4493:überreichte der Oberrabbiner, der auch zugleich des Königs Leibarzt war, seinem Herrn und Könige gegen Ende des Jahres 1391 in Coimbra im Namen der ganzen portugiesischen Judenheit eine Bulle des Papstes Bonifacius IX vom 2. Juli 1389, der ein Früherer Erlaß eines Vorgängers desselben, des judenfreundlichen Papstes Clemens VI, vom 5. Juli 1347 zu Grunde lag. In dieser, eigens ins Portugiesische übersetzten Bulle wurde aufs Strengste verboten, daß ein Christ einen Juden zur Taufe zwinge, ihn Schlage, beraube oder tödte, die Fest- und Feierlichkeiten der Juden störe, ihre Begräbnißplätze verletze, die jüdischen Leichen ausgrabe und die Juden zu einem Dienste oder einer Arbeit mit Gewalt verhalte, zu denen sie in früheren Zeiten gezetzlich nicht verpflichtet waren. Diese Bullen liess D. João, laut einer in Coimbra am 17. Juli 1392 getroffenen Verfügung, nicht allein in allen Städten des Reiches publiciren, er erliess auch gleichzeitig ein dem Inhalte derselben analoges Gesetz.
2396:
3920:) and in some instances, over the Jewries of entire provinces and kingdoms. The nature and development of the rabbinate is one of the most important and controversial issues in medieval Jewish history, and a comprehensive study of the topic remains a desideratum. ... The common designation of "rabbi" used to describe both traditional Jewish legists and Jewish officials appointed by the crown has led some scholars to confuse the two. This confusion stems, in large part, from the relatively fluid and imprecise manner with which medieval Christian documents employ various renderings of the Hebrew term
3737:
6198:
3751:
6212:
3723:
3765:
3229:
3243:
3483:, or Jewish community. There were various requirements as to the good character and faith of the person holding this charge, as well as a requirement that he live among the entourage of the Court, and thus away from his community, and in constant contact with the Christian majority population. His powers and authorities over the
4492:
Dass der
Fanatismus um diese Zeit nicht auch in Portugal seine Opfer forderte, war vornehmlich den Vorkehrungen des damaligen Oberrabiners D. Moses Navarro zu danken. Voller Besorgniß, die Geistlichkeit könnte in ihrem übernatürlichen Eifer sich auch hier zu solchen Liebesdiensten hinreißen lassen,
3554:
emerged in
Portugal as a result of efforts begun in the 12th century to centralize the legal and fiscal system in the country. By the late 13th century this effort extended to all of Portuguese Jewry, as manifested by the creation of a network of Jewish officials in each locality. The head of this
4468:
That the fanaticism of this period did not claim victims in
Portugal as well, was primarily due to the measures taken by then chief rabbi D. Moses Navarro. Full of apprehension, the clergy in an excess of zeal could become carried away by such labors of love here as well. In Coimbra at the end of
3449:
in 1492. They were often laymen, not rabbis, and had near dictatorial authority of their flock. They presided in appeals cases and international synods, and might also be a court physician, as well as tax collector over both the Jewish as well as the
Christian community. The last one to hold the
3638:
friendly to Jews to prevent any harm from coming to
Portuguese Jewry. King John upon hearing of the edicts, immediately promulgated a law on July 17, 1392, prohibiting any persecution, which was obeyed gladly by his subjects due to the extent of his popularity in the land. As a result, Portugal
4284:
Jewish and Non-Jewish
Creators of "Jewish" Languages: With Special Attention to Judaized Arabic, Chinese, German, Greek, Persian, Portuguese, Slavic (modern Hebrew/Yiddish), Spanish, and Karaite, and Semitic Hebrew/Ladino ; a Collection of Reprinted Articles from Across Four Decades with a
3915:
One of the most significant ways in which royal power came to influence the Jewish community was through the development of the post of Crown Rabbi, a product of the general expansion of royal administrations, which took place throughout the
Iberian kingdoms in the second half of the thirteenth
3436:
The crown rabbi was one of the chief ways for the kingdoms in the peninsula to exert power over their Jewish communities. Those officials fulfilling this position often acquired significant secular power over their communities, and sometimes over provinces or even kingdoms.
4485:
and ceremonies, or to disturb their cemeteries, dig up Jewish corpses, or by means of force to induce Jews to perform a job or a service which they were not legally obliged to perform in earlier times. According to a decree issued in
Coimbra on July 17, 1392,
3625:
of Jews in
Seville and its aftermath in other kingdoms of the Iberian peninsula, the devastation threatened to spill across the border into Portugal, but Moses Navarro exercised his power and influence with the monarch and his knowledge of edicts from the
3364:, which can be translated literally as "chief rabbi" or "court rabbi", respectively, and which is referred to in some English sources as "crown rabbi" and in others as "court rabbi". In Sicily (part of Aragon) the position was known locally as the
6856:
3672:
for 30 years, as well as receiver of taxes, and physician to the King. He was held in high regard by the King, and as a result was able to influence legislation and royal actions in favor of the Jewish community in
6826:
3648:
In the 13th century, Moses
Alconstantini who lived in Zaragoza, which was the leading Jewish community of Aragon, was proposed by the queen of Aragon for the positions of crown rabbi and chief justice.
4481:. In this bull, which was especially translated into Portuguese, it was strictly forbidden for a Christian to force a Jew to be baptised, or to strike him, rob him, or slay him; or to interrupt the
6537:
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1029:
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per community, who was an outpost of royal authority, parallel to and separate from the traditional rabbi who tended to their flock's religious and spiritual needs.
2790:
6305:
3916:
century. Buttressed by the royal court, these Jewish magistrates quickly became the preeminent fiscal and judicial authorities with the local Jewish community (
4257:
The Jewish Encyclopedia: A Descriptive Record of the History, Religion, Literature, and Customs of the Jewish People from the Earliest Times to the Present Day
2432:
1607:
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957:
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The concept of an official rabbi performing administrative duties and acting as an intermediary existed as far back as the 13th century in the kingdoms of
3324:)) was a secular, administrative post occupied by a member of the Jewish community for the benefit of the governing state, and existed in the kingdoms of
1149:
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2357:
3543:) and reporting to the King. Besides supervising the administration of justice, he also was in charge of fiscal administration and presided over the
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121:
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Ray, Jonathan (2004-03-20). "Royal Authority and the Jewish Community: The Crown Rabbi in Medieval Spain and Portugal". In Jack Wertheimer (ed.).
3622:
6250:
6092:
1392:
4469:
1391, the chief rabbi (who was also the king's personal physician) acting on behalf of all of Portuguese Jewry, presented his Lord and King a
6384:
4775:
1646:
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6660:
4517:. Vol. IV. From the Rise of the Kabbala (1270 C.E.) to the Permanent Settlement of the Marranos in Holland (1617 C.E.). Philadelphia:
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in the late 15th century. He was the last to hold the office, and converted to Christianity rather than be expelled from Spain in 1492.
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The high post tended to be filled by wealthy Jews, and the post was handed down and controlled by family dynasties. The first
3143:
3067:
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1455:
1337:
3686:(chief rabbi of the Jews of the kingdom) for 1394–1401. Avraham Benveniste convoked a synod in Valladolid in his capacity as
3130:
6645:
6288:
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dated July 2, 1389, which in turn was based on an earlier edict of July 5, 1347 by a predecessor, namely the Jewish-friendly
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Dans la grande division administrative du Judaisme Portugais, vers 1402, Faro fut le siege de l'un des sept auditeurs,
3902:
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in 1266, and he was responsible only for the highest issues, as the simpler suits and appeals were judged by the local
1743:
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not only publicized the bull in all cities of the kingdom, but also promulgated a law to the same effect.
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3594:, followed by his son Guedelha. The main duties were judicial, and fiscal. Judicially, the decisions of the
3501:
was a Jewish official who acted as a private municipal judge in a locality, chosen from among the community.
3012:
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2140:
1678:
1663:
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5218:
5203:
4967:
4922:
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as far back as the 13th century, and is referred to as crown rabbi by historians in English, as well as by
3187:
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2684:
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355:
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81:
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in the context of a time of political reform, issued edicts defining the functions and duties of the
3261:
3197:
3182:
3075:
3020:
2375:
2326:
2019:
1870:
1811:
702:
3512:, and is mentioned in a judicial sense in municipal legislation documents. Sometimes it appears as
6122:
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5127:
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2922:
2859:
2533:
2476:
2029:
2009:
1119:
599:
140:
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was a philosopher and Talmudic scholar in Barcelona in the 14th century who became crown rabbi of
3410:
6950:
6785:
6584:
6485:
6075:
6064:
5658:
5579:
5284:
5183:
5122:
5008:
4981:
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2973:
2170:
2160:
2125:
2004:
1994:
1777:
948:
890:
724:
403:
360:
75:
6688:
6111:
6081:
5144:
3703:
3599:
3509:
3366:
3148:
2875:
2676:
2289:
2024:
1938:
1004:
556:
175:
145:
4510:
4358:
4317:"El cargo de Rab Mayor de la Corte según un documento de Juan II fechado en 1450 (The post of
4279:
4251:
4123:
4030:
3956:
2843:
2405:
6678:
6655:
6611:
6137:
6058:
5840:
5547:
5430:
5171:
5161:
5154:
5139:
5025:
4194:
4162:
3707:
3375:. The derivation of arrabi mor is through a very unusual, three-language merger of parts in
3202:
3192:
3122:
2914:
2180:
2175:
2120:
1908:
823:
551:
538:
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150:
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2251:
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1943:
1801:
614:
479:
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426:
17:
8:
6399:
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5176:
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2891:
2724:
2481:
2437:
2304:
1999:
677:
544:
447:
440:
370:
258:
133:
3563:(chief financial administrator) in Castile. Under him were seven officials also called
6152:
6147:
5958:
5680:
5557:
5552:
5537:
5507:
5460:
5383:
5289:
5149:
4722:
4627:
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3742:
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3618:
3422:
3333:
3325:
3004:
2817:
2808:
2621:
2509:
2412:
2155:
2105:
2052:
2047:
1961:
1831:
1099:
928:
687:
607:
461:
27:
6511:
5435:
5311:
2799:
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6882:
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6373:
5936:
5867:
5749:
5734:
5517:
5388:
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4129:
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4018:
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3898:
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3849:
3655:
3591:
3464:
3426:
3376:
3329:
3289:
3028:
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2299:
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2221:
2038:
1598:
1237:
697:
568:
498:
375:
288:
155:
6670:
6002:
5970:
5931:
5902:
5885:
5835:
5636:
5445:
5378:
5331:
5279:
5247:
5238:
5223:
5097:
5072:
5048:
4932:
4863:
4780:
4647:
4482:
4474:
4436:
4363:
The Sephardic Frontier: The Reconquista and the Jewish Community in Medieval Iberia
3659:
3468:
3297:
2384:
2269:
2150:
2110:
2074:
1772:
1322:
833:
589:
493:
408:
298:
90:
3559:(chief rabbi) who acted as the royal tax collector similar to the position of the
6750:
6683:
6404:
6298:
5912:
5907:
5719:
5646:
5479:
5450:
5373:
5363:
5326:
5301:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5092:
5087:
5077:
5062:
4853:
4770:
4737:
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4685:
4506:
4478:
4440:
4255:
4051:
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3756:
3627:
3446:
3354:
3091:
3052:
2742:
2231:
2190:
2185:
2165:
2087:
2081:
2014:
1966:
1806:
1787:
938:
667:
579:
562:
106:
6737:
6708:
6698:
6617:
6268:
6259:
6216:
6191:
6012:
5919:
5877:
5857:
5845:
5825:
5739:
5729:
5697:
5690:
5670:
5641:
5613:
5608:
5574:
5484:
5408:
5398:
5336:
5134:
5082:
4993:
4988:
4750:
4745:
4680:
4609:
4243:
3809:
3728:
3695:
3651:
3583:
were assigned to individual communities after the model in Castile and Aragon.
3451:
3309:
3247:
3059:
2988:
2751:
2669:
2613:
2331:
2130:
1985:
1865:
1844:
1821:
1816:
1794:
1782:
1377:
858:
792:
757:
735:
672:
510:
488:
350:
329:
305:
71:
53:
4171:] (in Portuguese). Vol. Tomo I. Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional. p. 86
6904:
6589:
6506:
6353:
6346:
5985:
5830:
5757:
5564:
5498:
5471:
5420:
5368:
5341:
5316:
5306:
5067:
5013:
4947:
4927:
4917:
4912:
4885:
4831:
4760:
4705:
4416:
4332:
3863:
3083:
2629:
2279:
2274:
1480:
1407:
933:
782:
777:
772:
762:
740:
692:
454:
293:
198:
160:
111:
6715:
5965:
5762:
5724:
5685:
5274:
5018:
4957:
4937:
4897:
4880:
4848:
4836:
4797:
4715:
4690:
4047:
3789:
3770:
3736:
3445:
In Castile, the Court Rabbinate extended as an institution from 1255 until
3233:
2309:
2135:
1976:
1971:
1929:
1882:
976:
843:
828:
787:
752:
365:
207:
6460:
6228:
5975:
5490:
5415:
5393:
5296:
4890:
4819:
4814:
4802:
4792:
4247:
3784:
3631:
2597:
2556:
2294:
2236:
1901:
807:
802:
797:
767:
6325:
6725:
6445:
6339:
6069:
5776:
5358:
4952:
4700:
4622:
4470:
3814:
3635:
3598:
concerning matters in the Jewish community were final, per a decree by
2548:
1952:
966:
895:
853:
682:
662:
221:
128:
48:
4169:
History of the Origin and Establishment of the Inquisition in Portugal
3993:
6318:
5990:
5455:
5346:
5257:
4875:
4809:
3779:
3508:
is attested from the late 12th century in Latin and Portuguese under
2115:
2100:
1190:
1138:
900:
848:
838:
519:
515:
505:
420:
180:
4826:
4193:
Cardozo de Bethencourt (March 1903). J Leite de Vasconcellos (ed.).
868:
6311:
6277:
5709:
5651:
5596:
5591:
5262:
4548:
3819:
3456:
2468:
2453:
2284:
1894:
1826:
657:
165:
116:
3961:
Medieval Colonialism: Postcrusade Exploitation of Islamic Valencia
3613:
could sometimes influence the laws of the kingdom in favor of the
6703:
6332:
5924:
5808:
5803:
5793:
5781:
5601:
5586:
5530:
5465:
5440:
5403:
5267:
4942:
4841:
4765:
4657:
4583:
3677:
3477:
as intermediary between the power of the kingdom and that of the
2938:
2260:
2226:
2095:
1889:
878:
873:
745:
636:
531:
527:
523:
272:
267:
244:
226:
101:
96:
86:
64:
39:
4321:
in the Court according to a document of John II issued in 1450)"
6857:
Foundation for the Advancement of Sephardic Studies and Culture
5995:
5862:
5798:
3957:"VIII. Collectories: Muslim, Christian, Jew. Role of the Jews."
3917:
3521:
3517:
3489:
of Castile, economic, judicial, and otherwise, were specified.
3479:
2517:
1920:
1915:
1875:
1860:
971:
863:
283:
249:
235:
170:
4325:
Edad Media: Revista de historia (Middle Ages: History Magazine
4164:
História da origem e estabelecimento da Inquisição em Portugal
3897:. Vol. I. Jewish Theological Seminary. pp. 307–332.
6627:
5946:
5941:
5895:
5850:
5771:
5766:
5030:
4785:
4755:
4544:
Crown Rabbi - The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe
883:
312:
216:
185:
3676:
Yosef Orabuena was crown rabbi and physician to the king of
3639:
became a safe haven for Jews escaping persecution in Spain.
6790:
6045:
4579:
4128:. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. p. 163.
4056:(2nd ed.). Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press.
3571:(auditors) who were responsible for taxes in their region (
35:
4365:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. pp. 124–128.
3621:. Following the carnage and forced conversions in the
4449:] (in German). Leipzig: Oskar Leiner. p. 25.
4192:
3963:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 276.
3894:
Jewish Religious Leadership: Image and Reality, Vol. 1
4511:"5. The Age of Chasdaï Crescas and Isaac Ben Sheshet"
4125:
Alienated Minority: The Jews of Medieval Latin Europe
4287:. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 513.
4260:, New York: Funk & Wagnalls Company, p. 193
3718:
1899:
1880:
303:
4505:
4238:
4236:
4234:
3590:mentioned was Don Judah in the 13th century under
3535:was a high functionary of the crown known as the
6902:
4156:
4154:
4152:
4083:
4081:
4046:
3573:
3314:
4359:"5. Jewish Communal Organization and Authority"
4231:
3846:The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe
16:For the crown rabbi in the Russian Empire, see
4429:
4314:
6244:
4564:
4401:. New York: Taylor & Francis. p. 6.
4399:Medieval Jewish Civilization: An Encyclopedia
4149:
4078:
4042:
4040:
3687:
3681:
3484:
3472:
3359:
3302:
3269:
2351:
6661:Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries
4308:
4053:The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion
4050:; Himelstein, Shmuel (2011). "Crown Rabbi".
3994:The Editors of The Encyclopædia Britannica.
3989:
3987:
3839:
6053:Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation
4499:
4352:
4350:
4348:
4346:
4344:
4342:
4271:
4242:
4197:[Hebrew Inscriptions of Portugal].
4117:
4115:
4113:
3950:
3948:
3617:. Such a man was Moses Navarro under King
595:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire
6258:
6251:
6237:
4571:
4557:
4435:
4188:
4186:
4089:"Senior, Abraham - JewishEncyclopedia.com"
4037:
3886:
3884:
3840:Kaplan Appel, Tamar, ed. (3 August 2010).
3276:
3262:
2358:
2344:
4160:
4002:. Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from
3984:
3833:
3524:and elsewhere suggest that there was one
4600:Index of Jewish history-related articles
4386:
4339:
4110:
3945:
3433:and elsewhere in the Iberian peninsula.
6961:Titles of national or ethnic leadership
6099:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
4736:
4183:
3955:Burns, Robert Ignatius (8 March 2015).
3881:
3642:
6903:
4277:
4205:(2). Museu Ethnográphico Português: 37
3795:History of the Jews in the Middle Ages
3352:In Spanish this position was known as
3005:Revolution and Asturian miners' strike
6646:History of the Jews under Muslim rule
6232:
4552:
4519:Jewish Publication Society of America
4195:"Inscriptions Hébraïques du Portugal"
3954:
3450:office of crown rabbi of Castile was
3440:
4578:
4392:
4121:
6845:Caracas Center of Sephardic Studies
4356:
3890:
3664:Moses Navarro (?-1370, Lisbon) was
3154:Catalan declaration of independence
13:
6936:Orthodox rabbinic roles and titles
6796:Sephardim and Oriental Communities
6046:YIVO Institute for Jewish Research
6026:American Jewish Historical Society
3683:rabi mayor de los Judios del reyna
14:
6972:
4537:
4315:Crespo Álvarez, Macarena (2001).
386:Historical population comparisons
6210:
6197:
6196:
4442:Geschichte der Juden in Portugal
3763:
3749:
3735:
3721:
3241:
3227:
2394:
1030:Democratic Republic of the Congo
944:Historical population by country
6862:Institute for Sephardic Studies
4447:History of the Jews in Portugal
3800:History of the Jews in Portugal
2947:Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera
6651:Antisemitism in the Arab world
6118:Relations with other religions
4393:Roth, Norman (8 April 2014) .
4327:(in Spanish) (4). Á: 157–198.
4000:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
3347:
1:
6105:Encyclopedia of the Holocaust
4161:Herculano, Alexandre (1854).
4122:Stow, Kenneth (1 June 2009).
3826:
2646:War of the Spanish Succession
601:Christianity and Judaism
6812:American Sephardi Federation
6805:Major communal organizations
6036:Leo Baeck Institute New York
6031:American Sephardi Federation
4201:(in Portuguese and French).
3996:"Hasdai ben Abraham Crescas"
3805:History of the Jews in Spain
3383:(noun, "rabbi") preceded by
2606:Colonisation of the Americas
7:
6527:Western Europe and overseas
4859:Constantinopolitan Karaites
4280:"IX. Marrano Ibero-Romance"
3714:
3547:(auditors) of the kingdom.
3492:
1900:
1881:
1608:Latin America and Caribbean
304:
10:
6977:
6817:Sephardi Community Council
6087:National Library of Israel
4728:Zionism, race and genetics
3924:(lit. "teacher"), such as
3416:
3144:2008–2014 financial crisis
2213:Jewish political movements
1910:Conversion to Judaism
15:
6916:Jewish Portuguese history
6870:
6837:
6822:World Sephardi Federation
6804:
6776:
6736:
6669:
6638:
6363:
6267:
6185:
6041:Yeshiva University Museum
6021:Center for Jewish History
6011:
5876:
5748:
5622:
5516:
5047:
4666:
4608:
4590:
4397:. In Roth, Norman (ed.).
3848:. Yale University Press.
3698:served as court rabbi in
3460:rather than be expelled.
3076:Spain during World War II
2907:Regency of María Cristina
2775:Regency of María Cristina
616:Hinduism and Judaism
4633:Ancient Israel and Judah
4509:; Philipp Bloch (1897).
3131:1981 coup d'état attempt
2931:Spain during World War I
2510:Kingdom of the Visigoths
442:Temple in Jerusalem
135:Bar and bat mitzvah
6941:Jewish leadership roles
6306:Expulsion from Portugal
5009:North African Sephardim
4982:Jewish tribes of Arabia
3385:Arabic definite article
3115:Transition to democracy
404:Twelve Tribes of Israel
6911:Jewish Spanish history
6112:Holocaust Encyclopedia
6082:Jewish Virtual Library
4357:Ray, Jonathan (2006).
4199:O Archeólogo português
4095:. 1906. Archived from
4093:jewishencyclopedia.com
3688:
3682:
3574:
3485:
3473:
3371:and in Portuguese as
3360:
3315:
3303:
3149:2017 Barcelona attacks
2981:Provisional Government
2852:Provisional Government
2725:Absolutist restoration
2677:Abdications of Bayonne
6656:Antisemitism in Islam
6374:Eastern Mediterranean
6059:Encyclopaedia Judaica
5841:Sefer Raziel HaMalakh
5026:Sephardic Bnei Anusim
4776:Udmurt and Tatar Jews
4278:Wexler, Paul (2006).
3680:and was appointed as
3136:Madrid train bombings
3013:1936 general election
2915:Reign of Alfonso XIII
2701:Constitution of Cádiz
1150:São Tomé and Príncipe
1145:Republic of the Congo
539:Second Temple Judaism
410:Kingdom of Judah
381:Modern historiography
6946:Sephardi Jews topics
6761:Sephardi chief rabbi
6738:Religion and culture
6294:Expulsion from Spain
4638:Second Temple period
3643:Notable crown rabbis
3531:Presiding above the
3162:Coronavirus pandemic
3123:Current constitution
3108:Contemporary history
2923:Spanish–American War
2899:Reign of Alfonso XII
2791:Regency of Espartero
2768:Reign of Isabella II
2654:Nueva Planta Decrees
2502:Kingdom of the Suebi
2252:World Agudath Israel
1393:United Arab Emirates
480:Second Temple period
470:Babylonian captivity
18:Crown rabbi (Russia)
6926:Judaism in Portugal
6076:Jewish Encyclopedia
5821:Hekhalot literature
5632:Religious movements
5167:Judeo-Tripolitanian
4515:History of the Jews
3670:Peter I of Portugal
3411:normal postposition
3037:Nationalist victory
2958:of Dámaso Berenguer
2844:Sexenio Democrático
2827:Glorious Revolution
2733:Sexenio Absolutista
2583:Early modern period
2482:Diocese of Hispania
545:Hellenistic Judaism
123:Land of Israel
82:Principles of faith
6921:Jewish communities
6217:Judaism portal
6153:Jews and Halloween
6148:Jews and Christmas
5538:Rabbinic authority
5290:Judaeo-Piedmontese
4723:Xueta Christianity
4628:Origins of Judaism
4595:Outline of Judaism
4395:"Abravanel Family"
4029:has generic name (
3743:Middle Ages portal
3619:John I of Portugal
3516:. Documents from
3467:for example, King
3441:Castile and Aragon
3401:), and Portuguese
3248:History portal
2818:Bienio progresista
2809:Second Carlist War
2709:Treaty of Valençay
2567:Christian kingdoms
2438:Carthaginian Spain
2413:Prehistoric Iberia
2106:Jewish Koine Greek
1648:Dominican Republic
929:Judaism by country
608:Jews and Christmas
463:Assyrian captivity
6956:Portuguese rabbis
6898:
6897:
6694:Judaeo-Portuguese
6226:
6225:
6192:extinct languages
6093:YIVO Encyclopedia
5868:Hebrew literature
5836:Sefer HaEtz Chaim
5676:Reconstructionist
5354:Judaeo-Portuguese
5043:
5042:
4999:Eastern Sephardim
4643:Synagogal Judaism
4437:Kayserling, Meyer
4408:978-1-136-77154-5
4294:978-3-447-05404-1
4135:978-0-674-04405-0
4063:978-0-19-973004-9
3970:978-1-4008-6759-2
3497:In Portugal, the
3465:Kingdom of Aragon
3377:Judaeo-Portuguese
3344:and other terms.
3290:Iberian Peninsula
3286:
3285:
3203:Religious history
2892:Restoration Spain
2868:Third Carlist War
2860:Reign of Amadeo I
2783:First Carlist War
2590:Catholic Monarchs
2495:Early Middle Ages
2433:Pre-Roman peoples
2368:
2367:
2317:
2316:
2065:
2064:
1812:Reconstructionist
1756:
1755:
908:
907:
715:
714:
552:Jewish–Roman wars
500:Hasmonean dynasty
416:Kingdom of Israel
320:
319:
6968:
6931:Judaism in Spain
6886:
6853:
6830:
6756:Rite and customs
6729:
6612:Crypto-Sephardim
6253:
6246:
6239:
6230:
6229:
6215:
6214:
6213:
6200:
6199:
5332:Judeo-Golpaygani
4933:Palestinian Jews
4908:Alexandrian Jews
4864:Crimean Karaites
4781:Unterlander Jews
4734:
4733:
4648:Rabbinic Judaism
4573:
4566:
4559:
4550:
4549:
4531:
4530:
4528:
4526:
4507:Graetz, Heinrich
4503:
4497:
4496:
4494:
4483:Jewish festivals
4475:Pope Boniface IX
4465:
4463:
4433:
4427:
4426:
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3991:
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3979:
3977:
3952:
3943:
3942:
3912:
3911:
3888:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3875:
3866:. Archived from
3837:
3773:
3768:
3767:
3766:
3759:
3754:
3753:
3752:
3745:
3740:
3739:
3731:
3726:
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3724:
3702:at the court of
3691:
3685:
3668:in the court of
3577:
3561:almoxarife mayor
3555:network was the
3550:The position of
3539:(or arrabi-môr;
3488:
3476:
3363:
3318:
3306:
3278:
3271:
3264:
3246:
3245:
3244:
3234:Spain portal
3232:
3231:
3230:
3198:Military history
3183:Economic history
3166:
3158:
3140:
3127:
3119:
3096:
3088:
3080:
3072:
3068:Republican exile
3064:
3041:
3033:
3025:
3021:1936 coup d'état
3017:
3009:
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2713:
2705:
2697:
2689:
2685:Napoleonic Spain
2681:
2658:
2650:
2642:
2634:
2626:
2618:
2610:
2602:
2594:
2571:
2563:
2553:
2545:
2522:
2518:Byzantine Spania
2514:
2506:
2473:
2472:(218 BCE–472 CE)
2465:
2442:
2398:
2388:
2370:
2369:
2360:
2353:
2346:
2209:
2208:
2090:
1911:
1905:
1886:
1850:
1849:
1797:
1744:New Zealand
1696:
1659:El Salvador
1649:
1581:Northern America
1573:
1167:
923:
922:
834:Crimean Karaites
730:
729:
708:
706:
627:
625:
617:
611:
602:
590:Rabbinic Judaism
571:
565:
559:
547:
535:
501:
494:Maccabean Revolt
471:
464:
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411:
335:
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309:
204:
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6880:
6878:Philosephardism
6866:
6847:
6833:
6824:
6800:
6772:
6732:
6723:
6684:Sephardi Hebrew
6665:
6634:
6359:
6299:Alhambra Decree
6263:
6260:Sephardi Jewish
6257:
6227:
6222:
6211:
6209:
6181:
6007:
5872:
5744:
5618:
5512:
5327:Judeo-Borujerdi
5302:Judeo-Malayalam
5248:Judeo-Aragonese
5219:Lishanid Noshan
5051:
5039:
4771:Oberlander Jews
4732:
4662:
4604:
4586:
4577:
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4500:
4491:
4479:Pope Clement VI
4461:
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4252:"Moses Navarro"
4244:Singer, Isidore
4241:
4232:
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4219:, relevant de l
4208:
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3764:
3762:
3757:Portugal portal
3755:
3750:
3748:
3741:
3734:
3727:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3689:rab de la corte
3645:
3495:
3463:In 1386 in the
3443:
3419:
3361:rab de la corte
3350:
3282:
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3242:
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3208:
3207:
3188:Law enforcement
3178:
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3138:
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3117:
3110:
3100:
3099:
3094:
3092:Basque conflict
3086:
3078:
3070:
3062:
3055:
3053:Francoist Spain
3045:
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3015:
3007:
2999:
2997:Second Biennium
2991:
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2974:Second Republic
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2800:Década moderada
2793:
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2743:Trienio Liberal
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2693:Cortes of Cádiz
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2166:Judaeo-Georgian
2086:
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1967:Yiddish theatre
1909:
1847:
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949:Genetic studies
920:
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623:
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605:
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582:and Middle Ages
580:Rabbinic period
567:
561:
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469:
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445:
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432:
427:in Judaism
424:
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190:
134:
122:
67:
21:
12:
11:
5:
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6951:Spanish rabbis
6948:
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6893:
6892:
6890:Sephardization
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6786:Black Panthers
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6711:
6709:Tetuani Ladino
6706:
6699:Judaeo-Spanish
6696:
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6681:
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6673:
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6639:Modern history
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6159:non-Christian
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5846:Sefer Yetzirah
5843:
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5826:Pardes Rimonim
5823:
5816:Kabbalah texts
5813:
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5169:
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3729:Judaism portal
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3692:(court rabbi).
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3452:Abraham Seneor
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6623:Belmonte Jews
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6354:New Christian
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6347:Maghrebi Jews
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6143:Protestantism
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5831:Sefer HaBahir
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5758:Sifrei Kodesh
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5615:
5614:Who is a Jew?
5612:
5610:
5607:
5603:
5600:
5599:
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5590:
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5543:Chosen people
5541:
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5536:
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5529:
5528:
5527:
5524:
5523:
5521:
5519:
5515:
5509:
5506:
5500:
5499:Scots-Yiddish
5497:
5493:
5492:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5482:
5481:
5478:
5474:
5473:
5472:Klezmer-loshn
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5453:
5452:
5449:
5448:
5447:
5444:
5443:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5401:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5342:Judeo-Shirazi
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5319:
5318:
5317:Judeo-Persian
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5307:Judeo-Marathi
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5291:
5288:
5287:
5286:
5285:Judeo-Italian
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5255:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5240:
5237:
5236:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5186:
5185:
5182:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5156:
5153:
5152:
5151:
5148:
5147:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5140:Judeo-Amazigh
5138:
5136:
5133:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5065:
5064:
5061:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5050:
5046:
5032:
5029:
5028:
5027:
5024:
5020:
5017:
5016:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4996:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4983:
4980:
4979:
4978:
4975:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4963:Hadhrami Jews
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4950:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4928:Mountain Jews
4926:
4924:
4923:Egyptian Jews
4921:
4919:
4918:Bukharan Jews
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4900:
4899:
4896:
4892:
4889:
4888:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4856:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4843:
4840:
4839:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4812:
4811:
4808:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4795:
4794:
4791:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4748:
4747:
4744:
4743:
4741:
4739:
4735:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4717:
4714:
4713:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4706:Lists of Jews
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4673:
4671:
4669:
4665:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4615:
4613:
4611:
4607:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4592:
4589:
4585:
4581:
4574:
4569:
4567:
4562:
4560:
4555:
4554:
4551:
4545:
4542:
4541:
4521:. p. 173
4520:
4516:
4512:
4508:
4502:
4495:
4489:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4458:
4456:9783662361597
4452:
4448:
4444:
4443:
4438:
4432:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4389:
4374:
4372:0-8014-4401-2
4368:
4364:
4360:
4353:
4351:
4349:
4347:
4345:
4343:
4334:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4320:
4311:
4296:
4290:
4286:
4281:
4274:
4259:
4258:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4239:
4237:
4235:
4227:
4225:
4218:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4189:
4187:
4170:
4166:
4165:
4157:
4155:
4153:
4137:
4131:
4127:
4126:
4118:
4116:
4114:
4099:on 2015-04-20
4098:
4094:
4090:
4084:
4082:
4065:
4059:
4055:
4054:
4049:
4048:Berlin, Adele
4043:
4041:
4032:
4020:
4006:on 2015-04-27
4005:
4001:
3997:
3990:
3988:
3972:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3951:
3949:
3941:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3906:
3900:
3896:
3895:
3887:
3885:
3870:on 2015-03-27
3869:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3855:9780300119039
3851:
3847:
3843:
3842:"Crown Rabbi"
3836:
3832:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3777:
3772:
3761:
3758:
3747:
3744:
3738:
3733:
3730:
3719:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3694:
3690:
3684:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3650:
3647:
3646:
3640:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3624:
3623:1391 massacre
3620:
3616:
3612:
3607:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3584:
3582:
3579:); the local
3578:
3576:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3529:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3502:
3500:
3490:
3487:
3482:
3481:
3475:
3470:
3466:
3461:
3459:
3458:
3454:who became a
3453:
3448:
3438:
3434:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3414:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3398:
3394:
3390:("the", from
3389:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3368:
3362:
3357:
3356:
3345:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3317:
3311:
3307:
3305:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3279:
3274:
3272:
3267:
3265:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3256:
3250:
3249:
3238:
3236:
3235:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3212:
3211:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3174:
3173:
3163:
3160:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3124:
3121:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3109:
3104:
3103:
3093:
3090:
3085:
3084:Blue Division
3082:
3077:
3074:
3069:
3066:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3054:
3049:
3048:
3038:
3035:
3030:
3027:
3022:
3019:
3014:
3011:
3006:
3003:
2998:
2995:
2990:
2987:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2975:
2970:
2969:
2959:
2957:
2953:
2948:
2945:
2940:
2937:
2932:
2929:
2924:
2921:
2916:
2913:
2908:
2905:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2893:
2888:
2887:
2877:
2874:
2869:
2866:
2861:
2858:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2828:
2825:
2820:
2819:
2815:
2810:
2807:
2802:
2801:
2797:
2792:
2789:
2784:
2781:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2769:
2764:
2763:
2753:
2750:
2745:
2744:
2740:
2735:
2734:
2730:
2729:
2726:
2721:
2720:
2710:
2707:
2702:
2699:
2694:
2691:
2686:
2683:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2671:
2666:
2665:
2655:
2652:
2647:
2644:
2639:
2636:
2631:
2630:Iberian Union
2628:
2623:
2620:
2615:
2612:
2607:
2604:
2599:
2596:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2584:
2579:
2578:
2568:
2565:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2550:
2547:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2535:
2530:
2529:
2519:
2516:
2511:
2508:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2496:
2491:
2490:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2470:
2467:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2455:
2450:
2449:
2441:(575–206 BCE)
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2427:
2426:Early history
2422:
2421:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2407:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2392:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2371:
2361:
2356:
2354:
2349:
2347:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2338:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2199:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2171:Judeo-Aramaic
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2161:Judeo-Italian
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2141:Ghardaïa Sign
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2089:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2076:
2071:
2070:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2044:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1857:
1856:
1852:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1840:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1793:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1767:
1766:Denominations
1762:
1761:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1594:United States
1592:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1208:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1080:Guinea-Bissau
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
992:
991:
990:
987:
984:
983:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
964:
963:
962:
959:
956:
955:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
934:Lists of Jews
932:
930:
927:
926:
925:
924:
919:
914:
913:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
861:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
821:
820:
819:
815:
814:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
747:
744:
742:
739:
738:
737:
734:
733:
732:
731:
726:
721:
720:
709:
701:
699:
696:
694:
693:The Holocaust
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
655:
654:
653:
649:
648:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
620:
618:
613:
609:
603:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
587:
586:
585:
581:
578:
577:
570:
564:
558:
553:
550:
546:
540:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
486:
485:
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54:Who is a Jew?
52:
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37:
34:
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25:
24:
19:
6716:Judeo-Gascon
6689:Judeo-Arabic
6679:Judeo-Berber
6610:
6525:
6497:Gibraltarian
6486:North Africa
6484:
6476:Thessalonian
6372:
6352:
6345:
6338:
6331:
6324:
6317:
6310:
6284:Roman Empire
6276:
6208:
6201:
6187:
6110:
6103:
6091:
6074:
6057:
5891:perspectives
5725:Samaritanism
5686:Neo-Hasidism
5666:Conservative
5580:Names of God
5489:
5470:
5280:Judaeo-Greek
5275:Judeo-Gascon
5214:Lishán Didán
5209:Lishana Deni
5177:Judeo-Yemeni
5145:Judeo-Arabic
5019:Meshuchrarim
4938:Persian Jews
4871:Kurdish Jews
4849:Kaifeng Jews
4798:Beta Abraham
4761:Galitzianers
4716:Antisemitism
4691:Israeli Jews
4676:Assimilation
4523:. Retrieved
4514:
4501:
4467:
4460:. Retrieved
4446:
4441:
4431:
4420:. Retrieved
4398:
4388:
4376:. Retrieved
4362:
4324:
4318:
4310:
4298:. Retrieved
4285:Reassessment
4283:
4273:
4262:, retrieved
4256:
4248:Adler, Cyrus
4223:
4216:
4214:
4207:. Retrieved
4202:
4198:
4173:. Retrieved
4168:
4163:
4139:. Retrieved
4124:
4101:. Retrieved
4097:the original
4092:
4067:. Retrieved
4052:
4008:. Retrieved
4004:the original
3999:
3974:. Retrieved
3960:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3914:
3908:. Retrieved
3893:
3872:. Retrieved
3868:the original
3845:
3835:
3790:Hakham Bashi
3771:Spain portal
3665:
3614:
3610:
3608:
3603:
3595:
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3365:
3355:rabino mayor
3353:
3351:
3341:
3321:
3313:
3304:rabino mayor
3301:
3293:
3287:
3239:
3225:
3213:
3193:LGBT history
2955:
2842:
2816:
2798:
2741:
2731:
2557:
2477:Romanization
2464:(206–27 BCE)
2310:Post-Zionism
2181:Judeo-Berber
2176:Judeo-Arabic
2136:Judeo-Gascon
1883:Pidyon haben
1802:Conservative
1348:Saudi Arabia
1166:South Africa
1155:Sierra Leone
977:Israeli Jews
891:Mosaic Arabs
844:Kaifeng Jews
705:Arab–Israeli
678:Emancipation
557:Great Revolt
366:Anti-Judaism
361:Antisemitism
356:Name "Judea"
151:Baal teshuva
6881: [
6848: [
6825: [
6724: [
6446:Palestinian
6133:Catholicism
5715:Hellenistic
5553:Eschatology
5491:Lachoudisch
5416:Lotegorisch
5394:Lachoudisch
5384:Koiné Greek
5297:Judeo-Latin
5234:Palestinian
5128:Palestinian
4977:Mustaʿravim
4903:Afghan Jews
4891:Berber Jews
4815:Bene Israel
4803:Falash Mura
4793:Beta Israel
4711:Persecution
4653:Middle Ages
3785:Chief Rabbi
3660:John I
3632:Boniface IX
3609:A powerful
3541:chief rabbi
3348:Terminology
3342:court rabbi
3322:chief rabbi
3294:crown rabbi
3118:(1975–1978)
3095:(1959–2011)
3087:(1941–1944)
3079:(1939–1945)
3071:(1939–1977)
3063:(1939–1965)
3032:(1936–1939)
3000:(1933–1936)
2992:(1931–1933)
2961:(1930–1931)
2956:Dictablanda
2950:(1923–1930)
2934:(1914–1918)
2918:(1886–1931)
2910:(1885–1902)
2902:(1874–1885)
2879:(1873–1874)
2871:(1872–1876)
2863:(1870–1873)
2855:(1868–1871)
2822:(1854–1856)
2812:(1846–1849)
2804:(1844–1854)
2794:(1840–1843)
2786:(1833–1840)
2778:(1833–1840)
2755:(1823–1833)
2747:(1820–1823)
2737:(1814–1820)
2696:(1810–1814)
2688:(1808–1813)
2657:(1707–1716)
2649:(1701–1714)
2641:(1700–1808)
2633:(1580–1640)
2625:(1556–1659)
2617:(1516–1700)
2609:(1492–1898)
2601:(1482–1492)
2598:Granada War
2593:(1479–1516)
2558:Reconquista
2534:Middle Ages
2385:History of
2305:Revisionist
2295:Neo-Zionism
1902:Zeved habat
1695:Puerto Rico
1521:Netherlands
1353:South Korea
1338:Philippines
1218:Afghanistan
1085:Ivory Coast
859:Crypto-Jews
824:Bnei Anusim
803:Bene Israel
768:Beta Israel
725:Communities
632:Middle Ages
371:Persecution
146:Bereavement
6905:Categories
6429:Macedonian
6417:Alexandria
6365:Dispersion
6340:Megorashim
6319:Degredados
6289:Golden Age
6128:Anabaptism
6070:Jew (word)
5937:Leadership
5750:Literature
5735:Secularism
5681:Humanistic
5548:Conversion
5518:Philosophy
5359:Judeo-Urdu
5123:Babylonian
4968:Saada Jews
4953:Adeni Jews
4746:Ashkenazim
4701:Samaritans
4668:Population
4623:Israelites
4471:papal bull
4422:2015-06-08
4224:arrabi-mor
4103:2015-06-03
4010:2015-06-03
3910:2014-03-19
3874:2015-05-31
3827:References
3815:Schutzjude
3666:arrabi môr
3636:Clement VI
3611:arrabi-mor
3600:Afonso III
3596:arrabi mor
3592:King Dinis
3588:arrabi mor
3557:arrabi mor
3552:arrabi mor
3537:arrabi mor
3510:Afonso III
3395:+ initial
3373:arrabi-mor
3316:arrabi mor
2622:Golden Age
2570:(718–1479)
2562:(711–1492)
2552:(711–1492)
2549:Al-Andalus
2406:Prehistory
2290:Maximalism
2242:Secularism
2222:Autonomism
2039:Literature
1832:Humanistic
1436:Azerbaijan
1398:Uzbekistan
1373:Tajikistan
1293:Kyrgyzstan
1278:Kazakhstan
1125:Mozambique
1100:Madagascar
1020:Cape Verde
972:New Yishuv
967:Old Yishuv
918:Population
896:Subbotniks
854:Samaritans
793:Romanyotim
736:Ashkenazim
683:Old Yishuv
663:Sabbateans
650:Modern era
642:Golden Age
569:Bar Kokhba
289:Beit Yosef
156:Philosophy
6671:Languages
6618:Amazonian
6602:Livornese
6580:Hamburger
6424:Hungarian
6390:Bulgarian
6312:Conversos
6190:indicate
6138:Mormonism
6123:Christian
6003:Symbolism
5991:Synagogue
5971:Mythology
5932:Education
5903:Astronomy
5886:Astrology
5703:relations
5508:Zarphatic
5456:Galitzish
5258:Yeshivish
5135:Catalanic
5098:Samaritan
5073:Ashkenazi
5054:Diasporic
5049:Languages
4994:Sephardim
4989:Romaniote
4876:Krymchaks
4810:Desi Jews
4686:Buddhists
4488:King John
4417:827973299
4333:1138-9621
4319:Rab Mayor
4217:ouvidores
3864:170203576
3780:Court Jew
3704:Ferdinand
3673:Portugal.
3630:by Popes
3575:arrabiado
3569:ouvidores
3545:ouvidores
3504:The term
3474:Rab Mayor
3447:Expulsion
3399:consonant
3029:Civil War
2614:Habsburgs
2544:(711–716)
2521:(552–624)
2513:(418–721)
2505:(409–585)
2300:Religious
2156:Zarphatic
2146:Bukharian
2116:Judeo-Tat
2101:Yeshivish
2075:Languages
2030:Sephardic
2020:Israelite
2010:Ethiopian
2000:Ashkenazi
1939:Religious
1729:Australia
1711:Venezuela
1617:Argentina
1599:Greenland
1511:Lithuania
1363:Sri Lanka
1358:Singapore
1283:Kurdistan
1248:Indonesia
1238:Hong Kong
1191:Abayudaya
1115:Mauritius
849:Igbo Jews
839:Krymchaks
758:Sephardim
626:relations
520:Sadducees
516:Pharisees
506:Sanhedrin
421:Jerusalem
181:Synagogue
49:Etymology
6778:Politics
6558:Suriname
6533:American
6519:Tunisian
6507:Moroccan
6492:Algerian
6451:Romanian
6434:Monastir
6412:Egyptian
6405:Splicani
6395:Croatian
6380:Albanian
6333:Marranos
6326:Lançados
6278:Sepharad
6203:Category
6173:Hinduism
6163:Buddhism
6065:Genetics
5981:Politics
5954:Marriage
5913:Holidays
5908:Calendar
5789:Rabbinic
5765:/Hebrew
5710:Haymanot
5637:Orthodox
5624:Branches
5597:Kabbalah
5592:Haskalah
5570:Holiness
5446:dialects
5426:Shassagh
5389:Krymchak
5369:Kayliñña
5263:Yinglish
5239:Galilean
5229:Talmudic
5224:Biblical
5199:Betanure
5118:Biblical
5113:Mishnaic
5108:Medieval
5093:Tiberian
5088:Yemenite
5078:Sephardi
5014:Paradesi
4958:Ḥabbanim
4948:Teimanim
4913:Baghdadi
4886:Maghrebi
4854:Karaites
4832:Gruzínim
4820:Kochinim
4738:Diaspora
4696:Karaites
4681:Atheists
4618:Timeline
4439:(1867).
4250:(1907),
4019:cite web
3820:Shtadlan
3715:See also
3708:Isabella
3493:Portugal
3457:converso
3431:Portugal
3338:Portugal
3215:Timeline
2638:Bourbons
2469:Hispania
2376:a series
2374:Part of
2327:Category
2285:Kahanism
2232:Feminism
2204:Politics
2088:Biblical
2058:American
2005:Bukharan
1995:American
1895:Shidduch
1871:Clothing
1827:Haymanot
1773:Orthodox
1701:Suriname
1684:Paraguay
1637:Colombia
1536:Portugal
1446:Bulgaria
1383:Thailand
1333:Pakistan
1313:Mongolia
1308:Malaysia
1228:Cambodia
1202:Zimbabwe
1177:Tanzania
1055:Eswatini
1045:Ethiopia
1035:Djibouti
1015:Cameroon
1010:Botswana
939:Diaspora
901:Noahides
874:Marranos
798:Cochinim
783:Bukharim
773:Gruzinim
763:Teimanim
753:Mizrahim
741:Galician
707:conflict
668:Hasidism
658:Haskalah
563:Diaspora
434:timeline
346:Timeline
259:Rabbinic
166:Kabbalah
141:Marriage
117:Tzedakah
107:Holidays
65:Religion
28:a series
26:Part of
6838:Studies
6768:Haredim
6746:Cuisine
6721:Bagitto
6704:Haketia
6597:Italian
6570:English
6553:Curaçao
6538:Antwerp
6512:Tetuani
6471:Rhodian
6456:Serbian
6441:Ottoman
6400:Ragusan
6385:Bosnian
6269:Origins
6188:Italics
6013:Studies
5959:Divorce
5925:Kashrut
5920:Cuisine
5878:Culture
5809:Midrash
5804:Tosefta
5794:Mishnah
5782:Ketuvim
5777:Nevi'im
5740:Schisms
5730:Science
5720:Karaite
5691:Renewal
5652:Litvaks
5647:Hasidic
5602:Sefirot
5587:Halakha
5558:Messiah
5531:Mitzvah
5526:Beliefs
5480:Western
5466:Poylish
5461:Litvish
5451:Eastern
5441:Yiddish
5436:Shuadit
5421:Qwareña
5409:Tetuani
5404:Haketia
5379:Knaanic
5374:Kivruli
5322:Bukhori
5268:Heblish
5204:Hulaulá
5194:Barzani
5150:Yahudic
5083:Mizrahi
4943:Urfalim
4898:Mizrahi
4842:Neofiti
4837:Italkim
4766:Lita'im
4658:Zionism
4610:History
4584:Judaism
3700:Castile
3678:Navarre
3628:Vatican
3604:arrabis
3581:arrabis
3565:arrabis
3533:arrabis
3423:Castile
3417:History
3334:Navarre
3326:Castile
3298:Spanish
3288:In the
2942:(–1927)
2939:Rif War
2270:General
2261:Zionism
2237:Leftism
2227:Bundism
2151:Knaanic
2111:Yevanic
2096:Yiddish
2053:Yiddish
2048:Israeli
2025:Mizrahi
2015:Israeli
1986:Cuisine
1962:Ancient
1944:Secular
1890:Kashrut
1866:Wedding
1853:Customs
1845:Culture
1822:Science
1817:Renewal
1807:Karaite
1788:Hasidic
1720:Oceania
1706:Uruguay
1674:Jamaica
1654:Ecuador
1622:Bolivia
1566:Ukraine
1541:Romania
1516:Moldova
1496:Hungary
1486:Germany
1481:Georgia
1471:Finland
1466:Estonia
1461:Denmark
1456:Czechia
1441:Belarus
1431:Austria
1426:Armenia
1403:Vietnam
1318:Myanmar
1303:Lebanon
1223:Bahrain
1182:Tunisia
1160:Somalia
1135:Nigeria
1130:Namibia
1120:Morocco
1050:Eritrea
995:Algeria
879:Neofiti
788:Italkim
778:Juhurim
688:Zionism
637:Khazars
532:Sicarii
528:Zealots
524:Essenes
511:Schisms
376:Leaders
338:General
330:History
273:Tosefta
268:Midrash
245:Mishnah
227:Ketuvim
222:Nevi'im
171:Customs
102:Shabbat
97:Halakha
89: (
87:Mitzvot
74: (
40:Judaism
6628:Xuetas
6585:Indian
6575:French
6502:Libyan
6461:Syrian
6262:topics
5996:Hazzan
5986:Prayer
5863:Siddur
5799:Talmud
5763:Tanakh
5698:Neolog
5671:Reform
5659:Modern
5642:Haredi
5565:Ethics
5431:Shassi
5399:Ladino
5364:Karaim
5347:Juhuri
5189:Targum
5103:Signed
5068:Modern
5063:Hebrew
5031:Xuetes
4827:Dönmeh
4786:Yekkes
4525:6 June
4462:5 June
4453:
4415:
4405:
4378:4 June
4369:
4331:
4300:7 June
4291:
4264:5 June
4209:5 June
4175:5 June
4141:5 June
4132:
4075:p. 195
4069:31 May
4060:
3976:3 June
3967:
3930:arrabi
3918:aljama
3901:
3862:
3852:
3658:under
3656:Aragon
3615:aljama
3526:arrabi
3522:Leiria
3518:Lisbon
3506:arrabi
3499:arrabi
3486:aljama
3480:aljama
3469:John I
3429:, and
3427:Aragon
3369:kalali
3367:dayyan
3330:Aragon
3292:, the
3157:(2017)
3139:(2004)
3126:(1978)
3040:(1939)
3024:(1936)
3016:(1936)
3008:(1934)
2984:(1931)
2926:(1898)
2830:(1868)
2712:(1813)
2704:(1812)
2680:(1808)
2378:on the
2332:Portal
2191:Domari
2121:Shassi
2082:Hebrew
1977:Humour
1921:Hiloni
1916:Aliyah
1876:Niddah
1861:Minyan
1796:Reform
1783:Haredi
1778:Modern
1679:Mexico
1664:Guyana
1627:Brazil
1589:Canada
1561:Sweden
1551:Serbia
1546:Russia
1531:Poland
1526:Norway
1506:Latvia
1491:Greece
1476:France
1451:Cyprus
1417:Europe
1388:Turkey
1378:Taiwan
1288:Kuwait
1273:Jordan
1263:Israel
1197:Zambia
1187:Uganda
1105:Malawi
1075:Guinea
1065:Gambia
1000:Angola
986:Africa
869:Dönmeh
864:Anusim
808:Berber
746:Litvak
698:Israel
604:
541:
455:Second
423:
284:Targum
250:Gemara
236:Talmud
208:Tanakh
161:Ethics
112:Prayer
6885:]
6871:Other
6852:]
6829:]
6751:Music
6728:]
6548:Aruba
6543:Dutch
6466:Greek
6168:Islam
5976:Names
5966:Music
5947:Rebbe
5942:Rabbi
5896:Monen
5851:Zohar
5772:Torah
5767:Bible
4881:Lemba
4756:Chuts
4445:[
4221:'
4167:[
3177:Topic
2387:Spain
2280:Labor
2275:Green
1972:Dance
1930:Music
1749:Palau
1669:Haiti
1632:Chile
1556:Spain
1501:Italy
1408:Yemen
1368:Syria
1343:Qatar
1323:Nepal
1268:Japan
1243:India
1233:China
1172:Sudan
1095:Libya
1090:Kenya
1070:Ghana
1060:Gabon
1040:Egypt
1025:Benin
884:Xueta
829:Lemba
448:First
313:Zohar
217:Torah
199:Texts
186:Rabbi
176:Rites
76:names
6791:Shas
4582:and
4580:Jews
4527:2015
4464:2015
4451:ISBN
4413:OCLC
4403:ISBN
4380:2015
4367:ISBN
4329:ISSN
4302:2015
4289:ISBN
4266:2015
4211:2015
4177:2015
4143:2015
4130:ISBN
4071:2015
4058:ISBN
4031:help
3978:2015
3965:ISBN
3936:and
3926:rabi
3899:ISBN
3860:OCLC
3850:ISBN
3706:and
3634:and
3514:Rabi
3407:adj.
3381:rabi
3336:and
1739:Guam
1734:Fiji
1689:Peru
1642:Cuba
1328:Oman
1298:Laos
1258:Iraq
1253:Iran
1210:Asia
1139:Igbo
1110:Mali
129:Brit
38:and
36:Jews
5575:God
4473:of
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3934:rab
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3567:or
3413:).
3403:mor
3358:or
3308:or
1953:Art
299:Tur
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