786:
76:
had been devalued; these shortages were exacerbated by the problems of the German railways, which were facing worrying wear and tear on their rolling stock. The gravity of the domestic situation was not lost on the military, which was seriously contemplating a German defeat, as
Colonel Bauer, a close
280:
wrote to the High
Command on June 25 expressing his intention to carry out the requested propaganda campaign; however, he seemed increasingly skeptical about the prospects for German victory as the conflict dragged on and the military imposed maximalist war aims that
126:
diplomats and their
Russian counterparts; these contacts, publicized by the German and neutral press, raised German public hopes for a separate peace with the Russians. These contacts were cut short, however, by the erratic policies of the
300:. In this letter, the Field Marshal painted a highly critical picture of German government policy as a whole and reaffirmed his faith in German victory on the condition that he pursue a more energetic policy with a view to victory.
71:
Moreover, by the end of spring 1917, the domestic situation in the Reich was deteriorating as a result of a growing supply crisis: the 1916 potato harvest, the mainstay of the Reich's diet, had been poor, while the
246:
There were two opposing visions of how to conduct the conflict during this crisis: on the one hand, the
Chancellor, who was aware that the Reich and its allies could not impose a peace of victory on the
325:
deputies to demand a more extensive debate on
Germany's war aims and the adoption of a program of domestic reforms, including the introduction of universal suffrage for elections to the
205:
could only acknowledge the growing opposition against his
Chancellor as his power waned and increasingly absent from the management of the conflict, the Emperor was forced to accept the
103:
In an attempt to remedy the declining morale of the Reich's population, the military called for a massive propaganda campaign to "supply the morale" of the population.
131:
during the spring, which sought to reconcile a war-weary population with a desire to remain faithful to the alliances entered into by the
Imperial Government.
340:
made a harsh assessment of the policy pursued since the outbreak of the submarine war on
February 1, 1917, which he regarded as a failure.
39:. This ended in the military's favor. As a result, the Chancellor's reform program was scrapped, his chief sponsor was dismissed, and a
216:
to prepare a large-scale propaganda campaign to remobilize the population weary of the conflict and he advocated the formation of a
776:
257:'s national reform program was another bone of contention with the military. He sought to transform the empire inherited from
817:
152:
By the end of the first three years of the war, discontent had spread to large sections of the Reich's population, prompting
376:
The resignation of the
Chancellor, who had been in office since 1909, was followed by the appointment of the more pliable
269:
for the election of representatives to the
Prussian Chamber as a first step. In the face of this program of reform, the
163:
On April 7, 1917, the Chancellor officially declared his support for the end of multiple voting and the introduction of
318:
92:
blamed the civilians responsible for maintaining morale for the German defeat he was beginning to foresee. On June 27,
653:
632:
147:
428:
The proponents of this strategy had promised that the British would withdraw after six months of submarine warfare.
111:
The February Revolution led German political and military leaders to believe that the end of hostilities on the
128:
65:
734:
349:
282:
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153:
32:
197:
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on July 1, 1917, dashed the hopes raised by the publicity surrounding the unofficial German-Russian talks.
36:
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was in favor not only of a reform of the Prussian constitution but also of a compromise of peace with the
112:
807:
370:
333:
314:
373:, Chancellor Bethmann-Hollweg submitted his resignation to the Emperor, who quickly accepted it.
262:
695:
Mommsen, Wolgang J. (1968). "L'opinion allemande et la chute du gouvernement Bethmann-Hollweg".
762:
322:
270:
237:
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696:
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During the spring of 1917, as early as March 26, numerous unofficial contacts took place in
812:
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to disrupt the Allied supply chain through the American economy, promising the success of
60:
During the winter of 1916-1917, the German military imposed a new strategy based on using
8:
741:
293:
93:
688:(in French). Translated by Geneviève Migeon and Henri Thiès. Paris: Éditions de Trévise.
337:
326:
266:
164:
157:
135:
82:
670:
649:
628:
258:
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As the military began to contemplate a fourth winter of war, the Emperor ordered his
419:
The Bismark Reich was made up of 39 federated states, headed by the King of Prussia.
748:
702:
172:
89:
78:
791:
755:
377:
44:
123:
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to multiply his promises of national reform, both for the Reich and for the
706:
225:
168:
25:
785:
727:
297:
251:, and on the other, the military, which rejected any compromise peace.
202:
193:
97:
73:
40:
669:(in French) (4th ed.). Paris: Presses universitaires de France.
119:
61:
380:, who had to contain the deputies in favor of peace talks with the
209:'s growing interference in the day-to-day affairs of the Reich.
410:(Second Reich) was subsequently referred to simply as the Reich.
50:
400:
From 1871 to 1945, the official name of the German state was
646:
Le Kaiser Guillaume II : Dernier empereur d'Allemagne
625:
Hindenburg : L'homme qui a conduit Hitler au pouvoir
231:
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to combat this weariness. And so it is, on June 25, the
686:
Les Buts de guerre de l'Allemagne impériale (1914-1918)
273:, supported by the Prussian conservatives, opposed it.
106:
781:
285:
believed would jeopardize any negotiations with the
332:In addition, on July 6, at a secret meeting of the
317:was convened to pass new war credits. This allowed
667:La crise européenne et la première Guerre mondiale
55:
35:and the German military, which had the backing of
799:
364:
187:
182:
31:It marked the climax of the conflict between
401:
343:
51:The German Reich in the early summer of 1917
701:(in French). Vol. 15. pp. 39–53.
16:German government crisis during World War I
24:was a political crisis experienced by the
698:Revue d'histoire moderne et contemporaine
648:(in French). Paris: Éditions Tallandier.
627:(in French). Paris: Éditions Tallandier.
296:replied to the Chancellor in a letter to
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601:
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465:
453:
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154:Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg
33:Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg
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276:In parallel with this opposition, the
777:Germany's Aims in the First World War
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232:The military confronts the chancellor
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96:echoed this analysis in a letter to
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406:. For the sake of convenience, the
107:The German Reich and the New Russia
13:
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148:Constitution of the German Empire
47:, was appointed to the top post.
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56:Military and economic situation
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167:in Prussia, angering Prussian
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66:unrestricted submarine warfare
43:they considered more pliable,
28:between July 7 and 13, 1917.
1:
735:Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg
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365:Resignation of the Chancellor
188:The emperor and his entourage
818:Political history of Germany
224:undertook to intensify the "
198:Wilhelm, German Crown Prince
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348:In light of this attitude,
265:, with the introduction of
10:
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183:Participants in the crisis
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665:Renouvin, Pierre (1962).
344:Peace and National Reform
623:Bled, Jean-Paul (2020).
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684:Fischer, Fritz (1970).
763:Dioscuri (World War I)
707:10.3406/rhmc.1968.3328
644:Bogdan, Henry (2014).
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263:parliamentary monarchy
238:Dioscuri (World War I)
218:Ministry of Propaganda
770:Oberste Heeresleitung
309:Parliamentary session
242:Oberste Heeresleitung
228:" of the population.
177:Quartermaster General
468:, pp. 480, 481)
304:Course of the crisis
179:of the German Army.
37:Crown Prince Wilhelm
742:Paul von Hindenburg
336:'s Main Committee,
313:In early July, the
94:Paul von Hindenburg
68:within six months.
22:crisis of July 1917
338:Matthias Erzberger
327:Landtag of Prussia
267:universal suffrage
165:universal suffrage
158:Kingdom of Prussia
136:Kerensky offensive
85:on June 10, 1917.
83:Matthias Erzberger
319:Social Democratic
134:The start of the
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808:Political crisis
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587:Bled (2020
575:Bled (2020
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294:Hindenburg
278:Chancellor
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214:Chancellor
203:Wilhelm II
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98:Wilhelm II
74:Reichsmark
62:submarines
675:0768-5246
371:Reichstag
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315:Reichstag
120:Stockholm
41:statesman
612:See also
323:Catholic
271:Dioscuri
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207:Dioscuri
122:between
261:into a
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249:Allies
388:Notes
671:ISSN
650:ISBN
629:ISBN
321:and
240:and
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20:The
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