
1198:
1183:
1165:
1138:
534:. Related to the school is the
322:, except for three that are in
2148:
1871:Captaincy General of Guatemala
1579:Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)
1284:
1177:Centro Cultural Inca Garcilaso
1107:
1081:
1072:
1063:
1054:
1024:
1015:
541:
176:The Annunciation of the Virgin
13:
1:
3770:General Archive of the Indies
3031:Francisco Vázquez de Coronado
2702:Camino Real de Tierra Adentro
2687:Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas
1636:Third Treaty of San Ildefonso
1589:War of the Spanish Succession
1554:Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)
1384:Vanishing art of the Americas
1349:Art of Colonial Latin America
1210:virgenesurbanas.wordpress.com
973:
799:The Legend of Santa Sophronia
528:Basilio Santa Cruz Pumacallao
476:Basilio Santa Cruz Pumacallao
373:Basilio Santa Cruz Pumacallao
113:contribution, and in general
2728:
1842:Captaincy General of Yucatan
1772:Union with Holy Roman Empire
1751:Southern Italy (Kingdoms of
1666:German–Spanish Treaty (1899)
1031:Horacio Villanueva Urteaga,
862:, Metropolitan Museum of Art
684:from the church of Calamarca
458:and Mestizos, teaching them
390:Manuel de Mollinedo y Angulo
158:The Coronation of the Virgin
78:, as well as to present day
62:artistic tradition based in
7:
2606:
2322:Administrative subdivisions
1519:War of the League of Cognac
1427:Spanish Old Masters Gallery
944:
70:(the former capital of the
10:
3900:
3036:Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar
3021:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
2923:Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca
2085:
1821:), Western United States (
1714:
1584:Portuguese Restoration War
1369:Cossío del Pomar, Felipe,
1347:Bailey, Gauvin Alexander.
1306:Cambridge University Press
1145:Ana María Lorandi (2014).
843:Metropolitan Museum of Art
734:Adoration of the shepherds
545:
445:
96:
3804:Slavery in Spanish Empire
3715:
3704:
3610:
3599:
3497:
3391:
3384:
3269:
3118:
3111:
3104:
3091:Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor
3001:
2870:
2832:Álvaro de Bazán the Elder
2794:
2738:
2734:
2723:
2692:Barcelona Trading Company
2659:
2616:
2612:
2601:
2505:
2457:New Andalusia (1501–1513)
2427:
2369:
2331:
2327:
2316:
2267:
2226:
2190:
2186:
2175:
2154:
2091:
2032:
1964:Venezuela, part of Guyana
1943:
1866:
1817:, Central United States (
1806:
1720:
1709:
1698:
1549:Bruneian–Spanish conflict
1534:Expulsion of the Moriscos
1480:
1469:
786:, Colonial Cusco Painting
736:, anonymous, 18th century
720:, anonymous, c. 1740-1760
718:The Adoration of the Magi
664:, anonymous, 18th century
645:, anonymous, 18th century
307:nascent pictorial style.
193:, Riaño was installed at
3745:Quito painting tradition
3735:Cusco painting tradition
3096:García López de Cárdenas
3086:Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera
2993:Felipe González de Ahedo
2913:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
1490:Conquest of the Americas
1351:. London: Phaidon 2005.
886:Antonio Sinchi Roca Inka
748:The Marriage of Captain
532:Antonio Sinchi Roca Inka
481:
337:, born in the parish of
103:Spanish conquest of Peru
3530:Comuneros (New Granada)
3307:Balearic Islands (1558)
3026:Hernán Pérez de Quesada
2953:Ruy López de Villalobos
2908:Miguel López de Legazpi
2822:García de Toledo Osorio
1686:Western Sahara conflict
1676:Independence of Morocco
1616:Treaty of Madrid (1750)
1559:Piracy in the Caribbean
1544:French Wars of Religion
1122:Oxford University Press
1037:Portal de Revistas PUCP
912:, 18th century, Bolivia
750:Martín García de Loyola
682:Angel with wheat stalks
511:Italian Renaissance art
3775:Colonial Spanish Horse
3449:Colonia del Sacramento
2672:Spanish treasure fleet
2249:Royal Decree of Graces
1003:"The 'Cusquenha' Art."
917:Modern interpretations
807:Brooklyn Museum of Art
607:Rare painting showing
368:
198:
41:
2933:Vasco Núñez de Balboa
2893:Juan Sebastián Elcano
2208:Council of the Indies
1569:Spanish–Moro conflict
1539:Ottoman–Habsburg wars
1499:Treaty of Tordesillas
1269:. Albuquerque Journal
366:
246:Francisco de Zurbarán
182:of 1632. Disciple in
174:
33:
3730:Mesoamerican Codices
3454:Comuneros (Paraguay)
3292:Siege of Castelnuovo
2878:Christopher Columbus
2697:Consulate of the Sea
2677:Casa de Contratación
2268:Titles and positions
1661:Spanish–American War
1651:Liberal constitution
1494:Asia and the Pacific
1325:Harry N. Abrams Inc.
1296:Blackwell Publishing
957:Art of Latin America
906:, c. 1710—1773, Peru
894:, 17th century, Peru
888:, 17th century, Peru
876:1596 — c. 1667, Peru
868:Cuzco school artists
643:Our Lady of Bethelem
244:through the work of
168:, in the cathedral.
3459:Cartagena de Indias
3081:Diego de Mazariegos
3051:Pere Fages i Beleta
2918:Sebastián de Ocampo
2399:Provincias Internas
2371:Captaincies General
2285:Municipal president
2254:School of Salamanca
2025:Spanish East Indies
2004:Misiones Orientales
1876:Spanish West Indies
1840:, Central America (
1787:Pyrénées-Orientales
1740:Union with Portugal
1631:Napoleonic invasion
1611:War of Jenkins' Ear
1362:Castedo, Leopoldo,
1291:Bakewell, Peter J.
952:Ángeles arcabuceros
910:Master of Calamarca
827:Master of Calamarca
678:Master of Calamarca
548:Ángeles arcabuceros
536:Master of Calamarca
318:and are now in the
316:church of Santa Ana
266:church of San Pedro
166:Virgen del pajarito
162:church of La Merced
3884:Spanish Golden Age
3755:Academia Antártica
3710:Other civil topics
3076:Pánfilo de Narváez
2978:Sebastián Vizcaíno
2943:Andrés de Urdaneta
2903:Juan Ponce de León
2888:Ferdinand Magellan
2862:Bernardo de Gálvez
2761:Indian auxiliaries
2259:Trial of residence
2239:Laws of the Indies
2023:Asia and Oceania (
1884:Dominican Republic
1423:Scholarly articles
1245:The New York Times
1008:2016-05-05 at the
760:Beatriz Clara Qoya
386:Virgin of Bethelem
369:
199:
123:Cathedral of Cusco
42:
3869:Catholic painting
3831:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3700:
3699:
3605:Spanish conquests
3595:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3587:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3380:
3379:
3061:Pedro de Alvarado
3046:Gaspar de Portolà
3041:Pedro de Valdivia
3016:Francisco Pizarro
2968:Nicolás de Ovando
2963:Alonso de Ercilla
2938:Alonso de Salazar
2771:Ships of the line
2719:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2597:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2312:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2171:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2143:
2142:
2100:Northern Africa (
2096:Equatorial Guinea
2080:
2079:
2017:
2016:
1932:
1931:
1855:
1854:
1846:Spanish Caribbean
1819:Spanish Louisiana
1795:
1794:
1730:Crown of Castille
1694:
1693:
1671:Spanish Civil War
1646:Adams–Onís Treaty
1626:Nootka Convention
1574:Thirty Years' War
1564:Eighty Years' War
1485:Catholic Monarchs
1475:Timeline–immersed
1319:Fane, Diana, ed.
1301:Bethell, Leslie.
930:Ray Martìn Abeyta
900:, 1611—1681, Peru
898:Diego Quispe Tito
892:Diego Cusi Huamán
882:, 1635–1710, Peru
823:Arquebusier Angel
803:Diego Quispe Tito
530:(1635–1710), and
488:Diego Quispe Tito
335:Diego Quispe Tito
149:focused on them.
16:(Redirected from
3891:
3879:Baroque painting
3706:
3705:
3672:Chibchan Nations
3601:
3600:
3570:Santiago de Cuba
3429:Guadalupe Island
3389:
3388:
3116:
3115:
3109:
3108:
3071:Diego de Almagro
2948:Antonio de Ulloa
2852:Ambrosio Spinola
2847:Pedro de Zubiaur
2817:Alfonso d'Avalos
2807:Antonio de Leyva
2751:Army of Flanders
2736:
2735:
2725:
2724:
2614:
2613:
2603:
2602:
2329:
2328:
2318:
2317:
2188:
2187:
2177:
2176:
2145:
2144:
2118:Peñón of Algiers
2082:
2081:
2019:
2018:
1934:
1933:
1857:
1856:
1839:
1797:
1796:
1711:
1710:
1700:
1699:
1621:Seven Years' War
1594:Queen Anne's War
1471:
1470:
1456:
1449:
1442:
1433:
1432:
1416:
1364:The Cuzco Circle
1279:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1192:VIRGENES URBANAS
1187:
1181:
1180:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1085:
1079:
1076:
1070:
1069:Bakewell, p. 268
1067:
1061:
1058:
1052:
1049:
1040:
1039:
1028:
1022:
1019:
1013:
1000:
854:
838:
818:
795:
779:
745:
730:
713:
693:
674:
655:
638:
621:
603:
573:
236:The presence of
223:Diego Cusihuamán
51:escuela cuzqueña
21:
3899:
3898:
3894:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3889:
3888:
3874:Spanish Baroque
3834:
3833:
3832:
3823:
3799:Old inquisition
3711:
3696:
3606:
3579:
3535:Trinidad (1797)
3505:La Noche Triste
3493:
3489:San Juan (1797)
3439:San Juan (1595)
3376:
3265:
3105:Notable battles
3100:
3066:Martín de Ursúa
2997:
2928:Alonso de Ojeda
2898:Juan de la Cosa
2883:Pinzón brothers
2866:
2837:John of Austria
2812:Martín de Goiti
2790:
2730:
2711:
2655:
2608:
2589:
2501:
2497:Terra Australis
2492:Río de la Plata
2437:Castilla de Oro
2423:
2365:
2361:Río de la Plata
2323:
2304:
2263:
2222:
2218:Santa Hermandad
2182:
2163:
2159:Terra Australis
2150:
2139:
2106:Spanish Morocco
2087:
2076:
2067:Northern Taiwan
2028:
2013:
1984:Río de la Plata
1939:
1928:
1862:
1861:Central America
1851:
1833:
1802:
1791:
1735:Crown of Aragon
1716:
1705:
1690:
1606:Bourbon Reforms
1476:
1465:
1460:
1419:
1413:
1393:. 2 vols. 1982.
1343:
1341:Further reading
1338:
1287:
1282:
1272:
1270:
1263:
1259:
1249:
1247:
1237:
1233:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1159:
1143:
1139:
1132:
1124:. p. 663.
1112:
1108:
1098:
1096:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1060:Bethell, p. 742
1059:
1055:
1050:
1043:
1029:
1025:
1021:Fane, pp. 39-40
1020:
1016:
1010:Wayback Machine
1001:
980:
976:
971:
947:
939:
919:
870:
863:
855:
846:
839:
830:
819:
810:
796:
787:
780:
771:
746:
737:
731:
722:
721:
714:
705:
704:
694:
685:
675:
666:
665:
661:Archangel Uriel
656:
647:
646:
639:
630:
629:
622:
613:
612:
604:
595:
588:Cuzco Cathedral
574:
554:Cusco Cathedral
550:
544:
484:
448:
429:Mauricio García
350:Saint Sebastian
211:Angelino Medoro
191:Angelino Medoro
99:
39:Brooklyn Museum
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3897:
3887:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3829:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3795:
3794:
3784:
3783:
3782:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3702:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3653:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3615:Canary Islands
3611:
3608:
3607:
3597:
3596:
3593:
3592:
3589:
3588:
3585:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3501:
3499:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3469:Túpac Amaru II
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3414:Bogotá savanna
3411:
3406:
3401:
3395:
3393:
3386:
3382:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3322:Spanish Armada
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3273:
3271:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3216:White Mountain
3213:
3211:Cape Celidonia
3208:
3206:English Armada
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3122:
3120:
3113:
3106:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3007:
3005:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2983:Juan Fernández
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2958:Diego Columbus
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2874:
2872:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2798:
2796:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2788:
2786:Army of Africa
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2766:Spanish Armada
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2742:
2740:
2732:
2731:
2721:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2667:Manila galleon
2663:
2661:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2622:
2620:
2610:
2609:
2599:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2511:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2433:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2375:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2337:
2335:
2325:
2324:
2314:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2271:
2269:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2194:
2192:
2184:
2183:
2181:Administration
2173:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2161:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2137:
2102:Western Sahara
2098:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2011:
2000:Banda Oriental
1981:
1967:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1873:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1849:
1815:Coastal Alaska
1807:
1804:
1803:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1707:
1706:
1696:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1597:
1596:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1487:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1467:
1466:
1463:Spanish Empire
1459:
1458:
1451:
1444:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1418:
1417:
1411:
1394:
1387:
1382:Kelemen, Pál.
1380:
1374:
1367:
1360:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1336:
1317:
1299:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1280:
1257:
1231:
1214:
1197:
1182:
1164:
1158:978-0822970897
1157:
1137:
1131:978-0190908034
1130:
1106:
1095:. 8 April 2010
1080:
1071:
1062:
1053:
1041:
1023:
1014:
977:
975:
972:
970:
969:
964:
959:
954:
948:
946:
943:
938:
935:
918:
915:
914:
913:
907:
901:
895:
889:
883:
877:
869:
866:
865:
864:
856:
849:
847:
840:
833:
831:
829:; 17th century
820:
813:
811:
797:
790:
788:
781:
774:
772:
762:, daughter of
747:
740:
738:
732:
725:
723:
716:
715:
708:
706:
696:
695:
688:
686:
676:
669:
667:
658:
657:
650:
648:
641:
640:
633:
631:
624:
623:
616:
614:
606:
605:
598:
596:
575:
568:
543:
540:
517:Warrior angels
483:
480:
456:Quechua people
447:
444:
427:. The painter
352:, that of the
219:Andahuaylillas
215:Teresa Gisbert
178:, painting by
131:Bernardo Bitti
98:
95:
60:Roman Catholic
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3896:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3841:
3839:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3788:
3785:
3781:
3778:
3777:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3750:Tapada limeña
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3717:
3714:
3707:
3703:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3609:
3602:
3598:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3496:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3390:
3387:
3383:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3342:Montes Claros
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3282:Vienna (1529)
3280:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3268:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3117:
3114:
3110:
3107:
3103:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3011:Hernán Cortés
3009:
3008:
3006:
3004:
3003:Conquistadors
3000:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2973:Juan de Ayala
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2827:Duke of Savoy
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2726:
2722:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2658:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2626:Dollar (Peso)
2624:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2604:
2600:
2586:
2585:Santo Domingo
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2504:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2462:New Andalusia
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2426:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2409:Santo Domingo
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2333:Viceroyalties
2330:
2326:
2319:
2315:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2178:
2174:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2153:
2146:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2090:
2083:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2031:
2026:
2020:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1942:
1938:South America
1935:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1865:
1858:
1847:
1843:
1837:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1823:Spanish Texas
1820:
1816:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1805:
1801:North America
1798:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1782:Franche-Comté
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1719:
1712:
1708:
1701:
1697:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1479:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1457:
1452:
1450:
1445:
1443:
1438:
1437:
1434:
1428:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1414:
1408:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1395:
1392:
1388:
1385:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1368:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1357:0-631-23161-7
1354:
1350:
1346:
1345:
1334:
1333:0-87273-134-0
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1315:
1314:0-521-24516-8
1311:
1307:
1304:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1290:
1289:
1268:
1261:
1246:
1242:
1235:
1228:
1224:
1218:
1211:
1207:
1201:
1194:
1193:
1186:
1178:
1174:
1168:
1160:
1154:
1150:
1149:
1141:
1133:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1118:
1110:
1094:
1093:FBI "Stories"
1090:
1084:
1075:
1066:
1057:
1048:
1046:
1038:
1034:
1027:
1018:
1011:
1007:
1004:
999:
997:
995:
993:
991:
989:
987:
985:
983:
978:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
949:
942:
937:Miscellaneous
934:
931:
926:
923:
911:
908:
905:
904:Marcos Zapata
902:
899:
896:
893:
890:
887:
884:
881:
878:
875:
874:Luis de Riaño
872:
871:
861:
860:
853:
848:
844:
837:
832:
828:
824:
817:
812:
808:
804:
800:
794:
789:
785:
778:
773:
769:
765:
761:
758:
755:
751:
744:
739:
735:
729:
724:
719:
712:
707:
702:
700:
692:
687:
683:
679:
673:
668:
663:
662:
654:
649:
644:
637:
632:
627:
620:
615:
610:
602:
597:
593:
589:
585:
584:Marcos Zapata
581:
580:
572:
567:
566:
565:
563:
557:
555:
549:
539:
537:
533:
529:
525:
524:Marcos Zapata
520:
518:
514:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
491:
489:
479:
477:
471:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
452:religious art
443:
441:
440:Marcos Zapata
436:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
393:
391:
387:
383:
378:
374:
365:
361:
359:
355:
351:
347:
346:San Sebastián
342:
340:
339:San Sebastián
336:
331:
329:
325:
321:
317:
312:
308:
305:
301:
297:
293:
290:
286:
281:
277:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
258:Marcos Ribera
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
234:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
203:Luis de Riaño
196:
192:
189:
185:
181:
180:Luis de Riaño
177:
173:
169:
167:
163:
159:
155:
150:
148:
144:
141:of the time,
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
94:
92:
87:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
52:
47:
40:
36:
32:
19:
3854:Bolivian art
3849:Peruvian art
3844:Cusco School
3725:Architecture
3620:The Americas
3484:Newfoundland
3474:Túpac Katari
3464:Cuerno Verde
3399:Tenochtitlan
3231:Valenciennes
2988:Luis Fajardo
2857:Blas de Lezo
2802:Duke of Alba
2682:Spanish Road
2520:Buenos Aires
2429:Governorates
2198:Ayuntamiento
2191:Organization
1656:Carlist Wars
1504:Italian Wars
1402:
1399:
1390:
1383:
1376:
1370:
1363:
1348:
1320:
1302:
1292:
1271:. Retrieved
1260:
1248:. Retrieved
1244:
1234:
1226:
1217:
1209:
1200:
1191:
1185:
1176:
1167:
1147:
1140:
1116:
1109:
1097:. Retrieved
1092:
1083:
1074:
1065:
1056:
1036:
1026:
1017:
940:
927:
924:
920:
857:
801:, circle of
798:
733:
717:
697:
681:
659:
642:
625:
609:Jesus Christ
576:
558:
551:
521:
515:
492:
485:
472:
464:oil painting
449:
437:
432:
394:
385:
370:
354:asaetamiento
353:
343:
332:
328:ethnographic
313:
309:
300:genealogical
285:Costumbrista
282:
278:
273:
235:
200:
175:
165:
157:
151:
119:construction
100:
88:
56:Cuzco school
55:
50:
49:
46:Cusco school
45:
43:
34:
18:Cuzco School
3692:Philippines
3657:El Salvador
3277:Capo d'Orso
3161:St. Quentin
3136:Rome (1527)
2795:Strategists
2545:Guadalajara
2472:New Navarre
2467:New Castile
2452:La Luisiana
2404:Puerto Rico
2394:Philippines
2351:New Granada
2041:Philippines
2002:(Uruguay),
1998:(Bolivia),
1948:New Granada
1888:Puerto Rico
1834: [
1704:Territories
1524:Encomiendas
1285:Works cited
1078:Fane, p. 40
1051:Fane, p. 38
962:Art of Peru
764:Sayri Túpac
582:, 1753, by
579:Last Supper
562:repatriated
542:Collections
499:Virgin Mary
495:perspective
72:Inca Empire
3838:Categories
3362:Somosierra
3352:Manila Bay
3226:Nördlingen
3166:Gravelines
2646:Columnario
2618:Currencies
2535:Concepción
2507:Audiencias
2482:New Toledo
2447:La Florida
2280:Corregidor
2244:Papal bull
2149:Antarctica
2057:Micronesia
1514:Golden Age
1412:1588391310
1323:New York:
974:References
859:Saint Lucy
701:with Child
699:St. Joseph
592:guinea pig
546:See also:
433:brocateado
377:indigenous
260:, born in
205:, born in
164:, and the
154:earthquake
3864:Mannerism
3667:Nicaragua
3645:Guatemala
3555:Pichincha
3540:Chacabuco
3479:Pensacola
3424:Mataquito
3404:Cajamarca
3385:New World
3357:Trafalgar
3261:Alhucemas
3141:Landriano
3126:Comuneros
3112:Old World
3056:Joan Orpí
2776:Royalists
2550:Guatemala
2477:New Spain
2414:Venezuela
2389:Guatemala
2346:New Spain
2341:Columbian
2234:Exequatur
2134:Cape Juby
1988:Argentina
1811:New Spain
1745:Gibraltar
1509:Habsburgs
1099:8 October
586:, in the
503:Byzantine
417:Argentina
274:La Piedad
252:art from
242:tenebrism
227:Chinchero
143:Mannerism
91:Calamarca
3677:Colombia
3662:Honduras
3575:Asomante
3560:Ayacucho
3550:Carabobo
3525:Curalaba
3302:Ceresole
3196:Gembloux
3156:Mühlberg
2871:Mariners
2729:Military
2651:Doubloon
2636:Maravedí
2580:Santiago
2487:Paraguay
2213:Germania
2053:Caroline
2008:Malvinas
1992:Paraguay
1952:Colombia
1894:Trinidad
1761:Sardinia
1601:Bourbons
1327:, 1996.
1308:, 1995.
1006:Archived
945:See also
782:Nursing
752:and the
409:Arequipa
405:Ayacucho
401:Trujillo
304:heraldic
129:painter
115:European
107:Americas
58:, was a
3809:Asiento
3780:Mustang
3640:Yucatán
3635:Chiapas
3515:Tucapel
3347:Passaro
3297:Algiers
3287:Preveza
3256:Tetouan
3251:Vitoria
3241:Bitonto
3181:Antwerp
3176:Lepanto
3131:Bicocca
2607:Economy
2530:Charcas
2525:Caracas
2419:Yucatán
2290:Regidor
2275:Alcalde
2203:Cabildo
2110:Tripoli
2049:Mariana
1996:Charcas
1972:(Peru,
1956:Ecuador
1919:Bonaire
1914:Curazao
1899:Jamaica
1827:Florida
1366:. 1976.
1298:, 2003.
1273:9 April
1250:9 April
784:Madonna
507:Flemish
468:Criollo
460:drawing
446:Authors
425:Bolivia
397:economy
254:Antwerp
250:Flemish
238:Baroque
188:Italian
186:of the
127:Italian
121:of the
111:Spanish
97:History
84:Bolivia
80:Ecuador
3787:Castas
3545:Boyacá
3520:Guiana
3510:Iguape
3434:Recife
3372:Mactan
3367:Annual
3332:Rocroi
3327:Leiden
3312:Djerba
3246:Bailén
3201:Ostend
3186:Azores
2781:Legión
2746:Tercio
2739:Armies
2641:Escudo
2570:Panamá
2565:Mexico
2560:Manila
2515:Bogotá
2300:Vecino
2295:Syndic
2126:Béjaïa
2086:Africa
2072:Tidore
1960:Panama
1924:Belize
1831:Mexico
1757:Sicily
1753:Naples
1715:Europe
1409:
1355:
1331:
1312:
1155:
1128:
358:Zodiac
289:Andean
272:keeps
139:Europe
135:Jesuit
109:. The
3682:Chile
3650:Petén
3625:Aztec
3444:Bahia
3419:Penco
3409:Cusco
3337:Downs
3317:Tunis
3236:Ceuta
3221:Breda
3171:Malta
3151:Tunis
3146:Pavia
2660:Trade
2575:Quito
2540:Cusco
2379:Chile
2114:Tunis
2061:Palau
1978:Chile
1909:Aruba
1904:Haiti
1838:]
1767:Milan
1725:Spain
825:; by
757:ñusta
482:Style
421:Chile
382:walls
375:, of
324:Chile
296:fauna
292:flora
262:Cusco
231:Urcos
195:Cusco
147:light
76:Andes
64:Cusco
54:) or
3687:Inca
3630:Maya
3565:Guam
3498:Lost
3270:Lost
3191:Mons
2631:Real
2555:Lima
2442:Cuba
2384:Cuba
2356:Perú
2132:and
2130:Ifni
2122:Oran
2045:Guam
1974:Acre
1970:Peru
1880:Cuba
1759:and
1407:ISBN
1353:ISBN
1329:ISBN
1310:ISBN
1275:2019
1252:2019
1153:ISBN
1126:ISBN
1101:2013
754:Inca
577:The
509:and
462:and
423:and
413:Lima
411:and
302:and
294:and
229:and
207:Lima
184:Lima
82:and
68:Peru
44:The
3392:Won
3119:Won
2227:Law
2124:,
1844:),
1825:),
3840::
2128:,
2120:,
2116:,
2112:,
2108:,
2104:,
2059:,
2055:,
2051:,
2047:,
2043:,
2006:,
1994:,
1990:,
1976:,
1962:,
1958:,
1954:,
1886:,
1882:,
1836:es
1829:,
1755:,
1492:,
1243:.
1225:,
1208:,
1175:.
1120:.
1091:.
1044:^
1035:,
981:^
680:,
505:,
490:.
419:,
407:,
403:,
256:.
233:.
86:.
66:,
2136:)
2063:)
2039:(
2027:)
2010:)
1986:(
1980:)
1950:(
1890:)
1878:(
1848:)
1813:(
1763:)
1455:e
1448:t
1441:v
1415:.
1359:.
1335:.
1316:.
1277:.
1254:.
1179:.
1161:.
1134:.
1103:.
845:.
809:)
770:.
594:.
48:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
