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1445:. Because of rivalry between the East and West Tennessee militias, Cocke was in no hurry to join Jackson, particularly after he angered Jackson by mistakenly attacking a friendly village on November 17. When he finally reached Fort Strother on December 12, the East Tennessee men only had 10 days remaining on their enlistments. Jackson had no choice but to dismiss them. Furthermore, Brigadier General Coffee, who had returned to Tennessee for remounts, wrote Jackson that the cavalry had deserted. By the end of 1813, Jackson was down to a single regiment whose enlistments were due to expire in mid-January.
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1264:, Paddy Walsh, High-head Jim, and William McGillivray raised a combined force of at least 1,300 warriors to stop the advance. This was the largest combined force raised by the Creek during the entire war. On January 29, the Red Sticks launched an attack on the American camp at dawn. After daylight, Floyd's army repulsed the attack. Casualty figures vary for Floyd's force, from 17 to 22 killed, and 132 to 147 wounded. Floyd estimated Red Stick casualties as 37 killed, including Chief High-head Jim. Georgia retreated to Fort Mitchell with Floyd, who was severely wounded in the leg. The
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775:. The Indian Line created a boundary for colonial settlement in order to prevent illegal encroachment into Indian lands, and also helped the U.S. government maintain control over Indian trade. Still, traders and settlers often violated the terms of the treaties establishing the Indian Line, and frontier settlement by colonists in Indian lands was one of the arguments the United States used to expand its territory.
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1532:. Even though the Creek War was largely a civil war among the Creek, Andrew Jackson recognized no difference between his Lower Creek allies and the Red Sticks who fought against him. He took the lands of both for what he considered the security needs of the United States. Jackson forced the Creek to cede 1.9 million acres (7,700 km²) that was also claimed as hunting grounds of the
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From the 16th century, the Creeks had formed successful trade alliances with
European empires, but the drastic fall in the price of deerskin from 1783 to 1793 made it more difficult for individuals to repay their debt, while at the same time the assimilation process made American goods more necessary. The Red Sticks particularly resisted the "civilization" programs administered by the
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1241:, organized under McIntosh. With these allies and 950 of his men, Floyd began his advance towards the juncture of the Coosa and Tallapoosa Rivers where he was supposed to rendezvous with Jackson. His first target was the major town of Autossee on the Tallapoosa River, a Red Stick stronghold only 20 miles from the Coosa River. On November 29,
1115:, was concerned about the weakness of his sector on the western border of the Creek territory, and advocated preemptive strikes. But Major General Thomas Flourney, commander of 7th Military District, refused his requests. He intended to carry out a defensive American strategy. Meanwhile, settlers in that region sought refuge in blockhouses.
1344:'s brigade of troops from North and South Carolina, including Colonel Reuben Nash's South Carolina militia, deployed along the Georgia frontier to deal with the Red Sticks. Colonel Nash's South Carolina regiment of volunteer militia traveled from South Carolina at the end of January 1814. The militia marched to the start of the
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warfare, every man having a bow with a bundle of arrows, which is used after the first fire with the gun until a leisure time for loading offers".> Many Creek tried to remain friendly to the United States, but, after Fort Mims, few
European Americans in the region distinguished between friendly and unfriendly Creeks.
961:, were among the spiritual leaders responding to rising concerns and the prophetic message. The militant faction of Creek stood in opposition of the Creek Confederacy Council's official policies, particularly in regard to foreign relations with the United States. The rising war party began to be called "
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Creek militancy was a response to increasing United States cultural and territorial encroachment into their traditional lands. However, the war's alternate designation as the "Creek Civil War" comes from the divisions within the tribe over cultural, political, economic, and geographic matters. At the
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The splintering of the Creek peoples along progressive and nativist lines had roots dating back to the eighteenth century, but came to a head after 1811. Red Stick militancy was a response to the economic and cultural crises in Creek society caused by the adoption of
Western trade goods and culture.
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Rivers, was the heart of the Red Stick
Confederation. It was about 150 miles (240 km) from the nearest supply point available to any of the three American armies. The easiest attack route was from Georgia through the line of forts on the frontier and then along a good road that led to the
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The
Americanization of the Creeks was more prevalent in western Georgia among the Lower Creeks than in Upper Creek towns, and came from internal and external processes. The U.S. government's and Benjamin Hawkins' pressure on the Creeks to assimilate stood in contrast to the more natural blending of
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counties to hostile Creek towns resulted in a regiment of
Georgia volunteer militia under Major General David Adams. John Floyd was made general of the main Georgia army (in September 1812 and numbering 2,362 men). The Georgia Army was aided by Cherokee and independent Creek allies, as well as a
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to Fort
Strother. Cocke's men mutinied when they learned that Jackson's men only had three-month enlistments. Cocke tried to pacify his men, but Jackson misunderstood the situation and ordered Cocke's arrest as an instigator. The East Tennessee militia reported to Fort Strother without further
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Since new men had enlistment contracts of only sixty days, Jackson decided to get the most out of his untried force. He departed Fort
Strother on January 17 and marched toward the village of Emuckfaw to cooperate with the Georgia Militia. However, this was a risky decision. It was a long march
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By August, the
Georgia Volunteer Army and state militia had been mobilized in anticipation of war with the Creeks. The news of Fort Mims first reached Georgia on September 16, and was taken as legal grounds to begin a military offensive. In addition, Benjamin Hawkins wrote to Brigadier General
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At most, the Red Stick force consisted of 4,000 warriors, possessing perhaps 1,000 muskets. They had never been involved in a large-scale war, not even against neighboring
American Indians. Early in the war, General Cocke observed that arrows "form a very principal part of the enemy's arms for
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Creeks who did not support the war became targets for the prophets and their followers, and began to be murdered in their sleep or burned alive. Warriors of the prophets' parties also began to attack the property of their enemies, burning plantations and destroying livestock. The first major
1422:. It was a brutal battle, and many Red Sticks, including some women and children, were killed. After this, Jackson received a call for help from 150 allied Creeks besieged by 700 Red Stick warriors. Jackson marched his troops to relieve the siege, and won another decisive victory at the
555:, but the United States quickly became involved. British traders and Spanish colonial officials in Florida supplied the Red Sticks with weapons and equipment due to their shared interest in preventing the expansion of the United States into regions under their control.
911:. Tecumseh delivered an hour-long speech to an audience of 5,000 Creeks as well as an American delegation including Hawkins. Although the Americans dismissed Tecumseh as non-threatening, his message of resistance to Anglo encroachment was well received among Creek and
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had ordered a new levee of 2,500 troops, Jackson would not be up to full strength until the end of February. When a draft of 900 raw recruits arrived unexpectedly on January 14, Jackson was down to a cadre of 103 and Coffee, who had been "abandoned by his men".
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on February 6, 1814, provided Jackson a disciplined core for his force, which ultimately grew to about 5,000 men. After Governor Blount ordered the second draft of Tennessee militia, Cocke, with a force of 2,000 six-month men, once again marched from
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from the United States. The Spaniards decided to support the Creeks in an attack on the United States and in defense of their homeland, but were greatly hindered by their weak position in the Floridas and lack of supplies even for their own army.
1403:. Jackson's plan was to move south, build roads, destroy Upper Creek towns, and then later proceed to Mobile to stage an attack on Spanish-held Pensacola. He had two problems: logistics and short enlistments. When Jackson began his advance, the
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to be the only alternative to the assimilation of native peoples into Western culture. The Creeks, on the other hand, blended their own culture with adopted trade goods and political terms, and had no intention of abandoning their land.
845:, who had stronger alliances among the towns of the Lower Creek. Some of the "progressive" Creek began to adopt American farming practices as their game disappeared, and as more Anglo settlers assimilated into Creek towns and families.
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was nearly captured during this engagement. Casualties for the Mississippians were 1 killed and 6 wounded. 30 Creek soldiers were killed in the engagement, however. Because of supply shortages, Claiborne withdrew to Fort St. Stephens.
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of 1811–12, which were taken as evidence of Tecumseh's supernatural powers. The war party rallied around prophets who had traveled with Tecumseh and remained with the Creek, influencing newly converted Creek religious leaders.
1312:) going southward to the Alabama River. On November 12 a small party rowed out to intercept a war canoe. Dale wound up alone in the canoe in hand-to-hand combat with four warriors, an encounter which became known as the
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did not believe that the disruption in the Creek Nation or the increasing war dances were a cause for concern. But in February 1813, a small war party of Red Sticks, led by Little Warrior, were returning from
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settlement who had taken refuge at the fort. The warriors attacked the fort and killed a total of 400 to 500 people, including women and children and numerous white settlers. The attack became known as the
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1074:. Panic spread among settlers throughout the Southwestern frontier, and they demanded U.S. government intervention. Federal forces were busy fighting the British and Northern Woodland tribes, led by the
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through difficult terrain against a numerically superior force, the men were inexperienced, undisciplined, and insubordinate, and a defeat would have prolonged the war. After two indecisive battles at
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during the West Florida Rebellion, the United States sent an expeditionary force to occupy Mobile. As a result, Mobile was jointly occupied by weak detachments of American and Spanish soldiers until
1100:, Commander of the 6th Military District, that the U.S. was prepared to take action against the Creek Confederacy. Furthermore, if Spain were found to be supporting the Creeks, an assault on
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782:(which neither the British nor the Spaniards recognized at the time), compelled the British and Spanish governments to strengthen existing alliances with the Creek. In 1810, following the
872:. Many of the most prominent Creek chiefs before the Creek War were "mixed-bloods", like William McGillivray and William McIntosh (who were on opposing sides of the Creek Civil War).
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1520:. Despite protest of the Creek chiefs who had fought alongside Jackson, the Creek Nation ceded 21,086,793 acres (85,335 km²) of land—approximately half of present-day
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The first clashes between the Red Sticks and United States forces occurred on July 27, 1813. A group of territorial militia intercepted a party of Red Sticks returning from
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1245:. Floyd's losses were 11 killed and 54 wounded. Floyd estimated that 200 Creek were killed. Having achieved the destruction of the town, Floyd returned to Fort Mitchell.
1489:. Leaving another garrison there, he then moved on Tohopeka with a force of about 3,000 effective fighting men augmented by 600 Cherokee and Lower Creek allies. The
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came to the area to encourage the peoples to join his movement to throw the Americans out of Native American territories. Previously, he had united tribes in the
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1039:. The Red Sticks escaped and the soldiers looted what they found. Seeing the Americans looting, the Creek regrouped and attacked and defeated the Americans. The
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1185:. Another route was north from Mobile along the Alabama River. Jackson's route of advance was south from Tennessee through a mountainous and pathless terrain.
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1380:. Other companies in the Nash's regiment were at Fort Mitchell by July 1814. Graham's brigade participated in only a few skirmishes before returning home.
1028:. Hawkins demanded that the Creek turn over Little Warrior and his six companions, the standard operating procedure between the nations up to that point.
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on September 30 that the Red Stick war party had "received 25 small guns" at Pensacola. The immediate concern of the force was the defense of Georgia's "
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The second westward advance of Floyd's troops departed Fort Mitchell with a force of 1,100 militia and 400 friendly Creek. Along the way they fortified
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that had previously helped the Creeks to maintain control over most of the United States' southwestern territory had shifted dramatically due to the
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Jackson spent the next month building roads and training his force. In mid-March, he moved against the Red Stick force concentrated on the
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After Talladega, however, Jackson was plagued by supply shortages and discipline problems arising from his men's short term enlistments.
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to "repel an approaching invasion ... and to afford aid and relief to ... Mississippi Territory". He also summoned a force of 2,500 from
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in 1830, which authorized negotiation of treaties for exchange of land and payment of annuities, and authorized forceful removal of the
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cultures that came from a long tradition of cohabitation and cultural appropriation, beginning with white traders in Indian country.
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Note: Company muster rolls of Captain John Wallace (one of Nash's companies) list the company near Fort Hawkins on Feb. 9, near
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on January 8, 1815. In 1818, Jackson again invaded Florida, where some of the Red Stick leaders had fled, an event known as the
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Due to the state's failure to secure supplies early enough in the year, Floyd gained a few months to train and drill the men at
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nations, as well as the Lower Creeks faction of the Muscogee. During the hostilities, the Red Sticks allied themselves to the
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These increasing territorial grabs westward into Creek territory (which included parts of Spanish Florida), coupled with the
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1005:. After this offensive in the beginning of October 1813, the party burned a number of Red Stick towns before retiring to
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1260:. On January 26, 1813, they set up a camp on the Callabee Creek near the abandoned site of Autossee. Red Stick chiefs
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On October 10, Jackson, along with 2,500 troops, set out on the expedition, his arm in a sling. Jackson established
617:, the Creek War "was as much a civil war among Creeks as between red and white". The war was also a continuation of
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1620:, interpreter and spy for Andrew Jackson, later honored by the Creek for his integrity during treaty negotiations
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In addition to the state actions, U.S. Indian agent Hawkins organized the friendly Lower Creek under Major
965:" at this time—in Creek culture, red 'sticks' or clubs symbolize war, while white sticks represent peace.
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offensive of the civil war was the Red Stick attack on the Upper Creek town, and seat of the council, at
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As a result of these victories, Jackson became a national figure and eventually was elected the seventh
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Continuing to a point about 85 miles (140 km) north of Fort Stoddert, Claiborne established
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number of Georgia volunteer militia. Floyd's task was to advance to the junction of the Coosa and
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Creek Paths and Federal Roads: Indians, Settlers, and Slaves and the Making of the American South
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A New Order of Things: Property, Power, and the Transformation of the Creek Indians, 1733–1816
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voted to join the Americans in their fight against the Red Sticks. Under the command of Chief
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1433:, with the East Tennessee Militia, took the field on October 12. His route of march was from
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1300:. He achieved some destruction but no military engagement. At roughly the same time, Captain
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forced the Creek confederacy to surrender more than 21 million acres in what is now southern
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721:. This made long-standing intra-Creek trade and political alliances more tenuous than ever.
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was low, making it difficult to move supplies, and there was little forage for his horses.
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to raise 5,000 militia for a three-month tour of duty. Blount called out a force of 2,500
1043:, as the exchange became known, broadened the Creek Civil War to include American forces.
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during the early 19th century. The Creek War began as a conflict within the tribes of the
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Struggle for the Gulf Borderlands: The Creek War and the Battle of New Orleans, 1812–1815
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578:. The United States formed an alliance with the traditional enemies of the Muscogee, the
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Although Jackson's mission was to defeat the Creek, his larger objective was to move on
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Territorial conflicts between France, Spain, Britain, and the United States along the
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Holland, James W. "Andrew Jackson and the Creek War: Victory at the Horseshoe Bend",
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History of the United States of America During the Administrations of James Madison
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Leaders of the Lower Creek towns in present-day Georgia included Bird Tail King (
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Thrower. "Casualties and Consequences of the Creek War," in Rethinking Tohopeka
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Thrower. "Casualties and Consequences of the Creek War," in Rethinking Tohopeka
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Creeks and Seminoles: The Destruction and Regeneration of the Muscogulge People
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Kanon, Thomas. "'A Slow, Laborious Slaughter': The Battle Of Horseshoe Bend."
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as a supply base. On November 3, his top cavalry officer, Brigadier General
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Although there were a few limited attacks on whites in 1812 and early 1813,
32:
This article is about the Creek War (1813–1814). For the 1836 conflict, see
2836:
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Deerskins and Duffels: The Creek Indian Trade with Anglo-America, 1685–1815
1013:
915:, especially among more conservative and traditional elders and young men.
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to force the Spaniards to turn over control of the city in February 1813.
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598:. The Creek War effectively ended in August 1814 with the signing of the
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The Red Sticks subsequently attacked other forts in the area, including
899:(Ohio and related territories) to fight against U.S. settlers after the
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The Politics of Indian Removal: Creek Government and Society in Crisis
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forced headmen of both the Upper and Lower towns of Creek to sign the
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1153:(called "White Eagle" by the Indians for the color of his hair), the
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warriors who were traveling to meet up with Red Stick Creeks in the
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Before the Creek War and the War of 1812, most U.S. politicians saw
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Battle for the Southern Frontier: The Creek War and the War of 1812
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Adams 793-794, Mahon 242, the second casualty estimates are Mahon's
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Mobilization of recruits to Tecumseh's cause was bolstered by the
744:. The 1805 treaty with the Creek also allowed the creation of the
740:. In 1804, the United States claimed the city of Mobile under the
686:, provided most of the European trading goods into Creek country.
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A Conquering Spirit: Fort Mims and the Redstick War of 1813-1814
1142:. Jackson and Cocke were not ready to move until early October.
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1536:, who had fought as U.S. allies during the Creek War as well.
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was surrendered in April, the Spaniards focused on protecting
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With the Red Sticks subdued, Jackson turned his focus on the
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Territory ceded by the Creek Confederation in 1814 under the
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at Tohopeka (Horseshoe Bend). He first moved south along the
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Civil wars involving the states and peoples of North America
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625:, and, although a conflict framed within the centuries-long
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Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Empire, 1767–1821
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comment on their term of service. Cocke was later cleared.
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1202:", separating Indian territory from U.S. territory at the
574:(or Upper Creeks), a Muscogee tribal faction who resisted
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Upper Creek towns near the Holy Ground, including nearby
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Trail of Tears: The Rise and Fall of the Cherokee Nation
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Tohopeka: Rethinking the Creek War & the War of 1812
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time of the Creek War, the Upper Creeks controlled the
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Warrior Nations: The United States and Indian Peoples.
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1323:. On December 23, he encountered a small force at the
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Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 2013.
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captured parts of East Florida from 1811–1815. After
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in 1829. As president, Andrew Jackson advocated the
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when they killed two families of settlers along the
3850:
Wars between the United States and Native Americans
2314:
2099:
Letters, Journals, and Writings of Benjamin Hawkins
1794:
1280:organized a force of about 1,000—consisting of the
1268:was Georgia's last offensive operation of the war.
993:, a war party of "friendly" Creeks organized under
3539:List of federal judges appointed by Andrew Jackson
2532:
2101:, Vol. Two 1802–1816, Beehive Press, 1980. 668-69.
1758:
1722:
1687:
1067:and became a rallying cause for American militia.
1713:The History of the Second Seminole War, 1835–1842
3796:
3359:United States Senate Committee on Armed Services
2097:Hawkins to Floyd, September 30, 1813, in Grant,
590:. A Red Stick force aided British Naval Officer
1172:(Econochaca), located near the junction of the
558:The Creek War took place largely in modern-day
2628:McIntosh and Weatherford: Creek Indian Leaders
2539:. New York: Harper & Row Publishers, Inc.
997:, Big Warrior, and Little Prince attacked 150
3217:
2724:
682:, governed by Spanish and British firms like
418:
301:
2513:. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.
1673:on May 13, and near Fort Hawkins on July 13.
1237:, where he was joined by 300-400 Creek from
1229:. On November 24, General Floyd crossed the
1082:in the Northwest. Affected states called up
566:. Major engagements of the war involved the
2637:. University of North Carolina Press, 2010.
2489:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Da Capo Press.
817:Cultural assimilation and religious revival
767:, the United States wished to maintain the
543:) was a regional conflict between opposing
87:(1 year, 2 weeks and 4 days)
3224:
3210:
2731:
2717:
425:
411:
308:
294:
126:Muscogee cede 22 million acres of land in
61:
3571:(Washington D.C. and New Orleans statues)
3374:Andrew Jackson 1828 presidential campaign
1336:North Carolina and South Carolina militia
432:
3484:1832 United States presidential election
3369:1828 United States presidential election
3354:1824 United States presidential election
3324:Battles of Emuckfaw and Enotachopo Creek
3264:Federal Military Commissioner of Florida
2553:
2370:Braund, Kathryn E. Holland, ed. (2012).
2361:Braund, Kathryn E. Holland, ed. (2006).
2161:
2085:
1842:
1752:
1740:
1500:
1387:
972:
820:
658:; while the Lower Creeks controlled the
2574:
2472:Pictorial Field-Book of the War of 1812
2468:"XXXIV: War Against the Creek Indians."
2465:
2236:
1980:
1418:, defeated a band of Red Sticks at the
1222:rivers and join the Army of Tennessee.
669:
14:
3797:
2527:
2503:
2369:
2360:
2224:
2122:
2110:
2019:
1968:
1956:
1932:
1905:
1881:
1866:
1854:
1815:
1803:
1788:
1776:
1764:
1728:
1553:drove a British force out of Pensacola
1441:and then along the Coosa River toward
1271:
3499:Second inauguration of Andrew Jackson
3205:
2712:
2658:. University of Nebraska Press, 1990.
2554:Waselkov, Gregory A. (May 19, 2009).
2479:
2430:
2348:
2332:
2308:
2296:
2284:
2272:
2260:
2248:
2212:
2200:
2188:
2176:
2149:
2137:
2073:
2061:
2046:
2034:
2004:
1992:
1944:
1893:
1830:
1696:
1392:U.S. troops storm the breastworks at
1383:
1054:led an attack on Fort Mims, north of
907:attended the annual Creek council at
406:
289:
3402:First inauguration of Andrew Jackson
3184:
2630:. University of Alabama Press, 1998.
2581:. New York: Henry Holt and Company.
2416:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group.
2408:
2398:(Alfred A. Knopf 2003), p. 106
2320:
1920:
1547:. On his own initiative, he invaded
977:Map of battle sites in the Creek War
968:
903:. In 1811, Tecumseh and his brother
3555:List of memorials to Andrew Jackson
3489:1832 Democratic National Convention
3089:Military Society of the War of 1812
2651:. Cambridge University Press, 1999.
1188:
547:factions, European powers, and the
24:
3231:
3084:General Society of the War of 1812
2691:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
2596:
2474:. New York: Harper & Brothers.
771:which had been established by the
25:
3866:
2855:Assassination of Spencer Perceval
2662:
1555:. He defeated the British at the
3835:Pre-statehood history of Alabama
3778:
3777:
3183:
3174:
3173:
2696:
2684:
2435:. University of Nebraska Press.
1122:legislature authorized Governor
1089:After the Battle of Burnt Corn,
698:, controlled the outlets of the
193:
181:
149:
3830:History of Georgia (U.S. state)
3479:1830 State of the Union Address
3474:1829 State of the Union Address
3149:Opposition in the United States
3094:United States Daughters of 1812
2738:
2560:. University of Alabama Press.
2365:. University of Nebraska Press.
2091:
1663:
1654:
1645:
1636:
829:on his plantation, instructing
3442:Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek
3248:President of the United States
2504:Owsley, Frank L. Jr. (2017) .
2460:Tennessee Historical Quarterly
2396:The Passions of Andrew Jackson
1702:
1568:President of the United States
85:July 22, 1813 – August 9, 1814
13:
1:
3825:19th-century Cherokee history
3459:Banking in the Jacksonian Era
2619:Mike Bunn and Clay Williams.
1624:
1459:Emuckfaw and Enotachopo Creek
1111:, a militia commander in the
941:Josiah Francis (Hillis Hadjo)
636:
387:Emuckfaw and Enotachopo Creek
315:
3619:Bloody Bloody Andrew Jackson
1282:Third United States Infantry
7:
3407:Tenure of Office Act (1820)
3161:Timeline of the War of 1812
2466:Lossing, Benson J. (1869).
1717:University of Florida Press
1601:
1466:39th United States Infantry
1284:, militia, volunteers, and
10:
3871:
3810:1810s in the United States
3514:Ordinance of Nullification
3339:Battle of Pensacola (1814)
2812:Non-Intercourse Act (1809)
2623:. The History Press, 2008.
2610:Center of Military History
2431:Green, Michael D. (1985).
2342:
1496:
773:Royal Proclamation of 1763
700:U.S. Mississippi Territory
576:U.S. territorial expansion
31:
3756:
3720:
3661:
3547:
3392:
3286:
3239:
3169:
3107:
3079:Laura Secord Legacy Trail
3064:
3008:
2972:
2898:
2868:
2780:
2746:
2669:"The Creek War 1813-1814"
2626:Benjamin W. Griffith Jr.
2605:The Creek War, 1813-1814.
1086:to deal with the threat.
953:town; and High-head Jim (
943:(Francis the Prophet) of
784:occupation of Baton Rouge
444:
325:
271:
258:
209:
142:
77:
60:
48:
43:
3329:Battle of Horseshoe Bend
3155:The Star-Spangled Banner
3099:War of 1812 Bicentennial
2802:Orders in Council (1807)
2476:useful for illustrations
1613:List of Indian massacres
1530:United States government
1491:Battle of Horseshoe Bend
957:) and Paddy Walsh, both
734:Treaty of Fort Wilkinson
3733:Jackson as slave trader
3675:Andrew Jackson Donelson
3133:The Hunters of Kentucky
1420:Battle of Tallushatchee
1327:and burned 260 houses.
1266:Battle of Calebee Creek
860:) of Broken Arrow, and
684:Panton, Leslie, and Co.
613:According to historian
27:1813–1814 US Indian War
3334:Treaty of Fort Jackson
3294:Battle of Hanging Rock
3258:(1797–1798, 1823–1825)
3256:Senator from Tennessee
3021:William Henry Harrison
2633:Angela Pulley Hudson.
2575:Wilentz, Sean (2005).
2455:, 1968 21(4): 243–275.
1671:Fort Jackson (Alabama)
1518:Treaty of Fort Jackson
1509:
1507:Treaty of Fort Jackson
1396:
1296:Rivers, advanced from
978:
924:New Madrid earthquakes
834:
833:in European technology
752:to the newly acquired
715:West Florida Rebellion
600:Treaty of Fort Jackson
568:United States military
210:Commanders and leaders
204:Tecumseh's confederacy
113:Treaty of Fort Jackson
108:United States victory
3681:Daniel Smith Donelson
3612:The Remarkable Andrew
3563:(U.S. Capitol statue)
3344:Battle of New Orleans
3144:Opposition in Britain
2842:Monroe–Pinkney Treaty
2817:Macon's Bill Number 2
2654:J. Leitch Wright Jr.
2602:Richard D. Blackmon.
1608:Indian Campaign Medal
1557:Battle of New Orleans
1524:and part of southern
1504:
1391:
1354:Fort Benjamin Hawkins
1113:Mississippi Territory
1091:U.S. Secretary of War
1003:Mississippi Territory
976:
824:
763:During and after the
610:and central Alabama.
272:Casualties and losses
3582:The President's Lady
3504:Nullification crisis
3384:Jacksonian democracy
1431:John Alexander Cocke
1366:Phenix City, Alabama
1276:In October, General
1243:he attacked Autossee
1140:John Alexander Cocke
1138:under Major General
1041:Battle of Burnt Corn
955:Cusseta Tustunnuggee
901:War for Independence
868:, White Warrior) of
670:Territorial conflict
627:American Indian Wars
134:to the United States
55:American Indian Wars
3762:← John Quincy Adams
3728:Jackson and slavery
3701:(acting First Lady)
3699:Sarah Yorke Jackson
3695:(acting First Lady)
3494:Maysville Road veto
3319:Battle of Talladega
3272:U.S. Representative
2807:Embargo Act of 1807
2462:, 1999 58(1): 2–15.
2287:, pp. 791–793.
2275:, pp. 237–239.
2251:, pp. 238–239.
2227:, pp. 192–193.
2152:, pp. 788–789.
2088:, pp. 159–161.
2049:, pp. 782–785.
1995:, pp. 232–233.
1947:, pp. 777–778.
1791:, pp. 12, 165.
1580:Southeastern tribes
1512:On August 9, 1814,
1464:The arrival of the
1424:Battle of Talladega
1329:William Weatherford
1272:Mississippi militia
1262:William Weatherford
1109:Ferdinand Claiborne
1052:William Weatherford
920:Great Comet of 1811
866:Tunstunuggee Hutkee
825:Painting (1805) of
765:American Revolution
662:, which flows into
660:Chattahoochee River
594:'s advance towards
245:William Weatherford
224:Ferdinand Claiborne
68:William Weatherford
3769:Martin Van Buren →
3605:The Gorgeous Hussy
3432:Indian Removal Act
3276:Tennessee at-large
2980:Illinois Territory
2860:Declaration of war
2640:Roger L. Nichols.
2614:United States Army
2608:Washington, D.C.:
2311:, p. 795-796.
1923:, p. 104-105.
1572:Indian Removal Act
1561:First Seminole War
1510:
1448:Although Governor
1397:
1384:Tennessee campaign
1340:Brigadier General
1130:men under Colonel
1107:Brigadier General
1065:Fort Mims massacre
986:on July 22, 1813.
979:
937:Tallassee, Alabama
858:Tustunnuggee Hopoi
835:
780:Louisiana Purchase
730:Treaty of Colerain
726:Treaty of New York
592:Alexander Cochrane
496:Villeré Plantation
3792:
3791:
3652:President Jackson
3199:
3198:
3121:The Bold Canadian
2985:Indiana Territory
2909:Queenston Heights
2567:978-0-8173-5573-9
2529:Remini, Robert V.
2520:978-0-8173-1062-2
2496:978-0-306-80429-8
2442:978-0-8032-7015-2
2423:978-0-30-779383-6
2385:978-0-8173-5711-5
2239:, pp. 25–28.
1983:, pp. 23–25.
1971:, pp. 30–33.
1908:, pp. 89–93.
1896:, pp. 40–42.
1884:, pp. 14–15.
1869:, pp. 11–13.
1833:, pp. 38–39.
1779:, pp. 18–24.
1594:now known as the
1588:Mississippi River
1209:The proximity of
1096:notified General
969:Course of the war
856:, Little Prince (
840:U.S. Indian agent
674:The provinces of
526:
525:
400:
399:
284:
283:
138:
137:
34:Creek War of 1836
16:(Redirected from
3862:
3781:
3780:
3576:Black Jack stamp
3417:Petticoat affair
3379:Coffin Handbills
3279:
3267:
3259:
3251:
3226:
3219:
3212:
3203:
3202:
3187:
3186:
3177:
3176:
2733:
2726:
2719:
2710:
2709:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2680:
2592:
2571:
2550:
2538:
2524:
2512:
2500:
2475:
2446:
2427:
2389:
2366:
2357:
2336:
2330:
2324:
2318:
2312:
2306:
2300:
2294:
2288:
2282:
2276:
2270:
2264:
2258:
2252:
2246:
2240:
2234:
2228:
2222:
2216:
2210:
2204:
2198:
2192:
2186:
2180:
2174:
2165:
2159:
2153:
2147:
2141:
2135:
2126:
2120:
2114:
2108:
2102:
2095:
2089:
2083:
2077:
2071:
2065:
2059:
2050:
2044:
2038:
2032:
2023:
2017:
2008:
2002:
1996:
1990:
1984:
1978:
1972:
1966:
1960:
1954:
1948:
1942:
1936:
1930:
1924:
1918:
1909:
1903:
1897:
1891:
1885:
1879:
1870:
1864:
1858:
1852:
1846:
1840:
1834:
1828:
1819:
1813:
1807:
1801:
1792:
1786:
1780:
1774:
1768:
1762:
1756:
1750:
1744:
1738:
1732:
1726:
1720:
1706:
1700:
1694:
1674:
1667:
1661:
1658:
1652:
1649:
1643:
1640:
1592:ethnic cleansing
1584:Indian Territory
1350:Augusta, Georgia
1298:Fort St. Stephen
1233:and established
1189:Georgia campaign
1147:William McIntosh
1072:Fort Sinquefield
1017:Benjamin Hawkins
995:William McIntosh
862:William McIntosh
843:Benjamin Hawkins
827:Benjamin Hawkins
793:ordered General
788:Secretary of War
750:Washington, D.C.
664:Apalachicola Bay
439:
427:
420:
413:
404:
403:
320:
310:
303:
296:
287:
286:
232:William McIntosh
198:
197:
187:
185:
184:
154:
153:
152:
79:
78:
70:surrendering to
65:
41:
40:
21:
3870:
3869:
3865:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3860:
3859:
3795:
3794:
3793:
3788:
3752:
3716:
3687:Lyncoya Jackson
3657:
3626:Man of Conquest
3543:
3469:Specie Circular
3422:Kitchen Cabinet
3388:
3364:Corrupt bargain
3282:
3270:
3262:
3254:
3243:
3235:
3230:
3200:
3195:
3165:
3139:Napoleonic Wars
3103:
3060:
3036:Edward Pakenham
3004:
2968:
2894:
2870:
2864:
2776:
2775:
2742:
2737:
2707:
2697:
2695:
2685:
2683:
2675:
2665:
2647:Claudio Saunt.
2599:
2597:Further reading
2589:
2568:
2547:
2521:
2510:
2497:
2486:The War of 1812
2443:
2424:
2393:Andrew Burstein
2386:
2345:
2340:
2339:
2331:
2327:
2319:
2315:
2307:
2303:
2295:
2291:
2283:
2279:
2271:
2267:
2259:
2255:
2247:
2243:
2235:
2231:
2223:
2219:
2211:
2207:
2199:
2195:
2187:
2183:
2175:
2168:
2160:
2156:
2148:
2144:
2136:
2129:
2121:
2117:
2109:
2105:
2096:
2092:
2084:
2080:
2072:
2068:
2060:
2053:
2045:
2041:
2033:
2026:
2018:
2011:
2003:
1999:
1991:
1987:
1979:
1975:
1967:
1963:
1955:
1951:
1943:
1939:
1931:
1927:
1919:
1912:
1904:
1900:
1892:
1888:
1880:
1873:
1865:
1861:
1853:
1849:
1841:
1837:
1829:
1822:
1814:
1810:
1802:
1795:
1787:
1783:
1775:
1771:
1763:
1759:
1755:, pp. 4–5.
1751:
1747:
1739:
1735:
1727:
1723:
1707:
1703:
1695:
1688:
1678:
1677:
1668:
1664:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1637:
1627:
1618:George Mayfield
1604:
1549:Spanish Florida
1534:Cherokee Nation
1499:
1426:on November 9.
1405:Tennessee River
1386:
1370:Fort Bainbridge
1338:
1286:Choctaw Indians
1278:Thomas Flournoy
1274:
1250:Fort Bainbridge
1191:
1155:Cherokee Nation
1151:Return J. Meigs
1098:Thomas Pinckney
1033:Spanish Florida
971:
850:Fushatchie Mico
819:
795:James Wilkinson
711:Napoleonic Wars
696:Spanish Florida
672:
639:
545:Native American
541:Creek Civil War
529:
528:
527:
522:
518:2nd Fort Bowyer
513:Fort St. Philip
481:1st Fort Bowyer
440:
438:1813–1815
437:
433:
431:
401:
396:
321:
316:
314:
251:
247:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
202:
192:
191:
182:
180:
179:
168:
164:
160:
150:
148:
122:
99:
86:
66:
37:
28:
23:
22:
18:Creek Civil War
15:
12:
11:
5:
3868:
3858:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3815:Andrew Jackson
3812:
3807:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3786:
3773:
3772:
3765:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3750:
3748:Hannah Jackson
3745:
3743:Alfred Jackson
3740:
3735:
3730:
3724:
3722:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3714:
3708:
3705:John Hutchings
3702:
3696:
3693:Emily Donelson
3690:
3684:
3678:
3672:
3669:Rachel Jackson
3665:
3663:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3655:
3647:
3643:Andrew Jackson
3638:
3629:
3622:
3615:
3608:
3601:
3593:
3585:
3578:
3573:
3569:Andrew Jackson
3565:
3561:Andrew Jackson
3557:
3551:
3549:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3524:Tariff of 1833
3521:
3516:
3511:
3509:Tariff of 1832
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3455:
3454:
3452:Senate censure
3444:
3439:
3437:Trail of Tears
3434:
3429:
3427:Indian removal
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3398:
3396:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3290:
3288:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3268:
3260:
3252:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3233:Andrew Jackson
3229:
3228:
3221:
3214:
3206:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3193:
3181:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3163:
3158:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3129:
3124:
3117:
3111:
3109:
3108:Related topics
3105:
3104:
3102:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3070:
3068:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3058:
3053:
3051:Winfield Scott
3048:
3046:Lord Liverpool
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3026:Andrew Jackson
3023:
3018:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2995:North Carolina
2992:
2987:
2982:
2976:
2974:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2939:Crysler's Farm
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2905:
2903:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2876:
2874:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2822:Tecumseh's War
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2786:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2772:Related topics
2770:
2767:
2764:
2761:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2748:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2736:
2735:
2728:
2721:
2713:
2706:
2705:
2693:
2673:
2672:
2664:
2663:External links
2661:
2660:
2659:
2652:
2645:
2638:
2631:
2624:
2617:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2587:
2578:Andrew Jackson
2572:
2566:
2551:
2545:
2525:
2519:
2501:
2495:
2483:, ed. (1991).
2481:Mahon, John K.
2477:
2463:
2456:
2452:Alabama Review
2447:
2441:
2428:
2422:
2406:
2390:
2384:
2367:
2358:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2335:, p. 350.
2325:
2323:, p. 123.
2313:
2301:
2299:, p. 798.
2289:
2277:
2265:
2263:, p. 791.
2253:
2241:
2229:
2217:
2215:, p. 784.
2205:
2203:, p. 236.
2193:
2191:, p. 789.
2181:
2179:, p. 239.
2166:
2164:, p. 168.
2154:
2142:
2140:, p. 240.
2127:
2115:
2103:
2090:
2078:
2076:, p. 783.
2066:
2064:, p. 235.
2051:
2039:
2037:, p. 787.
2024:
2009:
2007:, p. 234.
1997:
1985:
1973:
1961:
1949:
1937:
1925:
1910:
1898:
1886:
1871:
1859:
1847:
1835:
1820:
1818:, p. 178.
1808:
1793:
1781:
1769:
1757:
1745:
1733:
1721:
1709:Mahon, John K.
1701:
1685:
1684:
1676:
1675:
1662:
1653:
1644:
1634:
1633:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1621:
1615:
1610:
1603:
1600:
1596:Trail of Tears
1582:to prescribed
1543:region in the
1514:Andrew Jackson
1498:
1495:
1450:William Blount
1394:Horseshoe Bend
1385:
1382:
1358:Macon, Georgia
1337:
1334:
1321:Fort Claiborne
1273:
1270:
1204:Ocmulgee River
1190:
1187:
1183:Hickory Ground
1136:East Tennessee
1132:Andrew Jackson
1128:West Tennessee
1094:John Armstrong
970:
967:
818:
815:
806:Fort Charlotte
791:John Armstrong
738:Ocmulgee River
671:
668:
652:Alabama Rivers
638:
635:
619:Tecumseh's War
604:Andrew Jackson
562:and along the
524:
523:
521:
520:
515:
510:
499:
498:
493:
488:
483:
472:
471:
469:Fort Charlotte
460:
459:
454:
445:
442:
441:
430:
429:
422:
415:
407:
398:
397:
395:
394:
392:Horseshoe Bend
389:
384:
378:
377:
373:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
345:Bashi Skirmish
342:
337:
331:
330:
326:
323:
322:
313:
312:
305:
298:
290:
282:
281:
278:
274:
273:
269:
268:
265:
261:
260:
256:
255:
242:
216:Andrew Jackson
212:
211:
207:
206:
200:Spanish Empire
189:United Kingdom
172:
145:
144:
140:
139:
136:
135:
124:
118:
117:
116:
115:
105:
101:
100:
97:American South
95:
93:
89:
88:
83:
75:
74:
72:Andrew Jackson
58:
57:
46:
45:
39:
38:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3867:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3785:
3784:
3775:
3774:
3771:
3770:
3766:
3764:
3763:
3759:
3758:
3755:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3719:
3712:
3709:
3706:
3703:
3700:
3697:
3694:
3691:
3689:(adopted son)
3688:
3685:
3683:(adopted son)
3682:
3679:
3677:(adopted son)
3676:
3673:
3670:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3660:
3654:
3653:
3648:
3646:
3644:
3639:
3637:
3635:
3630:
3628:
3627:
3623:
3621:
3620:
3616:
3614:
3613:
3609:
3607:
3606:
3602:
3599:
3598:
3597:The Buccaneer
3594:
3591:
3590:
3589:The Buccaneer
3586:
3584:
3583:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3570:
3566:
3564:
3562:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3546:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3534:Panic of 1837
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3412:Spoils system
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3395:
3391:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3349:Seminole Wars
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3314:Fort Strother
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3304:The Hermitage
3302:
3300:
3299:Hunter's Hill
3297:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3285:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3246:
3242:
3241:
3238:
3234:
3227:
3222:
3220:
3215:
3213:
3208:
3207:
3204:
3192:
3191:
3182:
3180:
3172:
3171:
3168:
3162:
3159:
3156:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3134:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3106:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3063:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3031:James Madison
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3007:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2971:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2914:Spur's Defeat
2912:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2897:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2867:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2827:Henry letters
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2779:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2734:
2729:
2727:
2722:
2720:
2715:
2714:
2711:
2704:
2703:United States
2694:
2692:
2682:
2681:
2678:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2657:
2653:
2650:
2646:
2643:
2639:
2636:
2632:
2629:
2625:
2622:
2618:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2606:
2601:
2600:
2590:
2588:0-8050-6925-9
2584:
2580:
2579:
2573:
2569:
2563:
2559:
2558:
2552:
2548:
2546:0-8018-5912-3
2542:
2537:
2536:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2516:
2509:
2508:
2502:
2498:
2492:
2488:
2487:
2482:
2478:
2473:
2469:
2464:
2461:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2444:
2438:
2434:
2429:
2425:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2405:
2404:0-375-41428-2
2401:
2397:
2394:
2391:
2387:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2368:
2364:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2346:
2334:
2329:
2322:
2317:
2310:
2305:
2298:
2293:
2286:
2281:
2274:
2269:
2262:
2257:
2250:
2245:
2238:
2233:
2226:
2221:
2214:
2209:
2202:
2197:
2190:
2185:
2178:
2173:
2171:
2163:
2162:Waselkov 2009
2158:
2151:
2146:
2139:
2134:
2132:
2125:, p. 53.
2124:
2119:
2113:, p. 51.
2112:
2107:
2100:
2094:
2087:
2086:Waselkov 2009
2082:
2075:
2070:
2063:
2058:
2056:
2048:
2043:
2036:
2031:
2029:
2022:, p. 72.
2021:
2016:
2014:
2006:
2001:
1994:
1989:
1982:
1977:
1970:
1965:
1959:, p. 26.
1958:
1953:
1946:
1941:
1935:, p. 52.
1934:
1929:
1922:
1917:
1915:
1907:
1902:
1895:
1890:
1883:
1878:
1876:
1868:
1863:
1857:, p. 58.
1856:
1851:
1845:, p. 73.
1844:
1843:Waselkov 2009
1839:
1832:
1827:
1825:
1817:
1812:
1806:, p. 12.
1805:
1800:
1798:
1790:
1785:
1778:
1773:
1766:
1761:
1754:
1753:Waselkov 2009
1749:
1742:
1741:Waselkov 2009
1737:
1730:
1725:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1705:
1699:, p. 43.
1698:
1693:
1691:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1672:
1666:
1657:
1648:
1639:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1599:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1508:
1503:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1487:Fort Williams
1484:
1480:
1475:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1460:
1454:
1451:
1446:
1444:
1443:Fort Strother
1440:
1436:
1432:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1412:Fort Strother
1408:
1406:
1402:
1395:
1390:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1362:Fort Mitchell
1359:
1355:
1352:, walking to
1351:
1347:
1343:
1342:Joseph Graham
1333:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1290:Fort Stoddert
1287:
1283:
1279:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1235:Fort Mitchell
1232:
1231:Chattahoochee
1228:
1223:
1221:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1186:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1124:Willie Blount
1121:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1104:would ensue.
1103:
1099:
1095:
1092:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1066:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1048:Peter McQueen
1044:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1015:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
987:
985:
975:
966:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
947:
942:
938:
934:
930:
929:Peter McQueen
925:
921:
916:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
885:
881:
878:
873:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
846:
844:
841:
832:
828:
823:
814:
811:
807:
803:
798:
796:
792:
789:
785:
781:
776:
774:
770:
766:
761:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
722:
720:
716:
712:
708:
703:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
667:
665:
661:
657:
654:that lead to
653:
649:
645:
634:
632:
628:
624:
623:Old Northwest
620:
616:
615:John K. Mahon
611:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
556:
554:
550:
549:United States
546:
542:
538:
537:Red Stick War
534:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
505:
504:
503:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
478:
477:
476:
470:
467:
466:
465:
464:
458:
455:
453:
450:
449:
448:
443:
436:
428:
423:
421:
416:
414:
409:
408:
405:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
382:Calebee Creek
380:
379:
375:
374:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
350:Tallushatchee
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
332:
328:
327:
324:
319:
311:
306:
304:
299:
297:
292:
291:
288:
280:~1,597 killed
279:
276:
275:
270:
266:
263:
262:
257:
254:
253:Peter McQueen
250:
246:
243:
241:
240:Mushulatubbee
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
214:
213:
208:
205:
201:
196:
190:
178:
177:
173:
171:
167:
163:
159:
158:
157:United States
147:
146:
141:
133:
129:
125:
120:
119:
114:
111:
110:
109:
106:
103:
102:
98:
94:
91:
90:
84:
81:
80:
76:
73:
69:
64:
59:
56:
52:
47:
42:
35:
30:
19:
3776:
3767:
3760:
3651:
3642:
3633:
3624:
3617:
3610:
3603:
3595:
3587:
3580:
3568:
3560:
3548:Public image
3308:
3189:
3126:
3115:Bibliography
2949:Lundy's Lane
2880:Northwestern
2869:Theaters and
2847:
2837:Rule of 1756
2794:
2790:
2655:
2648:
2641:
2634:
2627:
2620:
2603:
2577:
2556:
2534:
2506:
2485:
2471:
2459:
2450:
2432:
2413:
2395:
2371:
2362:
2353:
2350:Adams, Henry
2328:
2316:
2304:
2292:
2280:
2268:
2256:
2244:
2237:Wilentz 2005
2232:
2220:
2208:
2196:
2184:
2157:
2145:
2118:
2106:
2098:
2093:
2081:
2069:
2042:
2000:
1988:
1981:Wilentz 2005
1976:
1964:
1952:
1940:
1928:
1901:
1889:
1862:
1850:
1838:
1811:
1784:
1772:
1767:, p. ?.
1760:
1748:
1743:, p. 2.
1736:
1731:, p. 1.
1724:
1712:
1704:
1680:
1679:
1665:
1656:
1647:
1638:
1629:
1628:
1586:west of the
1574:, passed by
1565:
1538:
1511:
1476:
1463:
1455:
1447:
1428:
1409:
1398:
1378:Fort Decatur
1346:Federal Road
1339:
1318:
1306:Fort Madison
1275:
1258:Federal Road
1247:
1227:Fort Hawkins
1224:
1208:
1192:
1167:
1163:
1144:
1117:
1106:
1088:
1069:
1045:
1030:
1014:Indian agent
1011:
988:
984:Tuckabatchee
980:
954:
944:
932:
917:
886:
882:
874:
865:
857:
849:
847:
836:
802:Patriot Army
799:
777:
762:
748:that linked
746:Federal Road
723:
704:
680:West Florida
673:
640:
612:
557:
540:
536:
532:
530:
501:
500:
474:
473:
462:
461:
456:
446:
435:Gulf theater
317:
174:
155:
143:Belligerents
107:
49:Part of the
29:
3840:War of 1812
3278:(1796–1797)
3250:(1829–1837)
3041:Robert Ross
3016:Isaac Brock
2973:Involvement
2964:New Orleans
2954:Bladensburg
2934:Chateauguay
2924:Beaver Dams
2848:Little Belt
2763:Involvement
2740:War of 1812
2376:Pebble Hill
2225:Remini 1977
2123:Owsley 2017
2111:Owsley 2017
2020:Remini 1977
1969:Owsley 2017
1957:Owsley 2017
1933:Owsley 2017
1906:Braund 2012
1882:Owsley 2017
1867:Owsley 2017
1855:Braund 2006
1816:Braund 2012
1804:Braund 2012
1789:Braund 2012
1777:Owsley 2017
1765:Braund 2006
1729:Owsley 2017
1545:War of 1812
1439:Chattanooga
1416:John Coffee
1364:(in modern
1356:(in modern
1325:Holy Ground
1314:Canoe Fight
1302:Samuel Dale
1200:Indian Line
1170:Holy Ground
1159:Major Ridge
909:Tukabatchee
905:Tenskwatawa
769:Indian Line
758:New Orleans
719:War of 1812
702:'s rivers.
631:War of 1812
596:New Orleans
508:New Orleans
491:Lake Borgne
370:Holy Ground
360:Canoe Fight
277:~584 killed
228:John Coffee
121:Territorial
51:War of 1812
3799:Categories
3645:(SSBN-619)
3519:Force Bill
3464:Hard money
3394:Presidency
3074:The Eighth
2919:Frenchtown
2885:Chesapeake
2791:Chesapeake
2410:Ehle, John
2333:Mahon 1991
2309:Adams 1889
2297:Adams 1889
2285:Adams 1889
2273:Mahon 1991
2261:Adams 1889
2249:Mahon 1991
2213:Adams 1889
2201:Mahon 1991
2189:Adams 1889
2177:Mahon 1991
2150:Adams 1889
2138:Mahon 1991
2074:Adams 1889
2062:Mahon 1991
2047:Adams 1889
2035:Adams 1889
2005:Mahon 1991
1993:Mahon 1991
1945:Adams 1889
1894:Green 1985
1831:Green 1985
1697:Green 1985
1625:References
1541:Gulf Coast
1479:Tallapoosa
1310:Suggsville
1220:Tallapoosa
1196:John Floyd
1026:Ohio River
963:Red Sticks
742:Mobile Act
717:, and the
707:Gulf Coast
648:Tallapoosa
637:Background
572:Red Sticks
564:Gulf Coast
535:(also the
335:Burnt Corn
236:Pushmataha
220:John Floyd
176:Red Sticks
3805:Creek War
3529:Pet banks
3309:Creek War
3127:Creek War
3066:Aftermath
2872:campaigns
2832:War hawks
2769:Aftermath
2757:Campaigns
2321:Ehle 2011
1921:Ehle 2011
1681:Citations
1471:Knoxville
1435:Knoxville
1401:Pensacola
1374:Fort Hull
1294:Tombigbee
1254:Fort Hull
1120:Tennessee
1102:Pensacola
1037:Pensacola
897:Northwest
810:Pensacola
688:Pensacola
533:Creek War
486:Pensacola
355:Talladega
340:Fort Mims
318:Creek War
44:Creek War
3855:Tecumseh
3820:Muscogee
3783:Category
3707:(nephew)
3447:Bank War
3179:Category
3056:Tecumseh
2990:Kentucky
2944:Chippawa
2754:Theaters
2531:(1977).
2412:(2011).
2352:(1889).
1715:(1967),
1602:See also
1576:Congress
1528:—to the
1084:militias
1080:Tecumseh
959:Alabamas
922:and the
913:Seminole
893:Tecumseh
756:city of
732:(1796),
728:(1790),
584:Cherokee
570:and the
553:Muscogee
452:Tecumseh
365:Autossee
259:Strength
166:Cherokee
162:Muscogee
92:Location
53:and the
3738:Gilbert
3634:Jackson
3190:Commons
3009:Leaders
2959:McHenry
2901:battles
2795:Leopard
2782:Origins
2766:Leaders
2760:Battles
2751:Origins
2677:Portals
2616:, 2014.
2343:Sources
1719:. p. 22
1526:Georgia
1522:Alabama
1497:Results
1256:on the
1174:Alabama
1076:Shawnee
1046:Chiefs
1022:Detroit
991:Georgia
951:Koasati
946:Autauga
891:leader
889:Shawnee
877:removal
854:Cusseta
724:In the
621:in the
608:Georgia
602:, when
588:British
580:Choctaw
560:Alabama
539:or the
447:Prelude
170:Choctaw
132:Georgia
128:Alabama
123:changes
3721:Slaves
3671:(wife)
3662:Family
3636:(1832)
3600:(1958)
3592:(1938)
3266:(1821)
2929:Thames
2899:Major
2850:affair
2797:affair
2585:
2564:
2543:
2517:
2493:
2439:
2420:
2402:
2382:
1376:, and
1308:(near
1239:Coweta
1211:Jasper
1078:chief
1060:Tensaw
1056:Mobile
1007:Coweta
933:Talisi
870:Coweta
831:Creeks
713:, the
692:Mobile
656:Mobile
650:, and
457:Creeks
267:~4,000
264:~7,000
249:Menawa
186:
104:Result
3713:(pet)
3632:USRC
2511:(PDF)
1630:Notes
1590:, an
1483:Coosa
1304:left
1215:Jones
1178:Coosa
999:Uchee
935:(now
852:) of
694:, in
644:Coosa
3711:Poll
3650:USS
3641:USS
3287:Life
3274:for
3000:Ohio
2890:Gulf
2583:ISBN
2562:ISBN
2541:ISBN
2515:ISBN
2491:ISBN
2437:ISBN
2418:ISBN
2400:ISBN
2380:ISBN
1551:and
1288:—at
1252:and
1213:and
1176:and
1168:The
1118:The
1050:and
949:, a
887:The
800:The
754:port
690:and
678:and
676:East
582:and
531:The
502:1815
475:1814
463:1813
376:1814
329:1813
130:and
82:Date
3245:7th
1437:to
1368:),
1348:in
989:In
939:);
931:of
3801::
2612:,
2470:.
2378:.
2374:.
2169:^
2130:^
2054:^
2027:^
2012:^
1913:^
1874:^
1823:^
1796:^
1711:,
1689:^
1598:.
1563:.
1372:,
1316:.
1206:.
1009:.
646:,
633:.
3225:e
3218:t
3211:v
3157:"
3153:"
3135:"
3131:"
3123:"
3119:"
2793:–
2732:e
2725:t
2718:v
2679::
2591:.
2570:.
2549:.
2523:.
2499:.
2445:.
2426:.
2388:.
2356:.
864:(
426:e
419:t
412:v
309:e
302:t
295:v
36:.
20:)
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