684:. Other organizations are devoted to cross-cultural adaptation of research and clinical methods. In 1993 the Transcultural Psychosocial Organization (TPO) was founded. The TPO has developed a system of intervention aimed at countries with little or no mental health care. They train local people to become mental health workers, often using people who previously have provided mental health guidance of some kind. The TPO provides training material that is adapted to local culture, language and distinct traumatic events that might have occurred in the region where the organization is operating. Avoiding Western approaches to mental health, the TPO sets up what becomes a local non-governmental organization that is self-sustainable, as well as economically and politically independent of any state. The TPO projects have been successful in both
1737:
1747:
460:" with a set of terms covering cultural concepts of distress: cultural syndromes (which may not be bound to a specific culture but circulate across cultures); cultural idioms of distress (local modes of expressing suffering that may not be syndromes); causal explanations (that attribute symptoms or suffering to specific causal factors rooted in local ontologies); and folk diagnostic categories (which may be part of
656:, includes a Cultural Formulation Interview that aims to help clinicians contextualize diagnostic assessment. A related approach to cultural assessment involves cultural consultation which works with interpreters and cultural brokers to develop a cultural formulation and treatment plan that can assist clinicians.
664:
The main professional organizations devoted to the field are the WPA Section on
Transcultural Psychiatry, the Society for the Study of Psychiatry and Culture, and the World Association for Cultural Psychiatry. Many other mental health organizations have interest groups or sections devoted to issues
500:
However, some scholars developing an anthropology of mental illness (Lézé, 2014) consider that attention to culture is not enough if it is decontextualized from historical events, and history in more general sense. An historical and politically informed perspective can counteract some of the risks
537:
As a named field within the larger discipline of psychiatry, cultural psychiatry has a relatively short history. In 1955, a program in transcultural psychiatry was established at McGill
University in Montreal by Eric Wittkower from psychiatry and Jacob Fried from the department of anthropology.
647:
It is argued that a cultural perspective can help psychiatrists become aware of the hidden assumptions and limitations of current psychiatric theory and practice and can identify new approaches appropriate for treating the increasingly diverse populations seen in psychiatric services around the
472:
Cultural psychiatry looks at whether psychiatric classifications of disorders are appropriate to different cultures or ethnic groups. It often argues that psychiatric illnesses represent social constructs as well as genuine medical conditions, and as such have social uses peculiar to the social
473:
groups in which they are created and legitimized. It studies psychiatric classifications in different cultures, whether informal (e.g. category terms used in different languages) or formal (for example the World Health
Organization's
1541:
443:
and psychiatry, is seen as having heralded a "new cross-cultural psychiatry". However, Kleinman later pointed out that culture often became incorporated in only superficial ways, and that for example 90% of
529:, Beneduce points to forms of historical consciousness and selfhood as well as history-related suffering as central dimensions of a 'critical ethnopsychiatry' or 'critical transcultural psychiatry'.
497:. It is said every city has a different culture and that the urban environment, and how people adapt or struggle to adapt to it, can play a crucial role in the onset or worsening of mental illness.
1166:
329:
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There are active research and training programs in cultural psychiatry at several academic centers around the world, notably the
Division of Social and Transcultural Psychiatry at
435:
and with observations by asylum psychiatrists or anthropologists who tended to assume the universal applicability of
Western psychiatric diagnostic categories. A seminal paper by
545:, Wittkower organized a meeting that was attended by psychiatrists from 20 countries, including many who became major contributors to the field of cultural psychiatry:
1526:
482:
1705:
1536:
561:
established a
Committee on Transcultural Psychiatry in 1964, followed by the Canadian Psychiatric Association in 1967. H.B.M. Murphy of McGill founded the
1456:
854:
Kirmayer LJ (March 2006). "Beyond the 'new cross-cultural psychiatry': cultural biology, discursive psychology and the ironies of globalization".
376:
1712:
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related to promoting universalized 'global mental health' programs as well as the increasing hegemony of diagnostic categories such as
1466:
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1095:
1016:
725:
1312:
452:" label is only applied to "exotic" conditions outside Euro-American society. Reflecting advances in medical anthropology,
1516:
420:
diversity in psychiatric services. It emerged as a coherent field from several strands of work, including surveys of the
1776:
1501:
1476:
991:
369:
565:
Section on
Transcultural Psychiatry in 1970. By the mid-1970s there were active transcultural psychiatry societies in
1771:
1176:
1149:
1122:
966:
1491:
1471:
649:
600:
558:
478:
301:
144:
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has published an important volume on psychocultural aspects of trauma and more recently landmark volumes entitled
1700:
1496:
1345:
819:
Lee S (September 2001). "From diversity to unity. The classification of mental disorders in 21st-century China".
708:
Kirmayer LJ (2007). "Cultural psychiatry in historical perspective". In Bhui, Kamaldeep; Bhugra, Dinesh (eds.).
1781:
1602:
1572:
1531:
1165:
Kirmayer, Laurence J.; Worthman, Carol; Kitayama, Shinobu; Lemelson, Robert; Cummings, Constance, eds. (2020).
502:
315:
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populations and ethnic diversity within countries; and analysis of psychiatry itself as a cultural product.
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37:
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932:
554:
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1110:
741:
Kleinman AM (January 1977). "Depression, somatization and the "new cross-cultural psychiatry"".
626:
Re-Visioning
Psychiatry: Cultural Phenomenology, Critical Neuroscience, and Global Mental Health
1669:
1405:
1365:
457:
449:
277:
109:
58:
717:
618:
Formative
Experiences: the Interaction of Caregiving, Culture, and Developmental Psychobiology
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525:) and in Italy with migrants, strongly emphasizes this shift. Inspired by the thought of
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832:
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Worthman, Carol; Plotsky, Paul; Schechter, Daniel; Cummings, Constance, eds. (2010).
1091:
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987:
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871:
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793:
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Kleinman A (1997). "Triumph or pyrrhic victory? The inclusion of culture in DSM-IV".
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550:
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513:). Roberto Beneduce, who devoted many years to research and clinical practice in
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413:
257:
212:
192:
172:
81:
1079:
594:, and now the official journal of the WPA Section on Transcultural Psychiatry),
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categories are culture-bound to North
America and Western Europe, and yet the "
262:
237:
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Working Commission to Investigate the Use of Psychiatry for Political Purposes
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119:
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Etnopsichiatria. Sofferenza mentale e alterità fra Storia, dominio e cultura
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1614:
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1138:
Kirmayer, Laurence J.; Lemelson, Robert; Cummings, Constance, eds. (2017).
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Caracci G, Mezzich JE (September 2001). "Culture and urban mental health".
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There are several scientific journals devoted to cross-cultural issues:
1321:
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and form of disorders in different cultures or countries; the study of
421:
405:
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1168:
Culture, Mind, and Brain: Emerging Concepts, Models, and Applications
634:
Culture, Mind, and Brain: Emerging Concepts, Models, and Applications
425:
187:
542:
1243:
Cultural Consultation: Encountering the Other in Mental Health Care
1080:
Kirmayer, Laurence J.; Lemelson, Robert; Barad, Mark, eds. (2007).
409:
154:
1194:"The future of cultural psychiatry: an international perspective"
955:
The Empire of Trauma: An Inquiry into the Condition of Victimhood
566:
1266:
685:
570:
445:
417:
53:
1241:
Kirmayer, Laurence; Guzder, Jaswant; Rousseau, Cécile (2014).
1290:
653:
574:
493:). The field has increasingly had to address the process of
453:
308:
941:
Cultural Sociology of Mental Illness : an A-to-Z Guide
578:
518:
490:
1032:
1527:
Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists
474:
1056:
1240:
1009:
Archeologie del Trauma. Un'antropologia del sottosuolo
716:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp.
541:
In 1957, at the International Psychiatric Congress in
509:
and Richard Rechtman analyze this issue in their book
1537:
Taiwanese Society of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
1457:
American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
648:world. The recent revision of the nosology of the
614:The Foundation for Psychocultural Research at UCLA
1267:"Division of Social and Transcultural Psychiatry"
1763:
439:in 1977 followed by a renewed dialogue between
952:
896:
1507:Independent Psychiatric Association of Russia
1306:
1191:
644:, Robert Lemelson and Constance A. Cummings.
370:
853:
740:
707:
1462:American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology
1313:
1299:
953:Fassin, Didier; Rechtman, Richard (2009).
775:
377:
363:
1209:
1033:"Transcultural Psychiatry: SAGE Journals"
610:World Cultural Psychiatry Research Review
592:Transcultural Psychiatric Research Review
557:(Peru) and Pow-Meng Yap (Hong Kong). The
431:The early literature was associated with
1006:
981:
620:edited by Carol Worthman, Paul Plotsky,
1764:
703:
701:
1696:Neurological conditions and disorders
1467:American Neuropsychiatric Association
1294:
818:
899:Psychiatric Clinics of North America
821:Psychiatric Clinics of North America
1517:National Institute of Mental Health
698:
13:
1502:Hong Kong College of Psychiatrists
1477:Campaign Against Psychiatric Abuse
1192:Kirmayer LJ, Minas H (June 2000).
549:(Taiwan), Thomas Lambo (Nigeria),
14:
1793:
601:Culture Medicine & Psychiatry
416:and the challenges of addressing
1745:
1735:
1492:European Psychiatric Association
1472:American Psychiatric Association
659:
650:American Psychiatric Association
628:edited by Laurence J. Kirmayer,
559:American Psychiatric Association
479:American Psychiatric Association
464:systems and healing practices).
330:Journal of Cognition and Culture
302:Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry
145:Society for Medical Anthropology
1746:
1497:Global Initiative on Psychiatry
1346:Child and adolescent psychiatry
1259:
1234:
1185:
1158:
1131:
1104:
1073:
1049:
1025:
1000:
712:Textbook of cultural psychiatry
1713:Psychiatric survivors movement
1603:Psychiatric survivors movement
1573:Controversies about psychiatry
1532:Royal College of Psychiatrists
1320:
1171:. Cambridge University Press.
1144:. Cambridge University Press.
1117:. Cambridge University Press.
975:
946:
933:Anthropology of mental illness
925:
890:
847:
812:
769:
734:
665:of culture and mental health.
316:Medical Anthropology Quarterly
1:
1598:Political abuse of psychiatry
1547:World Psychiatric Association
1482:Chinese Society of Psychiatry
911:10.1016/S0193-953X(05)70249-5
833:10.1016/S0193-953X(05)70238-0
691:
632:and Constance Cummings, and
563:World Psychiatric Association
487:Chinese Society of Psychiatry
467:
337:Anthropology of Consciousness
130:Critical medical anthropology
755:10.1016/0037-7856(77)90138-X
7:
140:Person-centered ethnography
10:
1798:
1512:Indian Psychiatric Society
1211:10.1177/070674370004500503
1088:Cambridge University Press
1007:Beneduce, Roberto (2010).
982:Beneduce, Roberto (2007).
959:Princeton University Press
596:Psychopathologie Africaine
590:(est. 1956, originally as
532:
150:National character studies
115:Transpersonal anthropology
105:Psychological anthropology
1777:Cross-cultural psychology
1731:
1683:
1588:Electroconvulsive therapy
1583:Biopsychiatry controversy
1555:
1449:
1356:Cross-cultural psychiatry
1351:Cognitive neuropsychiatry
1328:
790:10.3109/10673229709030563
682:University College London
390:Cross-cultural psychiatry
135:Cross-cultural psychiatry
1772:Psychiatric specialities
1635:Psychiatric epidemiology
1630:Philosophy of psychiatry
1522:Philadelphia Association
1361:Developmental disability
868:10.1177/1363461506061761
624:and Constance Cummings,
587:Transcultural Psychiatry
398:transcultural psychiatry
323:Transcultural Psychiatry
100:Nutritional anthropology
1701:Psychiatric medications
1141:Re-Visioning Psychiatry
931:* Lézé, Samuel (2014) "
1670:Psychosomatic medicine
1406:Nutritional psychiatry
1366:Descriptive psychiatry
1245:. New York: Springer.
1011:. Rome-Bari: Laterza.
458:culture-bound syndrome
450:culture-bound syndrome
110:Cognitive anthropology
59:Culture-bound syndrome
16:Subfield of psychiatry
1782:Cultural anthropology
1593:Insulin shock therapy
1568:Clinical neuroscience
1487:Democratic Psychiatry
1341:Biological psychiatry
1114:Formative Experiences
678:University of Toronto
555:Carlos Alberto Seguin
353:cultural anthropology
208:Michael M. J. Fischer
1706:by condition treated
1645:Psychiatric hospital
1640:Psychiatric genetics
1386:Geriatric psychiatry
1376:Emergency psychiatry
1336:Addiction psychiatry
1083:Understanding Trauma
856:Transcult Psychiatry
638:Laurence J. Kirmayer
511:The Empire of Trauma
253:Nancy Scheper-Hughes
125:Clinical ethnography
1563:Behavioral medicine
1421:Palliative medicine
1401:Military psychiatry
1381:Forensic psychiatry
778:Harv Rev Psychiatry
456:replaced the term "
408:concerned with the
402:cultural psychiatry
1665:Psychopharmacology
1396:Liaison psychiatry
674:Harvard University
640:, Carol Worthman,
1759:
1758:
1691:Counseling topics
1625:Pentylenetetrazol
1391:Immuno-psychiatry
1275:McGill University
1252:978-1-4614-7614-6
1097:978-0-5218-5428-3
1018:978-88-420-9249-0
986:. Rome: Carocci.
943:, Sage, pp. 31-32
727:978-0-521-85653-9
670:McGill University
404:) is a branch of
387:
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183:Charles L. Briggs
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1610:Imaging genetics
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1198:Can J Psychiatry
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642:Shinobu Kitayama
622:Daniel Schechter
551:Morris Carstairs
414:mental disorders
379:
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365:
278:Beatrice Whiting
248:Michelle Rosaldo
223:E. Thomas Lawson
218:Charles Laughlin
94:Related articles
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1371:Eating disorder
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394:Ethnopsychiatry
392:(also known as
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258:Richard Shweder
213:Arthur Kleinman
193:George Devereux
173:Gregory Bateson
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1280:2017-11-27
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692:References
636:edited by
468:Definition
422:prevalence
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