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shuttle at the end of its journey, and which contains a mechanism for propelling the shuttle on its return trip. The shuttle itself has some subtle differences from the older form. The ends of the shuttle are bullet-shaped and metal-capped, and the shuttle generally has rollers to reduce friction. The weft thread is made to exit from the end rather than the side, and the thread is stored on a
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292:. The innovation was seen as a threat to the livelihood of spinners & weavers, which resulted in an uprising that had Kay's patent largely ignored. It is often incorrectly written that Kay was attacked and fled to France, but in fact he simply moved there to attempt to rent out his looms, a business model that had failed him in England.
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The flying shuttle dominated commercial weaving through the middle of the twentieth century. However, by that time, other systems had begun to replace it. The heavy shuttle was noisy and energy-inefficient (since the energy used to throw it was largely lost in the catching); also, its inertia limited
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The flying shuttle employs a board, called the "race," which runs, side to side, along the front of the beater, forming a track on which the shuttle runs. The lower threads of the shed rest on the track and the shuttle slides over them. At each end of the race, there is a box which catches the
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necessitated the presence of a weaver on each side, but with the advent of the flying shuttle, a solitary operator could handle the task proficiently. Prior to this breakthrough, the textile industry relied upon the coordination of four spinners to support a single weaver.
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The history of this device is difficult to accurately ascertain due to poor documentation at the time. Nonetheless, there are two general schools of thought around this: first those that believe that it appears to have been invented in the region of
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pulled forward to push the weft into place. This action (called a "pick") required regularly bending forward over the fabric. More importantly, the coordination between the throwing and catching of the shuttle required that the weaver was weaving
255:
168:
multiple weavers were needed. One to operate the treadles, one on the left side at the shed, and one on the right side at the shed. These two reached across the loom, through the shed, passing the shuttle back and forth.
177:(a long, conical, one-ended, non-turning bobbin) to allow it to feed more easily. Finally, the flying shuttle is generally somewhat heavier, so as to have sufficient momentum to carry it all the way through the shed.
295:
The flying shuttle produced a new source of injuries to the weaving process; if deflected from its path, it could be shot clear of the machine, potentially striking and injuring workers. Turn-of-the-century
201:
131:
In a typical frame loom, as used previous to the invention of the flying shuttle, the operator sat with the newly woven cloth before them, using treadles or some other mechanism to raise and lower the
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During the past year I have investigated many shuttle accidents, and on no occasion where serious injury had resulted, has the shuttle guard been placed in that position for which it was intended.
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in the year 1733. Its implementation brought about an acceleration of the previously manual weaving process and resulted in a significant reduction in the required labour force. Formerly, a
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of thread through the shed; later, air- and water-jet looms reduced the weight of moving parts further. Flying shuttle looms are still used for some purposes, and old models remain in use.
272:
The increase in production due to the flying shuttle exceeded the capacity of the spinning industry of the day and prompted the development of powered spinning machines. Beginning with the
253:
94:
The widespread adoption of the flying shuttle by the 1750s dramatically exacerbated this labour imbalance, marking a notable shift in textile production dynamics.
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71:
of considerably broader fabrics, enabling the production of wider textiles. Moreover, its mechanical implementation paved the way for the introduction of
300:
abound with instances in which eyes were lost or other injuries sustained and, in several instances (for example, an extended exchange in 1901), the
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43:
107:
of southern France (one year before its introduction in
England), but was destroyed by state cloth inspectors of the rent-seeking
491:
301:
542:
195:
Handloom with a flying shuttle. The shuttle runs in a shuttle race attached to the front of the (bottom-mounted) beater bar.
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466:
39:
From above, showing conical pirn, and end-feed mechanism (the yarn slips off the end of the pirn, which need not rotate).
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in the left hand and the (stick-mounted) string tugged to return the flying shuttle in the right hand. See video below.
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641:
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262:
An early fully automated loom. The arms at the sides can be seen swinging to bash the flying shuttle back and forth.
396:
The
Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present
532:
1213:
435:
223:
This 1893 Yorkshire-made handloom has a flying shuttle; it is not just controlled but powered by the pedals.
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was moved to take up the issue of installing guards and other contrivances to reduce these injuries.
284:, which could produce strong, fine thread in the quantities needed these innovations transformed the
79:
111:; second, those that believe it simply originated where it was industrialized, that is in England.
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Clermont-de-LedĂ©ve 1633â1789: Fluctuations in the
Prosperity of a Languedocian Cloth-Making Town
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376:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982), 336-7, for Languedoc. ----- cite from an Essay
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HISTORY CRUNCH - History
Articles, Biographies, Infographics, Resources and More
211:
loom with an obvious shuttle race on a top-mounted beater bar. Late 1800s Japan.
155:. The shuttle then had to be caught in the other hand, the shed closed, and the
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430:. Laxenburg, Austria: International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis.
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164:(typically 60 inches (150 cm) or less). If the loom was for weaving
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398:. Cambridge, New York: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge.
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27:
Flying shuttle from below, showing metal capped ends, wheels, and a
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in one hand and pass this through the shed; the shuttle carried a
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threads. They then had to reach forward while holding the
244:
The fully automated shuttle moves almost too fast to see.
467:"Flying Shuttle Invention in the Industrial Revolution"
382:
Guilds, Innovation, and the
European Economy, 1400-1800
59:. It was a pivotal advancement in the mechanisation of
592:. University Press of New England. pp. 148, 151.
378:
573:"John Kay 1704-1780: Inventor of the Flying Shuttle"
623:
531:Horrocks, A. Richard; Anand, S. C., eds. (2000).
496:"Factories and workshops: Annual report for 1900"
1200:
421:"Technological Transformations and Long Waves"
666:
630:An Encyclopaedia of the History of Technology
553:"Leclerc Loom Options: Flying Shuttle Option"
530:
384:, Cambridge University Press, 2008, page. 68
673:
659:
579:. New Opportunities Fund. Archived from
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42:
34:
22:
537:. Woodhead Publishing. pp. 87â88.
372:, 180-1, for Lyon; James K.J Thompson,
323:eliminated the need to take the bobbin/
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587:
492:House of Commons of the United Kingdom
393:
319:the speed of the loom. Projectile and
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621:
418:
280:until ultimately culminating in the
570:
557:Camilla Valley Farm Weavers' Supply
380:by S. R. Epstein in the collection
13:
47:Flying shuttle in the shuttle race
14:
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632:. Taylor & Francis. pp.
267:
63:during the initial stages of the
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249:
228:
216:
200:
182:
82:, the flying shuttle received a
419:Ayres, Robert (February 1989).
307:
534:Handbook of technical textiles
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459:
412:
387:
362:
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1:
617:(60). NovemberâDecember 1961.
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1081:Thomas Ferguson & Co Ltd
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10:
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314:Loom § Weft insertion
311:
97:
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969:
819:
793:
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688:
394:Landes, David S. (1969).
628:. In McNeil, Ian (ed.).
302:British House of Commons
625:"Textiles and Clothing"
622:Hills, Richard (1990).
494:(JanuaryâAugust 1901).
345:"History of technology"
73:automatic machine looms
1121:Brigitta Scherzenfeldt
128:
67:, and facilitated the
48:
40:
32:
1214:Industrial Revolution
1141:Margaretha Zetterberg
827:Barber-Colman knotter
588:Broudy, Eric (1993).
583:on 28 September 2007.
508:H. M. Stationery Off.
122:
65:Industrial Revolution
46:
38:
26:
1150:Employment practices
1111:Margaretha Reichardt
1101:Maria Elisabet Ăberg
1066:Micheline Beauchemin
820:Tools and techniques
349:www.historyworld.net
1162:Kissing the shuttle
135:, which opened the
1035:Warp-weighted loom
129:
78:The brainchild of
49:
41:
33:
1209:Weaving equipment
1196:
1195:
1188:Queen Street Mill
1086:Elisabeth Forsell
590:The Book of Looms
544:978-1-85573-385-5
447:on 1 January 2018
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1071:Johanna Brunsson
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608:"Flying Shuttle"
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500:Sessional Papers
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440:. Archived from
428:Research Reports
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286:textile industry
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88:broad-cloth loom
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1167:Piece-rate list
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1010:Lancashire loom
995:Hattersley loom
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842:Chilkat weaving
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897:Salish weaving
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31:of weft thread
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1183:Bancroft Shed
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1131:Gunta Stölzl
1116:John Rylands
1096:Ethel Mairet
1030:Roberts loom
980:Air-jet loom
851:
716:Double weave
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581:the original
576:
560:. Retrieved
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474:. Retrieved
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442:the original
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368:See Heller,
364:
352:. Retrieved
348:
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321:rapier looms
317:
308:Obsolescence
294:
271:
171:
162:narrow cloth
130:
123:Holding the
101:
93:
77:
52:
50:
20:
18:Weaving tool
15:
1106:Lilly Reich
1061:Otti Berger
1056:Anni Albers
1025:Rapier loom
756:Plain weave
696:Basketweave
577:Cotton Town
510:: 289â290.
476:25 February
166:broad cloth
1203:Categories
1157:More looms
1020:Power loom
990:Dobby loom
985:Dandy loom
794:Components
746:Pile weave
736:Leno weave
721:Even-weave
562:9 February
451:6 February
437:3704500925
354:2 November
331:References
312:See also:
278:waterframe
1076:Ada Dietz
970:Types of
726:Gabardine
115:Operation
105:Languedoc
939:Tapestry
887:Pibiones
801:Textiles
706:Coverlet
276:and the
151:for the
80:John Kay
1044:Weavers
907:Shuttle
701:Charvet
682:Weaving
634:821â822
516:4689281
209:tanmono
207:Narrow
145:shuttle
139:in the
133:heddles
98:History
69:weaving
61:weaving
1051:Acesas
954:Wicker
949:Wattle
944:Temple
934:TÄniko
912:Sizing
872:Kasuri
857:Heddle
832:Beamer
771:Swivel
741:Oxford
731:Lampas
689:Weaves
640:
596:
541:
514:
434:
402:
370:Labour
157:beater
149:bobbin
84:patent
1176:Mills
972:looms
959:Resin
929:Talim
837:Braid
776:Twill
761:Satin
751:Piqué
711:Dobby
611:(PDF)
445:(PDF)
424:(PDF)
902:Shed
892:Reed
877:Loom
862:Ikat
811:Yarn
766:Shot
638:ISBN
594:ISBN
564:2009
539:ISBN
512:OCLC
478:2023
453:2018
432:ISBN
400:ISBN
356:2017
325:pirn
175:pirn
153:weft
141:warp
137:shed
51:The
29:pirn
288:in
1205::
636:.
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347:.
75:.
674:e
667:t
660:v
646:.
602:.
566:.
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504:X
480:.
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408:.
358:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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