182:(CJI) on 26 August 1986. The letter requested the CJI to examine the issue of frequent custodial deaths, form guidelines to be followed during arrest and formulate compensation to be provided to the victims/families in case of custodial torture or death. In the 1996 verdict, the court suggested 11 guidelines which covered arresting procedures and compensation in case of death of the detainee.
35:
reported 2152 deaths had occurred in judicial custody and 155 deaths had occurred in police custody till 28 February 2022. According to a report released by
National Campaign Against Torture (NCAT), there were 1606 deaths in 2019 which occurred in judicial custody and 125 death occurred in police
189:
incorporated some of the suggestions of the
Supreme Court of India given in its 1996 verdict. The clauses under the amendment stated that for crimes punishable with prison up to 7 years, the dealing officer should issue a "notice of appearance" instead of arresting the accused. The officer may
1308: 1993) ("Accordingly, we direct the respondent-State of Orissa to pay the sum of Rs.1,50,000 to the petitioner and a further sum of Rs.10,000 as to be paid to the Supreme Court Legal Aid Committee.").
906:
1367:
1337:
The Court's decision in
Nilabati Behera v. State of Orissa made sure that the state could no longer escape liability in public law and had to be compelled to pay compensation.
1183:
791:
on 1 December 1987. The dead body of Suman Behera was found on nearby train tracks on 2 December 1987. The mother of the victim, Nilabati Behera, sued the state of
1442:
1506:
1387:
958:
1022:
1349:
1273:
1415:
926:
877:
220:
and pass a standalone law against torture of citizens by government agents. The report pointed out that India was facing difficulties in
858:
829:
825:
case on 12 June 2019. On 16 June 2019, he was presented before a magistrate. He died on 21 June 2021 after being tortured in custody.
814:(CBI) special court found two of the officers guilty and sentenced them to death. One of the accused policemen died during the trial.
217:
202:
51:
32:
1156:
1496:
1473:
1319:
678:
186:
1501:
41:
811:
817:
21 June 2019: The custodial death of K. Rajkumar. A 49-year-old man named K. Rajkumar was taken into custody by
1242:
47:
revealed that 4484 cases of custodial deaths were reported in India during the period FY 2020-21 to FY 2021-22
853:
717:
201:
referred the bill to a select committee as it was felt that the bill was not up to the standards of the
171:
117:
64:
Custodial death is perhaps one of the worst crimes in a civilised society governed by the Rule of Law.
843:
timings. They were tortured in custody. Bennicks died on 22 June 2020 and P. Jeyaraj on 23 June 2020.
1250:
1217:
1209:
209:
989:
810:
policemen had arrested
Udayakumar on suspicion of theft and then killed him. On 23 July 2018, a
1305:
1139:
639:
179:
160:
69:
1238:
763:
1213:
783:
2 December 1987: The custodial death of Suman Behera. The police arrested Suman Behera of
233:
States-wise reported numbers of custodial deaths for the period FY 2020-21 to FY 2021-22
144:
allows the
Magistrate to appoint a medical petitioner to examine the accused under-trials.
8:
613:
175:
104:
91:
1161:
911:
807:
96:
767:
262:
799:, the Supreme Court of India ordered the state to pay the mother a compensation of
353:
24:
20:
1350:"Udayakumar lock-up death in Kerala: Five cops found guilty 13 years after murder"
1447:
1372:
963:
836:
police on 19 June 2020 for allegedly keeping their cellphone store open past the
822:
205:. The revised bill lapsed when the 15th Lok Sabha was dissolved on 18 May 2014.
1478:
405:
249:
178:
judge and then executive chairman of Legal Aid
Services of West Bengal, to the
1490:
1133:
772:
652:
574:
496:
138:
states the police cannot use excessive restraints while performing an arrest.
44:
800:
301:
213:
1278:
1129:
882:
833:
818:
704:
600:
587:
418:
221:
198:
166:
75:
28:
1416:"Kerala cops responsible for Rajkumar's custodial death to be dismissed"
784:
755:
626:
535:
224:
criminals from other nations dues its reputation of custodial torture.
174:(PIL) had started as a result of a letter sent by D. K. Basu, a former
109:
803:
150,000, setting a precedent of compensation to the victims' families.
126:
in custody, the
Judicial Magistrate has the power to order an inquiry.
1392:
1324:
1027:
997:
931:
777:
665:
548:
509:
444:
379:
366:
194:
122:
states that if a person in custody dies or disappears, or a woman is
37:
840:
837:
470:
150:
allow sentences of up to 7 years for policemen in cases of torture.
1443:"Tamil Nadu custodial death case: Trial begins after eight months"
190:
however arrest the accused if he fails to comply with the notice.
959:"4,484 custodial deaths in past two years, UP tops chart: Centre"
878:"Over 2,150 cases of deaths in judicial custody in 2021-22: Govt"
759:
561:
457:
431:
340:
327:
1023:"Ratify U.N. Convention Against Torture, law panel tells Centre"
132:
states the police cannot kill anyone while performing an arrest.
1368:"Two Kerala cops get death for custodial murder of 23-year-old"
792:
788:
691:
522:
483:
392:
1184:"No arrest for offences with maximum penalty of 7 yrs or less"
288:
275:
1474:"Custodial deaths in India: A toxic play of power and class"
907:"MHA to Lok Sabha: 2152 cases of deaths in judicial custody"
806:
27 September 2005: The custodial death of
Udayakumar. Three
36:
custody. On 26 July 2022, while answering a question in the
123:
197:
passed the
Prevention of Torture Bill, 2010. However, the
766:
on 1 March 1976. His father filed a writ petition in the
314:
1208:
758:. An engineering student named P. Rajan was arrested by
112:
and confessions made to the police irrelevant in trials.
148:
Sections 330 (a) and (b) of the Indian Penal Code (IPC)
1237:
1157:"CrPC amendments: It all started with custody deaths"
27:
while undergoing trial or serving a sentence. In the
1214:"Prevention of Torture Bill to Meet UNCAT Standards"
1388:"No parent should suffer my fate: Prabhavathi Amma"
927:"Five custodial deaths in India daily, says report"
832:. P. Jeyaraj and his son Bennicks were arrested by
142:
Section 54 of the Code of
Criminal Procedure (CrPC)
136:
Section 49 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC)
130:
Section 46 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC)
795:. In its verdict on 23 March 1993 in the case of
1488:
776:. The police failed to produced P. Rajan on the
1072:Code of Criminal Procedure (India) (176). 1973.
154:
54:. As of April 2022, India is yet to ratify it.
1105:Code of Criminal Procedure (India) (54). 1973.
1094:Code of Criminal Procedure (India) (49). 1973.
1083:Code of Criminal Procedure (India) (46). 1973.
227:
1507:Killings by law enforcement officers in India
1150:
1148:
1061:Indian Evidence Act, 1872 (24 and 25). 1872.
1017:
1015:
1274:"Rajan case: Kerala CM Karunakaran resigns"
952:
950:
859:List of cases of police brutality in India
830:custodial death of P. Jeyaraj and Bennicks
1293:
1145:
1012:
983:
981:
956:
218:United Nations Convention against Torture
203:United Nations Convention against Torture
52:United Nations Convention against Torture
33:National Human Rights Commission of India
1243:"Rajya Sabha, Unstarred Question No. 85"
1176:
1154:
780:date 21 April 1976. He is presumed dead.
212:suggested in a report that India should
83:
1441:Chandrababu, Divya (18 February 2021).
990:"Lok Sabha Unstarred Question No. 1459"
947:
919:
1489:
1471:
1380:
1360:
1342:
1265:
1120:
1109:
1098:
1087:
1076:
1065:
978:
957:Bhatnagar, Isha Sahai (27 July 2022).
870:
1472:Murali, Krishnan (19 November 2021).
1155:Chhibber, Maneesh (23 January 2009).
1128:D. K. Basu, A. S. Anand vs. State of
23:and also to the deaths of persons in
1271:
1043:
904:
898:
1317:
1301:Nilabati Behera vs. State of Orissa
987:
797:Nilabati Behera vs. State of Orissa
13:
1465:
1320:"Why a separate anti-torture law?"
1054:
14:
1518:
1050:Constitution of India (20). 1948.
988:Rai, Nityananda (26 July 2022).
748:
57:
1497:Extrajudicial killings in India
1434:
1408:
1311:
1231:
1202:
812:Central Bureau of Investigation
244:Number of deaths in FY 2021-22
1414:
1116:Indian Penal Code (330). 1860.
905:Jain, Bharti (22 March 2022).
241:Number of deaths in FY 2020-21
1:
1440:
1272:Pant, Rajshri (15 May 1977).
864:
854:Encounter killings by police
155:Ongoing and proposed reforms
40:Union Minister of State for
7:
1318:Vij, R. K. (20 July 2020).
847:
228:State-wise custodial deaths
95:protects the citizens from
10:
1523:
187:Code of Criminal Procedure
185:The 2008 amendment to the
172:Public Interest Litigation
118:Code of Criminal Procedure
103:Sections 24 and 25 of the
50:In 1997, India signed the
159:On 18 December 1996, the
105:Indian Evidence Act, 1872
17:Custodial deaths in India
1502:Law enforcement in India
1251:Ministry of Home Affairs
1218:Press Information Bureau
1210:Mullappally Ramachandran
756:custodial death P. Rajan
165:D. K. Basu vs. State of
74:D. K. Basu vs. State of
21:deaths in police custody
1138:, 592 of 1987 (
770:and the court issued a
210:Law Commission of India
116:Section 176 (I) of the
1306:Supreme Court of India
1140:Supreme Court of India
640:Dadra and Nagar Haveli
180:Chief Justice of India
161:Supreme Court of India
90:Article 20 (3) of the
70:Supreme Court of India
66:
1239:Hansraj Gangaram Ahir
84:Statutory protections
62:
163:gave the verdict in
679:Jammu & Kashmir
614:Andaman and Nicobar
234:
193:On 6 May 2010, the
176:Calcutta High Court
92:Indian Constitution
1422:. 15 February 2021
1212:(11 August 2010).
1190:. 31 December 2008
1188:The Economic Times
1162:The Indian Express
912:The Times of India
828:23 June 2020: The
808:Thiruvananthapuram
762:police during the
754:1 March 1976: The
232:
97:self incrimination
1031:. 31 October 2017
768:Kerala High Court
746:
745:
263:Arunachal Pradesh
19:may refer to the
1514:
1483:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1334:
1332:
1315:
1309:
1303:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1247:
1241:(18 July 2018).
1235:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1180:
1174:
1173:
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1169:
1152:
1143:
1137:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1096:
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1091:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1069:
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1062:
1058:
1052:
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1047:
1041:
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1038:
1036:
1019:
1010:
1009:
1007:
1005:
994:
985:
976:
975:
973:
971:
954:
945:
944:
942:
940:
923:
917:
916:
902:
896:
895:
893:
891:
874:
354:Himachal Pradesh
235:
231:
79:
25:judicial custody
1522:
1521:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1487:
1486:
1468:
1466:Further reading
1463:
1453:
1451:
1448:Hindustan Times
1439:
1435:
1425:
1423:
1420:The News Minute
1413:
1409:
1399:
1397:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1376:. 25 July 2018.
1373:Hindustan Times
1366:
1365:
1361:
1356:. 24 July 2018.
1354:The News Minute
1348:
1347:
1343:
1330:
1328:
1316:
1312:
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1126:
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1103:
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1093:
1092:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1044:
1034:
1032:
1021:
1020:
1013:
1003:
1001:
992:
986:
979:
969:
967:
964:Hindustan Times
955:
948:
938:
936:
925:
924:
920:
903:
899:
889:
887:
886:. 23 March 2022
876:
875:
871:
867:
850:
823:financial crime
751:
230:
157:
108:renders forced
86:
81:
68:
60:
12:
11:
5:
1520:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1485:
1484:
1479:Deutsche Welle
1467:
1464:
1462:
1461:
1433:
1407:
1396:. 26 July 2018
1379:
1359:
1341:
1310:
1292:
1264:
1230:
1201:
1175:
1144:
1119:
1108:
1097:
1086:
1075:
1064:
1053:
1042:
1011:
977:
946:
935:. 27 June 2020
918:
897:
868:
866:
863:
862:
861:
856:
849:
846:
845:
844:
826:
815:
804:
781:
750:
747:
744:
743:
738:
733:
727:
726:
723:
720:
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707:
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697:
694:
688:
687:
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681:
675:
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671:
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661:
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649:
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632:
629:
623:
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619:
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610:
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584:
583:
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545:
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541:
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532:
531:
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525:
519:
518:
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512:
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493:
492:
489:
486:
480:
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467:
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460:
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453:
450:
447:
441:
440:
437:
434:
428:
427:
424:
421:
415:
414:
411:
408:
406:Madhya Pradesh
402:
401:
398:
395:
389:
388:
385:
382:
376:
375:
372:
369:
363:
362:
359:
356:
350:
349:
346:
343:
337:
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330:
324:
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320:
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311:
310:
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298:
297:
294:
291:
285:
284:
281:
278:
272:
271:
268:
265:
259:
258:
255:
252:
250:Andhra Pradesh
246:
245:
242:
239:
229:
226:
156:
153:
152:
151:
145:
139:
133:
127:
113:
100:
85:
82:
61:
59:
56:
29:financial year
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1519:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1481:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1469:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1437:
1421:
1417:
1411:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1383:
1375:
1374:
1369:
1363:
1355:
1351:
1345:
1338:
1327:
1326:
1321:
1314:
1307:
1302:
1296:
1281:
1280:
1275:
1268:
1253:
1252:
1244:
1240:
1234:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1205:
1189:
1185:
1179:
1164:
1163:
1158:
1151:
1149:
1141:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1123:
1112:
1101:
1090:
1079:
1068:
1057:
1046:
1030:
1029:
1024:
1018:
1016:
1000:
999:
991:
984:
982:
966:
965:
960:
953:
951:
934:
933:
928:
922:
914:
913:
908:
901:
885:
884:
879:
873:
869:
860:
857:
855:
852:
851:
842:
839:
835:
831:
827:
824:
820:
816:
813:
809:
805:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
779:
775:
774:
773:habeas corpus
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
752:
749:Notable cases
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
728:
724:
721:
719:
716:
715:
711:
708:
706:
703:
702:
698:
695:
693:
690:
689:
685:
682:
680:
677:
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672:
669:
667:
664:
663:
659:
656:
654:
653:Daman and Diu
651:
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646:
643:
641:
638:
637:
633:
630:
628:
625:
624:
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617:
615:
612:
611:
607:
604:
602:
599:
598:
594:
591:
589:
586:
585:
581:
578:
576:
575:Uttar Pradesh
573:
572:
568:
565:
563:
560:
559:
555:
552:
550:
547:
546:
542:
539:
537:
534:
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521:
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321:
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260:
256:
253:
251:
248:
247:
243:
240:
237:
236:
225:
223:
219:
215:
211:
208:In 2018, the
206:
204:
200:
196:
191:
188:
183:
181:
177:
173:
169:
168:
162:
149:
146:
143:
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114:
111:
107:
106:
101:
98:
94:
93:
88:
87:
80:
78:
77:
71:
65:
58:Legal aspects
55:
53:
48:
46:
45:Nityanand Rai
43:
39:
34:
31:2021–22, the
30:
26:
22:
18:
1477:
1452:. Retrieved
1446:
1436:
1424:. Retrieved
1419:
1410:
1398:. Retrieved
1391:
1382:
1371:
1362:
1353:
1344:
1336:
1329:. Retrieved
1323:
1313:
1300:
1295:
1283:. Retrieved
1277:
1267:
1255:. Retrieved
1249:
1233:
1221:. Retrieved
1204:
1192:. Retrieved
1187:
1178:
1166:. Retrieved
1160:
1127:
1122:
1111:
1100:
1089:
1078:
1067:
1056:
1045:
1033:. Retrieved
1026:
1002:. Retrieved
996:
968:. Retrieved
962:
937:. Retrieved
930:
921:
910:
900:
888:. Retrieved
881:
872:
821:police in a
796:
771:
740:
735:
730:
302:Chhattisgarh
207:
192:
184:
164:
158:
147:
141:
135:
129:
115:
102:
89:
73:
67:
63:
49:
42:Home Affairs
16:
15:
1279:India Today
1142: 1996).
1132:, State of
1130:West Bengal
883:India Today
834:Sathankulam
819:Nedumkandam
705:Lakshadweep
601:West Bengal
588:Uttarakhand
419:Maharashtra
222:extraditing
199:Rajya Sabha
167:West Bengal
110:confessions
76:West Bengal
1491:Categories
865:References
785:Sundergarh
778:stipulated
718:Puducherry
627:Chandigarh
536:Tamil Nadu
1393:The Hindu
1325:The Hindu
1028:The Hindu
1004:12 August
998:Lok Sabha
970:12 August
932:The Hindu
764:Emergency
666:Delhi NCR
549:Telangana
510:Rajasthan
445:Meghalaya
380:Karnataka
367:Jharkhand
195:Lok Sabha
38:Lok Sabha
1454:15 April
1426:14 April
1400:14 April
1331:14 April
1285:15 April
1257:14 April
1223:14 April
1194:14 April
1168:15 April
1035:14 April
939:15 April
890:14 April
848:See also
841:lockdown
838:Covid-19
471:Nagaland
760:Calicut
562:Tripura
458:Mizoram
432:Manipur
341:Haryana
328:Gujarat
1304: (
793:Orissa
789:Orissa
692:Ladakh
523:Sikkim
497:Punjab
484:Odisha
393:Kerala
214:ratify
170:. The
120:(CrPC)
72:,
1246:(PDF)
993:(PDF)
731:Total
289:Bihar
276:Assam
238:State
124:raped
1456:2022
1428:2022
1402:2022
1333:2022
1287:2022
1259:2022
1225:2022
1196:2022
1170:2022
1037:2022
1006:2022
972:2022
941:2022
892:2022
741:2544
736:1940
608:257
582:501
543:109
504:153
426:197
413:201
348:109
335:126
296:237
216:the
686:17
673:65
605:185
595:27
579:451
556:25
517:94
491:67
452:13
423:143
410:163
387:10
374:81
315:Goa
309:93
293:159
283:22
257:48
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1134:UP
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553:23
540:63
530:2
514:74
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488:93
478:9
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371:54
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801:₹
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683:9
657:0
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631:2
618:0
566:1
527:4
475:2
462:3
449:7
436:1
397:5
384:8
358:8
319:1
267:3
99:.
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