1042:
56:
885:, to regularly curse Ali and harass his followers, while praising Uthman and empowering his followers, as reported by al-Tabari. A tradition attributed to al-Mughira's son describes how the governor failed to convince Mu'awiya to abandon this policy and leave behind a legacy of reconciliation. Mua'wiya refused, saying that there would be no lasting fame after Muhammad, referring to the prophet by his nickname of Ibn Abi Kabsha among the
587:
1057:, who was appointed in 671 to govern Kufa. Ziyad arrested Hujr and sent him to Mu'awiya, who put Hujr on trial for high treason and then executed him and a few others. Before death, he was given the opportunity to save his life by cursing Ali, which he refused. This was probably the first judicial execution of Muslims for high treason and was widely condemned at the time, even by
800:
to avoid defeat. The strong peace sentiments in Ali's army compelled him to accept the offer, and an ill-fated arbitration committee was thus set up with representatives from Ali and Mu'awiya with a mandate to settle the dispute in the spirit of the Quran. Soon after the collapse of the arbitration
1019:) among early Muslims to Uthman. According to this report, Marwan then added that Ali was nevertheless cursed because the Umayyad rule would not be sound otherwise. The practice was also perhaps intended to provoke, identify, and then crush the supporters of Ali. Among its first victims was
982:
suggests that the rule of Mu'awiya was largely legitimized by his revenge for the assassination of Uthman, for which Mu'awiya publicly blamed Ali after the latter dismissed the former as the governor of Syria. In a tradition cited by the Sunni historians
711:). The policy likely served as a propaganda measure, and also helped provoke, identify, and then crush the supporters of Ali, whom the Umayyads considered a threat. The historicity of such a policy is supported by
801:
process, Mu'awiya received the
Syrians' pledge as caliph in 659, and began dispatching military units to raid and harass the civilian population loyal to Ali. In the meantime, a group that became known as the
757:
and the dissidents. There Ali received a nearly unanimous pledge of allegiance, gathering various underprivileged groups around himself. By contrast, Ali found limited support among the powerful
700:
in 661, which paved the way for the caliphate of Mu'awiya in the same year. The public cursing of Ali continued after Mu'awiya and was finally abandoned some sixty years later by the pious
1053:, though not its leader. After the accession of Mu'awiya, he regularly protested the cursing of Ali in the mosque, which was tolerated by al-Mughira but not by his successor
967:
in Medina was exempted from this policy, where Ali and other relatives of
Muhammad were cursed next to his grave and in the presence of the descendants of Ali. The historian
805:
deserted Ali, denounced him for agreeing to arbitration, and declared him, his followers, and the
Syrians as infidels. They considered the blood of such infidels to be
2364:
948:
That this practice was widespread is also the Shia view, while its existence is usually rejected by Sunni scholars, perhaps with the notable exception of
2096:
1076:). Nevertheless, early historians are at odds about Hujr. The early (Sunni) traditionist Hisham is hostile to Hujr while the Shia-leaning historians
829:
After his accession, Mu'awiya mandated cursing Ali as part of the communal prayers in the
Islamic territories. Among others, this is reported by the
1049:
Hujr was a companion of
Muhammad and an ardent supporter of Ali. Respected for his piety, Hujr was in Kufa a distinguished elder of his tribe, the
889:
infidels. The governor then confessed to his son that he henceforth considered Mu'awiya as such, an infidel, as reported by the Sunni historian
2339:
1122:
1023:. Indeed, Ali considered it excusable for his supporters to curse him (under duress) but apparently had not allowed them to dissociate (
945:) followed suit later and did not vilify Ali on Arafa, apparently ignoring protests by Abd-Allah ibn al-Walid, the grandson of Uthman.
2060:
900:). While probably not authentic, the account may nevertheless reflect the attitude towards Mu'awiya among early Sunni historians.
688:), who was in turn assassinated by some provincial dissidents angered by his policies. Ali and Mu'awiya fought the inconclusive
1087:) and al-Mas'udi are sympathetic to him. Among modern authors, the execution is condemned by Madelung and by the Muslim author
923:. These were the daughter of Muhammad and his grandsons, respectively. The practice came to an end under the Umayyad caliph
615:
2446:
2413:
2349:
2325:
2302:
2280:
2256:
2234:
2215:
2182:
2143:
2107:
2084:
2045:
2010:
1986:
1957:
1931:
1905:
1883:
1860:
1851:. In Bowering, Gerhard; Crone, Patricia; Kadi, Wadad; Mirza, Mahan; Stewart, Devin J.; Zaman, Muhammad Qasim (eds.).
1106:
Under the
Umayyads, some Shias were forced to curse Ali to save their lives. One instance is the hadith traditionist
934:), often known for his piety, who reportedly replaced the curse with verses 59:15 and 16:90 from the Quran. Caliph
761:
tribe, some of whom aspired to the title of caliph. Among the
Quraysh, the caliphate of Ali was soon challenged by
747:
637:
222:
80:
2155:
2472:
2379:
1133:
by order of al-Hajjaj, who also demanded that Atiya curse Ali. He refused and was beaten but likely survived.
2314:
416:
1969:
232:
100:
95:
17:
2497:
2098:
The
Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the Sixth to the Eleventh Century
903:
The practice of cursing Ali continued for some sixty years, and the
Umayyad caliphs did so also on the
435:
237:
1946:
2359:
336:
105:
814:
655:
608:
563:
155:
90:
2117:
935:
533:
2291:
2171:
2073:
1920:
498:
112:
85:
796:
against Mu'awiya in 657 resulted in a stalemate when the latter called for arbitration by the
142:
2461:
2389:
2055:
1130:
968:
770:
326:
227:
217:
210:
187:
2270:
321:
949:
890:
781:
also denounced the accession of Ali when he was dismissed from his post as the governor of
701:
697:
513:
370:
257:
192:
122:
2198:. In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Stewart, Devin J. (eds.).
1065:
to Ali. Later the execution of Hujr was called a pernicious crime by the Sunni theologian
8:
2429:. In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.).
2396:. In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.).
2371:
2126:. In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.).
2028:. In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.).
1126:
1062:
1006:
964:
789:
774:
601:
548:
528:
465:
137:
117:
38:
1847:
2266:
1893:
1107:
1030:
810:
728:
644:
75:
2425:
2393:
2122:
2024:
2468:
2456:
2442:
2438:
2409:
2405:
2375:
2345:
2321:
2298:
2276:
2252:
2230:
2211:
2194:
2178:
2139:
2135:
2103:
2080:
2041:
2037:
2006:
1982:
1953:
1927:
1901:
1879:
1856:
818:
629:
591:
558:
523:
455:
282:
252:
2207:
2434:
2401:
2335:
2203:
2166:
2131:
2033:
979:
793:
689:
568:
543:
460:
2492:
2000:
1054:
960:
735:
508:
353:
262:
275:
1978:
1871:
1066:
920:
573:
475:
411:
343:
2486:
1996:
1870:
Crow, K.D. (2015). "Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq and the
Elaboration of Shi'ism". In
1050:
1010:
916:
904:
659:
470:
331:
316:
2244:
2019:
1020:
984:
716:
712:
518:
348:
247:
2075:
The Armies of the Caliphs: Military and Society in the Early Islamic State
1041:
1941:
1915:
1088:
1077:
856:
448:
363:
358:
309:
242:
197:
182:
177:
167:
132:
995:
882:
834:
830:
802:
778:
739:
693:
503:
46:
677:
who had rebelled against Ali ostensibly to avenge the previous caliph
1118:
978:) considers this practice a propaganda measure, while the Islamicist
860:
845:
797:
538:
423:
297:
55:
2316:
Islamic History: Volume 1, AD 600-750 (AH 132): A New Interpretation
871:
750:
640:
428:
401:
387:
127:
2341:
Justice and Remembrance: Introducing the Spirituality of Imam Ali
1363:
924:
911:
pilgrimage. The curse was also apparently extended to Ali's wife
758:
663:
304:
292:
287:
1013:
that his grandfather Ali ibn Abi Talib was the most temperate (
912:
782:
766:
754:
731:
678:
553:
493:
396:
377:
172:
162:
70:
1550:
788:
Ali defeated the rebellion of Aisha, Talha, and Zubayr in the
586:
1129:
circa 701. There Atiya was captured by the Umayyad commander
1058:
886:
806:
762:
674:
406:
382:
2002:
The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate AD 661-750
1678:
1525:
1523:
1477:
1327:
1726:
1627:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1453:
1237:
1169:
908:
2173:
The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate
1898:
The Charismatic Community: Shi'ite Identity in Early Islam
1644:
1642:
1948:
Chasing a Mirage: The Tragic Illusion of an Islamic State
1810:
1738:
1714:
1690:
1520:
1339:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
881:). In particular, Mu'awiya ordered his governor of Kufa,
817:
in 661. This paved the way for Mu'awiya, who founded the
743:
633:
1750:
1562:
1443:
1441:
1380:
1378:
1317:
1315:
785:. He now demanded retribution against Uthman's killers.
1853:
The Princeton encyclopedia of Islamic political thought
1798:
1786:
1774:
1702:
1654:
1639:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1596:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1540:
1538:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1414:
1402:
1390:
1822:
1351:
1196:
1186:
1184:
809:, and committed many murders. Ali crushed them in the
1465:
1438:
1426:
1375:
1312:
1288:
1266:
1264:
1147:
1145:
1876:
The Shi'i World: Pathways in Tradition and Modernity
1762:
1666:
1608:
1579:
1535:
1501:
1300:
1225:
1024:
1014:
813:
in 658, but was later assassinated by the Kharijite
1922:
Muhammad and the Believers: At the Origins of Islam
1276:
1181:
1098:), while Wellhausen sides with Mu'awiya.
1029:) themselves from him, according to the Islamicist
2460:
2424:
2363:
2313:
2290:
2193:
2170:
2154:
2121:
2095:
2072:
2059:
2023:
1968:
1945:
1919:
1846:
1261:
1249:
1142:
1489:
1157:
2484:
2422:
2388:
1483:
1175:
2116:
1459:
2463:The Religio-political Factions in Early Islam
1855:. Princeton University Press. pp. 30–2.
609:
2293:A Chronology of Islamic History, 570-1000 CE
2334:
2265:
2062:Origins and Early Development of Shia Islam
1633:
1529:
2455:
1816:
1744:
1732:
1684:
1573:
673:). Mu'awiya was the incumbent governor of
616:
602:
2358:
1648:
1556:
753:, was subsequently elected caliph by the
715:whereas it has remained disputed amongst
2191:
2165:
1792:
1720:
1696:
1660:
1602:
1514:
1420:
1408:
1396:
1369:
1345:
1333:
1243:
1219:
1040:
727:The controversial policies of the third
2272:Arabic Thought and its Place in History
2152:
2093:
2070:
1995:
1844:
1828:
1471:
1384:
1357:
1294:
959:), the founder of the Islamic movement
14:
2485:
2374:. State University of New York Press.
2311:
2288:
2227:A Concise History of Sunnis and Shi'is
2224:
1966:
1914:
1900:. State University of New York Press.
1892:
1780:
1768:
1756:
1672:
1544:
1447:
1432:
1321:
1306:
1231:
765:, a widow of Muhammad, and two of his
2243:
2054:
2018:
1940:
1804:
1708:
1621:
1590:
1495:
1282:
1270:
1255:
1190:
1151:
27:State policy of the Umayyad Caliphate
1869:
1163:
1125:was crushed by the Umayyad governor
734:resulted in a rebellion that led to
746:, the cousin and son-in-law of the
658:, was a state policy introduced by
636:, the cousin and son-in-law of the
24:
25:
2509:
2157:Religion and Society in Arab Sind
1848:"'Ali b. Abi Talib (ca. 599-661)"
963:. Maududi believes that not even
2439:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0339
2406:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0046
2136:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0497
2038:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_5279
1874:; Sajoo, A.B.; Jiwa, S. (eds.).
585:
54:
2229:. Georgetown University Press.
2208:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_30544
1878:. I.B. Tauris. pp. 56–77.
1045:Shrine of Hujr ibn Adi in Syria
1036:
940:
929:
824:
706:
696:and remained enemies until the
683:
668:
649:
2320:. Cambridge University Press.
2249:An Introduction to Shi'i Islam
2177:. Cambridge University Press.
1101:
13:
1:
2423:Veccia Vaglieri, L. (2012b).
2102:(Third ed.). Routledge.
1975:The New Encyclopedia of Islam
1837:
722:
1926:. Harvard University Press.
1136:
1112:
1093:
1082:
1071:
1000:
989:
973:
954:
895:
876:
865:
850:
839:
417:Bektashism and folk religion
7:
2153:MacLean, Derryl N. (1989).
1967:Glassé, Cyril, ed. (2001).
1025:
1015:
1009:explains to the apolitical
10:
2514:
2360:Tabatabai, Muhammad Husayn
2192:Madelung, Wilferd (2016).
777:. Uthman's distant cousin
643:, who was also the fourth
2289:Rahman, Habib Ur (1989).
2251:. Yale University Press.
1845:Anthony, Sean W. (2013).
1372:, pp. 172, 173, 238.
564:Umm Farwah bint al-Qasim
660:Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan
2431:Encyclopaedia of Islam
2398:Encyclopaedia of Islam
2200:Encyclopaedia of Islam
2195:"Ḥujr b. ʿAdī l-Kindī"
2128:Encyclopaedia of Islam
2094:Kennedy, Hugh (2016).
2071:Kennedy, Hugh (2013).
2030:Encyclopaedia of Islam
1046:
499:Khadija bint Khuwaylid
86:Succession to Muhammad
2312:Shaban, M.A. (1970).
2225:McHugo, John (2018).
1559:, pp. 49, 65n72.
1484:Veccia Vaglieri 2012b
1176:Veccia Vaglieri 2012a
1131:Muhammad ibn al-Qasim
1044:
592:Shia Islam portal
218:Verse of purification
65:Beliefs and practices
1460:Levi Della Vida 2012
1336:, pp. 107, 157.
1246:, pp. 141, 142.
1061:, who was otherwise
891:al-Zubayr ibn Bakkar
833:-leaning historians
702:Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz
698:assassination of Ali
514:Umm Kulthum bint Ali
193:Mourning of Muharram
123:Mourning of Muharram
2433:(Second ed.).
2400:(Second ed.).
2394:"ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib"
2390:Veccia Vaglieri, L.
2130:(Second ed.).
2118:Levi Della Vida, G.
2032:(Second ed.).
1894:Dakake, Maria Massi
1121:when the revolt by
1108:Atiya ibn Sa'd Awfi
1059:Aisha bint Abi Bakr
965:al-Masjid al-Nabawi
790:Battle of the Camel
529:Ruqayya bint Husayn
436:Extinct Shi'a sects
156:Days of remembrance
143:Arbaʽeen Pilgrimage
138:The Four Companions
2457:Wellhausen, Julius
2202:(Three ed.).
2066:. London: Longman.
1981:. pp. 422–8.
1807:, pp. 159–60.
1711:, pp. 159–65.
1687:, pp. 96–101.
1047:
907:during the annual
821:in the same year.
811:Battle of Nahrawan
349:Atba-i-Malak Bohra
276:Branches and sects
223:Two weighty things
2498:Umayyad Caliphate
2467:. North Holland.
2336:Shah-Kazemi, Reza
2167:Madelung, Wilferd
2123:"K̲h̲ārid̲j̲ites"
1783:, pp. 78–81.
1735:, pp. 100–1.
1723:, pp. 338–9.
1699:, pp. 334–9.
1348:, pp. 204–5.
950:Abul A'la Maududi
819:Umayyad Caliphate
744:Ali ibn Abi Talib
736:his assassination
634:Ali ibn Abi Talib
630:Umayyad Caliphate
626:
625:
559:Fatimah bint Asad
524:Fatima bint Hasan
253:Battle of Karbala
16:(Redirected from
2505:
2478:
2466:
2452:
2428:
2419:
2385:
2370:. Translated by
2369:
2355:
2331:
2319:
2308:
2296:
2285:
2267:O'Leary, De Lacy
2262:
2240:
2221:
2197:
2188:
2176:
2162:
2160:
2149:
2125:
2113:
2101:
2090:
2078:
2067:
2065:
2051:
2027:
2015:
1992:
1972:
1963:
1951:
1937:
1925:
1911:
1889:
1866:
1850:
1832:
1826:
1820:
1814:
1808:
1802:
1796:
1790:
1784:
1778:
1772:
1766:
1760:
1754:
1748:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1724:
1718:
1712:
1706:
1700:
1694:
1688:
1682:
1676:
1670:
1664:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1637:
1636:, pp. 62–3.
1634:Shah-Kazemi 2007
1631:
1625:
1619:
1606:
1600:
1594:
1588:
1577:
1571:
1560:
1554:
1548:
1542:
1533:
1527:
1518:
1512:
1499:
1493:
1487:
1481:
1475:
1469:
1463:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1436:
1430:
1424:
1418:
1412:
1406:
1400:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1373:
1367:
1361:
1355:
1349:
1343:
1337:
1331:
1325:
1319:
1310:
1304:
1298:
1292:
1286:
1280:
1274:
1268:
1259:
1253:
1247:
1241:
1235:
1229:
1223:
1217:
1194:
1188:
1179:
1173:
1167:
1161:
1155:
1149:
1116:
1114:
1097:
1095:
1086:
1084:
1075:
1073:
1028:
1018:
1004:
1002:
993:
991:
980:Wilferd Madelung
977:
975:
958:
956:
944:
942:
933:
931:
899:
897:
880:
878:
869:
867:
854:
852:
843:
841:
794:Battle of Siffin
792:in 656, but the
710:
708:
690:Battle of Siffin
687:
685:
672:
670:
654:) and the first
653:
651:
618:
611:
604:
590:
589:
569:Ruqayya bint Ali
544:Fatima bint Musa
58:
49:
43:
42:
32:
31:
21:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2503:
2502:
2483:
2482:
2481:
2475:
2449:
2426:"Ibn Muld̲j̲am"
2416:
2382:
2352:
2344:. I.B. Tauris.
2328:
2305:
2283:
2259:
2237:
2218:
2185:
2146:
2110:
2087:
2048:
2013:
1989:
1960:
1934:
1916:Donner, Fred M.
1908:
1886:
1863:
1840:
1835:
1827:
1823:
1817:Wellhausen 1975
1815:
1811:
1803:
1799:
1791:
1787:
1779:
1775:
1767:
1763:
1755:
1751:
1745:Wellhausen 1975
1743:
1739:
1733:Wellhausen 1975
1731:
1727:
1719:
1715:
1707:
1703:
1695:
1691:
1685:Wellhausen 1975
1683:
1679:
1671:
1667:
1659:
1655:
1647:
1640:
1632:
1628:
1620:
1609:
1601:
1597:
1589:
1580:
1574:Wellhausen 1975
1572:
1563:
1555:
1551:
1543:
1536:
1528:
1521:
1513:
1502:
1494:
1490:
1482:
1478:
1470:
1466:
1458:
1454:
1446:
1439:
1431:
1427:
1419:
1415:
1407:
1403:
1395:
1391:
1383:
1376:
1368:
1364:
1360:, pp. 7–8.
1356:
1352:
1344:
1340:
1332:
1328:
1320:
1313:
1305:
1301:
1293:
1289:
1281:
1277:
1269:
1262:
1254:
1250:
1242:
1238:
1230:
1226:
1218:
1197:
1189:
1182:
1174:
1170:
1162:
1158:
1150:
1143:
1139:
1117:), who fled to
1111:
1104:
1092:
1081:
1070:
1055:Ziyad ibn Abihi
1039:
1031:Maria M. Dakake
1005:), the Umayyad
999:
988:
972:
969:Husain M. Jafri
961:Jamaat-e-Islami
953:
939:
928:
915:and their sons
894:
875:
864:
849:
838:
827:
748:Islamic prophet
725:
705:
682:
667:
648:
645:Rashidun caliph
638:Islamic prophet
622:
584:
579:
578:
509:Zaynab bint Ali
489:
481:
480:
451:
441:
440:
354:Sulaymani Bohra
278:
268:
267:
238:Fatimah's house
213:
203:
202:
158:
148:
147:
66:
45:
44:
36:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2511:
2501:
2500:
2495:
2480:
2479:
2473:
2453:
2447:
2420:
2414:
2386:
2380:
2356:
2350:
2332:
2326:
2309:
2303:
2286:
2281:
2263:
2257:
2241:
2235:
2222:
2216:
2189:
2183:
2163:
2150:
2144:
2114:
2108:
2091:
2085:
2068:
2052:
2046:
2016:
2011:
1993:
1987:
1979:AltaMira Press
1964:
1958:
1938:
1932:
1912:
1906:
1890:
1884:
1867:
1861:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1833:
1831:, p. 126.
1821:
1819:, p. 100.
1809:
1797:
1795:, p. 338.
1785:
1773:
1761:
1749:
1747:, p. 101.
1737:
1725:
1713:
1701:
1689:
1677:
1665:
1663:, p. 190.
1653:
1649:Tabatabai 1975
1638:
1626:
1624:, p. 159.
1607:
1605:, p. 335.
1595:
1593:, p. 167.
1578:
1561:
1557:Tabatabai 1975
1549:
1534:
1519:
1500:
1488:
1476:
1464:
1452:
1450:, p. 163.
1437:
1435:, p. 165.
1425:
1423:, p. 257.
1413:
1411:, p. 243.
1401:
1399:, p. 241.
1389:
1374:
1362:
1350:
1338:
1326:
1324:, p. 158.
1311:
1299:
1287:
1275:
1260:
1248:
1236:
1234:, p. 423.
1224:
1222:, p. 334.
1195:
1193:, p. 157.
1180:
1168:
1156:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1103:
1100:
1067:Hasan al-Basri
1038:
1035:
943: 724–743
932: 717–720
826:
823:
724:
721:
709: 717–720
686: 644–656
671: 661–680
652: 656–661
624:
623:
621:
620:
613:
606:
598:
595:
594:
581:
580:
577:
576:
574:Sayyida Nafisa
571:
566:
561:
556:
551:
549:Hakimah Khātūn
546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
490:
487:
486:
483:
482:
479:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
452:
447:
446:
443:
442:
439:
438:
433:
432:
431:
426:
421:
420:
419:
409:
404:
394:
393:
392:
391:
390:
385:
375:
374:
373:
368:
367:
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
344:Hebtiahs Bohra
341:
340:
339:
314:
313:
312:
302:
301:
300:
295:
290:
279:
274:
273:
270:
269:
266:
265:
260:
255:
250:
245:
240:
235:
230:
225:
220:
214:
209:
208:
205:
204:
201:
200:
195:
190:
185:
180:
175:
170:
165:
159:
154:
153:
150:
149:
146:
145:
140:
135:
130:
125:
120:
115:
110:
109:
108:
103:
98:
88:
83:
78:
73:
67:
64:
63:
60:
59:
51:
50:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2510:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2476:
2470:
2465:
2464:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2448:9789004161214
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2427:
2421:
2417:
2415:9789004161214
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2377:
2373:
2372:Nasr, Hossein
2368:
2367:
2366:Shi'ite Islam
2361:
2357:
2353:
2351:9781845115265
2347:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2327:9780521291316
2323:
2318:
2317:
2310:
2306:
2304:9780816190676
2300:
2297:. G.K. Hall.
2295:
2294:
2287:
2284:
2282:9781136376016
2278:
2275:, Routledge,
2274:
2273:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2258:9780853982005
2254:
2250:
2246:
2245:Momen, Moojan
2242:
2238:
2236:9781626165885
2232:
2228:
2223:
2219:
2217:9789004305779
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2196:
2190:
2186:
2184:9780521646963
2180:
2175:
2174:
2168:
2164:
2159:
2158:
2151:
2147:
2145:9789004161214
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2109:9781138787605
2105:
2100:
2099:
2092:
2088:
2086:9781134531134
2082:
2079:. Routledge.
2077:
2076:
2069:
2064:
2063:
2057:
2056:Jafri, S.H.M.
2053:
2049:
2047:9789004161214
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2017:
2014:
2012:9781134550593
2008:
2005:, Routledge,
2004:
2003:
1998:
1997:Hawting, G.R.
1994:
1990:
1988:9780759101906
1984:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1965:
1961:
1959:9780470841167
1955:
1950:
1949:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1933:9780674064140
1929:
1924:
1923:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1907:9780791470336
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1885:9781784534776
1881:
1877:
1873:
1868:
1864:
1862:9780691134840
1858:
1854:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1830:
1825:
1818:
1813:
1806:
1801:
1794:
1793:Madelung 1997
1789:
1782:
1777:
1771:, p. 78.
1770:
1765:
1758:
1753:
1746:
1741:
1734:
1729:
1722:
1721:Madelung 1997
1717:
1710:
1705:
1698:
1697:Madelung 1997
1693:
1686:
1681:
1675:, p. 58.
1674:
1669:
1662:
1661:Madelung 1997
1657:
1651:, p. 49.
1650:
1645:
1643:
1635:
1630:
1623:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1604:
1603:Madelung 1997
1599:
1592:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1576:, p. 96.
1575:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1558:
1553:
1547:, p. 67.
1546:
1541:
1539:
1532:, p. 98.
1531:
1526:
1524:
1516:
1515:Madelung 2016
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1497:
1492:
1485:
1480:
1474:, p. 10.
1473:
1468:
1461:
1456:
1449:
1444:
1442:
1434:
1429:
1422:
1421:Madelung 1997
1417:
1410:
1409:Madelung 1997
1405:
1398:
1397:Madelung 1997
1393:
1387:, p. 31.
1386:
1381:
1379:
1371:
1370:Madelung 1997
1366:
1359:
1354:
1347:
1346:Madelung 1997
1342:
1335:
1334:Madelung 1997
1330:
1323:
1318:
1316:
1309:, p. 72.
1308:
1303:
1297:, p. 65.
1296:
1291:
1285:, p. 64.
1284:
1279:
1273:, p. 24.
1272:
1267:
1265:
1258:, p. 63.
1257:
1252:
1245:
1244:Madelung 1997
1240:
1233:
1228:
1221:
1220:Madelung 1997
1216:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1192:
1187:
1185:
1177:
1172:
1166:, p. 56.
1165:
1160:
1154:, p. 28.
1153:
1148:
1146:
1141:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1109:
1099:
1090:
1079:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1043:
1034:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1011:Ali al-Sajjad
1008:
997:
986:
981:
970:
966:
962:
951:
946:
937:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
901:
892:
888:
884:
873:
862:
858:
847:
836:
832:
822:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
799:
795:
791:
786:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
730:
720:
718:
714:
703:
699:
695:
691:
680:
676:
665:
661:
657:
646:
642:
639:
635:
631:
619:
614:
612:
607:
605:
600:
599:
597:
596:
593:
588:
583:
582:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
491:
485:
484:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
453:
450:
445:
444:
437:
434:
430:
427:
425:
422:
418:
415:
414:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
399:
398:
395:
389:
386:
384:
381:
380:
379:
376:
372:
369:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
338:
335:
334:
333:
332:Dawoodi Bohra
330:
329:
328:
325:
324:
323:
320:
319:
318:
315:
311:
308:
307:
306:
303:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
285:
284:
281:
280:
277:
272:
271:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
219:
216:
215:
212:
207:
206:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
188:Eid al-Ghadir
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
171:
169:
166:
164:
161:
160:
157:
152:
151:
144:
141:
139:
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
119:
116:
114:
111:
107:
104:
102:
99:
97:
94:
93:
92:
89:
87:
84:
82:
79:
77:
74:
72:
69:
68:
62:
61:
57:
53:
52:
48:
40:
34:
33:
30:
19:
2462:
2430:
2397:
2365:
2340:
2315:
2292:
2271:
2248:
2226:
2199:
2172:
2156:
2127:
2097:
2074:
2061:
2029:
2025:"Muʿāwiya I"
2001:
1974:
1947:
1942:Fatah, Tarek
1921:
1897:
1875:
1852:
1829:MacLean 1989
1824:
1812:
1800:
1788:
1776:
1764:
1752:
1740:
1728:
1716:
1704:
1692:
1680:
1668:
1656:
1629:
1598:
1552:
1530:O'Leary 2013
1491:
1479:
1472:Kennedy 2013
1467:
1455:
1428:
1416:
1404:
1392:
1385:Anthony 2013
1365:
1358:Kennedy 2013
1353:
1341:
1329:
1302:
1295:Kennedy 2016
1290:
1278:
1251:
1239:
1227:
1171:
1159:
1105:
1085: 773–4
1048:
1037:Hujr ibn Adi
1021:Hujr ibn Adi
985:al-Baladhuri
947:
905:Day of Arafa
902:
842: 897–8
828:
825:The practice
787:
726:
717:Sunni Muslim
713:Shia Muslims
662:, the first
627:
519:Umm al-Banin
248:Second Fitna
128:Intercession
118:Judgment Day
29:
1872:Daftary, F.
1781:Dakake 2007
1769:Dakake 2007
1757:McHugo 2018
1673:Rahman 1989
1545:Dakake 2007
1448:Donner 2010
1433:Donner 2010
1322:Donner 2010
1307:Shaban 1970
1232:Glassé 2001
1102:Other cases
1096: 2023
1089:Tarek Fatah
1078:Abu Mikhnaf
1003: 1176
976: 2019
957: 1979
879: 1331
859:historians
628:During the
449:Ahl al-Kisa
364:Qutbi Bohra
359:Alavi Bohra
337:Progressive
263:Persecution
243:First Fitna
198:Omar Koshan
183:Eid al-Adha
178:Eid al-Fitr
81:Prophethood
18:Cursing Ali
2487:Categories
2474:0720490057
2381:0873953908
1838:References
1805:Fatah 2008
1709:Jafri 1979
1622:Fatah 2008
1591:Jafri 1979
1496:Hinds 2012
1283:Jafri 1979
1271:Momen 1985
1256:Jafri 1979
1191:Jafri 1979
1152:Momen 1985
1123:al-Ash'ath
1115: 729
1074: 728
996:Ibn Asakir
992: 892
898: 870
883:al-Mughira
868: 923
855:) and the
853: 956
846:al-Mas'udi
835:al-Ya'qubi
815:Ibn Muljam
803:Kharijites
769:, namely,
767:companions
723:Background
719:scholars.
632:, cursing
504:Umm Salama
488:Holy women
76:Holy Books
71:Monotheism
47:Shia Islam
2392:(2012a).
2020:Hinds, M.
1952:. Wiley.
1759:, §1.III.
1164:Crow 2015
1137:Footnotes
1127:al-Hajjaj
861:al-Tabari
656:Shia Imam
539:Shahrbanu
424:Qizilbash
2459:(1975).
2362:(1975).
2338:(2007).
2269:(2013),
2247:(1985).
2169:(1997).
2161:. Brill.
2120:(2012).
2058:(1979).
2022:(2012).
1999:(2002),
1970:"Shī'sm"
1944:(2008).
1918:(2010).
1896:(2007).
872:Abulfeda
779:Mu'awiya
755:Medinans
751:Muhammad
666:caliph (
641:Muhammad
456:Muhammad
412:Bektashi
388:Satpanth
322:Musta'li
317:Isma'ili
228:Mubahala
168:Arba'een
39:a series
37:Part of
1063:hostile
1026:bara'ah
925:Umar II
759:Quraysh
738:in 656
692:in 657
664:Umayyad
327:Tayyibi
298:Shaykhi
288:Akhbari
283:Ja'fari
211:History
101:Twelver
96:Ismaili
91:Imamate
2493:Curses
2471:
2445:
2412:
2378:
2348:
2324:
2301:
2279:
2255:
2233:
2214:
2181:
2142:
2106:
2083:
2044:
2009:
1985:
1956:
1930:
1904:
1882:
1859:
1007:Marwan
994:) and
936:Hisham
921:Husayn
913:Fatima
887:Meccan
870:) and
844:) and
775:Zubayr
732:Uthman
729:caliph
679:Uthman
554:Narjis
494:Fatima
476:Husayn
466:Fatima
429:Ishiki
397:Ghulat
378:Nizari
371:Hafizi
310:Houthi
258:Origin
173:Mawlid
163:Ashura
133:Clergy
113:Angels
1051:Kinda
1016:akaff
917:Hasan
857:Sunni
807:licit
798:Quran
783:Syria
771:Talha
763:Aisha
675:Syria
534:Rubab
471:Hasan
407:Alevi
402:Alawi
383:Khoja
305:Zaydi
293:Usuli
233:Khumm
106:Zaydi
2469:ISBN
2443:ISBN
2410:ISBN
2376:ISBN
2346:ISBN
2322:ISBN
2299:ISBN
2277:ISBN
2253:ISBN
2231:ISBN
2212:ISBN
2179:ISBN
2140:ISBN
2104:ISBN
2081:ISBN
2042:ISBN
2007:ISBN
1983:ISBN
1954:ISBN
1928:ISBN
1902:ISBN
1880:ISBN
1857:ISBN
1119:Sind
919:and
909:Hajj
831:Shia
773:and
2435:doi
2402:doi
2204:doi
2132:doi
2034:doi
461:Ali
2489::
2441:.
2408:.
2210:.
2138:.
2040:.
1977:.
1973:.
1641:^
1610:^
1581:^
1564:^
1537:^
1522:^
1503:^
1440:^
1377:^
1314:^
1263:^
1198:^
1183:^
1144:^
1113:d.
1094:d.
1083:d.
1072:d.
1033:.
1001:d.
990:d.
974:d.
955:d.
941:r.
930:r.
896:d.
877:d.
866:d.
851:d.
840:d.
742:.
740:CE
707:r.
694:CE
684:r.
669:r.
650:r.
41:on
2477:.
2451:.
2437::
2418:.
2404::
2384:.
2354:.
2330:.
2307:.
2261:.
2239:.
2220:.
2206::
2187:.
2148:.
2134::
2112:.
2089:.
2050:.
2036::
1991:.
1962:.
1936:.
1910:.
1888:.
1865:.
1517:.
1498:.
1486:.
1462:.
1178:.
1110:(
1091:(
1080:(
1069:(
998:(
987:(
971:(
952:(
938:(
927:(
893:(
874:(
863:(
848:(
837:(
704:(
681:(
647:(
617:e
610:t
603:v
20:)
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