356:
500:
629:, had been started nearby, some 30m lower than Cromford Sough. By 1813 the new sough was affecting the water volumes in Cromford Sough, leading Arkwright's son (also Richard Arkwright) and the other users to negotiate with the Meerbrook proprietors to place stop boards so as to keep Cromford water levels up. Further legal cases followed, but by 1836 the stop boards had decayed and the negotiated leases had expired, so Cromford Sough was again reduced in flow. Finally Arkwright sued for his water in a landmark legal suit, but the case was lost, and soon after 1847 the Cromford Mills were obliged to cease cotton manufacturing, being turned over to other uses.
680:
481:
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696:
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29:
524:
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45:
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1943:
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52:
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Initially the first stage of the process was hand carding, but in 1775 he took out a second patent for a water-powered carding machine and this led to increased output and the fame of his factory rapidly spread. He was soon building further mills on this site and others and eventually employed 1,000
331:
He started with 200 workers, more than the locality could provide, so he built housing for them nearby, one of the first manufacturers to do so. Most of the employees were women and children, the youngest being only seven years old. Later, the minimum age was raised to ten and the children were given
437:
The 1771 building had been reduced by two storeys in 1929. Access was forbidden due to the toxic residue from the 20th-century paintmaking usage; the later tank with its toxic sediment obscured the foundations of the 1775 mill and the breast-shot waterwheel chamber. Only one remaining mill building
764:
Cromford Mill has commissioned a replica water frame which was installed in April 2013. Considerable problems occurred in obtaining suitable roving, which had to be a low-twist 0.8 count cotton: there are no companies spinning cotton today in the United
Kingdom. Roving was supplied eventually by
761:, USA, where he founded a cotton industry. Arkwright's success led to his patents being challenged in court and his second patent was overturned as having no originality. Nonetheless, by the time of his death in 1792 he was the wealthiest untitled person in Britain.
402:
as "one of the country’s 100 irreplaceable sites". In 2018, the "Cromford Mills
Creative Cluster and World Heritage Site Gateway Project" was listed as a finalist for the "Best Major Regeneration of a Historic Building or Place" in the Historic England Angel Awards.
499:
335:
A large part of the village was built to house the mill workers. Stuart Fisher states that these are now considered to be "the first factory housing development in the world". Employees were provided with shops, pubs, chapels and a school.
1971:
679:
480:
695:
618:
beneath for the
Bonsall Brook. The sough was separated from the brook and brought from the village along the south side of Mill Lane which it crossed by way of the aqueduct to a new
386:
The importance of this site is not that it was the first but that it was the first successful cotton spinning factory. It showed unequivocally the way ahead and was widely emulated.
347:
The gate to
Cromford Mill was shut at precisely 6 am and 6 pm every day, and any worker who failed to get through it not only lost a day's pay but also was fined another day's pay.
523:
2076:
379:
The cotton mill ceased operation in the 19th century and the buildings were used for other purposes, finally a dyeing plant. In 1979, the Grade I listed site was bought by the
2217:
625:
Arkwright's use of the
Bonsall Brook and Cromford Sough for his mills had been opposed by other local water users in a number of legal cases. In 1772, however, a new sough,
409:
The mill and other buildings are open to the public every day, and has attracted visitors from all over the world. Facilities include a visitors' centre, shops and a café.
610:
drained into the brook back in the village, and both powered the original mill. The sough was separated and brought along a channel on the south side of Mill Road to the
444:
1333:
2247:
2222:
2101:
1978:
1114:
505:
Existing three of five storeys showing the extent of the original mill. Initially there was an undershot waterwheel to the right outside of the picture.
1002:
739:
in 1793 linked
Arkwright's Mill to the major Midland and northern cities, although use of the canal was to decline as traffic moved onto the railways.
723:
The mill manager had a house on site. Although the first workers were brought in from outside the area, workers' housing was later built in
Cromford.
667:
622:. A complicated set of channels and sluices controlled the supply to the mill, or, on Sundays to the canal, with the surplus draining into the river.
957:
626:
2006:
325:
2252:
2242:
2207:
1416:
635:
2257:
2086:
1326:
111:
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765:
Rieter in
Switzerland, who had some experimental stock. Rieter are the world's largest manufacturer of textile manufacturing machines.
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44:
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1964:
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830:
406:
In 2019, the
Arkwright Society employed 100 people; by that time, the restoration expenditure had reached £48 million.
1908:
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2166:
1285:
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899:
753:
workers at
Cromford. Many other mills were built under licence, including mills in Lancashire, Scotland and Germany.
2141:
2096:
486:
The usable mill building undergoing work to replace many stone lintels and reinstate the original Georgian windows
1883:
1590:
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six hours of education a week, so that they could do the record-keeping that their illiterate parents could not.
328:), Samuel Need and John Smalley. Starting from 1772, he ran the mills day and night with two twelve-hour shifts.
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2016:
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The foundations of the 1775 mill, which was destroyed by fire in 1890, with wheel chamber on the right
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2001:
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for weaving cotton in 1733, the demand for spun cotton increased enormously in England. Machines for
2131:
2111:
1490:
290:
of a fabric, for which it was the practice to use linen thread, producing a type of cloth known as
187:
968:
701:
This shuttle in the village, known locally as the "Bear Pit", controlled the water from the sough.
2121:
2106:
1996:
1893:
1657:
1500:
1251:
758:
614:. Both then supplied the second mill. In 1785 the mill was extended to its present length with a
252:
2161:
2081:
1828:
309:
He chose the site at Cromford because it had year-round supply of warm water from the Cromford
282:
had already been developed but were inefficient. Spun cotton was also produced by means of the
2197:
2011:
1787:
916:
1167:
1858:
1626:
1221:
256:
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mines, together with Bonsall Brook. Here he built a five-storey mill, with the backing of
8:
1777:
1545:
279:
259:
28:
1873:
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958:
The Cromford Mills Creative Cluster and World Heritage Site Gateway Project, Derbyshire
417:
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1947:
1807:
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262:, and is a multi-use visitor centre with shops, galleries, restaurants and cafes.
1843:
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1802:
1722:
1702:
1662:
1560:
1515:
1462:
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757:, an apprentice of Jedediah Strutt, took the secrets of Arkwright's machines to
1888:
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The original 1771 mill seen on the approach along Mill Road from the village
126:
113:
1956:
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383:, who began the long task of restoring it to its original state.
291:
275:
689:
on the left and the hole in the wall where the wheel was located
673:
The culvert carrying the Bonsall Brook under the mill extension
642:
607:
310:
1036:"Cromford Mill: Historic site secures cash for hydro power"
420:, and onwards towards Ambergate, is listed as a Biological
394:
The Cromford mill complex, owned and being restored by the
317:
1280:(New, Scarthin 1997 Reprint ed.), London: Heinemann,
359:
A "Cromford dollar". The figures "4|9" show a value of 4
367:
In 1801 and 1802, during a national shortage of silver,
969:
Inside the £130m ‘conservation challenge of the century
371:
coins were overstamped for use as coinage at Cromford.
1089:. 1 Chancery Lane, London: S.Sweet. pp. 182–190.
546:
2218:
Brick buildings and structures in the United Kingdom
1341:
1034:Kataria, Sonia; Massey, Christina (1 August 2022).
869:
857:
845:
820:
1278:Transformation of a Valley: The Derbyshire Derwent
1168:"Samuel Slater: American hero or British traitor?"
1060:Vallerani, Francesco; Visentin, Francesco (2017).
1121:. Derwent Valley Mills, ETE, County Hall, Matlock
1008:. Natural England. 22 August 1986. Archived from
917:"Rare Cromford Dollars acquired by Derby Museums"
645:in the mill yard used to control the water supply
251:, England. The mill structure is classified as a
2179:
1250:. Arkwright Society. March 2013. Archived from
491:
891:The Canals of Britain: The Comprehensive Guide
559:to power the buildings, was approved in 2022.
1986:
1972:
1327:
1033:
816:
814:
713:Cromford Pond built in 1785 as the mill pound
576:The remaining three storeys of the first mill
1190:"Old Slater Mill National Historic Landmark"
302:after he had set up a horse-powered mill in
2248:Textile mills completed in the 18th century
1133:
1084:
726:
562:
462:The first mill viewed from the yard in 1995
2223:Former textile mills in the United Kingdom
1979:
1965:
1334:
1320:
1143:. Derbyshire Guide website. Archived from
939:
937:
811:
438:was usable and suitable for guided tours.
374:
286:but was insufficiently strong to form the
16:Grade I listed mill in Derbyshire, England
1141:"Cromford Mill and Sir Richard Arkwright"
1078:
953:
951:
1210:
826:"Cromford Mill (Grade I) (1248010)"
597:
584:
571:
541:Weavers' housing, North Street, Cromford
354:
338:
294:. In 1769, Richard Arkwright patented a
1059:
934:
602:A composite diagram of the watercourses
2253:Grade I listed buildings in Derbyshire
2243:Industrial buildings completed in 1772
2180:
1275:
1248:Sir Richard Arkwright's Cromford Mills
1236:
1182:
948:
914:
887:
875:
863:
851:
775:Grade I listed buildings in Derbyshire
389:
324:(whom he met in a Nottingham bank via
2208:Textile museums in the United Kingdom
1960:
1849:Derbyshire Dales Narrow Gauge Railway
1315:
1165:
908:
894:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 77.
685:The 1771 mill showing the end of the
555:, accompanied by a modern 20 kW
51:
1062:Waterways and the Cultural Landscape
995:
474:The tank over the waterwheel chamber
432:
255:. It is now the centrepiece of the
2258:Grade I listed industrial buildings
2077:Lancashire Cotton Corporation mills
1159:
422:Site of Special Scientific Interest
350:
13:
1087:A Treatise on the Law of Easements
1085:Gale, C.J.; Whatley, T.D. (1839).
980:Welcome to Cromford Mills Visit US
915:Willis, Alastair (20 March 2018).
888:Fisher, Stuart (12 January 2017).
831:National Heritage List for England
547:Restoration of hydropower capacity
517:The 1771 mill as extended in 1785
14:
2284:
2263:Tourist attractions in Derbyshire
1301:Arkwright Society - Cromford Mill
1294:
1166:Heath, Neil (22 September 2011).
2233:Industrial Revolution in England
1941:
1909:Royal Crown Derby Visitor Centre
1395:
1343:Places of Interest in Derbyshire
706:
694:
678:
666:
650:
634:
534:
522:
510:
498:
479:
467:
455:
443:
313:which drained water from nearby
50:
43:
27:
2268:World Heritage Sites in England
2228:History of the textile industry
1218:"Richard Arkwright (1732–1792)"
1107:
1053:
1027:
984:
973:
270:Following the invention of the
2273:1772 establishments in England
1834:Cromford and High Peak Railway
1458:Derby Museum & Art Gallery
1220:. thornber.net. Archived from
962:
881:
747:
427:
1:
1889:Millennium Walkway, New Mills
1453:Buxton Museum and Art Gallery
800:
593:
589:The location of the 1775 mill
1417:Chesterfield's Crooked Spire
1405:Churches and religious sites
780:Listed buildings in Cromford
742:
580:
567:
492:Restoration in progress 2009
298:to use the extra power of a
153:; 252 years ago
7:
2203:Industry museums in England
2193:Textile mills in Derbyshire
2087:Longdendale and Glossopdale
1884:Midland Railway – Butterley
1864:Ecclesbourne Valley Railway
1551:Longdendale Reservoir Chain
1357:Ardotalia (Melandra Castle)
1115:"Key Sites – Cromford Mill"
921:Portable Antiquities Scheme
768:
343:Gateway to Arkwright's Mill
75:Spinning Mill (Water frame)
10:
2289:
1431:Museums and cultural sites
1350:Castles and military sites
718:
265:
260:UNESCO World Heritage Site
59:Location within Derbyshire
1992:
1987:Lists of mills in England
1938:
1922:
1821:
1793:Swarkestone Hall Pavilion
1645:
1614:
1476:
1430:
1404:
1393:
1349:
1244:"The Cotton Rovings Saga"
1003:"Cromford: SSSI citation"
223:
219:
211:
203:
195:
185:
181:
173:
165:
147:
142:
103:
95:
87:
79:
74:
67:
38:
26:
2213:Watermills in Derbyshire
1637:Nine Ladies Stone Circle
1307:Cromford village website
1099:: CS1 maint: location (
727:Cromford Canal and wharf
563:Buildings and structures
1894:National Tramway Museum
1501:Buxton Pavilion Gardens
1468:Pickford's House Museum
1303:- with tour information
759:Pawtucket, Rhode Island
375:Closure and further use
253:Grade I listed building
2167:Yorkshire Cotton Mills
1829:Barrow Hill Roundhouse
1822:Transport and industry
1276:Cooper, Brian (1983),
603:
590:
577:
364:
344:
2188:Museums in Derbyshire
1948:Derbyshire portal
1788:Sutton Scarsdale Hall
1615:Prehistoric landmarks
601:
588:
575:
358:
342:
232:is the world's first
1859:Derwent Valley Mills
1119:Derwent Valley Mills
257:Derwent Valley Mills
237:cotton spinning mill
91:Cromford, Derbyshire
1591:Shining Cliff Woods
1546:Ladybower Reservoir
735:and the associated
731:The opening of the
390:World Heritage Site
123: /
23:
2047:Greater Manchester
2007:Bradford (borough)
1874:Leawood Pump House
1869:High Peak Junction
1606:Treak Cliff Cavern
1531:Heights of Abraham
1526:Foremark Reservoir
1479:and outdoor spaces
1448:Buxton Opera House
1224:on 26 October 2015
604:
591:
578:
551:Installation of a
418:High Peak Junction
398:, was declared by
365:
345:
212:Reference no.
127:53.1090°N 1.5560°W
21:
2175:
2174:
2137:Shaw and Crompton
1954:
1953:
1854:Derwent Reservoir
1808:Willersley Castle
1627:Hob Hurst's House
1556:Longdendale Trail
1477:Natural landmarks
661:for the 1775 mill
433:Condition in 1995
396:Arkwright Society
381:Arkwright Society
241:Richard Arkwright
227:
226:
80:Structural system
2280:
2102:Oldham (borough)
1981:
1974:
1967:
1958:
1957:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1798:Thornbridge Hall
1778:St Helen's House
1688:Chatsworth House
1658:Barlborough Hall
1596:Speedwell Cavern
1576:Ogston Reservoir
1536:Howden Reservoir
1506:Carsington Water
1496:Blue John Cavern
1399:
1377:Melbourne Castle
1336:
1329:
1322:
1313:
1312:
1290:
1264:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1240:
1234:
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1231:
1229:
1214:
1208:
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1203:
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1022:
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1007:
999:
993:
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982:
977:
971:
966:
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955:
946:
941:
932:
931:
929:
927:
912:
906:
905:
885:
879:
873:
867:
861:
855:
849:
843:
842:
840:
838:
822:Historic England
818:
710:
698:
682:
670:
659:breastshot wheel
657:Location of the
654:
638:
538:
526:
514:
502:
483:
471:
459:
447:
400:Historic England
351:Cromford dollars
161:
159:
154:
138:
137:
135:
134:
133:
132:53.1090; -1.5560
128:
124:
121:
120:
119:
116:
70:
54:
53:
47:
31:
24:
20:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2171:
2142:South Yorkshire
2097:North Yorkshire
1988:
1985:
1955:
1950:
1942:
1940:
1934:
1918:
1844:Derby Silk Mill
1817:
1813:Wingfield Manor
1803:Tissington Hall
1723:Hartington Hall
1703:Elvaston Castle
1663:Bradbourne Hall
1641:
1610:
1561:Longshaw Estate
1516:Derby Arboretum
1478:
1472:
1463:Devonshire Dome
1438:Buxton Crescent
1426:
1422:Derby Cathedral
1400:
1391:
1387:Pilsbury Castle
1372:Duffield Castle
1362:Bolsover Castle
1345:
1340:
1297:
1288:
1267:
1257:
1255:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1227:
1225:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1201:
1199:
1198:(Facebook page)
1188:
1187:
1183:
1173:
1171:
1164:
1160:
1150:
1148:
1147:on 21 July 2012
1139:
1138:
1134:
1124:
1122:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1092:
1091:
1083:
1079:
1072:
1058:
1054:
1044:
1042:
1032:
1028:
1018:
1016:
1015:on 3 March 2016
1012:
1005:
1001:
1000:
996:
989:
985:
978:
974:
967:
963:
956:
949:
942:
935:
925:
923:
913:
909:
902:
886:
882:
874:
870:
862:
858:
850:
846:
836:
834:
819:
812:
803:
771:
750:
745:
729:
721:
714:
711:
702:
699:
690:
683:
674:
671:
662:
655:
646:
639:
627:Meerbrook Sough
606:Originally the
596:
583:
570:
565:
549:
542:
539:
530:
527:
518:
515:
506:
503:
494:
487:
484:
475:
472:
463:
460:
451:
448:
435:
430:
392:
377:
353:
322:Jedediah Strutt
268:
239:, developed by
191:
188:Listed Building
157:
155:
152:
131:
129:
125:
122:
117:
114:
112:
110:
109:
68:
63:
62:
61:
60:
57:
56:
55:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2286:
2276:
2275:
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2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1984:
1983:
1976:
1969:
1961:
1952:
1951:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1932:
1926:
1924:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1825:
1823:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1763:Radbourne Hall
1760:
1755:
1753:Oakhurst House
1750:
1745:
1743:Melbourne Hall
1740:
1735:
1733:Kedleston Hall
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1698:Ednaston Manor
1695:
1690:
1685:
1683:Castleton Hall
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1586:Poole's Cavern
1583:
1578:
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1783:Sudbury Hall
1773:Riber Castle
1758:Parwich Hall
1748:Norbury Hall
1668:Bradley Hall
1601:Thorpe Cloud
1541:Kinder Scout
1443:Buxton Baths
1277:
1270:Bibliography
1256:. Retrieved
1252:the original
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207:22 June 1950
143:Construction
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2127:Saddleworth
1879:Magpie Mine
1713:Haddon Hall
1678:Calke Abbey
1673:Bretby Hall
1581:Peak Cavern
1571:Monsal Dale
1491:Black Rocks
876:Cooper 1983
864:Cooper 1983
852:Cooper 1983
790:Masson Mill
748:Water frame
553:water wheel
428:Restoration
416:towpath to
412:The nearby
363:and 9 pence
296:water frame
243:in 1771 in
174:Floor count
130: /
105:Coordinates
2182:Categories
2092:Manchester
2072:Lancashire
2052:Failsworth
2037:Derbyshire
2022:Chadderton
2017:Calderdale
1632:Minninglow
1202:7 December
1174:7 December
1170:. BBC News
926:3 December
801:References
795:New Lanark
594:Waterworks
315:Wirksworth
304:Nottingham
300:water mill
249:Derbyshire
204:Designated
115:53°06′32″N
2157:Wakefield
2147:Stockport
2057:Holmfirth
2032:Clitheroe
1904:Peak Rail
1899:Odin Mine
1728:Ilam Park
1708:Eyam Hall
1622:Arbor Low
1095:cite book
1045:12 August
785:Kirk Mill
743:Machinery
581:1775 mill
568:1771 mill
361:shillings
190:– Grade I
166:Employees
118:1°33′22″W
99:Arkwright
2238:Spinning
2152:Tameside
2117:Rochdale
2067:Kirklees
2042:Dewsbury
2027:Cheshire
2002:Bradford
1923:See also
1521:Dovedale
1258:5 August
1228:5 August
1195:Facebook
1151:5 August
1040:BBC News
1019:5 August
991:Site Map
944:About Us
769:See also
687:aqueduct
612:aqueduct
424:(SSSI).
280:spinning
245:Cromford
88:Location
2132:Salford
2112:Preston
1566:Mam Tor
837:2 April
719:Housing
616:culvert
292:fustian
276:carding
266:History
215:1248010
156: (
2122:Royton
1997:Bolton
1284:
1125:10 May
1068:
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643:sluice
69:Cotton
2162:Wigan
2082:Leeds
1013:(PDF)
1006:(PDF)
806:Notes
608:sough
311:Sough
148:Built
96:Owner
83:Stone
2012:Bury
1282:ISBN
1260:2013
1230:2013
1204:2019
1176:2019
1153:2013
1127:2018
1101:link
1066:ISBN
1047:2022
1021:2013
928:2020
896:ISBN
839:2019
641:The
318:lead
288:warp
278:and
158:1772
151:1772
169:200
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