1265:
2101:
1461:
46:
1161:
1204:
1446:
196:
27:
1300:
1410:
1371:
1281:
1422:
drum. The two rollers are connected to each other by a belt- or chain-drive so that their relative speeds cause the storage drum to gently pull fibres from the licker-in. This pulling straightens the fibres and lays them between the wire pins of the storage drum's card cloth. Fibre is added until the storage drum's card cloth is full. A gap in the card cloth facilitates removal of the batt when the card cloth is full.
1991:
1127:
1118:
1109:
1098:
1089:
1071:
1062:
1053:
1035:
1019:
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983:
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949:
931:
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389:
363:
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343:
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311:
280:
1344:
845:
772:
742:
728:
703:
655:
634:
557:
478:
433:
318:
1332:
1252:
roving, by stretching it thinner and thinner, until it is the desired thickness (often rovings are the thickness of a wrist). (A rolag differs from a roving because it is not a continuous strand, and because the fibres end up going across instead of along the strand.) Cotton fibres are fed into the machine, picked up and brushed onto flats when carded.
1287:
1285:
1283:
1286:
250:, had at least 11 card clothing factories and by 1893, it was generally accepted as the card cloth capital of the world, though by 2008 only two manufacturers of metallic and flexible card clothing remained in England: Garnett Wire Ltd., dating from 1851, and Joseph Sellers & Son Ltd., established in 1840.
1284:
133:
Common to all carders is card clothing. Card clothing is made from a sturdy flexible backing in which closely spaced wire pins are embedded. The shape, length, diameter, and spacing of these wire pins are dictated by the card designer and the particular requirements of the application where the card
1400:
that naturally comes with the wool has not been washed out, leaving the wool with a slightly greasy feel. The large drum carders do not tend to get along well with lanolin, so most commercial worsted and woollen mills wash the wool before carding. Hand carders (and small drum carders too, though the
207:
From the 1780s, the carding machines were set up in mills in the north of
England and mid-Wales. Priority was given to cotton but woollen fibres were being carded in Yorkshire in 1780. With woollen, two carding machines were used: the first or the scribbler opened and mixed the fibres, the second or
1501:
Straightened fibres are carried by the swift to the fancy. The fancy's card cloth is designed to engage with the swift's card cloth so that the fibres are lifted to the tips of the swift's card cloth and carried by the swift to the doffer. The fancy and the swift are the only rollers in the carding
1497:
As the swift carries the fibres forward, from the nippers, those fibres that are not yet straightened are picked up by a worker and carried over the top to its paired stripper. Relative to the surface speed of the swift, the worker turns quite slowly. This has the effect of reversing the fibre. The
1183:
The cotton comes off of the picking machine in laps, and is then taken to carding machines. The carders line up the fibres nicely to make them easier to spin. The carding machine consists mainly of one big roller with smaller ones surrounding it. All of the rollers are covered with small teeth, and
1219:
combines 4 slivers into one. Repeated drawing increases the quality of the sliver allowing for finer counts to be spun. Each sliver will have thin and thick spots, and by combining several slivers together a more consistent size can be reached. Since combining several slivers produces a very thick
80:
suitable for subsequent processing. This is achieved by passing the fibres between differentially moving surfaces covered with "card clothing", a firm flexible material embedded with metal pins. It breaks up locks and unorganised clumps of fibre and then aligns the individual fibres to be parallel
1421:
The simplest machine carder is the drum carder. Most drum carders are hand-cranked but some are powered by an electric motor. These machines generally have two rollers, or drums, covered with card clothing. The licker-in, or smaller roller meters fibre from the infeed tray onto the larger storage
1359:
Hand cards are typically square or rectangular paddles manufactured in a variety of sizes from 2 by 2 inches (5.1 cm × 5.1 cm) to 4 by 8 inches (10 cm × 20 cm). The working face of each paddle can be flat or cylindrically curved and wears the card cloth. Small cards,
1505:
The slowly turning doffer removes the fibres from the swift and carries them to the fly comb where they are stripped from the doffer. A fine web of more or less parallel fibre, a few fibres thick and as wide as the carder's rollers, exits the carder at the fly comb by gravity or other mechanical
1251:
When the fibre comes off the drum, it is in the form of a bat – a flat, orderly mass of fibres. If a small drum carder is being used, the bat is the length of the circumference of the big drum and is often the finished product. A big drum carder, though, will then take that bat and turn it into
1493:
Raw fibre, placed on the in-feed table or conveyor is moved to the nippers which restrain and meter the fiber onto the swift. As they are transferred to the swift, many of the fibres are straightened and laid into the swift's card cloth. These fibres will be carried past the worker or stripper
260:
A 1780s scribbling mill would be driven by a water wheel. There were 170 scribbling mills around Leeds at that time. Each scribbler would require 15–45 horsepower (11–34 kW) to operate. Modern machines are driven by belting from an electric motor or an overhead shaft via two pulleys.
230:
invented the first practical machines to use a wire card. He patented this machine and also a new form of card with layers of cloth and rubber. The combination of these two inventions became the standard for the carding industry, using machines first built by Parr, Curtis and Walton in
1348:
1247:
A carder that takes up a full room works very similarly, the main difference being that the fibre goes through many more drums often with intervening cross laying to even out the load on the subsequent cards, which normally get finer as the fibre progresses through the system.
1345:
1474:
Cottage carding machines differ significantly from the simple drum card. These carders do not store fibre in the card cloth as the drum carder does; rather, fibre passes through the workings of the carder for storage or for additional processing by other machines.
1498:
stripper, which turns at a higher speed than the worker, pulls fibres from the worker and passes them to the swift. The stripper's relative surface speed is slower than the swift's so the swift pulls the fibres from the stripper for additional straightening.
1425:
Some drum carders have a soft-bristled brush attachment that presses the fibre into the storage drum. This attachment serves to condense the fibres already in the card cloth and adds a small amount of additional straightening to the condensed fibre.
1347:
176:, England, invented two hand driven carding machines. The first used a coat of wires on a flat table moved by foot pedals. This failed. On the second, a coat of wire slips was placed around a card which was then wrapped around a cylinder.
1282:
130:. When blending, the carding process combines the different fibres into a homogeneous mix. Commercial cards also have rollers and systems designed to remove some vegetable matter contaminants from the wool.
153:
ascribes the invention of bow-instruments used in textile technology to India. The earliest evidence for using bow-instruments for carding comes from India (2nd century CE). These carding devices, called
165:
At the turn of the eighteenth century, wool in
England was being carded using pairs of hand cards, in a two-stage process: 'working' with the cards opposed and 'stripping' where they are in parallel.
134:
cloth will be used. A later version of the card clothing product developed during the latter half of the 19th century and was found only on commercial carding machines, whereby a single piece of
1346:
1200:
itself is the combing of the tangled lap into a thick rope or sliver of 1/2 inch in diameter, it can then be optionally combed, is used to remove the shorter fibres, creating a stronger yarn.
257:, in the 1780s. In the 1890s, the town produced one-third of all hand and machine cards in North America. John and Arthur Slater, from Saddleworth went over to work with Slater in 1793.
1460:
1478:
A typical cottage carder has a single large drum (the swift) accompanied by a pair of in-feed rollers (nippers), one or more pairs of worker and stripper rollers, a fancy, and a
1363:
A pair of cards is used to brush the wool between them until the fibres are more or less aligned in the same direction. The aligned fibre is then peeled from the card as a
1220:
rope of cotton fibres, directly after being combined the slivers are separated into rovings. These rovings (or slubbings) are then what are used in the spinning process.
1184:
as the cotton progresses further on the teeth get finer (i.e. closer together). The cotton leaves the carding machine in the form of a sliver; a large rope of fibres.
1482:. In-feed to the carder is usually accomplished by hand or by conveyor belt and often the output of the cottage carder is stored as a batt or further processed into
1264:
1255:
Some hand-spinners have a small drum carder at home especially for the purpose of mixing together the different coloured fibre that are bought already carded.
1396:
Carding of wool can either be done "in the grease" or not, depending on the type of machine and on the spinner's preference. "In the grease" means that the
1555:
1238:
The carders used currently in woollen mills differ very little from machines used 20 to 50 years ago, and in some cases, the machines are from that era.
1782:
1565:
1367:. Carding is an activity normally done outside or over a drop cloth, depending on the wool's cleanliness. Rolag is peeled from the card.
1660:
192:. Arkwright's second patent (of 1775) for his carding machine was subsequently declared invalid (1785) because it lacked originality.
1445:
1319:
was a cottage industry that used the same processes but on a smaller scale. These skills have survived as an artisan craft or as a
1487:
1943:
1870:
1620:
98:, as dried vegetable teasels were first used to comb the raw wool before technological advances led to the use of machines.
1241:
Machine carders vary in size from the one that easily fits on the kitchen table, to the carder that takes up a full room
1235:
reduces it to a finer thread, gives more twist, makes more regular and even in thickness, and winds onto a smaller tube.
1223:
For machine processing, a roving is about the width of a pencil. The rovings are collected in a drum and proceed to the
2027:
1299:
1920:
1689:
106:
These ordered fibres can then be passed on to other processes that are specific to the desired end use of the fibre:
1360:
called flick cards, are used to flick the ends of a lock of fibre, or to tease out some strands for spinning off.
1961:
Richards, R.T.D. (1972), "The development of the modern woollen carding machine", in
Jenkins, J. Geraint (ed.),
1974:
1353:
1595:
2100:
1188:
In a wider sense carding can refer to the four processes of willowing, lapping, carding and drawing. In
2298:
76:
is a mechanical process that disentangles, cleans and intermixes fibres to produce a continuous web or
2207:
1520:
2232:
1999:
254:
20:
227:
2227:
2222:
2020:
1530:
1887:
1797:
1560:
1242:
2267:
45:
1160:
8:
2191:
2036:
1545:
1525:
1390:
777:
180:
obtained a similar patent in the same year, and probably used it in his spinning mill at
82:
1203:
195:
2181:
1963:
1776:
1654:
111:
126:
yarn, etc. Carding can also be used to create blends of different fibres or different
2288:
2217:
2065:
2013:
1970:
1939:
1916:
1866:
1685:
1682:
The
Science of Empire: Scientific Knowledge, Civilisation, and Colonial Rule in India
1540:
1172:
185:
77:
141:
Carding machines are known as cards. Fibre may be carded by hand for hand spinning.
1929:
1570:
1479:
1271:
1628:
184:, but this burnt down in 1754. The invention was later developed and improved by
2293:
2237:
2125:
1995:
1933:
1379:
200:
189:
1466:
Diagram showing name, location, and rotation of rollers used on a cottage carder
208:
the condenser mixed and formed the web. The first in Wales was in a factory at
2257:
2247:
2242:
2186:
2145:
1550:
1320:
236:
150:
1486:
and wound into bumps with an accessory bump winder. The cottage carder in the
1231:
are used to repeat the slubbing process to produce a finer yarn, and then the
2282:
2252:
2212:
2161:
2070:
1737:
The
Strutts and the Arkwrights 1758-1830: a Study in the Early Factory System
1649:
678:
671:
162:, would loosen the texture of the fibre by the means of a vibrating string.
30:
Dyed wool being carded with a 1949 Tatham carding machine at
Jamieson Mill,
177:
138:
wire was wrapped around a roller, became known as metallic card clothing.
2262:
2171:
2080:
1515:
1316:
1176:
247:
107:
26:
1401:
directions may not recommend it) can be used to card lanolin-rich wool.
2176:
2140:
243:
181:
173:
169:
1956:(Third ed.), Deansgate, Manchester: John Heywood Ltd, p. 637
2135:
2130:
1409:
373:
334:
269:
135:
1352:
2075:
1535:
1171:: the fibres are separated and then assembled into a loose strand (
209:
95:
39:
35:
31:
1370:
2166:
2120:
2090:
1397:
1080:
530:
232:
220:
216:
in 1789. These carding mills produced yarn particularly for the
123:
119:
69:
58:
2085:
2060:
1990:
1483:
1452:
1375:
627:
213:
127:
54:
50:
1653:
2055:
1414:
1383:
1364:
1336:
1293:
A wool carder from 1913 at the
Mueller Tuchfabrik, Euskirchen
1196:
the dust is removed to create a flat sheet or lap of fibres;
1126:
1117:
1108:
1097:
1088:
1070:
1061:
1052:
1034:
1018:
1009:
1000:
982:
966:
957:
948:
930:
914:
905:
896:
878:
860:
851:
837:
807:
798:
789:
759:
748:
734:
720:
709:
695:
661:
647:
617:
599:
581:
563:
549:
538:
520:
511:
500:
484:
470:
439:
425:
397:
388:
362:
353:
342:
324:
310:
279:
217:
62:
2050:
2005:
844:
771:
741:
727:
702:
654:
633:
556:
477:
432:
317:
115:
1935:
Power from Steam: A History of the
Stationary Steam Engine
1389:
This product (rovings, rolags, and batts) can be used for
1603:
Journal of
Textile and Apparel, Technology and Management
1750:
1748:
1746:
1703:
1701:
1331:
199:
A "Cotton carder": an old engraving copied from artist
16:
Process that disentangles, cleans and intermixes fibres
1684:. the State University of New York Press. p. 57.
1743:
1698:
1556:
Textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution
1863:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Decorative Arts, Volume 1
1962:
264:
2280:
1724:. Manchester University Press. pp. 419–448.
85:, carding is the step that comes after teasing.
1734:
1969:(1 ed.), London : Routledge & Kegan,
1739:. Manchester University Press. pp. 65–80.
1305:19th-century ox-powered double carding machine
2021:
1722:The Cotton Industry and Industrial Lancashire
1719:
235:, and from 1857 by Jams Walton & Sons at
81:with each other. In preparing wool fibre for
1664:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
1593:
1566:Timeline of clothing and textiles technology
1938:, Cambridge University Press, p. 244,
1802:. Newtown: Phillips & Son. p. 308.
89:
2028:
2014:
1965:The wool textile industry in Great Britain
1781:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1596:"The Technology of Terry Towel production"
1227:which adds twist, and winds onto bobbins.
1720:Wadsworth, A. P.; Mann, J. de L. (1931).
1506:means for storage or further processing.
1960:
1860:
1795:
1754:
1735:Fitton, R. S.; Wadsworth, A. P. (1958).
1707:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1648:
1408:
1369:
1342:
1330:
1202:
1159:
194:
44:
25:
1951:
1910:
1836:
1824:
1812:
1766:
49:Cotton carder (known as dhunuri or lep
2281:
2009:
1928:
1854:
1848:
1679:
1668:
1609:(4). North Carolina Stare University.
1594:Yilmaz, Nasire Deniz; Powell (2005).
1587:
1451:Using a cottage carder to card white
1885:
1417:hair with a hand-cranked drum carder
253:Baird from Scotland took carding to
1179:) at the conclusion of this stage.
88:The word is derived from the Latin
13:
1613:
1429:
14:
2310:
1983:
1621:"Preparing Wool for Handspinning"
2099:
1989:
1459:
1444:
1298:
1279:
1263:
1125:
1116:
1107:
1096:
1087:
1069:
1060:
1051:
1033:
1017:
1008:
999:
981:
965:
956:
947:
929:
913:
904:
895:
877:
859:
850:
843:
836:
806:
797:
788:
770:
758:
747:
740:
733:
726:
719:
708:
701:
694:
660:
653:
646:
632:
616:
598:
580:
562:
555:
548:
537:
519:
510:
499:
483:
476:
469:
438:
431:
424:
396:
387:
361:
352:
341:
323:
316:
309:
278:
1915:, Pergamon Press, p. 258,
1904:
1879:
1842:
1830:
1818:
1806:
1789:
1404:
1326:
271:Cotton manufacturing processes
1760:
1728:
1713:
1642:
1627:. 27 July 2007. Archived from
1354:Roscheider Hof Open Air Museum
1315:Predating mechanised weaving,
1270:A restored carding machine at
265:Cotton manufacturing processes
1:
1576:
1502:process that actually touch.
2035:
1954:The Students Cotton Spinning
1767:Jenkins, J. Geraint (1969).
1436:Workings of a cottage carder
1192:the fibres are loosened. In
7:
1865:. Oxford University Press.
1509:
1259:Historical Carding Machines
101:
10:
2315:
1796:Williams, Richard (1894).
1769:The Welsh Woollen Industry
144:
18:
2208:Cotton-spinning machinery
2200:
2154:
2108:
2097:
2043:
1861:Campbell, Gordon (2006).
1771:. Cardiff. pp. 33–4.
1521:Cotton-spinning machinery
1140:
297:
293:
288:
1952:Nasmith, Joseph (1896),
1799:Montgomeryshire worthies
1581:
1310:
1028:Sizing/slashing/dressing
295:
291:
286:
255:Leicester, Massachusetts
21:Carding (disambiguation)
1911:Collier, Ann M (1970),
1661:Encyclopædia Britannica
1490:supports both outputs.
2228:Magnetic ring spinning
2223:DREF friction spinning
2002:) at Wikimedia Commons
1913:A Handbook of Textiles
1680:Baber, Zaheer (1996).
1531:DREF friction spinning
1494:rollers to the fancy.
1418:
1386:
1356:
1340:
1208:
1186:
1165:
204:
90:
65:
42:
2233:Mule spinners' cancer
1930:Hills, Richard Leslie
1561:Textile manufacturing
1412:
1374:A carding machine in
1373:
1351:
1334:
1206:
1181:
1163:
198:
48:
29:
2268:Wool combing machine
203:'s 1782 illustration
19:For other uses, see
2201:Industrial spinning
2155:Hand spinning tools
1886:Matherne, Patrick.
1526:Doubling (textiles)
1229:Intermediate Frames
272:
94:meaning thistle or
1419:
1387:
1357:
1341:
1321:art form and hobby
1209:
1166:
407:Finishing scutcher
270:
205:
149:Science historian
66:
43:
2299:Indian inventions
2276:
2275:
2218:Open-end spinning
1994:Media related to
1945:978-0-521-45834-4
1888:"What is Carding"
1872:978-0-19-518948-3
1815:, pp. 66, 67
1541:Open end spinning
1349:
1317:hand loom weaving
1288:
1207:A combing machine
1157:
1156:
186:Richard Arkwright
2306:
2192:Spinner's weasel
2103:
2030:
2023:
2016:
2007:
2006:
1993:
1979:
1968:
1957:
1948:
1925:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1858:
1852:
1846:
1840:
1834:
1828:
1822:
1816:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1780:
1772:
1764:
1758:
1752:
1741:
1740:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1717:
1711:
1705:
1696:
1695:
1677:
1666:
1665:
1657:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1636:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1600:
1591:
1571:Yarn realisation
1463:
1448:
1350:
1339:using hand cards
1302:
1290:
1289:
1272:Quarry Bank Mill
1267:
1129:
1120:
1111:
1100:
1091:
1073:
1064:
1055:
1037:
1021:
1012:
1003:
985:
969:
960:
951:
933:
917:
908:
899:
881:
863:
854:
847:
840:
810:
801:
792:
774:
762:
751:
744:
737:
730:
723:
712:
705:
698:
664:
657:
650:
636:
620:
602:
584:
566:
559:
552:
541:
523:
514:
503:
487:
480:
473:
442:
435:
428:
400:
391:
365:
356:
345:
327:
320:
313:
282:
273:
93:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2304:
2303:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2272:
2238:Piece-rate list
2196:
2150:
2104:
2095:
2039:
2034:
1986:
1977:
1946:
1923:
1907:
1902:
1892:
1890:
1884:
1880:
1873:
1859:
1855:
1847:
1843:
1835:
1831:
1823:
1819:
1811:
1807:
1794:
1790:
1774:
1773:
1765:
1761:
1753:
1744:
1733:
1729:
1718:
1714:
1706:
1699:
1692:
1678:
1669:
1655:"Carding"
1647:
1643:
1634:
1632:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1598:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1512:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1455:
1449:
1438:
1437:
1432:
1430:Cottage carders
1407:
1380:Hainan Province
1343:
1329:
1313:
1306:
1303:
1294:
1291:
1280:
1275:
1268:
1164:Carding machine
1158:
267:
201:Pierre Sonnerat
190:Samuel Crompton
147:
104:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2312:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2258:Throstle frame
2255:
2250:
2248:Spinning jenny
2245:
2243:Spinning frame
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2194:
2189:
2187:Spinning wheel
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2146:Twist per inch
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2112:
2110:
2106:
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1922:0-08-018057-4
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1839:, pp. 70
1838:
1833:
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1757:, p. 74.
1756:
1755:Richards 1972
1751:
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1710:, p. 73.
1709:
1708:Richards 1972
1704:
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1691:0-7914-2919-9
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1631:on 2014-08-22
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262:
258:
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251:
249:
246:, centred on
245:
242:By 1838, the
240:
238:
237:Haughton Dale
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52:
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41:
37:
33:
28:
22:
2115:
1964:
1953:
1934:
1912:
1905:Bibliography
1891:. Retrieved
1881:
1862:
1856:
1844:
1837:Collier 1970
1832:
1827:, p. 69
1825:Collier 1970
1820:
1813:Collier 1970
1808:
1798:
1791:
1768:
1762:
1736:
1730:
1721:
1715:
1681:
1659:
1644:
1633:. Retrieved
1629:the original
1624:
1615:
1606:
1602:
1589:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1477:
1473:
1424:
1420:
1405:Drum carders
1395:
1388:
1362:
1358:
1327:Hand carders
1314:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1240:
1237:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1222:
1216:
1212:
1210:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1187:
1182:
1168:
1167:
1151:
1144:
1141:
1136:
871:Weaving shed
870:
685:
639:Fine roving
461:Carding room
460:
449:
299:Blowing room
298:
289:Bale breaker
259:
252:
241:
228:James Walton
225:
206:
178:Daniel Bourn
167:
164:
159:
155:
148:
140:
132:
105:
87:
73:
72:production,
67:
2263:Water frame
2172:Niddy noddy
1851:, p. 4
1516:Cotton mill
1488:image below
1335:Creating a
248:Cleckheaton
244:Spen Valley
2283:Categories
2177:Nostepinne
2141:Short draw
2109:Techniques
1976:0710069790
1849:Hills 1993
1635:2014-09-16
1577:References
494:Sliver lap
223:industry.
182:Leominster
174:Birmingham
170:Lewis Paul
158:(bow) and
2136:Scutching
2131:Long draw
2044:Materials
1777:cite book
1625:La Hottée
1274:in the UK
1190:willowing
827:Bleaching
591:Slubbing
335:Willowing
2289:Spinning
2126:Heckling
2037:Spinning
2000:category
1932:(1993),
1546:Spinning
1536:Gig-mill
1510:See also
1413:Carding
1391:spinning
1042:Spooling
822:Bundling
778:Doubling
686:Spinning
573:Drawing
417:Teasing
380:Batting
374:scutcher
372:Breaker
226:In 1834
210:Dolobran
168:In 1748
136:serrated
102:Overview
83:spinning
40:Scotland
36:Shetland
32:Sandness
2182:Spindle
2167:Distaff
2121:Combing
2116:Carding
2091:Worsted
1996:Carding
1398:lanolin
1213:drawing
1198:Carding
1194:lapping
1169:Carding
1081:Weaving
990:Gassing
976:Warping
938:Cabling
924:Beaming
886:Winding
817:Winding
767:Reeling
531:Combing
450:Carding
412:Lapping
233:Ancoats
221:flannel
160:dhunaki
145:History
128:colours
124:worsted
120:woollen
112:batting
91:Carduus
74:carding
70:textile
59:Kolkata
2294:Fibers
2086:Woolen
2071:Staple
2066:Sliver
2061:Roving
1973:
1942:
1919:
1869:
1688:
1484:roving
1480:doffer
1453:alpaca
1376:Haikou
1173:sliver
1145:Bundle
628:Roving
214:Meifod
108:Cotton
96:teasel
78:sliver
55:Howrah
51:wallah
2056:Rolag
1893:8 May
1599:(PDF)
1582:Notes
1415:llama
1384:China
1365:rolag
1337:rolag
1311:Tools
1137:Cloth
218:Welsh
212:near
156:kaman
63:India
53:) in
2051:Noil
1971:ISBN
1940:ISBN
1917:ISBN
1895:2012
1867:ISBN
1783:link
1686:ISBN
188:and
116:felt
2081:Tow
2076:Top
1211:In
1177:tow
1175:or
172:of
122:or
68:In
2285::
1779:}}
1775:{{
1745:^
1700:^
1670:^
1658:.
1623:.
1605:.
1601:.
1393:.
1382:,
1378:,
1323:.
1244:.
1215:a
239:.
118:,
114:,
110:,
61:,
57:,
38:,
34:,
2029:e
2022:t
2015:v
1998:(
1897:.
1875:.
1785:)
1694:.
1638:.
1607:4
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
