Derwent Valley Mills

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and by 1833 their business employed 2,000 people and had dominated the cotton industry in the Derwent Valley. As Arkwright had done at Cromford, the Strutts provided housing for their employees. Belper was already an established village with its own market before Jedediah Strutt began building mills, so he was not required to have as active a role in developing the community into a self-sustaining entity as Richard Arkwright did at Cromford. The Strutts provided education, and in 1817 650 and 300 children attended Sunday Schools in Belper and Milford respectively. Compared with Cromford, whose population had plateaued at around 1,200 in the early 19th century, the population of Belper rose from 4,500 in 1801 to 7,890 in 1831 due to the prosperity of the business. Darley Abbey also expanded as a worker's settlement although it had no market place, so providing food for the inhabitants was problematic. The settlement doubled in size between 1788 and 1801, and between 1801 and 1831 the population increased from 615 to 1,170 with the addition of much worker's housing. A Sunday School for 80 children was established in one of the mills and a church and school were built in 1819 and 1826 respectively.

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locks for a canal, was relatively easy for a railway. However, for a time the Cromford and High Peak Railway did have the sharpest curve out of all railways in Britain and the steepest incline for vehicles without steam power. The construction of the railway cost was £180,000, higher than the original estimate of £155,000 (£16 million and £14 million respectively as of 2024) but much lower than the £500,000 the canal was predicted to cost (£45 million as of 2024). Having been built to connect the Peak Forest and Cromford Canals, the railways fortunes were closely tied with those of the canals. The line was not profitable as by the time it had opened traffic had declined along the Cromford Canal. In 1855, an Act of Parliament allowed the line to transport passengers as well as freight. Although passenger travel became more important to the railway, it went into decline and closed on 21 April 1967.

540:. The problem of shifting markets affected the entire Derwent Valley; Lancashire was better situated than Derbyshire in relation to the raw materials and new markets. The mills run by the Strutt family also suffered from a lack of modernisation; although they were at the forefront of fireproofing technology at the start of the 19th century, as the machines the mills used got bigger and more powerful, the Strutts persevered with child labour where adults would have been more adept at using the machinery. The company declined and in the second half of the 19th century some of its mills were leased or sold off to other companies. Although the cotton industry in the Derwent Valley declined, many of the structures associated with the industrial processes associated with producing cotton and workers' housing has survived and there are 848 listed buildings in the World Heritage Site. 399: – an employee of Cotchett – that if water power could be perfected there was a market for its produce. He engaged in industrial espionage and gained plans of Italian machines. He patented the design in 1719 and built a five-storey mill 33.5 m × 12 m (110 ft × 39 ft) next to Crotchett's mill. By 1763, 30 years after Lombe's patent had expired, only seven Lombe mills had been built because the silk market was small, but Lombe had introduced a viable form of water powered machinery and had established a template for organised labour that later industrialists would follow. 201: 171: 485:

invest in researching new technology. He established a mill at Belper, about 8 mi (13 km) south of Cromford; it was probably complete in 1781. The site was expanded with the addition of a second mill in 1784. Strutt also built a mill in Milford, about 2 mi (3 km) south of Belper. By 1793, two further mills were added for printing and bleaching. The Strutts estimated that by 1789 they had invested £37,000 (£6,000,000) in theirs mills at Belper and Milford (£26,000 at Belper and £11,000 at Milford), and had a return of £36,000 (£6,000,000) per year.

742:'s Cromford Mill and the associated workers' settlement provided a template for industrial communities, not just in the valley but internationally. The reason a settlement was built contemporaneously with Cromford Mill was to provide housing for the workers; the only way to secure the labour the mill required was if homes were provided for the labourers and their families. The success of Arkwright's model lead to other industrialists copying him. Entrepreneurs such as Peter Nightingale, Jedediah Strutt and 489: 383: 38: 560: 521: 2595: 826: 3013: 2049: 712: 639: 208: 178: 403: 445:) – bought the Cromford Estate for £20,000 (£3 million as of 2024). Nightingale also built Rock House as a residence for Arkwright, overlooking the mill, and gave him a further £2,000 (£320,000) to build the second mill and £1,750 (£280,000) for workers' housing. Between 1777 and 1783, Arkwright and his family built mills at 430:. For these reasons, the water frame became popular and widespread. In 1771, Richard Arkwright took a lease on land in Cromford. By 1774, his first mill was operational, and in 1776 he began construction of a second mill at Cromford. During this time, he developed machines for pre-spinning and in 1775 took out his second patent. With 801:, which began production in 1784. He named the settlement associated with the mill Cromford. The mill was the first Arkwright mill in mainland Europe. The techniques for spinning cotton developed in the Derwent Valley were also spread to America. In 1790, the United States had fewer than 2,000 spindles which were powered by 248:. With advancements in technology, it became possible to produce cotton continuously. The system was adopted throughout the valley, and later spread so that by 1788 there were over 200 Arkwright-type mills in Britain. Arkwright's inventions and system of organising labour was exported to Europe and the United States. 882:. The Derwent Valley Mills pioneered worker's housing as well as much technology developed by Richard Arkwright, producing an industrial landscape and heralding industrial towns. The Derwent Valley Mills Partnership is responsible, on behalf of the British government, for the management of the site. In June 2009, 590:

to estimate the cost of building a canal connecting the mills at Cromford to Langley Mill. The figure Jessop came up with was £42,000 (£7 million as of 2024) which was raised within a couple of weeks. Local mill owners Jedediah Strutt and Thomas Evans opposed the proposed canal, fearing it would

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In 2018, the "Cromford Mills Creative Cluster and World Heritage Site Gateway Project" was listed as a finalist for the "Best Major Regeneration of a Historic Building or Place" in the Historic England Angel Awards. In 2019, the Arkwright Society employed 100 persons at the Cromford Mills site; the

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The railway ascended from 277 ft (84 m) above sea level at Cromford Wharf to a height of 1,264 ft (385 m) above sea level at Ladmanlow, before descending to 747 ft (228 m) at the wharves of the Peak Forest Canal. The changes in height, which would have necessitated many

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Richard Arkwright junior was uninterested in the cotton business, and after the death of his father the Arkwright family ceased to invest in the industry. The Strutt family continued to invest, fuelled by the profits of their mills in Milford and Belper. They continued building mills into the 1810s,

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on the list of World Heritage Sites. The proposal was successful and in 2001 the Derwent Valley Mills were designated a World Heritage Site. Its status as a World Heritage Site is intended to ensure its protection; all such sites are considered to be of "outstanding value to humanity". The site was

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and Arkwright in 1784. Dale later established four mills at Lanark; they were structurally similar to Arkwright's Masson Mill and at least two of the mills used technology developed in the Derwent Valley, although the factory system was different from that used in the Derwent Valley. New Lanark was

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was built at Cromford in 1785 and provided education to 200 children. By 1789, the Cromford Estate was back in the ownership of the Arkwrights, who actively influenced its structure and construction. Cromford was given a market place to act as a new focus for the village. Arkwright organised a

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When the Cromford Canal was opened in 1794, it had cost nearly twice Jessop's original estimate. Between Langley Mill and Cromford Wharf, where the canal terminated in the mill complex, the canal crossed two aqueducts, traversed 3,000 yd (2,700 m) of tunnel beneath some ironworks at Bull

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in Matlock Bath began in 1783, instigated by Arkwright. Contemporaneous with Arkwright's expansionism was the entry of Jedediah Strutt into the cotton spinning industry. Strutt had the advantage that Arkwright had already done all the necessary experimentation with machinery, so he did not have to

817:. Many of the technologies developed in the Derwent Valley Mills endured and were adopted for other textile industries; until the mid-20th century, carding was still performed with machinery invented by Richard Arkwright. The factory system made it possible to produce cheap textiles and clothing. 857:

Many of the mills built in the Derwent Valley for the cotton industry survive and were reused after the decline of the industry. Some have been reused. Most of the worker's housing survives and is still used as homes. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, local authorities in partnership with English

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village significantly expanded for his then-new workforce; this system of production and workers' housing was copied throughout the valley. To ensure the presence of a labour force, it was necessary to construct housing for the mill workers. Thus, new settlements were established by mill owners

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Heritage attempted to prevent the deterioration of the houses and mills by giving advice to owners and using grants to undertake conservation work. When the application for World Heritage Site status was made in 2000, 26 of the 838 listed buildings in the area were on English Heritage's

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was formed. The Cromford Mill complex was bought by The Arkwright Society in 1979, saving the buildings associated with the mill from demolition. The charity purchased the site for the purpose of conservation and with the intention of beginning restoration. The mills had been contaminated by

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Arkwright's innovations were not confined to developing workers' settlements; he also had patents on many technologies used for water-powered spinning. They were so successful that rival industrialists risked legal action by copying his designs. His patents expired in 1785, and by 1788 over

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As silk was a luxury good, the market was small and easily saturated by machine produced goods. The next innovation in machine produced textiles came in the cotton industry which had a much wider market and produced more affordable goods. Spinning cotton was a more complex process than silk

513:. Societies and clubs were created in Cromford. The religious affairs of the community were of less interest to Arkwright, and it was not until 1797 that Arkwright junior established Cromford Church; his father had envisaged it as a private chapel for the Arkwright family at 473:, bought a further 7.1 ha (18 acres) in the area around Darley Abbey at a cost of £1,140 (£180,000) and in 1782 built a cotton mill in the village. Arkwright was paid royalties by those who had copied his machines, although some people risked prosecution by engaging in 619:

extended its line south of the canal. In 1852, the canal was sold to the railway company which accelerated its decline. By 1889 the canal was mostly used for local traffic. It was eventually closed in 1944 as the costs of maintaining and repairing the canal were too great.

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around the mills – sometimes developing a pre-existing community – with their own amenities such as schools, chapels, and markets. Most of the housing still exists and is still in use. Transport infrastructure was built to open new markets for the mills' produce.

615:. In January 1845, the Cromford Canal Company decided to have a permanent pump built to provide enough water during dry conditions. This was made by Graham and Company at the Milton Iron Works, Elsecar. The canal was successful until the mid 19th century when the 788:

In 1774, the British government passed an act outlawing the export of "tools or utensils" used in the cotton and linen industries. As a result, the only way for the new technologies being developed in Britain to spread to other countries was through

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which was better positioned in relation to markets and raw materials. The mills and their associated buildings are well preserved and have been reused since the cotton industry declined. Many of the buildings within the World Heritage Site are also

517:. The family's attempts to make Cromford self-sustaining through establishing a market was successful, and the village expanded until about 1840. This was even though the mills had passed their zenith and begun to enter decline in this period. 699:, opened on 29 May 1830, and on 6 July 1831 the rest of the line opened to Whaley Bridge. The first steam locomotive on the line was introduced in 1841; before that, the traffic had been made up entirely of wagons. 758:

within the Derwent Valley for their employees. As well as the economic standpoint of ensuring a supply of labour, the industrialists were also concerned for their employees and families and acted out of a sense of

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in Scotland – also a World Heritage Site – was directly influenced by Richard Arkwright and the developments in the Derwent Valley; Lanark was identified as a potential site for a mill on a visit by

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In the late 17th century silk making expanded due to demand for silk as part of fashionable garments. In an attempt to increase production through the use of water power, Thomas Cotchett commissioned engineer

438:, the process which laid out the cotton fibres parallel, however not all his inventions were successful and cleaning the cotton was performed by hand until the 1790s when an effective machine was invented. 931:

In October 2013 a programme started to reinvent the silk mill for the 21st Century, incorporating the principles of STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Art and Maths). The museum now opens 4 days a

805:, compared to 2.4 million machine driven spindles in Britain at the same time. The Arkwright mill was introduced to America by migrants from England, many of whom were unskilled. Among them was 2623: 681:, Richard Arkwright junior, and several Manchester bankers – was ambitious; it was expected that steam locomotives would be used on the line, even though the technology was in its infancy and 2851: 1784: 785: – another World Heritage Site – was founded in 1853 and featured worker's housing and facilities, as well as other elements of the factory system developed by Arkwright. 2728: 3283: 939:

was re-branded as the Museum of Making in November 2021. It houses a series of exhibits about the history of the Derwent Valley Mills and the wider context of manufacturing.

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building houses the Derwent Valley Visitor Centre. This features displays of machinery and other items associated with the history of the Derwent Valley textile industry.

793:. Carl Delius worked in England and gave plans for many of Arkwright's inventions to Johann Gottfried Brugelmann; Brugelmann used the information to establish a mill in 616: 2844: 536:

Despite being a major power of the cotton industry in the first quarter of the 19th century, the Strutts' company began to lose out to competition from Lancashire

1985: 1757: 665:, with the Cromford Canal, providing a direct route between markets in Lancashire and Derbyshire. However, costs were prohibitive and the plan was abandoned. 509:, took over and sold most of his cotton mills outside Cromford and Matlock Bath. The mills in Cromford and Matlock Bath were probably retained to support the 854:, and at the cost of £5 million, the mills were restored and decontaminated. Now Cromford Mill is now used by small businesses and used for education. 426:

continuously and replaced skilled workers with unskilled supervisors to make sure the machines did not break. Water frames varied in size from 4 to 96

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Leawood Pumphouse is now a working museum which still does the original job of pumping water from the Derwent to Cromford Canal, Open on selected weekends.

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industrial processes involving pigments and dyes which were stored in the mills after they stopped processing cotton. With the help of local councils, the

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in 1799 who developed paternalism further than had been done in the Derwent Valley, experimenting with education for young and old and social control.

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by Arkwright's competitors. Arkwright-type mills were so successful that sometimes they were copied without paying royalties to Richard Arkwright.

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in Derbyshire, England, designated in December 2001. It is administered by the Derwent Valley Mills Partnership. The modern factory, or 'mill',

3258: 2068: 599:. Three-quarters of the cargo transported on the canal was coal and coke, while the rest consisted of gritstone, iron ore, and lead. When the 330:

covers an area of 12.3 km (4.7 sq mi) and spans a 24 km (15 mi) stretch of the Derwent Valley, in Derbyshire, from

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market every Sunday and as incentive to attend, gave annual prizes to those who attended most often. After Arkwright died in 1792 his son,

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mechanised, the other processes involved in producing cotton could not keep up and also required mechanisation. He produced a machine for

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Conrad Jr, James L. (January 1995), ""Drive That Branch": Samuel Slater, the Power Loom, and the Writing of America's Textile History",

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to build a mill near the centre of Derby on an island in the River Derwent. Although the experiment was unsuccessful, it convinced

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The cotton industry in the Derwent Valley went into decline in the first quarter of the 19th century as the market shifted towards

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on the River Derwent, and the transport network that supported the mills in the valley. The site consists of the communities of

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in 1719, but it was Richard Arkwright who applied water-power to the process of producing cotton in the 1770s. His patent of a

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interfere with the water supply for their own mills, but in 1789 Parliament granted permission to construct the canal.

2560: 1806: 1763: 3263: 2902: 2818: 1528: 2793: 2748: 873:, New Lanark, and Saltaire (all now World Heritage Sites), the site was proposed to increase the representation of 843: 366:. The buildings are a mixture of mills, workers' housing, and structures associated with the mill communities. The 2535: 2242: 48: 1578: 886:

in Derby was damaged by fire. The building was part of the World Heritage Site and dated from the 18th century.

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for the construction of a railway from Cromford to Whaley Bridge was passed. The proposal – backed by

362:, made up of 16 Grade I, 42 Grade II*, and 780 Grade II. A further nine structures are 125: 441:

Arkwright sought financial assistance, and Peter Nightingale – a local landowner (and grand uncle of

2743: 2723: 2703: 2688: 2673: 2668: 2515: 2023: 2808: 2798: 2708: 2683: 2119: 363: 27: 738:. The machines developed in the Derwent Valley such as the water frame allowed continuous production. 3059: 2881: 2803: 2768: 2718: 2693: 2678: 2653: 2444: 2389: 1713: 859: 810: 722:, incorporated many elements of the factory system developed in the Derwent Valley, and was built by 715: 621: 244:

was born here in the 18th century to accommodate the new technology for spinning cotton developed by

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acquired the canal in 1974 and the Cromford Canal Society undertook the task of restoring it.

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in the south. Within the site are mill complexes, settlements including workers' housing,

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The Cromford Mills Creative Cluster and World Heritage Site Gateway Project, Derbyshire

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in 1979 after the site was abandoned by its previous owners, a dyes and paints company.

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employer who was concerned for the well-being of his employees and their families. A

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in 1796, they provided direct routes to the important textile centres of Derby and

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Nomination of the Derwent Valley Mills for inscription on the World Heritage List

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At Belper, while much of the site has been converted to other business uses, the

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who was from the Derwent Valley and an apprentice of Jedediah Strutt. He founded

647: 608: 466: 392: 359: 300: 3127: 2950: 2874: 2540: 2414: 2404: 2394: 2384: 2349: 2334: 2162: 2137: 2033: 1927: 1538: 1111: 1107:"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)" 802: 735: 587: 563: 554: 367: 241: 1444: 1442: 586:, 14 mi (23 km) south of Cromford. In 1788, Richard Arkwright asked 574:, begun in 1777, was intended to primarily transport coal. It flowed from the 3227: 3051: 2960: 2917: 2581: 2565: 2490: 2419: 2369: 2344: 2304: 2063: 2018: 806: 723: 666: 662: 571: 525: 501: 462: 268: 147: 134: 2608: 798: 488: 3177: 3116: 3040: 2434: 2424: 2409: 2399: 2319: 2252: 2192: 2094: 1810: 1439: 928:. This museum closed on 3 April 2011 and was mothballed for over two years. 755: 583: 470: 355: 331: 284: 1570:

World Heritage Committee Inscribes 31 New Sites on the World Heritage List

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which was destroyed by fire in 1890, with wheel chamber on the right.

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In the early 19th century, a canal had been proposed to connect the

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Derwent Valley Mills Partnership (2000), pp. 32, 102–103.

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until 1829. The south part of the railway, from Cromford Wharf to

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continuously, meaning it could be produced by unskilled workers.

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running the entire length of the World Heritage site to promote

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is now a working textile museum with the largest collection of

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The Derwent Valley Trust is now involved in the creation of a

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In 2000, the Derwent Valley Mills were nominated to become a

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200 Arkwright type mills had been founded in Britain.

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Derwent Valley Mills Partnership (2000), pp. 100–104.

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Derwent Valley Mills Partnership (2000), pp. 102–104.

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Derwent Valley Mills Partnership (2000), pp. 101–102.

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Manchester, Buxton, Matlock and Midlands Junction Railway

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Derwent Valley Mills Partnership (2000), pp. 30–31.

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Derwent Valley Mills Partnership (2000), pp. 96–97.

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Derwent Valley Mills Partnership (2000), pp. 94–95.

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Derwent Valley Mills Partnership (2000), pp. 93–94.

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Inside the £130m 'conservation challenge of the century

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The Derwent Valley is considered the birthplace of the

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The Silk Mill: Derby's Museum of Industry and History.

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restoration expenditure by that time was £48 million.

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History of the textile industry in the United Kingdom

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Derwent Valley Mills Partnership (2000), p. 134.

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Derwent Valley Mills Partnership (2000), p. 110.

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Derwent Valley Mills Partnership (2000), p. 105.

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Derwent Valley Mills Partnership (2000), p. 103.

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Derwent Valley Mills Partnership (2000), p. 100.

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Derwent Valley Mills Partnership (2000), p. 106.

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would be much cheaper than a canal. On 2 May 1825 an

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Derwent Valley Mills Partnership (2000), p. 30.

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Derwent Valley Mills Partnership (2000), p. 29.

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Derwent Valley Mills Partnership (2000), p. 28.

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Derwent Valley Mills Partnership (2000), p. 27.

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Derwent Valley Mills Partnership (2000), p. 98.

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Derwent Valley Mills Partnership (2000), p. 96.

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Derwent Valley Mills Partnership (2000), p. 94.

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Derwent Valley Mills Partnership (2000), p. 32.

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Derwent Valley Mills Partnership (2000), p. 10.

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Derwent Valley Mills Partnership (2000), p. 13.

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was the site of Arkwright's first mill, with nearby

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European Route of Industrial Heritage Anchor Points

1809:. Derby City Council /Derby Museums. Archived from 1785:"Don't allow this valuable museum to be sacrificed" 1558:

Derwent Valley Mills Partnership (2000), p. 3.

406:Model of a water frame at the Historical Museum in 279:Mills and workers' settlements were established at 3093:Castles and Town Walls of King Edward I in Gwynedd 1900:Transformation of a Valley: The Derbyshire Derwent 880:second and fourth Heritage Site selection criteria 627: 3225: 1627:Letter to Derby City Council planning department 1095: 1093: 1091: 1089: 1087: 1085: 1083: 1081: 1079: 251:Water-power was first introduced to England by 1530:Arkwright Society | Home | Education 1175: 1173: 422:and patented in 1769. The machines could spin 2845: 2638: 2624: 1979: 1263: 1261: 1234: 1232: 1230: 669:, the son of William Jessop, believed that a 3193:Town of St George and Related Fortifications 1922:(online ed.), Oxford University Press, 1076: 837:Out of the Arkwright Festival held in 1971, 207: 177: 3289:Textile mills completed in the 18th century 1170: 1069: 1067: 1065: 2861:World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom 2852: 2838: 2631: 2617: 1986: 1972: 1483: 1481: 1258: 1227: 1163: 1161: 1159: 36: 16:World Heritage site in Derbyshire, England 1916:Mason, J. J. (2004), "Strutt, Jedediah", 1907:Derwent Valley Mills Partnership (2000), 1861: 1140: 1138: 1103:inflation figures are based on data from 920:At the extreme southern end of the site, 679:William Cavendish, 6th Duke of Devonshire 215:Derwent Valley Mills (the United Kingdom) 3294:Tourist attractions of the Peak District 2989:Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites 2908:Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape 1062: 824: 710: 637: 558: 519: 487: 401: 381: 321: 1919:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 1478: 1156: 1055: 1053: 1051: 1049: 3226: 3141:The Slate Landscape of Northwest Wales 1897: 1712:, Derwent Valley Mills, archived from 1339:Cooper (1983), pp. 203, 205. 1330:Cooper (1983), pp. 200, 203. 1321:Cooper (1983), pp. 200, 202. 1135: 3259:Textile museums in the United Kingdom 2833: 2612: 2501:Derbyshire Dales Narrow Gauge Railway 1967: 1950:Derwent Valley Mills official website 1915: 1104: 1010: 418:for spinning cotton was developed by 1762:, Derby City Council, archived from 1046: 566:, the terminus of the Cromford Canal 2729:Lancashire Cotton Corporation mills 13: 3211:Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City 3011: 1911:, Derwent Valley Mills Partnership 1833:"Museum of Making | Derby Museums" 1791:. 25 February 2015. Archived from 862:and were in a state of disrepair. 14: 3315: 3299:Scheduled monuments in Derbyshire 1943: 548: 3269:Industrial Revolution in England 2593: 2561:Royal Crown Derby Visitor Centre 2047: 1995:Places of Interest in Derbyshire 1653:Historic mill is damaged by fire 1294:Cooper (1983), pp. 199–200. 844:East Midlands Development Agency 685:did not build his revolutionary 496:Arkwright had a reputation as a 206: 199: 176: 169: 3304:World Heritage Sites in England 3136:Pontcysyllte Aqueduct and Canal 1825: 1799: 1777: 1750: 1727: 1700: 1689: 1678: 1667: 1644: 1618: 1592: 1581:from the original on 2 May 2009 1561: 1552: 1521: 1490: 1469: 1460: 1451: 1413: 1404: 1378: 1369: 1360: 1351: 1342: 1333: 1324: 1315: 1306: 1297: 1288: 1279: 1270: 1218: 1209: 1200: 1191: 1182: 1147: 1126: 829:Cromford Mill was purchased by 820: 461:, spread across Derbyshire and 3088:Blaenavon Industrial Landscape 2486:Cromford and High Peak Railway 2110:Derby Museum & Art Gallery 1037: 1028: 1019: 1001: 992: 967: 871:Blaenavon Industrial Landscape 634:Cromford and High Peak Railway 628:Cromford and High Peak Railway 372:Cromford and High Peak Railway 218:Show map of the United Kingdom 1: 3046:Frontiers of the Roman Empire 2927:Frontiers of the Roman Empire 2541:Millennium Walkway, New Mills 2105:Buxton Museum and Art Gallery 955: 950:Lists of World Heritage Sites 607:were completed by Jessop and 492:Workers' cottages in Cromford 3166:British Overseas Territories 2069:Chesterfield's Crooked Spire 2057:Churches and religious sites 1935:UK public library membership 1736:Welcome to Belper North Mill 1475:Conrad Jr (1995), p. 1. 543: 524:The foundations of the 1775 42:Masson Mills, Derwent Valley 7: 3254:Industry museums in England 3234:Textile mills in Derbyshire 2739:Longdendale and Glossopdale 2536:Midland Railway – Butterley 2516:Ecclesbourne Valley Railway 2203:Longdendale Reservoir Chain 2009:Ardotalia (Melandra Castle) 1348:Cooper (1983), p. 203. 1312:Cooper (1983), p. 202. 1303:Cooper (1983), p. 200. 1285:Cooper (1983), p. 193. 1276:Cooper (1983), p. 192. 1267:Cooper (1983), p. 191. 943: 746:founded the settlements of 364:Scheduled Ancient Monuments 10: 3320: 3274:Cotton industry in England 2083:Museums and cultural sites 2002:Castles and military sites 1656:, BBC Online, 16 June 2009 1357:Cooper (1983), p. 206 893: 631: 552: 377: 29:UNESCO World Heritage Site 3201: 3165: 3149: 3078: 3060:Heart of Neolithic Orkney 3022: 3009: 2956:Kew Royal Botanic Gardens 2882:Great Spa Towns of Europe 2867: 2644: 2639:Lists of mills in England 2590: 2574: 2473: 2445:Swarkestone Hall Pavilion 2297: 2266: 2128: 2082: 2056: 2045: 2001: 924:Silk Mill now houses the 706: 642:Workshops and offices at 622:Derbyshire County Council 326:The Derwent Valley Mills 163: 124: 108: 100: 92: 80: 70: 60: 47: 35: 26: 3264:Watermills in Derbyshire 2946:Jodrell Bank Observatory 2289:Nine Ladies Stone Circle 1739:, BelperNorthMill.org.uk 1499:Welcome to Cromford Mill 507:Richard Arkwright junior 358:, and includes 838 2546:National Tramway Museum 2153:Buxton Pavilion Gardens 2120:Pickford's House Museum 1105:Clark, Gregory (2017). 937:Derby Industrial Museum 926:Derby Industrial Museum 815:Pawtucket, Rhode Island 720:Pawtucket, Rhode Island 3016: 2819:Yorkshire Cotton Mills 2481:Barrow Hill Roundhouse 2474:Transport and industry 1928:10.1093/ref:odnb/26683 1898:Cooper, Brian (1983), 1864:Technology and Culture 875:industrial archaeology 834: 731: 661:, which terminated at 654: 567: 529: 493: 410: 387: 190:Show map of Derbyshire 3249:Museums in Derbyshire 3173:Gorham's Cave Complex 3015: 2971:Palace of Westminster 2600:Derbyshire portal 2440:Sutton Scarsdale Hall 2267:Prehistoric landmarks 1535:The Arkwright Society 1504:The Arkwright Society 852:Heritage Lottery Fund 839:The Arkwright Society 831:The Arkwright Society 828: 714: 641: 595:Bridge, and fourteen 562: 523: 491: 405: 385: 322:Location and coverage 263:allowed cotton to be 186:Location of the mills 2979:St Margaret's Church 2913:Derwent Valley Mills 2899:St Augustine's Abbey 2895:Canterbury Cathedral 2511:Derwent Valley Mills 1716:on 27 September 2011 1633:, Derby City Council 1601:About World Heritage 1241:Derwent Valley Mills 979:Derwent Valley Trust 899:Richard Arkwright's 791:industrial espionage 480:The construction of 443:Florence Nightingale 255:at his silk mill in 230:Derwent Valley Mills 148:53.02889°N 1.48806°W 22:Derwent Valley Mills 3183:Inaccessible Island 2243:Shining Cliff Woods 2198:Ladybower Reservoir 1902:, London: Heinemann 1813:on 10 December 2013 1766:on 21 February 2009 867:World Heritage Site 652:Derwent Valley Line 328:World Heritage Site 316:sustainable tourism 305:Scheduled Monuments 234:World Heritage Site 144: / 116:.derwentvalleymills 23: 3032:Edinburgh Old Town 3017: 2994:Studley Royal Park 2966:Maritime Greenwich 2903:St Martin's Church 2699:Greater Manchester 2659:Bradford (borough) 2526:Leawood Pump House 2521:High Peak Junction 2258:Treak Cliff Cavern 2183:Heights of Abraham 2178:Foremark Reservoir 2131:and outdoor spaces 2100:Buxton Opera House 1101:Retail Price Index 835: 732: 655: 644:High Peak Junction 568: 530: 494: 411: 388: 153:53.02889; -1.48806 21: 3219: 3218: 3130: 3123: 3112: 3106:Caernarfon Castle 3101: 3054: 2975:Westminster Abbey 2935: 2884: 2827: 2826: 2789:Shaw and Crompton 2606: 2605: 2506:Derwent Reservoir 2460:Willersley Castle 2279:Hob Hurst's House 2208:Longdendale Trail 2129:Natural landmarks 1955:Leawood pumphouse 1933:(Subscription or 1577:, December 2001, 915:Belper North Mill 878:listed under the 740:Richard Arkwright 683:George Stephenson 675:Act of Parliament 659:Peak Forest Canal 605:Nottingham Canals 515:Willersley Castle 511:Willersley Estate 420:Richard Arkwright 386:Lombe's silk mill 336:Derby city centre 246:Richard Arkwright 227: 226: 3311: 3188:Henderson Island 3157:Giant's Causeway 3150:Northern Ireland 3126: 3115: 3104: 3099:Beaumaris Castle 3097: 3050: 3014: 2941:Ironbridge Gorge 2931: 2879: 2854: 2847: 2840: 2831: 2830: 2754:Oldham (borough) 2633: 2626: 2619: 2610: 2609: 2598: 2597: 2596: 2450:Thornbridge Hall 2430:St Helen's House 2340:Chatsworth House 2310:Barlborough Hall 2248:Speedwell Cavern 2228:Ogston Reservoir 2188:Howden Reservoir 2158:Carsington Water 2148:Blue John Cavern 2051: 2029:Melbourne Castle 1988: 1981: 1974: 1965: 1964: 1938: 1930: 1912: 1903: 1894: 1848: 1847: 1845: 1843: 1837:derbymuseums.org 1829: 1823: 1822: 1820: 1818: 1803: 1797: 1796: 1781: 1775: 1774: 1773: 1771: 1754: 1748: 1747: 1746: 1744: 1731: 1725: 1724: 1723: 1721: 1704: 1698: 1693: 1687: 1682: 1676: 1671: 1665: 1664: 1663: 1661: 1648: 1642: 1641: 1640: 1638: 1632: 1622: 1616: 1615: 1614: 1612: 1596: 1590: 1589: 1588: 1586: 1565: 1559: 1556: 1550: 1549: 1548: 1546: 1537:, archived from 1525: 1519: 1518: 1517: 1515: 1506:, archived from 1494: 1488: 1485: 1476: 1473: 1467: 1464: 1458: 1455: 1449: 1446: 1437: 1436: 1435: 1433: 1417: 1411: 1408: 1402: 1401: 1400: 1398: 1382: 1376: 1373: 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The 360:listed buildings 334:in the north to 301:listed buildings 219: 210: 209: 203: 191: 180: 179: 173: 159: 158: 156: 155: 154: 149: 145: 142: 141: 140: 137: 120: 117: 115: 101:Buffer zone 66:Cultural: ii, iv 40: 30: 24: 20: 3319: 3318: 3314: 3313: 3312: 3310: 3309: 3308: 3224: 3223: 3220: 3215: 3197: 3161: 3145: 3074: 3018: 3012: 3007: 3003:Tower of London 2998:Fountains Abbey 2890:Blenheim Palace 2863: 2858: 2828: 2823: 2794:South Yorkshire 2749:North Yorkshire 2640: 2637: 2607: 2602: 2594: 2592: 2586: 2570: 2496:Derby Silk Mill 2469: 2465:Wingfield Manor 2455:Tissington Hall 2375:Hartington Hall 2355:Elvaston Castle 2315:Bradbourne Hall 2293: 2262: 2213:Longshaw Estate 2168:Derby Arboretum 2130: 2124: 2115:Devonshire Dome 2090:Buxton Crescent 2078: 2074:Derby Cathedral 2052: 2043: 2039:Pilsbury Castle 2024:Duffield Castle 2014:Bolsover Castle 1997: 1992: 1946: 1941: 1932: 1876:10.2307/3106339 1852: 1851: 1841: 1839: 1831: 1830: 1826: 1816: 1814: 1807:"Derby Museums" 1805: 1804: 1800: 1795:on 27 May 2012. 1789:Derby Telegraph 1783: 1782: 1778: 1769: 1767: 1756: 1755: 1751: 1742: 1740: 1733: 1732: 1728: 1719: 1717: 1706: 1705: 1701: 1694: 1690: 1683: 1679: 1672: 1668: 1659: 1657: 1650: 1649: 1645: 1636: 1634: 1630: 1624: 1623: 1619: 1610: 1608: 1598: 1597: 1593: 1584: 1582: 1567: 1566: 1562: 1557: 1553: 1544: 1542: 1541:on 22 July 2012 1527: 1526: 1522: 1513: 1511: 1510:on 24 June 2008 1496: 1495: 1491: 1486: 1479: 1474: 1470: 1465: 1461: 1456: 1452: 1447: 1440: 1431: 1429: 1419: 1418: 1414: 1409: 1405: 1396: 1394: 1384: 1383: 1379: 1374: 1370: 1365: 1361: 1356: 1352: 1347: 1343: 1338: 1334: 1329: 1325: 1320: 1316: 1311: 1307: 1302: 1298: 1293: 1289: 1284: 1280: 1275: 1271: 1266: 1259: 1250: 1248: 1238: 1237: 1228: 1223: 1219: 1214: 1210: 1205: 1201: 1196: 1192: 1187: 1183: 1178: 1171: 1166: 1157: 1152: 1148: 1143: 1136: 1131: 1127: 1117: 1115: 1098: 1077: 1072: 1063: 1058: 1047: 1042: 1038: 1033: 1029: 1024: 1020: 1015: 1011: 1006: 1002: 997: 993: 983: 981: 973: 972: 968: 958: 946: 896: 823: 709: 648:Midland Railway 636: 630: 609:Benjamin Outram 557: 551: 546: 467:Jedediah Strutt 393:George Sorocold 380: 324: 223: 222: 221: 220: 217: 216: 213: 212: 211: 194: 193: 192: 189: 188: 187: 183: 182: 181: 152: 150: 146: 143: 138: 135: 133: 131: 130: 112: 43: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3317: 3307: 3306: 3301: 3296: 3291: 3286: 3281: 3276: 3271: 3266: 3261: 3256: 3251: 3246: 3241: 3236: 3217: 3216: 3214: 3213: 3207: 3205: 3199: 3198: 3196: 3195: 3190: 3185: 3180: 3175: 3169: 3167: 3163: 3162: 3160: 3159: 3153: 3151: 3147: 3146: 3144: 3143: 3138: 3133: 3132: 3131: 3128:Harlech Castle 3124: 3113: 3102: 3090: 3084: 3082: 3076: 3075: 3073: 3072: 3067: 3062: 3057: 3056: 3055: 3043: 3038: 3028: 3026: 3020: 3019: 3010: 3008: 3006: 3005: 3000: 2991: 2986: 2981: 2968: 2963: 2958: 2953: 2951:Jurassic Coast 2948: 2943: 2938: 2937: 2936: 2933:Hadrian's Wall 2924: 2915: 2910: 2905: 2892: 2887: 2886: 2885: 2871: 2869: 2865: 2864: 2857: 2856: 2849: 2842: 2834: 2825: 2824: 2822: 2821: 2816: 2811: 2806: 2801: 2796: 2791: 2786: 2781: 2776: 2771: 2766: 2761: 2756: 2751: 2746: 2741: 2736: 2731: 2726: 2721: 2716: 2711: 2706: 2701: 2696: 2691: 2686: 2681: 2676: 2671: 2666: 2661: 2656: 2651: 2645: 2642: 2641: 2636: 2635: 2628: 2621: 2613: 2604: 2603: 2591: 2588: 2587: 2585: 2584: 2578: 2576: 2572: 2571: 2569: 2568: 2563: 2558: 2553: 2548: 2543: 2538: 2533: 2528: 2523: 2518: 2513: 2508: 2503: 2498: 2493: 2488: 2483: 2477: 2475: 2471: 2470: 2468: 2467: 2462: 2457: 2452: 2447: 2442: 2437: 2432: 2427: 2422: 2417: 2415:Radbourne Hall 2412: 2407: 2405:Oakhurst House 2402: 2397: 2395:Melbourne Hall 2392: 2387: 2385:Kedleston Hall 2382: 2377: 2372: 2367: 2362: 2357: 2352: 2350:Ednaston Manor 2347: 2342: 2337: 2335:Castleton Hall 2332: 2327: 2322: 2317: 2312: 2307: 2301: 2299: 2295: 2294: 2292: 2291: 2286: 2281: 2276: 2270: 2268: 2264: 2263: 2261: 2260: 2255: 2250: 2245: 2240: 2238:Poole's Cavern 2235: 2230: 2225: 2220: 2215: 2210: 2205: 2200: 2195: 2190: 2185: 2180: 2175: 2170: 2165: 2163:Creswell Crags 2160: 2155: 2150: 2145: 2140: 2138:Alport Castles 2134: 2132: 2126: 2125: 2123: 2122: 2117: 2112: 2107: 2102: 2097: 2092: 2086: 2084: 2080: 2079: 2077: 2076: 2071: 2066: 2060: 2058: 2054: 2053: 2046: 2044: 2042: 2041: 2036: 2034:Peveril Castle 2031: 2026: 2021: 2016: 2011: 2005: 2003: 1999: 1998: 1991: 1990: 1983: 1976: 1968: 1962: 1961: 1957: 1952: 1945: 1944:External links 1942: 1940: 1939: 1913: 1904: 1895: 1858: 1857: 1856: 1850: 1849: 1824: 1798: 1776: 1749: 1726: 1699: 1688: 1677: 1666: 1643: 1617: 1591: 1560: 1551: 1520: 1489: 1477: 1468: 1459: 1450: 1438: 1412: 1403: 1377: 1368: 1359: 1350: 1341: 1332: 1323: 1314: 1305: 1296: 1287: 1278: 1269: 1257: 1226: 1217: 1208: 1199: 1190: 1181: 1169: 1155: 1146: 1134: 1125: 1112:MeasuringWorth 1075: 1061: 1045: 1036: 1027: 1018: 1009: 1000: 991: 965: 964: 963: 962: 957: 954: 953: 952: 945: 942: 941: 940: 933: 929: 918: 911: 908: 895: 892: 822: 819: 736:factory system 708: 705: 632:Main article: 629: 626: 588:William Jessop 564:Cromford Wharf 555:Cromford Canal 553:Main article: 550: 549:Cromford canal 547: 545: 542: 379: 376: 368:Cromford Canal 323: 320: 225: 224: 214: 205: 204: 198: 197: 196: 195: 185: 184: 175: 174: 168: 167: 166: 165: 164: 161: 160: 128: 122: 121: 110: 106: 105: 102: 98: 97: 94: 90: 89: 82: 78: 77: 72: 68: 67: 64: 58: 57: 51: 45: 44: 41: 33: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3316: 3305: 3302: 3300: 3297: 3295: 3292: 3290: 3287: 3285: 3282: 3280: 3277: 3275: 3272: 3270: 3267: 3265: 3262: 3260: 3257: 3255: 3252: 3250: 3247: 3245: 3242: 3240: 3237: 3235: 3232: 3231: 3229: 3222: 3212: 3209: 3208: 3206: 3204: 3200: 3194: 3191: 3189: 3186: 3184: 3181: 3179: 3176: 3174: 3171: 3170: 3168: 3164: 3158: 3155: 3154: 3152: 3148: 3142: 3139: 3137: 3134: 3129: 3125: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3100: 3096: 3095: 3094: 3091: 3089: 3086: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3077: 3071: 3068: 3066: 3063: 3061: 3058: 3053: 3052:Antonine Wall 3049: 3048: 3047: 3044: 3042: 3039: 3037: 3033: 3030: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3021: 3004: 3001: 2999: 2995: 2992: 2990: 2987: 2985: 2982: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2969: 2967: 2964: 2962: 2961:Lake District 2959: 2957: 2954: 2952: 2949: 2947: 2944: 2942: 2939: 2934: 2930: 2929: 2928: 2925: 2923: 2919: 2918:Durham Castle 2916: 2914: 2911: 2909: 2906: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2893: 2891: 2888: 2883: 2878: 2877: 2876: 2873: 2872: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2855: 2850: 2848: 2843: 2841: 2836: 2835: 2832: 2820: 2817: 2815: 2812: 2810: 2807: 2805: 2802: 2800: 2797: 2795: 2792: 2790: 2787: 2785: 2782: 2780: 2777: 2775: 2772: 2770: 2767: 2765: 2762: 2760: 2759:Oldham (town) 2757: 2755: 2752: 2750: 2747: 2745: 2742: 2740: 2737: 2735: 2732: 2730: 2727: 2725: 2722: 2720: 2717: 2715: 2712: 2710: 2707: 2705: 2702: 2700: 2697: 2695: 2692: 2690: 2687: 2685: 2682: 2680: 2677: 2675: 2672: 2670: 2667: 2665: 2662: 2660: 2657: 2655: 2652: 2650: 2647: 2646: 2643: 2634: 2629: 2627: 2622: 2620: 2615: 2614: 2611: 2601: 2589: 2583: 2582:Well dressing 2580: 2579: 2577: 2573: 2567: 2566:Stainsby Mill 2564: 2562: 2559: 2557: 2554: 2552: 2549: 2547: 2544: 2542: 2539: 2537: 2534: 2532: 2529: 2527: 2524: 2522: 2519: 2517: 2514: 2512: 2509: 2507: 2504: 2502: 2499: 2497: 2494: 2492: 2491:Cromford Mill 2489: 2487: 2484: 2482: 2479: 2478: 2476: 2472: 2466: 2463: 2461: 2458: 2456: 2453: 2451: 2448: 2446: 2443: 2441: 2438: 2436: 2433: 2431: 2428: 2426: 2423: 2421: 2420:Renishaw Hall 2418: 2416: 2413: 2411: 2408: 2406: 2403: 2401: 2398: 2396: 2393: 2391: 2390:Longford Hall 2388: 2386: 2383: 2381: 2378: 2376: 2373: 2371: 2370:Hardwick Hall 2368: 2366: 2363: 2361: 2358: 2356: 2353: 2351: 2348: 2346: 2345:Coxbench Hall 2343: 2341: 2338: 2336: 2333: 2331: 2328: 2326: 2323: 2321: 2318: 2316: 2313: 2311: 2308: 2306: 2305:Alfreton Hall 2303: 2302: 2300: 2298:Stately homes 2296: 2290: 2287: 2285: 2282: 2280: 2277: 2275: 2272: 2271: 2269: 2265: 2259: 2256: 2254: 2251: 2249: 2246: 2244: 2241: 2239: 2236: 2234: 2231: 2229: 2226: 2224: 2221: 2219: 2216: 2214: 2211: 2209: 2206: 2204: 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Along with 868: 863: 861: 855: 853: 849: 845: 840: 832: 827: 818: 816: 812: 808: 807:Samuel Slater 804: 800: 796: 792: 786: 784: 780: 775: 770: 764: 762: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 729: 725: 724:Samuel Slater 721: 717: 713: 704: 700: 698: 694: 690: 689: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 667:Josias Jessop 664: 663:Whaley Bridge 660: 653: 649: 645: 640: 635: 625: 623: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 592: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 572:Erewash Canal 565: 561: 556: 541: 539: 534: 527: 526:Cromford Mill 522: 518: 516: 512: 508: 503: 502:Sunday School 499: 498:paternalistic 490: 486: 483: 478: 476: 472: 468: 464: 463:Staffordshire 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 439: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 409: 404: 400: 398: 394: 384: 375: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 319: 317: 313: 308: 306: 302: 297: 292: 290: 286: 282: 277: 274: 270: 269:Cromford Mill 266: 262: 258: 254: 249: 247: 243: 239: 238:River Derwent 235: 231: 202: 172: 162: 157: 129: 127: 123: 119: 111: 107: 104:4,362.7002 ha 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 83: 79: 76: 73: 69: 65: 63: 59: 55: 52: 50: 46: 39: 34: 31: 25: 19: 3239:Cotton mills 3221: 3178:Gough Island 3117:Conwy Castle 3041:Forth Bridge 2912: 2714:Huddersfield 2510: 2435:Sudbury Hall 2425:Riber Castle 2410:Parwich Hall 2400:Norbury Hall 2320:Bradley Hall 2253:Thorpe Cloud 2193:Kinder Scout 2095:Buxton Baths 1917: 1908: 1899: 1867: 1863: 1855:Bibliography 1840:. Retrieved 1836: 1827: 1815:. Retrieved 1811:the original 1801: 1793:the original 1788: 1779: 1768:, retrieved 1764:the original 1758: 1752: 1741:, retrieved 1735: 1729: 1718:, retrieved 1714:the original 1709:Masson Mills 1708: 1702: 1691: 1680: 1669: 1658:, retrieved 1652: 1646: 1635:, retrieved 1626: 1620: 1609:, retrieved 1600: 1594: 1583:, retrieved 1569: 1563: 1554: 1543:, retrieved 1539:the original 1529: 1523: 1512:, retrieved 1508:the original 1498: 1492: 1471: 1466:Mason (2004) 1462: 1453: 1430:, retrieved 1421: 1415: 1406: 1395:, retrieved 1386: 1380: 1371: 1362: 1353: 1344: 1335: 1326: 1317: 1308: 1299: 1290: 1281: 1272: 1249:, retrieved 1240: 1220: 1211: 1202: 1193: 1184: 1149: 1128: 1116:. Retrieved 1110: 1039: 1030: 1021: 1012: 1003: 994: 982:. 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