4666:
864:
781:
610:
472:
8993:
8859:
8018:
7951:
7820:
7203:
6805:
844:
824:
515:
436:
809:
456:
503:
884:
488:
4634:
660:
729:. Since the crab claw does not lie symmetrically to the airflow, like an aircraft delta wing, but rather lies with the lower spar nearly parallel to the water, the airflow is not symmetrical. However, the presence of the water, close to the lower spar and parallel to it, makes the airflow behave roughly like the airflow over half of a delta wing, as though a "reflection" in the water provided the other half (apart from a narrow gap near the water, which causes a small difference there).
679:
237:
20:
390:
4618:
282:
4602:
4650:
761:
589:, the forward intersection of the spars is placed towards the bow. The sail is supported by a short mast attached near the middle of the upper spar, and the forward corner is attached to the hull. The lower spar, or boom, is attached at the forward intersection, but is not attached to the mast. The proa has a permanent windward and leeward side, and exchanges one end for the other when coming about.
736:(1996). The vortex on the top spar of the sail is much larger, covering most of the sail area, while the lower vortex is very small and stays close to the spar. Marchaj attributes the large lifting power of the sail to lift generated by the vortices, while others attribute the power to a favourable mix of aspect ratio, camber and (lack of) twist at this point of sail.
526:
278:(also known variously and misleadingly as the canted square sail, canted rectangular sail, boomed lugsail, or balance lugsail). Tanja sails were rigged similarly to crab claw sails and also had spars on both the head and the foot of the sails; but they were square or rectangular with the spars not converging into a point.
596:. To shunt, the proa's sheet is let out. The joined corner of the spars is then transferred to the opposite end of the boat. While remaining attached to the top of the mast, the upper spar tilts to vertical and beyond as the forward corner moves past the mast and onward to the other end of the boat. Meanwhile, the
330:
of western
Southeast Asia. Others, however, believe that the tanja sail was an indigenous invention of Southeast Asian Austronesians, though they also believe that the lateen sail may have been introduced to Arab sailors via contact with Austronesian crab claw sails. A third theory however, concludes
413:
along the long sides. Austronesian sails typically have spars along two edges of the sail. This is to distribute the loads of sheets and other point loads on the sail. The traditional and historic mat sails used for
Austranesian sails has no reinforcement of the sail material along the edges. Since
257:
to solve this, the sails were also leaned backwards and the converging point moved further forward on the hull. This new configuration required a loose "prop" in the middle of the hull to hold the spars up, as well as rope supports on the windward side. This allowed more sail area (and thus more
417:
The crab claw may also traditionally be constructed with curved spars, giving the edges of the sail along the spars a convex shape, while the leech of the sail is often quite concave to keep it stiff on the trailing edge. These features give it its distinct, claw-like shape. Modern crab claws
721:). C. A. Marchaj, a researcher who has experimented extensively with both modern rigs for racing sailboats and traditional sailing rigs from around the world, has done wind tunnel testing of scale models of crab claw rigs. One popular but disputed theory is that the crab claw wing works like a
266:
which could reach very high speeds. These configurations are sometimes known as the "crane sprit" or the "crane spritsail". Micronesian, Island
Melanesian, and Polynesian single-outrigger vessels also used this canted mast configuration to uniquely develop
1426:
Lape, Peter V.; O’Connor, Sue; Burningham, Nick (31 January 2007). "Rock Art: A Potential Source of
Information about Past Maritime Technology in the South-East Asia-Pacific Region: P. V. LAPE ET AL.: ROCK ART OF THE SOUTH-EAST ASIA-PACIFIC REGION".
528:
532:
531:
527:
1635:
229:(a "double sprit") in which the two spars converge at the base of the hull. The simplest form of the crab claw sail (also with the widest distribution) is composed of a triangular sail supported by two light spars (sometimes erroneously called "
533:
233:") on each side. They were originally mastless, and the entire assembly was taken down when the sails were lowered. There are several distinct types of crab claw rigs, but unlike western rigs, they do not have fixed conventional names.
716:
The crab claw sail is something of an enigma. It has been demonstrated to produce very large amounts of lift when reaching, and overall seems superior to any other simple sail plan (this discounts the use of specialised sails such as
600:
is detached and used to rotate the rearward end of the boom through a horizontal half circle. The spar join is then re-attached at the new "forward" end of the boat and the mainsheet is re-tightened at the new "rearward" end.
530:
990:
Compare the mat sail construction with that used for the canvas sails in
Western maritime technology, and with modern sails in synthetic materials – these tend to have bolt ropes and extra layers of
258:
power) while keeping the center of effort low and thus making the boats more stable. The prop was later converted into fixed or removable canted masts where the spars of the sails were actually suspended by a
418:
generally have straighter spars and a less convex leech, which gives more sail area for a given length of spar. Spars may taper towards the leech. The structure helps the sail to spill gusts.
253:
The need to propel larger and more heavily laden boats led to the increase in vertical sail. However this introduced more instability to the vessels. In addition to the unique invention of
7798:
350:, the crab claw sail reappeared as a recent development. Traditionally the people from western Indonesian islands had shifted to the tanja sail, but starting in the 19th century the
307:
leaves. These sails allowed
Austronesians to embark on long-distance voyaging. In some cases, however, they were one-way voyages. The failure of pandanus to establish populations in
696:
The term "crab claw sail" is also used for non-shunting sails that widen upwards. The 'ōpe'a, the upper spar, is braced up so high that it is nearly parallel to the mast (as in a
1169:
Examining pre-colonial
Southeast Asian boatbuilding: An archaeological study of the Butuan Boats and the use of edge-joined planking in local and regional construction techniques
7499:
529:
471:
659:
678:
5269:
863:
592:
To tack, or switch directions across the wind, the forward corner of the sail is loosened and then transferred to the opposite end of the boat, a process called
559:. In a shunt, the sail is unfixed from the bow, the other side of it is fixed to the stern, and the mast rake is also reversed. After this conversion, the bow
6722:
435:
780:
421:
The crab claw characteristically widens upwards, putting more sail area higher above the ocean, where the wind is stronger and steadier. This increases the
455:
8208:
8124:
5095:
4119:
514:
3591:
1687:
843:
414:
mat sails are not as strong as other sail materials, such as canvas, it is important that the spars provide the necessary reinforcement of the edges.
8002:
5276:
202:
technology due to the necessity for stability once crab claw sails were attached to small watercraft. Crab claw sails can be used for double-canoe (
3391:
4353:
823:
5166:
5063:
4424:
4266:
4214:
4083:
3629:
3453:
3039:
8351:
8213:
7526:
7474:
5407:
4209:
4078:
3800:
3693:
3551:
3463:
3448:
3286:
3057:
1064:
5173:
3703:
3161:
4440:
4198:
5159:
5145:
4578:
4073:
3950:
2990:
8218:
6279:
5283:
5056:
5024:
4496:
397:
trimaran. Notice pocket in right hand edge of sail to hold spar. Second spar in this particular configuration is not required since a
8761:
8741:
3826:
3291:
3216:
1142:
6677:
4506:
4419:
4002:
8829:
7874:
5070:
4261:
4124:
3856:
3744:
502:
4330:
8007:
5262:
4463:
4193:
4188:
3945:
3861:
3851:
3123:
3997:
883:
8417:
7911:
4846:
3211:
1296:
Mahdi, Waruno (1999). "The
Dispersal of Austronesian boat forms in the Indian Ocean". In Blench, Roger; Spriggs, Matthew (eds.).
487:
8751:
1680:
8278:
7997:
1370:
8699:
5440:
8746:
8650:
7889:
4909:
1345:
1048:
343:
in 1500. This means that the development of lateen sails in western sailors were not influenced by the crab claw sail.
4665:
9016:
8756:
8146:
1673:
1639:
1592:
1473:
1280:
1241:
1136:
1020:
422:
8781:
8688:
7648:
4765:
2983:
808:
8508:
7859:
7484:
6626:
6272:
4821:
326:
sail; and in return Arab square-shaped sails may have influenced the development of the
Austronesian rectangular
6547:
8498:
7905:
7884:
1305:
8799:
9021:
8842:
8824:
8472:
7504:
4879:
2870:
890:
322:
and
Austronesians in their Indian Ocean voyages may have influenced the development of the triangular Arabic
8766:
8363:
7982:
7921:
7751:
7561:
4831:
2886:
1463:
1401:
708:. The two spars can be brought together or pulled apart with control lines. The mast is fixed and stayed.
648:
A shunting rig with the sail propped vertically at the bow, very similar to the proa rig described above.
8819:
8196:
8099:
7638:
7397:
2976:
1489:
609:
292:
Another evolution of the basic crab claw sail is the conversion of the upper spar into a fixed mast. In
8675:
7938:
7781:
7653:
7543:
6301:
6265:
271:, where canoes are symmetrical from front to back and change end-to-end when sailing against the wind.
1567:
401:
holds the sail's upper edge and the mast is located in the back of the sailboat. Note lack of shaping.
296:, this gave the sail more height while also making it narrower, giving it a shape reminiscent of crab
8908:
8837:
8412:
8268:
8201:
7427:
7370:
5731:
2217:
318:
Because of the crab claw sail's more ancient origin, there is also a hypothesis that contact between
8329:
4826:
300:(hence "crab claw" sail). This was also usually accompanied by the lower spar becoming more curved.
8949:
8669:
8454:
8161:
7688:
7683:
7489:
7220:
6770:
6423:
6288:
5433:
4180:
3331:
2921:
2580:
8556:
760:
8898:
8771:
8427:
8375:
8078:
7869:
7776:
7663:
7298:
6649:
6070:
6060:
5681:
1661:
Wind Tunnel results on effects of crabclaw sail orientation - apex position and consistent camber
303:
Austronesians traditionally made their sails from woven mats of the resilient and salt-resistant
8814:
7238:
5814:
1543:
425:: the sails tend to blow the watercraft over. For this reason, crab claws are typically used on
8936:
8804:
8449:
8258:
8253:
8183:
8073:
7916:
7788:
7521:
6951:
6902:
6845:
6790:
6644:
5600:
2184:
911:
636:
225:
and can be tilted and rotated relative to the wind. They evolved from "V"-shaped perpendicular
2779:
971:
700:). The paepae, the lower spar/boom, points well above the horizontal, unlike the boom of most
8927:
8809:
8483:
8459:
8314:
7793:
7678:
7576:
7551:
7143:
7022:
6976:
6907:
6872:
4841:
3094:
2389:
2283:
1231:
179:
127:
7108:
6616:
5640:
4816:
1121:
8903:
8776:
8716:
8569:
8503:
8346:
8334:
8178:
7987:
7746:
7741:
7643:
7603:
7407:
7303:
7293:
7286:
6840:
6232:
6065:
5799:
4914:
2936:
175:
123:
7933:
8:
8965:
8893:
8721:
8711:
8682:
8550:
8383:
8324:
7894:
7803:
7703:
7693:
7633:
7628:
7623:
7613:
7608:
7593:
7588:
7509:
7365:
7243:
7188:
7113:
6537:
6501:
6220:
5942:
5834:
5426:
2957:
2891:
2529:
2359:
24:
1264:ʻIke Ulana Lau Hala: The Vitality and Vibrancy of Lau Hala Weaving Traditions in Hawaiʻi
16:
Triangular sail with spars along upper and lower edges used by traditional Austronesians
8662:
8319:
8119:
8104:
7899:
7854:
7849:
7698:
7248:
6860:
6117:
5819:
5219:
4904:
4501:
3979:
2999:
2617:
2570:
2014:
1959:
1444:
1261:) in Hawaii". In Keawe, Lia O'Neill M.A.; MacDowell, Marsha; Dewhurst, C. Kurt (eds.).
1212:
1102:
1058:
740:
268:
1517:
8582:
8243:
8191:
8173:
8114:
7736:
7673:
7668:
7598:
7494:
7454:
7449:
7432:
7402:
7068:
7012:
7006:
6855:
6832:
6654:
6584:
6542:
6227:
5740:
5350:
4951:
3937:
2794:
2565:
2488:
1588:
1469:
1440:
1366:
1341:
1301:
1276:
1262:
1237:
1132:
1044:
1016:
766:
552:
381:
deviates from close hauled. The configuration has been considered for modern yachts.
332:
5526:
1781:
1665:
1660:
1609:
1448:
8888:
8623:
8339:
8083:
7992:
7713:
7708:
7516:
7459:
7442:
7412:
7343:
7118:
6897:
6775:
6702:
6522:
6398:
6190:
6153:
6055:
6015:
5998:
5993:
5975:
5706:
5506:
4884:
4152:
4106:
4012:
3926:
3683:
3266:
2585:
2534:
2458:
2443:
1855:
1756:
1725:
1720:
1436:
1268:
1204:
739:
A more modern academic wind tunnel study (2014) provided similar results, with the
211:
207:
187:
135:
90:
70:
8575:
8444:
5152:
4623:
1633:
1267:. Hawai'inuiakea School of Hawaiian Knowledge ; University of Hawai'i Press.
551:
Due to the construction of the sail, a symmetrical boat with a crab claw does not
274:
The conversion of the prop to a fixed mast led to the much later invention of the
8304:
7658:
7618:
7556:
6659:
6594:
6448:
6165:
6148:
6112:
6037:
5927:
5893:
5878:
5776:
5756:
5711:
4801:
4745:
4655:
4570:
4552:
4455:
4271:
4243:
4114:
4030:
3561:
3321:
3166:
2865:
2845:
2840:
2728:
2658:
2298:
2142:
2084:
2059:
1984:
929:
869:
770:
556:
351:
8356:
288:
in 2009, with crab claw sails where the upper spars also function as fixed masts
8610:
8544:
8299:
8058:
7926:
7731:
7726:
7437:
7390:
7308:
7253:
6981:
6887:
6850:
6559:
6393:
6205:
6095:
5952:
5937:
5912:
5904:
5848:
5829:
5726:
5630:
5453:
5402:
5205:
5198:
5131:
4946:
4894:
4760:
4529:
4430:
4302:
3907:
3606:
3556:
3501:
3438:
3316:
3311:
3196:
3186:
3031:
2911:
2809:
2789:
2638:
2237:
2159:
2102:
1870:
1860:
829:
410:
409:
in shape. The equal length sides are usually longer than the third side, with
254:
249:, a single-outrigger canoe with a canted mast "crane sprit"-type crab claw sail
199:
119:
80:
4633:
4335:
1655:
1272:
1208:
126:
by at least 2000 BCE. It is used in many traditional Austronesian cultures in
9010:
8958:
8643:
8603:
8589:
8248:
8063:
7838:
7385:
7380:
7353:
7281:
7178:
6712:
6634:
6383:
6363:
6326:
6080:
5871:
5746:
5676:
5557:
5212:
5038:
5031:
4160:
3989:
3871:
3770:
3729:
3678:
3586:
3541:
3426:
3376:
3356:
3296:
3256:
3080:
2814:
2799:
2738:
2718:
2607:
2428:
2418:
2364:
1850:
815:
796:
565:
378:
336:
308:
297:
8596:
6919:
5138:
4386:
1233:
A Shark Going Inland Is My Chief: The Island Civilization of Ancient Hawai'i
574:
8704:
8394:
8388:
8294:
8289:
8228:
8109:
7464:
7338:
7313:
7265:
7258:
7183:
7098:
6734:
6669:
6527:
6465:
6388:
6346:
6195:
6143:
6138:
6122:
6090:
5804:
5716:
5615:
5584:
5531:
5475:
5418:
5255:
5237:
5005:
4371:
4294:
3760:
3708:
3657:
3621:
3596:
3546:
3526:
3516:
3506:
3421:
3271:
3221:
3133:
2906:
2784:
2743:
2693:
2597:
2539:
2499:
2344:
2324:
2071:
2044:
1817:
1791:
854:
494:
315:
is believed to have isolated their settlements from the rest of Polynesia.
236:
222:
122:
along upper and lower edges. The crab claw sail was first developed by the
115:
8629:
5088:
4445:
19:
8943:
8526:
8465:
8284:
8238:
8223:
8151:
7879:
7358:
7163:
7058:
6865:
6601:
6532:
6438:
6356:
6341:
5784:
5635:
5491:
4919:
4836:
4796:
4468:
4376:
4363:
4043:
3805:
3739:
3639:
3566:
3536:
3473:
3326:
3246:
3171:
3128:
3049:
2926:
2901:
2819:
2713:
2668:
2663:
2612:
2544:
2504:
2448:
2232:
2222:
2207:
2164:
2154:
2137:
2122:
2009:
1989:
1885:
1830:
1746:
1715:
1636:"Wind Tunnel Measurements of the Performance of Canoe Sails from Oceania"
905:
726:
684:
665:
478:
389:
374:
370:
319:
312:
285:
226:
63:
42:
8981:
7038:
4852:
4811:
4617:
3662:
1216:
1192:
1106:
1090:
281:
8478:
8309:
8168:
8156:
8068:
7977:
7566:
7318:
6986:
6961:
6940:
6882:
6744:
6717:
6433:
6313:
6237:
6045:
6010:
5932:
5858:
5751:
5541:
5516:
5501:
5496:
4924:
4899:
4724:
4671:
4543:
4307:
4097:
3366:
3351:
3306:
3067:
2804:
2753:
2622:
2549:
2519:
2369:
2308:
2303:
2247:
2212:
2174:
2049:
1999:
1840:
1806:
1801:
1766:
1730:
967:
962:
939:
722:
701:
697:
462:
442:
327:
275:
191:
183:
143:
131:
76:
8233:
2673:
1323:
Arab Seafaring in the Indian Ocean in Ancient and Early Medieval Times
732:
This can clearly be seen in Marchaj's wind tunnel photos published in
520:
Hawaiian crab claw rig amalgamating the upper spar into the fixed mast
8488:
8401:
7417:
7375:
7348:
7158:
7103:
7087:
6945:
6785:
6739:
6664:
6639:
6606:
6460:
6403:
6378:
6200:
6107:
6050:
5988:
5947:
5883:
5824:
5789:
5766:
5736:
5650:
5645:
5562:
4982:
4889:
4775:
4755:
4750:
4740:
4607:
4381:
4345:
4285:
3899:
3846:
3821:
3647:
3576:
3406:
3336:
3301:
3236:
3153:
3075:
2968:
2860:
2855:
2688:
2602:
2592:
2524:
2384:
2112:
1969:
1934:
1900:
800:
718:
597:
446:
426:
398:
347:
293:
203:
195:
163:
139:
56:
38:
32:
27:
generalized sail types. C, D, E, and F are types of crab-claw sails.
6257:
4863:
1300:. One World Archaeology. Vol. 34. Routledge. pp. 144–179.
373:
studies of sail types show that crab sail performance improves over
262:
from the masthead. This type of sail is most refined in Micronesian
8636:
7138:
7133:
7001:
6956:
6877:
6765:
6760:
6729:
6486:
6443:
6408:
6373:
6321:
6185:
6180:
6075:
6025:
6020:
6003:
5922:
5866:
5809:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5655:
5610:
5567:
5521:
5511:
5375:
5357:
5343:
5336:
5329:
5322:
5315:
5308:
4940:
4858:
4780:
4714:
4511:
4473:
4134:
4038:
3912:
3876:
3841:
3831:
3749:
3734:
3718:
3713:
3688:
3673:
3667:
3611:
3581:
3496:
3483:
3468:
3396:
3386:
3381:
3371:
3341:
3251:
3206:
3181:
3143:
3138:
3118:
2733:
2723:
2509:
2494:
2479:
2474:
2423:
2339:
2257:
2242:
2192:
2092:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
1875:
1786:
1771:
1761:
957:
924:
705:
632:
570:
406:
304:
215:
182:
by at least 2000 BCE. It spread with the Austronesian migration to
96:
86:
7083:
4404:
4325:
1909:
335:
sailors introduced the lateen sail to Asian waters, starting with
8921:
8368:
7864:
7756:
7153:
7123:
7078:
7063:
7048:
7043:
6996:
6966:
6689:
6496:
6491:
6428:
6368:
6331:
6210:
6170:
6102:
6085:
5983:
5966:
5917:
5888:
5794:
5761:
5721:
5660:
5457:
5301:
5191:
4977:
4972:
4601:
4414:
4409:
4065:
4049:
4020:
3968:
3882:
3785:
3780:
3765:
3521:
3361:
3281:
3276:
3241:
3231:
3201:
2748:
2698:
2678:
2575:
2484:
2453:
2433:
2379:
2374:
2349:
2334:
2288:
2278:
2202:
2132:
2019:
1974:
1964:
1944:
1929:
1914:
1845:
1701:
1697:
944:
919:
873:
850:
744:
643:
628:
619:
259:
245:
155:
100:
4478:
4435:
1041:
The Austronesians : historical and comparative perspectives
8972:
8617:
8438:
7422:
7328:
7173:
7128:
7073:
7033:
7017:
6991:
6935:
6780:
6707:
6611:
6579:
6569:
6517:
6418:
6351:
6215:
6175:
5625:
5536:
5113:
4967:
4806:
4719:
4560:
4521:
4317:
4219:
4204:
4165:
4142:
4054:
3866:
3811:
3795:
3790:
3775:
3724:
3601:
3571:
3531:
3511:
3443:
3433:
3416:
3411:
3401:
3261:
3226:
3191:
3105:
3022:
2941:
2916:
2774:
2708:
2703:
2514:
2438:
2329:
2293:
2252:
2197:
2147:
2127:
2117:
1979:
1949:
1919:
1825:
1796:
1776:
792:
787:
323:
159:
49:
4649:
563:
the stern and vice versa. The vessel therefore always has the
7333:
7323:
7168:
7148:
7093:
7053:
7027:
6971:
6470:
6242:
6158:
4639:
4488:
4396:
4230:
4170:
3888:
3836:
3816:
3755:
3698:
3652:
3491:
3346:
3176:
3113:
2896:
2850:
2824:
2683:
2402:
2354:
2262:
2227:
2169:
2097:
2054:
1994:
1924:
1880:
1865:
833:
340:
230:
1298:
Archaeology and Language III: Artefacts languages, and texts
6930:
6589:
6574:
6554:
6455:
6336:
5449:
4770:
4238:
3973:
3960:
3458:
2931:
2758:
2107:
2004:
1954:
1939:
1890:
1835:
1634:
Anne Di Piazza, Erik Pearthree and Francois Paille (2014).
934:
586:
539:
263:
241:
672:, with curved-spar, curved-leech crab claw sails, in 1976.
6564:
5620:
4253:
331:
that lateen sails were originally Mediterranean and that
1257:
Gallaher, Timothy (2014). "The Past and Future of Hala (
749:
s crab claw sail configuration dominating measurements.
405:
The crab claw sail consists of a sail, approximately an
4692:
1425:
1122:"Origins and Relationships of Pacific Canoes and Rigs"
6821:
1695:
1465:
Waipio Valley: A Polynesian Journey from Eden to Eden
198:. It may have also caused the unique development of
1585:
Sail Performance: Techniques to Maximise Sail Power
734:
Sail Performance: Techniques to Maximise Sail Power
1363:Medieval Religion and Technology. Collected Essays
1236:. University of California Press. pp. 25–26.
508:New Guinea-style crab claw rig with vertical sails
1656:Video "Hot Buoys" Self-Tacking Crab-Claw Trimaran
9008:
1039:Horridge, Adrian (2006). Bellwood, Peter (ed.).
691:) tightened to partly close her crab-claw sails.
635:; it was used for travel and trading within the
1388:The Prahu: Traditional Sailingboat of Indonesia
1131:. BAR International Series 1802. Archaeopress.
1034:
1032:
5408:Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia
1582:
1329:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
358:" actually means lateen, but the existence of
6273:
5434:
2984:
1681:
1429:International Journal of Nautical Archaeology
1295:
577:, traveling equally well in both directions.
5448:
1314:
1029:
1610:"Delta Sail in A "Wind Tunnel" Experiences"
1250:
1175:
1113:
573:, if there is one) to windward, and has no
8815:Ancient Shipwreck Museum at Kyrenia Castle
8762:International Congress of Maritime Museums
8742:Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology
8034:
6280:
6266:
5441:
5427:
2991:
2977:
1688:
1674:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1063:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
8875:
8830:National Museum of Subaquatic Archaeology
1576:
1541:
1419:
1335:
1325:. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
651:
449:, the direct precursor of crab claw sails
1601:
1544:"starbulletin.com - News - /2007/03/06/"
1512:
1510:
1385:
1289:
1256:
1223:
1190:
1119:
1088:
1038:
1004:
608:
524:
477:"Crane sprit" type crab claw rig of the
388:
280:
235:
18:
8800:Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology
1340:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
1320:
1166:
1071:
889:1750 illustration of crab claw sail by
493:Forward-mounted crab claw rig from the
166:, and has an independent older origin.
9009:
8752:European Association of Archaeologists
2998:
1160:
1127:. In Di Piazza A, Pearthree E (eds.).
429:, which resist heeling more strongly.
154:, even though it is not restricted to
8874:
8033:
8008:Pompey's campaign against the pirates
7966:
7836:
7835:
7218:
6820:
6299:
6287:
6261:
5422:
5003:
4691:
3010:
2972:
1669:
1507:
1461:
1360:
1229:
1193:"The Evolution of Pacific Canoe Rigs"
1010:
393:Crab claw sail being constructed for
362:(lower spar/boom) indicates that the
174:Crab-claw sails were invented by the
1607:
1587:. International Marine/McGraw-Hill.
1468:. Xlibris Corporation. p. 626.
849:Illustration of a crab claw sail in
837:with a "crane sprit" crab claw sail
461:"Crane sprit" type crab claw rig of
214:boat configurations, in addition to
8747:Archaeological Institute of America
4910:Sa Huynh-Kalanay Interaction Sphere
4880:Austronesian maritime trade network
13:
1568:Hōkūle‘a Image Gallery (From 1973)
1390:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1365:. University of California Press.
1091:"The Lateen Sail in World History"
1015:. Texas A&M University Press.
1013:Wangka: Austronesian Canoe Origins
14:
9033:
8757:Institute of Nautical Archaeology
8147:Coastal defence and fortification
7522:Roman circumnavigation of Britain
6822:Navigation, and ports and harbors
5004:
1649:
1640:Journal of the Polynesian Society
1148:from the original on 26 July 2020
8991:
8857:
8782:Society for American Archaeology
8016:
7949:
7818:
7201:
6803:
4766:Polynesian multihull terminology
4664:
4648:
4632:
4616:
4600:
1441:10.1111/j.1095-9270.2006.00135.x
882:
862:
842:
822:
807:
779:
759:
677:
658:
513:
501:
486:
470:
454:
434:
8214:Phoenician discovery of America
5466:including limited use, outdated
4822:Makassan contact with Australia
4693:Ship construction & sailing
1627:
1561:
1535:
1482:
1455:
1394:
1379:
1354:
1191:Horridge, Adrian (April 1986).
984:
951:
384:
146:. It is sometimes known as the
7906:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
5049:Federated States of Micronesia
3011:
1614:Experiences from B.J. Slotboom
1321:Hourani, George Fadlo (1951).
1230:Kirch, Patrick Vinton (2012).
1197:The Journal of Pacific History
711:
1:
8825:Museum of Ancient Ships, Pisa
7500:Phoenician maritime expansion
1518:"Parts of the Hawaiian Canoe"
1490:"Proa Rig Options: Crab Claw"
1402:"Proa Rig Options: Crab Claw"
998:
972:modern crabclaw-like variants
8767:Nautical Archaeology Society
4832:Marshall Islands stick chart
2887:Bristol Channel pilot cutter
7:
8820:Museum of Ancient Seafaring
8197:Temple of Poseidon, Sounion
8003:Kidnapping of Julius Caesar
7860:Indus–Mesopotamia relations
7219:
6300:
1573:, accessed 12 February 2020
1171:(PhD). Flinders University.
897:
546:
221:Crab claw sails are rigged
210:(on the windward side), or
10:
9038:
8676:Phoenician Ship Expedition
7967:
7517:Pytheas' voyage to Britain
7510:Circumnavigation of Africa
1496:. Proa File. July 23, 2014
1462:Gross, Jeffrey L. (2016).
1338:The Seacraft of Prehistory
912:James Wharram's voyage on
752:
641:
604:
555:, and instead the sail is
354:developed the lete sail. "
169:
8989:
8881:
8870:
8855:
8790:
8732:
8535:
8519:
8267:
8202:Samothrace temple complex
8137:
8092:
8051:
8044:
8040:
8029:
8014:
7973:
7962:
7947:
7845:
7831:
7816:
7769:
7722:
7575:
7542:
7535:
7473:
7274:
7231:
7227:
7214:
7199:
6918:
6831:
6827:
6816:
6801:
6753:
6688:
6625:
6510:
6479:
6312:
6308:
6295:
6131:
6036:
5974:
5965:
5902:
5856:
5847:
5775:
5732:Spritsail (square-rigged)
5669:
5593:
5580:
5550:
5484:
5471:
5464:
5393:
5367:
5293:
5247:
5229:
5183:
5123:
5105:
5080:
5048:
5016:
5012:
4999:
4960:
4933:
4872:
4789:
4733:
4702:
4698:
4687:
4593:
4569:
4551:
4542:
4520:
4487:
4454:
4395:
4362:
4344:
4316:
4293:
4284:
4252:
4229:
4179:
4151:
4133:
4105:
4096:
4064:
4029:
4011:
3988:
3959:
3936:
3925:
3898:
3638:
3620:
3482:
3152:
3104:
3093:
3066:
3048:
3030:
3021:
3017:
3006:
2950:
2879:
2833:
2767:
2651:
2631:
2558:
2467:
2411:
2317:
2271:
2183:
2083:
2068:
1899:
1815:
1739:
1708:
1548:archives.starbulletin.com
1542:Star-Bulletin, Honolulu.
1386:Horridge, Adrian (1981).
1273:10.13140/RG.2.1.2571.4648
1209:10.1080/00223348608572530
1129:Canoes of the Grand Ocean
9017:Sailing rigs and rigging
7490:Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul
2581:Iron-hulled sailing ship
1336:Johnstone, Paul (1980).
1167:Lacsina, Ligaya (2016).
1095:Journal of World History
1011:Doran, Edwin B. (1981).
977:
8772:RPM Nautical Foundation
8509:Surviving ancient ships
8428:Marsala Punic shipwreck
2390:Square-rigged caravel (
1583:Marchaj, C. A. (2003).
1089:Campbell, I.C. (1995).
580:
537:Shunting manoevre on a
240:1846 illustration of a
8805:Giza Solar boat museum
8259:Underwater exploration
8254:Underwater archaeology
8219:Pre-Columbian theories
8074:John Sinclair Morrison
8035:Research and education
7485:Austronesian Expansion
5631:Mainsail (Bermuda rig)
5601:Asymmetrical spinnaker
4827:Māori migration canoes
3976: (Waqa tabu)
3891: (Dapang, Pilang)
3808: (Kumpit, Pidlas)
652:Non-shunting crab claw
639:
637:Santa Cruz archipelago
543:
402:
289:
250:
107:
8876:Legend and literature
8834:Viking ship museums:
8810:Grand Egyptian Museum
8570:Austronesian replicas
8545:Heyerdahl expeditions
8455:Caligula's Giant Ship
8315:Dover Bronze Age Boat
6977:Berenice Troglodytica
5702:Mainsail (square rig)
5270:Ngahiraka Mai Tawhiti
4842:Polynesian navigation
2922:Pinnace (ship's boat)
2284:Chinese treasure ship
687:with her kaula pe'a (
612:
536:
392:
284:
239:
180:Island Southeast Asia
128:Island Southeast Asia
118:triangular sail with
22:
9022:Austronesian culture
8777:Sea Research Society
8179:Maritime archaeology
7988:Ameinias the Phocian
7983:Mediterranean piracy
4915:Sepik Coast exchange
4895:Lapita trade network
3721: (Birok, Bidok)
2937:Thames sailing barge
2768:Recreational vessels
1361:White, Lynn (1978).
877:with crab claw sails
124:Austronesian peoples
77:Rectangular boom lug
7870:Maritime Jade Route
7023:Kaveri Poompattinam
5220:Spirit of Majapahit
2958:Nautical operations
2892:Floating restaurant
2780:Ljungström sailboat
2360:Full-rigged pinnace
1608:Slotboom, Bernard.
1571:archive.hokulea.com
1522:archive.hokulea.com
1120:Horridge A (2008).
774:with crab claw sail
366:is crab claw sail.
8418:Bajo de la Campana
8120:Peter Throckmorton
8105:Jean-Yves Empereur
8079:William L. Rodgers
7900:Maritime Silk Road
5323:Masawa Hong Butuan
4905:Maritime Silk Road
4817:List of Māori waka
3000:Austronesian ships
2075:and other vessels
2069:Naval and merchant
1259:Pandanus tectorius
741:Santa Cruz Islands
640:
631:and sailed out of
544:
407:isosceles triangle
403:
290:
251:
108:
97:Trapezial boom lug
9004:
9003:
9000:
8999:
8866:
8865:
8853:
8852:
8473:Madrague de Giens
8192:Temple of Isthmia
8188:Maritime temples
8174:Marine navigation
8133:
8132:
8125:Shelley Wachsmann
8115:J. Richard Steffy
8025:
8024:
7958:
7957:
7827:
7826:
7814:
7813:
7765:
7764:
7495:Ocean exploration
7210:
7209:
7197:
7196:
6856:Rutter (nautical)
6812:
6811:
6799:
6798:
6655:Mortise and tenon
6289:Ancient seafaring
6255:
6254:
6251:
6250:
5961:
5960:
5843:
5842:
5576:
5575:
5416:
5415:
5389:
5388:
5385:
5384:
5316:Lahi ng Maharlika
4995:
4994:
4991:
4990:
4952:Cirebon shipwreck
4864:Yapese navigation
4683:
4682:
4591:
4590:
4587:
4586:
4538:
4537:
4280:
4279:
4181:Northern Marianas
4092:
4091:
3938:Admiralty Islands
3921:
3920:
3089:
3088:
2966:
2965:
2795:Sailing hydrofoil
2647:
2646:
2566:Blackwall frigate
2489:Baltimore Clipper
1372:978-0-520-03566-9
1043:. Canberra, ACT.
534:
481:with a fixed mast
465:with a loose prop
9029:
8995:
8994:
8889:Ark of bulrushes
8872:
8871:
8861:
8860:
8499:Oldest surviving
8209:Nusantao network
8084:Chester G. Starr
8049:
8048:
8042:
8041:
8031:
8030:
8020:
8019:
7993:Cilician pirates
7964:
7963:
7953:
7952:
7890:Sa Huynh-Kalanay
7885:Iron Age Britain
7833:
7832:
7822:
7821:
7540:
7539:
7229:
7228:
7216:
7215:
7205:
7204:
7119:Ptolemais Theron
6829:
6828:
6818:
6817:
6807:
6806:
6399:Single-outrigger
6310:
6309:
6297:
6296:
6282:
6275:
6268:
6259:
6258:
5994:Running backstay
5972:
5971:
5854:
5853:
5591:
5590:
5482:
5481:
5443:
5436:
5429:
5420:
5419:
5081:French Polynesia
5014:
5013:
5001:
5000:
4885:Hiri trade cycle
4700:
4699:
4689:
4688:
4668:
4652:
4636:
4620:
4604:
4549:
4548:
4291:
4290:
4153:Marshall Islands
4107:Caroline Islands
4103:
4102:
4013:Papua New Guinea
3934:
3933:
3879: (Tinimbao)
3684:Bangka anak-anak
3670: (Barangay)
3592:Perahu tambangan
3267:Jukung tambangan
3102:
3101:
3028:
3027:
3019:
3018:
3008:
3007:
2993:
2986:
2979:
2970:
2969:
2535:Ship of the line
2459:Ship of the line
2081:
2080:
2077:(by origin date)
1856:Full-rigged ship
1757:Fore-and-aft rig
1726:Age of Discovery
1721:Maritime history
1690:
1683:
1676:
1667:
1666:
1644:
1643:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1580:
1574:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1514:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1501:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1188:
1173:
1172:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1147:
1126:
1117:
1111:
1110:
1086:
1069:
1068:
1062:
1054:
1036:
1027:
1026:
1008:
992:
988:
886:
866:
846:
826:
811:
783:
763:
681:
662:
535:
517:
505:
490:
474:
458:
438:
212:double-outrigger
208:single-outrigger
188:Island Melanesia
136:Island Melanesia
91:Gulf of Thailand
71:Marshall Islands
9037:
9036:
9032:
9031:
9030:
9028:
9027:
9026:
9007:
9006:
9005:
8996:
8992:
8987:
8877:
8862:
8858:
8849:
8792:
8786:
8734:
8733:Institutes and
8728:
8683:Viking replicas
8624:Balangay Voyage
8537:
8531:
8515:
8270:
8263:
8139:
8129:
8088:
8036:
8021:
8017:
8012:
7969:
7954:
7950:
7945:
7841:
7823:
7819:
7810:
7761:
7718:
7571:
7531:
7476:
7469:
7270:
7223:
7206:
7202:
7193:
7069:Mueang Phra Rot
6923:
6914:
6823:
6808:
6804:
6795:
6749:
6723:Triangular sail
6684:
6621:
6595:Sail components
6506:
6475:
6449:Tessarakonteres
6304:
6291:
6286:
6256:
6247:
6127:
6032:
5957:
5898:
5894:Pelican striker
5879:Dolphin striker
5839:
5771:
5665:
5582:
5572:
5546:
5473:
5467:
5460:
5447:
5417:
5412:
5381:
5363:
5358:Sultan sin Sulu
5289:
5243:
5225:
5179:
5119:
5101:
5076:
5044:
5008:
4987:
4956:
4929:
4868:
4802:Fealofani Bruun
4785:
4746:Lashed-lug boat
4729:
4694:
4679:
4678:
4677:
4676:
4675:
4674:
4669:
4660:
4659:
4658:
4653:
4644:
4643:
4642:
4637:
4628:
4627:
4626:
4621:
4612:
4611:
4610:
4605:
4583:
4565:
4534:
4516:
4483:
4456:Society Islands
4450:
4391:
4358:
4340:
4312:
4276:
4248:
4225:
4175:
4147:
4129:
4088:
4060:
4031:Solomon Islands
4025:
4007:
3984:
3955:
3928:
3917:
3894:
3634:
3616:
3478:
3148:
3096:
3085:
3062:
3044:
3013:
3002:
2997:
2967:
2962:
2946:
2875:
2829:
2763:
2652:Fishing vessels
2643:
2627:
2554:
2463:
2407:
2313:
2267:
2179:
2143:Tessarakonteres
2076:
2074:
2070:
2064:
1985:Outrigger canoe
1895:
1811:
1735:
1704:
1694:
1652:
1647:
1632:
1628:
1618:
1616:
1606:
1602:
1595:
1581:
1577:
1566:
1562:
1552:
1550:
1540:
1536:
1526:
1524:
1516:
1515:
1508:
1499:
1497:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1476:
1460:
1456:
1424:
1420:
1410:
1408:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1384:
1380:
1373:
1359:
1355:
1348:
1334:
1330:
1319:
1315:
1308:
1294:
1290:
1283:
1255:
1251:
1244:
1228:
1224:
1189:
1176:
1165:
1161:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1139:
1124:
1118:
1114:
1087:
1072:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1037:
1030:
1023:
1009:
1005:
1001:
996:
995:
989:
985:
980:
954:
949:
930:Outrigger canoe
900:
893:
887:
878:
867:
858:
847:
838:
827:
818:
812:
803:
784:
775:
764:
755:
714:
692:
682:
673:
663:
654:
646:
607:
583:
569:outrigger (and
549:
525:
521:
518:
509:
506:
497:
491:
482:
475:
466:
459:
450:
439:
387:
352:Madurese people
172:
158:, is neither a
106:
87:Square boom lug
62:Oceanic sprit (
55:Oceanic sprit (
48:Oceanic sprit (
17:
12:
11:
5:
9035:
9025:
9024:
9019:
9002:
9001:
8998:
8997:
8990:
8988:
8986:
8985:
8978:
8977:
8976:
8969:
8962:
8955:
8947:
8940:
8933:
8925:
8915:
8914:
8913:
8912:
8911:
8906:
8901:
8891:
8882:
8879:
8878:
8868:
8867:
8864:
8863:
8856:
8854:
8851:
8850:
8848:
8847:
8846:
8845:
8840:
8832:
8827:
8822:
8817:
8812:
8807:
8802:
8796:
8794:
8788:
8787:
8785:
8784:
8779:
8774:
8769:
8764:
8759:
8754:
8749:
8744:
8738:
8736:
8730:
8729:
8727:
8726:
8725:
8724:
8719:
8714:
8709:
8702:
8694:
8693:
8692:
8680:
8679:
8678:
8673:
8666:
8658:Mediterranean
8656:
8655:
8654:
8647:
8640:
8633:
8626:
8621:
8614:
8611:Alingano Maisu
8607:
8600:
8593:
8586:
8579:
8567:
8566:
8565:
8554:
8541:
8539:
8533:
8532:
8530:
8529:
8523:
8521:
8517:
8516:
8514:
8513:
8512:
8511:
8506:
8501:
8493:
8492:
8491:
8486:
8481:
8476:
8469:
8462:
8460:De Meern ships
8457:
8452:
8447:
8442:
8432:
8431:
8430:
8422:
8421:
8420:
8415:
8407:
8406:
8405:
8398:
8391:
8386:
8378:
8373:
8372:
8371:
8361:
8360:
8359:
8354:
8344:
8343:
8342:
8337:
8332:
8330:Cape Gelidonya
8327:
8322:
8317:
8312:
8307:
8302:
8297:
8292:
8287:
8275:
8273:
8265:
8264:
8262:
8261:
8256:
8251:
8246:
8241:
8236:
8231:
8226:
8221:
8216:
8211:
8206:
8205:
8204:
8199:
8194:
8186:
8181:
8176:
8171:
8166:
8165:
8164:
8154:
8149:
8143:
8141:
8135:
8134:
8131:
8130:
8128:
8127:
8122:
8117:
8112:
8107:
8102:
8096:
8094:
8093:Archaeologists
8090:
8089:
8087:
8086:
8081:
8076:
8071:
8066:
8061:
8059:David Blackman
8055:
8053:
8046:
8038:
8037:
8027:
8026:
8023:
8022:
8015:
8013:
8011:
8010:
8005:
8000:
7998:Jewish pirates
7995:
7990:
7985:
7980:
7974:
7971:
7970:
7960:
7959:
7956:
7955:
7948:
7946:
7944:
7943:
7942:
7941:
7931:
7930:
7929:
7919:
7914:
7909:
7902:
7897:
7892:
7887:
7882:
7877:
7872:
7867:
7862:
7857:
7852:
7846:
7843:
7842:
7829:
7828:
7825:
7824:
7817:
7815:
7812:
7811:
7809:
7808:
7807:
7806:
7796:
7791:
7786:
7785:
7784:
7773:
7771:
7767:
7766:
7763:
7762:
7760:
7759:
7754:
7749:
7744:
7739:
7734:
7729:
7723:
7720:
7719:
7717:
7716:
7711:
7706:
7701:
7696:
7691:
7686:
7684:Lake Trasimene
7681:
7676:
7671:
7666:
7661:
7656:
7651:
7646:
7641:
7636:
7631:
7626:
7621:
7616:
7611:
7606:
7601:
7596:
7591:
7585:Mediterranean:
7581:
7579:
7573:
7572:
7570:
7569:
7564:
7559:
7554:
7548:
7546:
7537:
7533:
7532:
7530:
7529:
7524:
7519:
7514:
7513:
7512:
7507:
7497:
7492:
7487:
7481:
7479:
7471:
7470:
7468:
7467:
7462:
7457:
7452:
7447:
7446:
7445:
7440:
7430:
7425:
7420:
7415:
7410:
7405:
7400:
7395:
7394:
7393:
7388:
7383:
7373:
7368:
7363:
7362:
7361:
7356:
7351:
7346:
7341:
7336:
7331:
7326:
7321:
7316:
7311:
7306:
7301:
7291:
7290:
7289:
7278:
7276:
7272:
7271:
7269:
7268:
7263:
7262:
7261:
7256:
7246:
7241:
7235:
7233:
7225:
7224:
7212:
7211:
7208:
7207:
7200:
7198:
7195:
7194:
7192:
7191:
7186:
7181:
7176:
7171:
7166:
7161:
7156:
7151:
7146:
7141:
7136:
7131:
7126:
7121:
7116:
7111:
7106:
7101:
7096:
7091:
7081:
7076:
7071:
7066:
7061:
7056:
7051:
7046:
7041:
7036:
7031:
7025:
7020:
7015:
7010:
7004:
6999:
6994:
6989:
6984:
6979:
6974:
6969:
6964:
6959:
6954:
6949:
6943:
6938:
6933:
6927:
6925:
6916:
6915:
6913:
6912:
6911:
6910:
6905:
6900:
6892:
6891:
6890:
6888:Maritime pilot
6885:
6875:
6870:
6869:
6868:
6858:
6853:
6851:Portolan chart
6848:
6843:
6837:
6835:
6825:
6824:
6814:
6813:
6810:
6809:
6802:
6800:
6797:
6796:
6794:
6793:
6788:
6783:
6778:
6773:
6768:
6763:
6757:
6755:
6751:
6750:
6748:
6747:
6742:
6737:
6732:
6727:
6726:
6725:
6720:
6715:
6710:
6700:
6694:
6692:
6686:
6685:
6683:
6682:
6681:
6680:
6672:
6667:
6662:
6657:
6652:
6647:
6642:
6637:
6631:
6629:
6623:
6622:
6620:
6619:
6614:
6609:
6604:
6599:
6598:
6597:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6552:
6551:
6550:
6540:
6535:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6514:
6512:
6508:
6507:
6505:
6504:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6483:
6481:
6477:
6476:
6474:
6473:
6468:
6463:
6458:
6453:
6452:
6451:
6446:
6441:
6436:
6431:
6426:
6424:Oared warships
6421:
6413:
6412:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6360:
6359:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6318:
6316:
6306:
6305:
6293:
6292:
6285:
6284:
6277:
6270:
6262:
6253:
6252:
6249:
6248:
6246:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6224:
6223:
6213:
6208:
6206:Roller furling
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6162:
6161:
6151:
6146:
6141:
6135:
6133:
6129:
6128:
6126:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6099:
6098:
6093:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6042:
6040:
6034:
6033:
6031:
6030:
6029:
6028:
6023:
6013:
6008:
6007:
6006:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5980:
5978:
5969:
5963:
5962:
5959:
5958:
5956:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5938:Spinnaker pole
5935:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5909:
5907:
5900:
5899:
5897:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5875:
5874:
5863:
5861:
5851:
5845:
5844:
5841:
5840:
5838:
5837:
5832:
5830:Spreader patch
5827:
5822:
5817:
5815:Reefing points
5812:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5781:
5779:
5773:
5772:
5770:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5673:
5671:
5667:
5666:
5664:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5597:
5595:
5588:
5578:
5577:
5574:
5573:
5571:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5554:
5552:
5548:
5547:
5545:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5488:
5486:
5479:
5469:
5468:
5465:
5462:
5461:
5446:
5445:
5438:
5431:
5423:
5414:
5413:
5411:
5410:
5405:
5403:Lapita culture
5400:
5394:
5391:
5390:
5387:
5386:
5383:
5382:
5380:
5379:
5371:
5369:
5365:
5364:
5362:
5361:
5354:
5347:
5344:Sama Tawi-Tawi
5340:
5333:
5326:
5319:
5312:
5309:Diwata ng Lahi
5305:
5297:
5295:
5291:
5290:
5288:
5287:
5280:
5273:
5266:
5259:
5251:
5249:
5245:
5244:
5242:
5241:
5233:
5231:
5227:
5226:
5224:
5223:
5216:
5209:
5202:
5195:
5192:Alfred Wallace
5187:
5185:
5181:
5180:
5178:
5177:
5170:
5163:
5156:
5149:
5142:
5135:
5132:Alingano Maisu
5127:
5125:
5121:
5120:
5118:
5117:
5109:
5107:
5103:
5102:
5100:
5099:
5092:
5084:
5082:
5078:
5077:
5075:
5074:
5067:
5060:
5052:
5050:
5046:
5045:
5043:
5042:
5035:
5028:
5020:
5018:
5010:
5009:
4997:
4996:
4993:
4992:
4989:
4988:
4986:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4964:
4962:
4958:
4957:
4955:
4954:
4949:
4947:Borobudur ship
4944:
4943:(Butuan boats)
4937:
4935:
4931:
4930:
4928:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4876:
4874:
4870:
4869:
4867:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4793:
4791:
4787:
4786:
4784:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4761:Outrigger boat
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4737:
4735:
4731:
4730:
4728:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4710:Crab claw sail
4706:
4704:
4696:
4695:
4685:
4684:
4681:
4680:
4670:
4663:
4662:
4661:
4654:
4647:
4646:
4645:
4638:
4631:
4630:
4629:
4622:
4615:
4614:
4613:
4606:
4599:
4598:
4597:
4596:
4595:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4588:
4585:
4584:
4582:
4581:
4575:
4573:
4567:
4566:
4564:
4563:
4557:
4555:
4546:
4540:
4539:
4536:
4535:
4533:
4532:
4526:
4524:
4518:
4517:
4515:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4493:
4491:
4485:
4484:
4482:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4460:
4458:
4452:
4451:
4449:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4401:
4399:
4393:
4392:
4390:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4368:
4366:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4356:
4350:
4348:
4342:
4341:
4339:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4322:
4320:
4314:
4313:
4311:
4310:
4305:
4299:
4297:
4288:
4282:
4281:
4278:
4277:
4275:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4258:
4256:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4246:
4241:
4235:
4233:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4223:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4196:
4191:
4185:
4183:
4177:
4176:
4174:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4157:
4155:
4149:
4148:
4146:
4145:
4139:
4137:
4131:
4130:
4128:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4111:
4109:
4100:
4094:
4093:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4070:
4068:
4062:
4061:
4059:
4058:
4052:
4047:
4041:
4035:
4033:
4027:
4026:
4024:
4023:
4017:
4015:
4009:
4008:
4006:
4005:
4000:
3994:
3992:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3982:
3977:
3971:
3965:
3963:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3953:
3948:
3942:
3940:
3931:
3923:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3916:
3915:
3910:
3908:Sampan panjang
3904:
3902:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3892:
3886:
3880:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3644:
3642:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3632:
3626:
3624:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3614:
3609:
3607:Sampan panjang
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3488:
3486:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3439:Sampan panjang
3436:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3424:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3197:Borobudur ship
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3158:
3156:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3110:
3108:
3099:
3097:Southeast Asia
3091:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3083:
3078:
3072:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3060:
3054:
3052:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3042:
3036:
3034:
3025:
3015:
3014:
3004:
3003:
2996:
2995:
2988:
2981:
2973:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2954:
2952:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2912:Norfolk wherry
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2883:
2881:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2810:Trailer sailer
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2790:Pocket cruiser
2787:
2782:
2777:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2639:Montagu whaler
2635:
2633:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2589:
2588:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2562:
2560:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2482:
2477:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2415:
2413:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2400:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2275:
2273:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2189:
2187:
2185:Post-classical
2181:
2180:
2178:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2103:Borobudur ship
2100:
2095:
2089:
2087:
2078:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1906:
1904:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1861:Jackass-barque
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1822:
1820:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1782:Ljungström rig
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1705:
1693:
1692:
1685:
1678:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1658:
1651:
1650:External links
1648:
1646:
1645:
1626:
1600:
1593:
1575:
1560:
1534:
1506:
1481:
1474:
1454:
1435:(2): 238–253.
1418:
1393:
1378:
1371:
1353:
1347:978-0674795952
1346:
1328:
1313:
1306:
1288:
1281:
1249:
1242:
1222:
1174:
1159:
1137:
1112:
1070:
1050:978-0731521326
1049:
1028:
1021:
1002:
1000:
997:
994:
993:
982:
981:
979:
976:
975:
974:
965:
960:
953:
950:
948:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
909:
901:
899:
896:
895:
894:
888:
881:
879:
868:
861:
859:
848:
841:
839:
828:
821:
819:
813:
806:
804:
785:
778:
776:
765:
758:
754:
751:
713:
710:
694:
693:
683:
676:
674:
668:, a bluewater
664:
657:
653:
650:
642:Main article:
606:
603:
582:
579:
548:
545:
523:
522:
519:
512:
510:
507:
500:
498:
492:
485:
483:
476:
469:
467:
460:
453:
451:
440:
433:
423:heeling moment
386:
383:
339:'s arrival in
200:outrigger boat
171:
168:
148:Oceanic lateen
112:crab claw sail
105:
104:
94:
84:
81:Maluku Islands
74:
67:
60:
53:
46:
36:
31:Double sprit (
28:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9034:
9023:
9020:
9018:
9015:
9014:
9012:
8984:
8983:
8979:
8975:
8974:
8970:
8968:
8967:
8963:
8961:
8960:
8959:Metamorphoses
8956:
8954:
8952:
8951:The Histories
8948:
8946:
8945:
8941:
8939:
8938:
8934:
8932:
8930:
8929:The Histories
8926:
8924:
8923:
8919:
8918:
8916:
8910:
8907:
8905:
8902:
8900:
8897:
8896:
8895:
8892:
8890:
8887:
8886:
8884:
8883:
8880:
8873:
8869:
8844:
8841:
8839:
8836:
8835:
8833:
8831:
8828:
8826:
8823:
8821:
8818:
8816:
8813:
8811:
8808:
8806:
8803:
8801:
8798:
8797:
8795:
8789:
8783:
8780:
8778:
8775:
8773:
8770:
8768:
8765:
8763:
8760:
8758:
8755:
8753:
8750:
8748:
8745:
8743:
8740:
8739:
8737:
8731:
8723:
8720:
8718:
8715:
8713:
8710:
8708:
8707:
8703:
8701:
8698:
8697:
8695:
8691:
8690:
8686:
8685:
8684:
8681:
8677:
8674:
8672:
8671:
8667:
8665:
8664:
8660:
8659:
8657:
8653:
8652:
8648:
8646:
8645:
8644:Marumaru Atua
8641:
8639:
8638:
8634:
8632:
8631:
8627:
8625:
8622:
8620:
8619:
8615:
8613:
8612:
8608:
8606:
8605:
8604:Samudra Raksa
8601:
8599:
8598:
8594:
8592:
8591:
8590:Te Au o Tonga
8587:
8585:
8584:
8580:
8578:
8577:
8573:
8572:
8571:
8568:
8564:
8563:
8559:
8555:
8553:
8552:
8548:
8547:
8546:
8543:
8542:
8540:
8534:
8528:
8525:
8524:
8522:
8518:
8510:
8507:
8505:
8502:
8500:
8497:
8496:
8494:
8490:
8487:
8485:
8482:
8480:
8477:
8475:
8474:
8470:
8468:
8467:
8463:
8461:
8458:
8456:
8453:
8451:
8450:Blackfriars I
8448:
8446:
8445:Arles Rhône 3
8443:
8441:
8440:
8436:
8435:
8433:
8429:
8426:
8425:
8423:
8419:
8416:
8414:
8411:
8410:
8408:
8404:
8403:
8399:
8397:
8396:
8392:
8390:
8387:
8385:
8382:
8381:
8379:
8377:
8374:
8370:
8367:
8366:
8365:
8362:
8358:
8355:
8353:
8350:
8349:
8348:
8345:
8341:
8338:
8336:
8333:
8331:
8328:
8326:
8323:
8321:
8318:
8316:
8313:
8311:
8308:
8306:
8303:
8301:
8298:
8296:
8293:
8291:
8288:
8286:
8283:
8282:
8280:
8277:
8276:
8274:
8272:
8266:
8260:
8257:
8255:
8252:
8250:
8249:Thalassocracy
8247:
8245:
8242:
8240:
8237:
8235:
8234:Shell middens
8232:
8230:
8227:
8225:
8222:
8220:
8217:
8215:
8212:
8210:
8207:
8203:
8200:
8198:
8195:
8193:
8190:
8189:
8187:
8185:
8184:Naval warfare
8182:
8180:
8177:
8175:
8172:
8170:
8167:
8163:
8160:
8159:
8158:
8155:
8153:
8150:
8148:
8145:
8144:
8142:
8136:
8126:
8123:
8121:
8118:
8116:
8113:
8111:
8108:
8106:
8103:
8101:
8098:
8097:
8095:
8091:
8085:
8082:
8080:
8077:
8075:
8072:
8070:
8067:
8065:
8064:Lionel Casson
8062:
8060:
8057:
8056:
8054:
8050:
8047:
8043:
8039:
8032:
8028:
8009:
8006:
8004:
8001:
7999:
7996:
7994:
7991:
7989:
7986:
7984:
7981:
7979:
7976:
7975:
7972:
7965:
7961:
7940:
7937:
7936:
7935:
7932:
7928:
7925:
7924:
7923:
7920:
7918:
7915:
7913:
7910:
7908:
7907:
7903:
7901:
7898:
7896:
7895:Incense trade
7893:
7891:
7888:
7886:
7883:
7881:
7878:
7876:
7873:
7871:
7868:
7866:
7863:
7861:
7858:
7856:
7853:
7851:
7848:
7847:
7844:
7840:
7834:
7830:
7805:
7802:
7801:
7800:
7799:South America
7797:
7795:
7792:
7790:
7787:
7783:
7780:
7779:
7778:
7775:
7774:
7772:
7768:
7758:
7755:
7753:
7750:
7748:
7747:Sailing ships
7745:
7743:
7742:Oared vessels
7740:
7738:
7735:
7733:
7730:
7728:
7725:
7724:
7721:
7715:
7712:
7710:
7707:
7705:
7702:
7700:
7697:
7695:
7692:
7690:
7687:
7685:
7682:
7680:
7677:
7675:
7672:
7670:
7667:
7665:
7664:Cape Hermaeum
7662:
7660:
7657:
7655:
7652:
7650:
7647:
7645:
7642:
7640:
7637:
7635:
7632:
7630:
7627:
7625:
7622:
7620:
7617:
7615:
7612:
7610:
7607:
7605:
7602:
7600:
7597:
7595:
7592:
7590:
7586:
7583:
7582:
7580:
7578:
7574:
7568:
7565:
7563:
7560:
7558:
7555:
7553:
7550:
7549:
7547:
7545:
7541:
7538:
7534:
7528:
7525:
7523:
7520:
7518:
7515:
7511:
7508:
7506:
7503:
7502:
7501:
7498:
7496:
7493:
7491:
7488:
7486:
7483:
7482:
7480:
7478:
7475:Migration and
7472:
7466:
7463:
7461:
7458:
7456:
7453:
7451:
7448:
7444:
7441:
7439:
7436:
7435:
7434:
7431:
7429:
7426:
7424:
7421:
7419:
7416:
7414:
7411:
7409:
7406:
7404:
7401:
7399:
7396:
7392:
7389:
7387:
7384:
7382:
7379:
7378:
7377:
7374:
7372:
7369:
7367:
7364:
7360:
7357:
7355:
7352:
7350:
7347:
7345:
7342:
7340:
7337:
7335:
7332:
7330:
7327:
7325:
7322:
7320:
7317:
7315:
7312:
7310:
7307:
7305:
7302:
7300:
7297:
7296:
7295:
7292:
7288:
7285:
7284:
7283:
7282:Ancient Egypt
7280:
7279:
7277:
7275:Civilizations
7273:
7267:
7264:
7260:
7257:
7255:
7252:
7251:
7250:
7247:
7245:
7242:
7240:
7237:
7236:
7234:
7230:
7226:
7222:
7217:
7213:
7190:
7187:
7185:
7182:
7180:
7177:
7175:
7172:
7170:
7167:
7165:
7162:
7160:
7157:
7155:
7152:
7150:
7147:
7145:
7142:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7122:
7120:
7117:
7115:
7112:
7110:
7107:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7097:
7095:
7092:
7089:
7085:
7082:
7080:
7077:
7075:
7072:
7070:
7067:
7065:
7062:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7035:
7032:
7029:
7026:
7024:
7021:
7019:
7016:
7014:
7011:
7008:
7005:
7003:
7000:
6998:
6995:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6985:
6983:
6980:
6978:
6975:
6973:
6970:
6968:
6965:
6963:
6960:
6958:
6955:
6953:
6950:
6947:
6944:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6928:
6926:
6921:
6917:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6895:
6893:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6881:
6880:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6871:
6867:
6864:
6863:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6839:
6838:
6836:
6834:
6830:
6826:
6819:
6815:
6792:
6789:
6787:
6784:
6782:
6779:
6777:
6774:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6758:
6756:
6752:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6705:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6696:
6695:
6693:
6691:
6687:
6679:
6676:
6675:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6650:Clinker built
6648:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6635:Boat building
6633:
6632:
6630:
6628:
6624:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6610:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6596:
6593:
6592:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6549:
6546:
6545:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6515:
6513:
6509:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6484:
6482:
6478:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6462:
6459:
6457:
6454:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6416:
6414:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6396:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6384:Navis lusoria
6382:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6358:
6355:
6354:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6319:
6317:
6315:
6311:
6307:
6303:
6298:
6294:
6290:
6283:
6278:
6276:
6271:
6269:
6264:
6263:
6260:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6222:
6219:
6218:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6160:
6157:
6156:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6136:
6134:
6130:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6088:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6043:
6041:
6039:
6035:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6018:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6005:
6002:
6001:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5981:
5979:
5977:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5964:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5910:
5908:
5906:
5901:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5873:
5872:sprit topmast
5870:
5869:
5868:
5865:
5864:
5862:
5860:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5846:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5782:
5780:
5778:
5774:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5742:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5674:
5672:
5668:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5598:
5596:
5592:
5589:
5586:
5579:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5555:
5553:
5549:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5489:
5487:
5483:
5480:
5477:
5470:
5463:
5459:
5455:
5451:
5444:
5439:
5437:
5432:
5430:
5425:
5424:
5421:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5395:
5392:
5378:
5377:
5373:
5372:
5370:
5366:
5360:
5359:
5355:
5353:
5352:
5348:
5346:
5345:
5341:
5339:
5338:
5334:
5332:
5331:
5327:
5325:
5324:
5320:
5318:
5317:
5313:
5311:
5310:
5306:
5304:
5303:
5299:
5298:
5296:
5292:
5286:
5285:
5281:
5279:
5278:
5274:
5272:
5271:
5267:
5265:
5264:
5260:
5258:
5257:
5253:
5252:
5250:
5246:
5240:
5239:
5235:
5234:
5232:
5228:
5222:
5221:
5217:
5215:
5214:
5213:Samudra Raksa
5210:
5208:
5207:
5206:Nur Al Marege
5203:
5201:
5200:
5196:
5194:
5193:
5189:
5188:
5186:
5182:
5176:
5175:
5171:
5169:
5168:
5164:
5162:
5161:
5157:
5155:
5154:
5150:
5148:
5147:
5143:
5141:
5140:
5136:
5134:
5133:
5129:
5128:
5126:
5122:
5116:
5115:
5111:
5110:
5108:
5104:
5098:
5097:
5093:
5091:
5090:
5086:
5085:
5083:
5079:
5073:
5072:
5068:
5066:
5065:
5061:
5059:
5058:
5054:
5053:
5051:
5047:
5041:
5040:
5039:Te Au o Tonga
5036:
5034:
5033:
5032:Marumaru Atua
5029:
5027:
5026:
5022:
5021:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5006:Ship replicas
5002:
4998:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4965:
4963:
4959:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4942:
4939:
4938:
4936:
4932:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4877:
4875:
4871:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4854:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4794:
4792:
4788:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4738:
4736:
4732:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4707:
4705:
4701:
4697:
4690:
4686:
4673:
4667:
4657:
4651:
4641:
4635:
4625:
4619:
4609:
4603:
4580:
4577:
4576:
4574:
4572:
4568:
4562:
4559:
4558:
4556:
4554:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4541:
4531:
4528:
4527:
4525:
4523:
4519:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4490:
4486:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4461:
4459:
4457:
4453:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4402:
4400:
4398:
4394:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4369:
4367:
4365:
4361:
4355:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4347:
4343:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4323:
4321:
4319:
4315:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4300:
4298:
4296:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4283:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4255:
4251:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4232:
4228:
4222:(Flying proa)
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4182:
4178:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4158:
4156:
4154:
4150:
4144:
4141:
4140:
4138:
4136:
4132:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4108:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4095:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4067:
4063:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4036:
4034:
4032:
4028:
4022:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4014:
4010:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3991:
3990:Green Islands
3987:
3981:
3978:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3962:
3958:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3939:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3924:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3903:
3901:
3897:
3890:
3887:
3884:
3881:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3641:
3637:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3623:
3619:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3587:Perahu payang
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3481:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3297:Knabat bogolu
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3151:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3092:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3065:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3047:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2994:
2989:
2987:
2982:
2980:
2975:
2974:
2971:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2949:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2878:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2834:Special terms
2832:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2800:Sailing yacht
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2766:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2650:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2630:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2557:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2490:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2466:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2429:East Indiaman
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2419:Bermuda sloop
2417:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2182:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2079:
2073:
2072:sailing ships
2067:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1898:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1814:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1738:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1691:
1686:
1684:
1679:
1677:
1672:
1671:
1668:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1641:
1637:
1630:
1615:
1611:
1604:
1596:
1594:0-07-141310-3
1590:
1586:
1579:
1572:
1569:
1564:
1549:
1545:
1538:
1523:
1519:
1513:
1511:
1495:
1491:
1485:
1477:
1475:9781479798469
1471:
1467:
1466:
1458:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1422:
1407:
1403:
1397:
1389:
1382:
1374:
1368:
1364:
1357:
1349:
1343:
1339:
1332:
1324:
1317:
1309:
1303:
1299:
1292:
1284:
1282:9780824840938
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1265:
1260:
1253:
1245:
1243:9780520953833
1239:
1235:
1234:
1226:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1170:
1163:
1144:
1140:
1138:9781407302898
1134:
1130:
1123:
1116:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1066:
1060:
1052:
1046:
1042:
1035:
1033:
1024:
1022:9780890961070
1018:
1014:
1007:
1003:
987:
983:
973:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
955:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
915:
910:
908:
907:
903:
902:
892:
885:
880:
876:
875:
871:
865:
860:
856:
852:
845:
840:
836:
835:
831:
825:
820:
817:
816:New Caledonia
810:
805:
802:
798:
797:West Sulawesi
794:
790:
789:
782:
777:
773:
772:
768:
762:
757:
756:
750:
748:
746:
742:
737:
735:
730:
728:
725:, generating
724:
720:
709:
707:
703:
699:
690:
686:
680:
675:
671:
667:
661:
656:
655:
649:
645:
638:
634:
630:
627:was built on
626:
622:
621:
616:
611:
602:
599:
595:
590:
588:
578:
576:
572:
568:
567:
562:
558:
554:
542:
541:
516:
511:
504:
499:
496:
489:
484:
480:
473:
468:
464:
457:
452:
448:
444:
437:
432:
431:
430:
428:
424:
419:
415:
412:
408:
400:
396:
391:
382:
380:
379:point of sail
376:
372:
367:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
344:
342:
338:
337:Vasco da Gama
334:
329:
325:
321:
316:
314:
310:
309:Easter Island
306:
301:
299:
295:
287:
283:
279:
277:
272:
270:
265:
261:
256:
248:
247:
243:
238:
234:
232:
228:
224:
219:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
178:somewhere in
177:
176:Austronesians
167:
165:
161:
157:
153:
152:Oceanic sprit
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
102:
98:
95:
92:
88:
85:
82:
78:
75:
72:
69:Crane sprit (
68:
65:
61:
58:
54:
51:
47:
44:
40:
37:
34:
30:
29:
26:
21:
8980:
8971:
8964:
8957:
8950:
8942:
8937:On the Ocean
8935:
8928:
8920:
8917:Literature:
8705:
8687:
8668:
8661:
8651:Aotearoa One
8649:
8642:
8635:
8628:
8616:
8609:
8602:
8595:
8588:
8581:
8574:
8561:
8557:
8549:
8536:Experimental
8504:Museum ships
8471:
8464:
8437:
8409:Phoenician:
8400:
8395:Leontophoros
8393:
8357:Butuan boats
8352:Pontian boat
8290:Dufuna canoe
8229:Shipbuilding
8140:and theories
8110:Boris Rankov
7904:
7837:Economy and
7737:Incendiaries
7584:
7371:Indus Valley
7339:Tarumanagara
7266:Ubaid period
7184:Wadi al-Jarf
7099:Ostia Antica
6703:Fore-and-aft
6697:
6670:Shipbuilding
6645:Carvel built
6627:Construction
6585:Steering oar
6466:Sailing ship
6389:Obelisk ship
6347:Dugout canoe
6196:Parrel beads
6144:Belaying pin
6139:Baggywrinkle
6123:Topping lift
5605:
5585:sailing rigs
5507:Fore-and-aft
5476:jury rigging
5397:
5374:
5356:
5349:
5342:
5335:
5330:Raya Kolambu
5328:
5321:
5314:
5307:
5300:
5282:
5277:Pūmaiterangi
5275:
5268:
5261:
5256:Aotearoa One
5254:
5238:Naga Pelangi
5236:
5218:
5211:
5204:
5197:
5190:
5172:
5165:
5158:
5151:
5144:
5137:
5130:
5112:
5094:
5087:
5069:
5062:
5055:
5037:
5030:
5023:
5017:Cook Islands
4851:
4709:
4295:Cook Islands
2907:Norfolk punt
2785:Mast aft rig
2694:Herring buss
2618:West Country
2540:Sloop-of-war
2395:
2391:
2325:Crommesteven
1818:sailing rigs
1792:Mast aft rig
1751:
1740:Sailing rigs
1700:vessels and
1629:
1617:. Retrieved
1613:
1603:
1584:
1578:
1570:
1563:
1551:. Retrieved
1547:
1537:
1525:. Retrieved
1521:
1498:. Retrieved
1494:proafile.com
1493:
1484:
1464:
1457:
1432:
1428:
1421:
1409:. Retrieved
1405:
1396:
1387:
1381:
1362:
1356:
1337:
1331:
1322:
1316:
1297:
1291:
1263:
1258:
1252:
1232:
1225:
1203:(2): 83–99.
1200:
1196:
1168:
1162:
1150:. Retrieved
1128:
1115:
1098:
1094:
1040:
1012:
1006:
986:
952:Related rigs
913:
904:
891:George Anson
872:
855:Louis Choris
832:
786:
769:
743:
738:
733:
731:
715:
695:
688:
669:
647:
624:
618:
614:
593:
591:
584:
564:
560:
550:
538:
495:Duff Islands
420:
416:
404:
394:
385:Construction
375:Bermuda rigs
368:
363:
359:
355:
345:
317:
302:
291:
273:
252:
244:
227:square sails
223:fore-and-aft
220:
173:
151:
147:
116:fore-and-aft
111:
109:
39:Common sprit
25:Austronesian
23:Traditional
8944:Argonautica
8931:(Herodotus)
8894:Flood myths
8791:Museums and
8735:conferences
8700:Vital Alsar
8538:archaeology
8347:Austronesia
8340:Hjortspring
8335:Rochelongue
8285:Pesse canoe
8239:Ship burial
8224:Sea Peoples
8157:Lighthouses
8152:Grave goods
8100:George Bass
7880:Spice trade
7477:exploration
7299:Philippines
7294:Austronesia
7287:Old Kingdom
7164:Trincomalee
7114:Prosphorion
7059:Myos Hormos
6903:Micronesian
6894:By region:
6866:Lighthouses
6674:By region:
6439:Quinquereme
6364:Kunlun ship
6357:Penteconter
6342:Dragon boat
5594:Three-sided
5337:Raya Siyagu
5294:Philippines
5248:New Zealand
5199:Hati Marege
4934:Archaeology
4920:Spice trade
4837:Mau Piailug
4797:Fanuankuwel
4624:Wa'a kaulua
4377:Waka hourua
4364:New Zealand
4354:Vaka touʻua
4336:Waʻa kaulua
3740:Chinedkeran
3640:Philippines
3312:K'un-lun po
2902:Mersey flat
2880:Other types
2669:Barca-longa
2571:Down Easter
2208:Bomb vessel
2160:K'un-lun po
2138:Quadriremes
2123:Penteconter
2010:Quadrimaran
1831:Barquentine
1747:Bermuda rig
1716:Age of Sail
1101:(1): 1–23.
727:vortex lift
712:Performance
702:gunter rigs
670:waʻa kaulua
615:Maunga Nefe
479:Philippines
371:wind tunnel
346:In western
313:New Zealand
162:sail nor a
64:Philippines
43:Philippines
9011:Categories
8953:(Polybius)
8597:Hawaiʻiloa
8479:Nemi ships
8364:Black Sea
8310:Khufu ship
8271:and relics
8169:Marine art
8162:Alexandria
8069:Fik Meijer
8052:Historians
7939:Indo-Roman
7752:Greek navy
7654:Salamis II
7644:Hellespont
7604:Artemisium
7594:Nile Delta
7557:Achaemenid
7450:Achaemenid
7319:Langkasuka
7314:Micronesia
7232:Prehistory
7159:Sounagoura
6987:Chittagong
6962:Barbarikon
6941:Alexandria
6883:Pilot boat
6833:Navigation
6665:Sewn-plank
6660:Lashed-lug
6538:Figurehead
6511:Components
6480:Propulsion
6434:Quadrireme
6415:Polyremes
6394:Outriggers
6238:Turnbuckle
6166:Clevis pin
6132:Components
6066:Cunningham
6046:Boomkicker
6011:Stay mouse
5933:Crosstrees
5777:Components
5757:Topgallant
5752:Tanja sail
5670:Four-sided
5527:Ljungström
5160:Hokualakai
5146:Hikianalia
5139:Hawaiʻiloa
5096:Tahiti Nui
4925:Trepanging
4900:Lingling-o
4790:Navigation
4725:Tanja sail
4720:Pinisi rig
4672:Padewakang
4579:Laka fiara
4544:Madagascar
4387:Waka tīwai
4308:Vaka katea
4201:(Agaraide)
4098:Micronesia
4057:(Mon, Ora)
3367:Padewakang
3352:Malangbang
3307:Kotta mara
3012:Ship types
2866:Treenailed
2846:Lashed lug
2841:Inflatable
2820:Windsurfer
2805:Sportsboat
2754:Well smack
2623:Windjammer
2550:Trincadour
2520:Padewakang
2370:Man-of-war
2309:Trabaccolo
2248:Malangbang
2050:Vaka katea
2000:Pentamaran
1841:Brigantine
1802:Square rig
1797:Pinisi rig
1777:Lateen rig
1767:Gunter rig
1731:Navigation
1619:January 7,
1500:2017-04-21
1411:11 October
1307:0415100542
1152:22 October
999:References
968:Lateen rig
963:Gunter rig
940:Tanja sail
814:A proa in
767:Carolinian
723:delta wing
719:spinnakers
698:gunter rig
689:sail lines
463:Micronesia
443:square rig
427:multihulls
364:layar lete
333:Portuguese
328:tanja sail
276:tanja sail
255:outriggers
192:Madagascar
184:Micronesia
144:Madagascar
132:Micronesia
8966:Geography
8904:Gilgamesh
8793:memorials
8717:Viracocha
8630:Faʻafaite
8583:Sarimanok
8489:Yassi Ada
8402:Syracusia
8325:Canaanite
8300:Moor Sand
7770:By region
7732:Grappling
7704:Naulochus
7694:Myonessus
7649:Echinades
7634:Arginusae
7629:Cynossema
7614:Naupactus
7609:Eurymedon
7443:Classical
7418:Phoenicia
7413:Mycenaean
7376:Tamilakam
7359:Polynesia
7349:Srivijaya
7144:Satingpra
7104:Palembang
7088:Cattigara
7030:(Kadaram)
7013:Jambukola
7007:Guangzhou
6948:(Podouke)
6946:Arikamedu
6908:Polynesia
6841:Celestial
6754:Armaments
6740:Spritsail
6698:Crab claw
6640:Careening
6607:Sternpost
6461:Reed boat
6404:Catamaran
6379:Multihull
6233:Traveller
6221:gooseneck
6201:Ring bolt
6108:Preventer
6071:Clewlines
6061:Buntlines
6051:Boom vang
5989:Lazy jack
5884:Jackstaff
5835:Tell-tale
5825:Sailcloth
5790:Bolt rope
5767:Watersail
5737:Spritsail
5707:Moonraker
5692:Junk sail
5682:Fisherman
5651:Spinnaker
5646:Screecher
5606:Crab claw
5563:Turbosail
5558:Rotorsail
5398:See also:
5351:Sarimanok
5284:Te Aurere
5184:Indonesia
5089:Faʻafaite
5057:Halametaw
5025:Maire Nui
4983:Kota mara
4890:Kula ring
4776:Sewn boat
4756:Outrigger
4751:Multihull
4741:Catamaran
4608:Ipanitika
4497:Hamatafua
4446:Vaʻa-tele
4382:Waka taua
4346:Marquesas
4286:Polynesia
3929:Melanesia
3900:Singapore
3847:Salisipan
3822:Panineman
3648:Armadahan
3577:Pencalang
3407:Pencalang
3337:Leti leti
3332:Lepa-Lepa
3302:Kora kora
3237:Janggolan
3154:Indonesia
3076:Ipanitika
2861:Tall ship
2689:Gableboat
2603:Leti leti
2593:Janggolan
2525:Post ship
2396:de armada
2385:Speronara
2113:Fire ship
2045:Va'a-tele
1970:Kora kora
1935:Catamaran
1901:Multihull
1807:Tanja rig
1752:Crab claw
1709:Overviews
1696:Types of
1059:cite book
801:Indonesia
791:boats in
706:gaff rigs
625:folafolau
598:mainsheet
447:Melanesia
441:V-shaped
399:bolt-rope
395:Hot Buoys
377:, as the
348:Indonesia
294:Polynesia
216:monohulls
204:catamaran
196:Polynesia
164:spritsail
140:Polynesia
57:Marquesas
33:Sri Lanka
8982:Tākitimu
8885:Legend:
8843:Roskilde
8722:Tangaroa
8663:Olympias
8637:Gaualofa
8576:Hōkūleʻa
8551:Kon-Tiki
8384:Ashkelon
8320:Uluburun
8279:Earliest
8045:Scholars
7927:shipping
7727:Boarding
7639:Mytilene
7624:Syracuse
7589:Alashiya
7552:Egyptian
7536:Military
7527:Timeline
7505:Sardinia
7428:Carthage
7344:Kalingga
7304:Sa Huỳnh
7239:Timeline
7189:Zanzibar
7139:Sarapion
7134:Rhacotis
7064:Martaban
7009:(Canton)
7002:Godavaya
6997:Giao Chỉ
6967:Barygaza
6957:Avalites
6878:Piloting
6766:Catapult
6761:Ballista
6735:Mast-aft
6548:Planking
6487:Paddling
6444:Hexareme
6409:Trimaran
6374:Longship
6322:Balangay
6186:Footrope
6181:Fairlead
6076:Downhaul
6026:forestay
6021:backstay
6004:ratlines
5976:Standing
5943:Spreader
5867:Bowsprit
5810:Jackline
5747:Studding
5741:Optimist
5712:Ringtail
5697:Lug sail
5687:Foresail
5656:Staysail
5641:Ringtail
5611:Gennaker
5568:Wingsail
5532:Mast-aft
5376:Gaualofa
5230:Malaysia
5174:Makali'i
5153:Hōkūleʻa
4941:Balangay
4859:Weriyeng
4853:Tākitimu
4812:Kafeŕoor
4781:Trimaran
4715:Junk rig
4571:Sakalava
4553:Malagasy
4512:Tongiaki
4474:Tipairua
4441:Vaʻa-alo
4427:(Foulua)
4199:Galaideʻ
4135:Kiribati
4046:(Solima)
4039:Binabina
3913:Tongkang
3877:Tilimbao
3842:Salambaw
3832:Pangayaw
3827:Pasaplap
3752:(Balutu)
3750:Djenging
3735:Chinarem
3689:Basnigan
3668:Balangay
3663:Balación
3612:Tongkang
3582:Penjajap
3562:Lancaran
3497:Bangkong
3484:Malaysia
3469:Tongkang
3397:Patorani
3387:Penjajap
3382:Paledang
3372:Paduwang
3342:Lis-alis
3322:Lancaran
3292:Kolekole
3252:Jongkong
3217:Fakatora
3207:Chialoup
3182:Bangkong
3144:Tongkang
3139:Penjajap
3119:Bangkong
2815:Wharrams
2734:Sixareen
2729:Nordland
2724:Patorani
2510:Gundalow
2495:Gallivat
2480:Chialoup
2475:Bilander
2424:Corvette
2340:Galleass
2299:Lancaran
2258:Tongkang
2243:Longship
2193:Balinger
2093:Balangay
2040:Ungalawa
2035:Trimaran
2030:Tongiaki
2025:Tipairua
1876:Schooner
1772:Junk rig
1762:Gaff rig
1553:17 April
1527:17 April
1449:28293144
1406:Proafile
1217:25168892
1143:Archived
1107:20078617
958:Gaff rig
925:Junk rig
906:Hokule'a
898:See also
870:Madurese
685:Hokule'a
666:Hokule'a
633:Nifiloli
594:shunting
575:bad tack
571:sidestay
547:Shunting
305:pandanus
286:Hokule'a
269:shunting
8922:Odyssey
8899:Genesis
8696:Others
8495:Lists:
8484:Marausa
8434:Roman:
8424:Punic:
8389:Kyrenia
8380:Greek:
8376:Marsala
8369:Sinop D
8244:Tacking
7978:History
7865:Meluhha
7855:Fishing
7850:Whaling
7757:Ramming
7679:Aegates
7674:Drepana
7669:Ecnomus
7599:Salamis
7587:
7577:Battles
7455:Nabatea
7438:Archaic
7408:Nuragic
7398:Somalia
7249:Oceania
7244:Britain
7221:History
7154:Socotra
7124:Qandala
7109:Piraeus
7079:Muziris
7049:Madurai
7044:Manthai
6982:Canopus
6952:Arsinoe
6924:harbors
6873:History
6861:Coastal
6791:Sambuca
6776:Dolphin
6690:Rigging
6502:Poling
6492:Sailing
6429:Trireme
6369:Liburna
6332:Coracle
6302:Vessels
6228:Trapeze
6211:Shackle
6171:Deadeye
6103:Outhaul
6086:Halyard
6038:Running
5984:Bobstay
5967:Rigging
5918:Boomkin
5889:Jibboom
5800:Emblems
5795:Cringle
5762:Topsail
5727:Spanker
5722:Skysail
5661:Trysail
5497:B&R
5492:Bermuda
5485:Textile
5458:rigging
5302:Balatik
5071:Sailoam
4978:Daramba
4973:Burulan
4703:Rigging
4415:Fautasi
4410:Amatasi
4262:Chugpin
4125:Waserak
4066:Vanuatu
4050:Tepukei
4021:Lakatoi
3969:Camakau
3883:Tiririt
3857:Seberen
3786:Karakoa
3781:Junkung
3766:Guilalo
3745:Dinahit
3557:Lancang
3522:Cerucuh
3502:Banting
3392:Pangkur
3362:Orembai
3317:Lancang
3282:Kelulus
3277:Kalulis
3242:Jellore
3232:Golekan
3202:Cerucuh
3187:Banting
3032:Kavalan
2951:Related
2749:Tartane
2699:Jangada
2679:Felucca
2674:Falkuša
2632:20th c.
2586:Warship
2576:Golekan
2559:19th c.
2485:Clipper
2468:18th c.
2454:Polacca
2434:Frigate
2412:17th c.
2380:Patache
2375:Manchua
2350:Flyboat
2335:Galleon
2318:16th c.
2289:Caravel
2279:Carrack
2272:15th c.
2238:Kondura
2203:Birlinn
2133:Trireme
2085:Ancient
2020:Tepukei
1975:Lakatoi
1965:Karakoa
1945:Guilalo
1930:Camakau
1915:Amatasi
1903:vessels
1871:Mistico
1846:Catboat
1787:Lug rig
1698:sailing
945:Tepukei
920:Jangada
874:golekan
857:, 1816)
851:Tikehau
830:Visayan
753:Gallery
745:tepukei
644:Tepukei
629:Taumako
620:te puke
605:Tepukei
561:becomes
557:shunted
369:Modern
298:pincers
260:halyard
246:camakau
170:History
156:Oceania
150:or the
101:Vietnam
8973:Aeneid
8689:Viking
8670:Regina
8439:Alkedo
8295:Abydos
8269:Wrecks
8138:Topics
7968:Piracy
7922:Greece
7782:Odisha
7714:Actium
7709:Mycale
7544:Navies
7433:Greece
7423:Olmecs
7391:Pandya
7366:Minoan
7329:Champa
7309:Lapita
7254:Remote
7174:Tyndis
7129:Quilon
7074:Muscat
7039:Lothal
7034:Korkai
7018:Jeddah
6992:Essina
6936:Adulis
6846:Charts
6781:Harpax
6771:Corvus
6745:Square
6713:Settee
6708:Lateen
6617:Tiller
6612:Strake
6580:Rudder
6570:Paddle
6518:Anchor
6497:Towing
6419:Bireme
6352:Galley
6327:Bangka
6216:Swivel
6191:Gasket
6176:Earing
6096:throat
6056:Braces
5999:Shroud
5785:Batten
5677:Course
5636:Raffee
5626:Lateen
5581:Sails
5542:Square
5537:Pinisi
5517:Gunter
5263:Haunui
5167:Iosepa
5124:Hawaii
4968:Apilan
4807:Hipour
4561:Lakana
4530:Paopao
4522:Tuvalu
4464:Ivahah
4431:Paopao
4425:Lualua
4318:Hawaii
4220:Sakman
4205:Ladjak
4194:Duduli
4189:Duding
4166:Tipnol
4161:Korkor
4143:Baurua
4084:Wangga
4055:Tomako
3946:Endrol
3927:Island
3885:(Buti)
3872:Tempel
3867:Tataya
3862:Tapake
3852:Sapyaw
3812:Ontang
3796:Lanong
3791:Kulibo
3776:Junkun
3771:Juanga
3725:Buggoh
3719:Biroko
3679:Bangka
3674:Baloto
3630:Kabang
3602:Sampan
3572:Pelang
3542:Juanga
3532:Ghurab
3512:Buggoh
3454:Sekong
3444:Sandeq
3434:Sampan
3427:Palari
3417:Pinisi
3412:Perahu
3402:Pelang
3377:Pajala
3357:Mayang
3262:Jukung
3257:Juanga
3227:Ghurab
3192:Benawa
3124:Gubang
3106:Brunei
3095:Island
3081:Tatara
3040:Mangka
3023:Taiwan
2942:Wherry
2917:Pausik
2775:Dinghy
2719:Mayang
2714:Masula
2709:Lugger
2704:Jukung
2608:Palari
2530:74-gun
2515:Lanong
2439:Galeas
2365:Lorcha
2330:Galiot
2294:Ghurab
2253:Shitik
2198:Benawa
2148:Dromon
2128:Bireme
2118:Galley
1980:Lanong
1950:Jukung
1920:Baurua
1851:Cutter
1826:Barque
1591:
1472:
1447:
1369:
1344:
1304:
1279:
1240:
1215:
1135:
1105:
1047:
1019:
991:canvas
914:Lapita
793:Majene
788:Sandeq
360:pekaki
324:lateen
242:Fijian
231:sprits
194:, and
160:lateen
142:, and
50:Tahiti
8909:Greek
8712:Abora
8706:Ivlia
8618:Saina
8562:Ra II
8520:Sites
8305:Dokos
7917:Egypt
7839:trade
7804:Rafts
7789:Japan
7777:India
7689:Chios
7659:Mylae
7619:Olpae
7567:Roman
7562:Greek
7460:Aksum
7386:Chera
7381:Chola
7354:Sunda
7334:Kutai
7324:Kedah
7169:Tulum
7149:Sidon
7094:Opone
7084:Óc Eo
7054:Malao
7028:Kedah
6972:Basra
6920:Ports
6898:Inuit
6718:Tanja
6678:Egypt
6528:Cabin
6471:Tomol
6314:Types
6243:Winch
6159:bitts
6154:Cleat
6149:Block
6113:Sheet
6016:Stays
5948:Sprit
5928:Truck
5849:Spars
5820:Roach
5805:Draft
5717:Royal
5616:Genoa
5551:Other
5472:Rigs
5454:spars
5450:Sails
5368:Samoa
5114:Saina
5064:Quest
4961:Other
4873:Trade
4847:Rapwi
4640:Paraw
4507:Pōpao
4502:Kalia
4489:Tonga
4420:Laʻau
4405:ʻalia
4397:Samoa
4326:Mālia
4267:Popow
4231:Palau
4215:Panga
4210:Lelek
4171:Walap
4079:Angga
4003:Tsǐne
3980:Takia
3889:Vinta
3837:Paraw
3817:Owong
3801:Lapis
3761:Garay
3756:Falua
3730:Casco
3714:Biray
3709:Birau
3699:Bigiw
3694:Batil
3658:Awang
3653:Avang
3622:Moken
3597:Pinas
3552:Kolek
3547:Kakap
3527:Ghali
3517:Birau
3507:Bedar
3492:Bajak
3464:Teneh
3449:Sarua
3422:Lambo
3347:Londe
3287:Kolay
3272:Kakap
3222:Ghali
3212:Eloha
3177:Bajak
3167:Bagan
3134:Kakap
3114:Bajak
2897:Fusta
2851:Razee
2825:Yacht
2744:Smack
2739:Sgoth
2684:Fifie
2659:Bagan
2613:Tamar
2598:Lambo
2500:Garay
2403:Xebec
2392:round
2355:Fluyt
2345:Ghali
2263:Zabra
2228:Knarr
2170:Mtepe
2098:Boita
2055:Vinta
2015:Takia
1995:Paraw
1960:Kalia
1925:Bigiw
1910:ʻalia
1881:Sloop
1866:Ketch
1445:S2CID
1213:JSTOR
1146:(PDF)
1125:(PDF)
1103:JSTOR
978:Notes
834:paraw
585:In a
445:from
411:spars
341:India
320:Arabs
264:proas
120:spars
114:is a
8838:Oslo
8560:and
8466:Isis
8413:Gozo
7934:Rome
7912:Maya
7794:Rome
7699:Nile
7465:Rome
7403:Maya
7259:Near
7179:Tyre
6931:Aden
6730:Junk
6602:Stem
6590:Sail
6575:Rope
6560:Mast
6555:Keel
6543:Hull
6533:Deck
6456:Raft
6337:Dhow
6118:Tack
6091:peak
5953:Yard
5923:Gaff
5913:Boom
5905:mast
5522:Junk
5512:Gaff
5456:and
5106:Guam
4771:Proa
4734:Hull
4479:Vaʻa
4469:Pahi
4436:Vaʻa
4372:Waka
4331:Waʻa
4303:Vaka
4239:Kaep
4120:Wahr
4044:Lisi
3974:Drua
3961:Fiji
3806:Lepa
3704:Bilo
3567:Lepa
3537:Jong
3474:Toop
3459:Solu
3327:Lepa
3247:Jong
3172:Bago
3162:Abak
3129:Jong
3058:Ruza
3050:Thao
2932:Scow
2927:Pram
2871:ULDB
2856:Sewn
2759:Yoal
2664:Bago
2545:Toop
2505:Grab
2449:Pink
2444:Koff
2233:Koch
2223:Jong
2218:Hulk
2165:Lepa
2155:Junk
2108:Dhow
2005:Proa
1990:Pahi
1955:Kaep
1940:Drua
1891:Yawl
1886:Snow
1836:Brig
1702:rigs
1621:2015
1589:ISBN
1555:2018
1529:2018
1470:ISBN
1413:2020
1367:ISBN
1342:ISBN
1302:ISBN
1277:ISBN
1238:ISBN
1154:2019
1133:ISBN
1065:link
1045:ISBN
1017:ISBN
935:Proa
704:and
617:, a
613:The
587:proa
581:Proa
553:tack
540:kaep
356:Lete
311:and
110:The
7875:Tin
6922:and
6786:Ram
6565:Oar
6523:Bow
6081:Guy
5903:On
5859:bow
5857:On
5621:Jib
5502:Cat
4254:Yap
4074:Aka
3998:Kǒp
3951:Kel
3068:Tao
2394:or
2304:Hoy
2213:Cog
2175:Uru
1816:By
1437:doi
1269:doi
1205:doi
623:or
566:ama
206:),
9013::
8558:Ra
8527:H3
8281::
5452:,
4656:Wa
4272:Wa
4244:Wa
4115:Wa
2060:Wa
1638:.
1612:.
1546:.
1520:.
1509:^
1492:.
1443:.
1433:36
1431:.
1404:.
1275:.
1211:.
1201:21
1199:.
1195:.
1177:^
1141:.
1097:.
1093:.
1073:^
1061:}}
1057:{{
1031:^
970:,
799:,
795:,
771:wa
218:.
190:,
186:,
138:,
134:,
130:,
7090:)
7086:(
6281:e
6274:t
6267:v
5743:)
5739:(
5587:)
5583:(
5478:)
5474:(
5442:e
5435:t
5428:v
2992:e
2985:t
2978:v
2491:)
2487:(
2398:)
1689:e
1682:t
1675:v
1642:.
1623:.
1597:.
1557:.
1531:.
1503:.
1478:.
1451:.
1439::
1415:.
1375:.
1350:.
1310:.
1285:.
1271::
1246:.
1219:.
1207::
1156:.
1109:.
1099:6
1067:)
1053:.
1025:.
853:(
747:'
103:)
99:(
93:)
89:(
83:)
79:(
73:)
66:)
59:)
52:)
45:)
41:(
35:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
