636:. He was then asked to stay with Scanewa's tribe and to prove his loyalties through the exchange of goods for furs. Once he had gained the trust of the tribe, he was rewarded with the marriage of Chief Scanewea's daughter, Thas-e-muth. When Chief Scanewea passed, Plamondon inherited most of his land and settled down with his wife on the Cowlitz Prairie where they bore four children: Sophie, Simon, Jr., Theresa, and Marianne. It is rumored that Plamondon was married many different times and very young; fathering nearly 100 descendants. Plamondon was employed with the
591:
shape. The process is completed by placing a child onto a wooden board, usually covered with moss or loose fibers of cedar bark, then placing a pad between a piece of smooth bark, strapped on through the holes with leather bands, creating great pressure on the forehead. The result creates a wedge in between the skull, with the front of the skull flat and the skull risen at the crown. These practices were not seen as harmful to the mothers and their children; in fact, some children would cry until they were placed back into the head flattening device.
559:
Antoine
Stockum (1878) led the Cowlitz in the 19th century. Twentieth-century figures include Chief Baptiste Kiona (1912), President Dan Plamondon (1921), President John Ike Kinswa (1922), Chairman John B. Sareault (c. 1925), Chairman Jas. E. Sareault (c. 1930), Chairman Manual L. Forrest (1950), Chairman Joseph Cloquet (1959), Chairman Clifford Wilson (1961), Chairman Roy Wilson (1974), Chairman John Barnett (1982), Chairman Bill Iyall (2008), Chairman Phil Harju (2020), Chairman David Barnett (2021), and Chairman Patty Kinswa-Gaiser (2022).
583:
horseback to harvest camas bulbs, roots, barks, and grasses to make mats, fishnets, and basketry. Followed by the arrival of summer, where they would move into the higher country to pick and harvest seasonal berries. Lastly, followed by the return to fall, where the
Cowlitzes would return to their cedar homes along the river to harvest Salmon, for the upcoming season. Generally, hunting and fishing were practiced all year round, but only roots and fruits had to be harvested seasonally.
71:
83:
43:
656:, the head at Fort Vancouver, prevented the couple from having any influence over the tribe; implementing their practices was with great difficulty. When the intermittent fever broke out, Beaver was responsible for vaccinating nearly 120 Lewis River Cowlitzes. After conflicts arose with McLoughlin, Beaver and his wife headed home to
683:, continued with Catholic teachings and baptizing, but he continued to remain just as pessimistic as his past predecessor did. After the priest left, the Cowlitz reportedly told the French-Canadian farmers, "We want to do something for them, we will work, make fences, and whatever they wish us to do."
719:
had determined that "the
Cowlitz, a once numerous and powerful tribe, are now insignificant and fast disappearing." As a consequence, this led to the Indian Wars of 1855–1856, in which the U.S. Army was called to settle disputes with Indian tribes. The Cowlitz tribe remained neutral because of the
928:
The other version is: Intermarriage among the tribes was common. Yakama and
Klickitat tribes on the eastern side of the Cascades spoke Sahaptin. Over time a new dialect of Sahaptin came into common use by the Upper Cowlitz tribe called Taidnapum — which eventually came into wide use by the Lewis
558:
from a strong system of chiefs to an elective presidential system in the early 20th century; and a constitutional elective Tribal
Council system after 1950. Chief How-How (c. 1815), Chief Kiscox (c. 1850), Chief Umtux (c. 1850), Chief Scanewa (c. 1855), Chief Richard Scanewa (c. 1860), and Chief
590:
tribes, practiced the custom of flattening the head; signifying the mark of freedom and an intellect similar to that of round-head Indian tribes. Indian
Mothers typically practice head flattening on newborn infants until they reach eight to twelve months old; when the head has lost its original
582:
The
Cowlitz tribe completed a yearly cycle where they inhabited locations during certain seasons and harvested seasonal crops, in preparation for cold winter months. The season started in spring, when the Cowlitzes left their cedar houses along the river and streams by traveling via canoe and
264:
Some scholars believe that they were originally divided into four multi-linguistic tribal bands and generally spoke two different dialects of Salish; the common language of
Western Washington and British Columbia native peoples, and one Sahaptin dialect. However, not every band understood the
651:
The first
European who attempted to convert the Cowlitz to Christianity was Herbert Beaver, an Anglican, who settled with his wife at Fort Vancouver in 1836. The couple set their sights on the Cowlitz tribe, only 50 miles southeast of Fort Vancouver, but growing tensions with
723:
In 1924 the
Cowlitz sent Frank Iyall as a delegate to congress for the American Indian Citizenship Act. He also served as delegate for the recognition of the Cowlitz Indian Tribe which received approval from congress but a veto from President Calvin Coolidge.
579:'s resources were of little use to the tribe. Salmon was important to their diet, but not as much as compared to other tribes; as they were accomplished hunters who relied on harvesting roots as diet supplements, and utilizing horses for multiple purposes.
598:, cedar root, horsetail root, and cedar bark and were used to gather berries and fruits. The pigments were made from very bright fruits and vegetables like beets or blackberries. Such baskets were often repaired and kept through many generations.
269:. Today, the majority is of the opinion that the tribal term "Cowlitz" is a regional collective designation applied by the Europeans to ethnically and linguistic different groups or bands of Indian peoples of the entire Cowlitz River Basin.
727:
In the 1960s Dale M. Kinkade conducted interviews and audio recordings with Emma Mesplie and Lucy Foster for the Cowlitz Language which went on to be much of the basis for the Lower Cowlitz dictionary the Cowlitz Indian Tribe uses today.
260:
There is an ongoing dispute over the Cowlitz people, their history, territory, ancestry, ethnicity, and language; which is important for land claims and treaty negotiations with the U.S. government by Cowlitz descendants.
715:, was the last negotiation for Stevens; his refusal to listen to the tribe leader's negotiations and concerns led to the document never being signed. The fever struck the tribe during this time, and Stevens's assistant
347:. They apparently intermarried with Salish-speaking Lower Cowlitz communities downriver and traveled freely as far as the mouth of the Cowlitz River but were not originally Salish-speaking people. Their own name
690:
gave the US government power back over once owned British lands of the Hudson's Bay Company. With British influence and French-Canadian fur trappers out of the picture, newly appointed Washington governor
1493:
1343:
880:
Eugene Hunn: Anthropological Study of Yakama Tribe: Traditional Resource Harvest Sites West of the Crest of the Cascades Mountains in Washington State and below the Cascades of the Columbia River
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of Sahaptin, or whether they were Sahaptin-speaking people from east of the Cascade Range who came to occupy the Upper Cowlitz River Basin by conquest and intermarriage.
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government's promise of reservation lands if they remained peaceful, but after returning home, they found their land destroyed and property stolen.
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was unique among other tribes of Western Washington and Oregon in that they did not typically have access to saltwater or the coast and the
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was federally recognized on February 14, 2000, and their acknowledgement was reaffirmed in 2002. They are now recognized officially by the
770:
765:
323:″, occupied and controlled fourteen villages along the Upper Cowlitz River (shch'il) above Morton and Mossyrock, other villages along the
198:
1496:: Report (to Accompany H.R. 2489) (Including Cost Estimate of the Congressional Budget Office). Washington, D.C.: U.S. G.P.O., 2003.
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indicates that they originally came from east of the Cascades - along the Tieton River (in Yakama: Táitin) hence territory of the
966:
536:
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at the age of sixteen. In 1818 while making his first trip up the Cowlitz, Simon was captured by Chief Scanewea, of the Lower
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1087:
890:
908:
1112:
871:"History of the Cowlitz Indian Tribe," by Roy I. Wilson, and Dr. Verne F. Ray, Indian Claims Conference, 1966 and 1974
1466:
1229:
940:
645:
477:, closer than Lower Chehalis itself is placed to Upper Chehalis, and belongs to the Tsamosan (Olympic) branch of the
1190:
Rushforth, Brett (Fall 2002). ""The Great Spirit Was Grieved": Religion and Environment among the Cowlitz Indians".
1159:
17:
675:. A once optimistic priest, he became discouraged when the Cowlitz tribe did not fully immerse themselves into
265:
specific dialect of another, and they bridged the language barrier with an intertribal trade language called
434:
1107:. Published for the Amon Carter Museum and the National Gallery of Canada by the University of Texas Press.
672:
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Later that same year in December 1838, Catholic missionaries began to visit the Cowlitz tribe, including
422:
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The Cowlitz produced fully imbricated, coiled baskets with strong geometric designs. These were made of
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Paul Kane's frontier : including Wanderings of an artist among the Indians of North America
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679:, and instead held onto sediments of Native spirituality. As a response, a replacement, Father
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and had strong linguistic and family ties to that band and the Klikatat / Klickitat; today as
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967:"Summary under the Criteria and Eviderice for Proposed Finding Cowlitz Tribe of Indians"
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With the arrival of American settlers and conflicts arising over land claims, the 1846
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284:("The People Who Seek Their Medicine Spirit", occupied 30 villages along the
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1264:"That the People May Live: The Cowlitz Tribe's Journey of Peace and Justice"
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1136:"Death of One of the 100 Descendants Of Trapper Who Married 19 Times".
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1318:"Athlete and activist Rosalie Fish runs for the missing and murdered"
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people, which today are enrolled in the federally recognized tribes:
172:
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Simon Plamondon of Quebec. Plamondon was hired as a fur trapper for
838:
344:
234:
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The Cowlitz tribe did not receive federal recognition until 2000.
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The current Cowlitz Tribe General Council Chair is William Iyall.
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and have an establishing federally recognized tribal lands (on a
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The first white man known to have contacted the Cowlitz was
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These are the four (or two) Cowlitz tribal groups or bands:
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bands. The question concerns whether they had adopted the
42:
1344:"Debora Iyall from Romeo Void is back with 'Stay Strong'"
1009:"The Spirit of the Cowlitz: Society and Politics, part 1"
445:) They no longer existed as an independent tribe by 1855.
1494:
Cowlitz Indian Tribe Distribution of Judgement Funds Act
27:
Two distinct indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest
601:
Today, the Cowlitz continue to practice their culture.
489:. There is a dispute over the original language of the
402:″, lit. ″Mashel River people″) and Klickitat; today as
909:"The Spirit of the Cowlitz: Their villages, part two"
826:
Historical Sketches of the Catholic Church in Oregon.
941:"The Long View: History of the Cowlitz Indian Tribe"
891:"The Spirit of the Cowlitz - Their Villages, Part 1"
648:, the Hudson's Bay Company agricultural subsidiary.
1222:
Guide to the Indian Tribes of the Pacific Northwest
609:The Cowlitz tribe was historically based along the
1397:"How Much Indian Was I?, My Fellow Students Asked"
408:Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Nation
369:Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Nation
239:Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Nation
197:covers two culturally and linguistically distinct
1520:Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast
1461:. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 2004.
519:reported that the Cowlitz peoples were fluent in
255:
1501:
1304:"Cowlitz Indian Tribe Leader David Barnett dies"
817:
815:
711:. The Chehalis River Treaty, which included the
429:to the south, intermarried with Salish-speaking
1322:UW Magazine — University of Washington Magazine
1219:
640:until 1837 and in 1838 oversaw the building of
511:Taitnapam / Upper Cowlitz / Lewis River dialect
443:Confederated Tribes of the Chehalis Reservation
302:Confederated Tribes of the Chehalis Reservation
231:Confederated Tribes of the Chehalis Reservation
458:Cowlitz people were, there is debate over the
855:"ALRA: Clark County Indians Were Not Cowlitz"
812:
331:(lalálx) and had frequent contact with their
292:; today the majority are enrolled within the
1525:Native American tribes in Washington (state)
1160:"The Spirit of the Cowlitz: Simon Plomondon"
667:, a Roman Catholic Priest, who arrived near
1459:We Are Cowlitz: A Native American Ethnicity
465:of the Cowlitz tribes. The commonly called
382:, today considered to be regional group of
244:Their traditional homelands are in western
199:indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest
1102:
1070:Cairns, Ed; Roe, Mícheál D., eds. (2003).
1279:
1189:
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734:
617:, as well as having a strong presence at
454:Comparably with the dispute over who the
1476:. Seattle: Northwest Copy Company, 1966.
1346:. San Francisco Examiner. Archived from
980:United States Department of the Interior
315:, today identified as Sahaptin-speaking
1394:
1261:
695:drafted four main treaty negotiations:
394:as neighbors to their Sahaptin kin the
355:, a Yakama/Lower Yakama band along the
233:. The Upper Cowlitz or Taitnapam, is a
217:Lower Cowlitz refers to a southwestern
14:
1502:
1341:
989:from the original on December 25, 2022
939:Wilson, Roy I. Rochon (July 6, 2012).
938:
924:
922:
554:The Cowlitz political system evolved:
339:kin who lived on the east side of the
1262:Wiggins, Eugene A. (September 2007).
1215:
1213:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1072:The Role of Memory in Ethnic Conflict
807:Center for World Indigenous Studies.
660:in 1838, to continue on their work.
63:Regions with significant populations
1031:Center for World Indigenous Studies
919:
797:
24:
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1210:
1178:
1129:
25:
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1401:The Chronicle of Higher Education
1268:Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology
211:Upper Cowlitz / Cowlitz Klickitat
1395:Washuta, Elissa (June 9, 2013).
1224:. University of Oklahoma Press.
646:Puget Sound Agricultural Company
537:United States federal government
505:, ceased to use their original,
81:
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41:
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1192:The Pacific Northwest Quarterly
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487:Lower Cowlitz / Cowlitz proper
256:Cowlitz tribal groups or bands
13:
1:
1342:Lanham, Tom (June 10, 2011).
844:Retrieved September 24, 2013.
809:Retrieved September 29, 2013.
526:
47:Traditional Cowlitz territory
547:. The tribal offices are in
7:
1474:Handbook of Cowlitz Indians
509:, and developed a separate
449:
288:, other villages along the
235:Northwest Sahaptin speaking
125:traditional tribal religion
10:
1541:
1457:Fitzpatrick, Darleen Ann.
1053:"The Cowlitz Indian Tribe"
673:St. Francis Xavier Mission
604:
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404:Lewis River Klickitat Band
839:"People of the Quinault."
431:Upper Chehalis (Kwaiailk)
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129:
124:
119:
100:
95:
67:
62:
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52:
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1220:Ruby, Robert H. (2014).
975:Bureau of Indian Affairs
791:
485:, and was spoken by the
473:is placed closer to the
425:in the north and in the
842:Quinault Indian Nation.
475:Upper Chehalis language
396:Mishalpam (Mical-ɫa’ma)
1252:Blanchet (1878) p. 73.
1164:www.hometowndebate.com
1013:www.hometowndebate.com
929:River Cowlitz as well.
913:www.hometowndebate.com
895:www.hometowndebate.com
829:Portland: 1878. p. 59.
735:Notable Cowlitz people
586:The Cowlitz, like the
561:
545:Ridgefield, Washington
365:Cowlitz Klickitat Band
333:Upper and Lower Yakama
298:Quinault Indian Nation
227:Quinault Indian Nation
1434:Department of English
1080:10.1057/9781403919823
982:. February 12, 1997.
822:Blanchet, François N.
556:
327:(shíshpash), and the
130:Related ethnic groups
1487:Cowlitz Indian Tribe
665:François N. Blanchet
638:Hudson's Bay Company
549:Longview, Washington
533:Cowlitz Indian Tribe
441:; today part of the
439:Willapa (Kwalhioqua)
433:and the now extinct
423:Upper Chehalis River
294:Cowlitz Indian Tribe
237:people, part of the
223:Cowlitz Indian Tribe
1138:The Washington Post
1103:Kane, Paul (1971).
1015:. January 24, 2013.
495:Lewis River Cowlitz
479:Coast Salish family
435:Northern Athapaskan
421:(lived between the
380:Lewis River Chinook
378:, sometimes called
376:Lewis River Cowlitz
311:, sometimes called
296:, some are part of
286:Lower Cowlitz River
37:
1489:, official website
1281:10.1375/prp.1.2.44
915:. January 9, 2013.
897:. January 2, 2013.
859:www.landrights.org
671:, and established
669:Toledo, Washington
483:Salishan languages
419:Kwalhiokwa Cowlitz
35:
1436:. October 5, 2017
1376:. August 15, 2016
1374:National Archives
1350:on March 14, 2016
1140:. April 9, 1916.
1089:978-1-349-41240-2
507:heritage language
503:Cascade Mountains
501:from east of the
499:Sahaptin language
400:Eatonville people
388:Upper Lewis River
191:
190:
16:(Redirected from
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1443:
1441:
1430:"Elissa Washuta"
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1166:. March 27, 2013
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804:"Cowlitz Tribe."
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467:Cowlitz language
415:Mountain Cowlitz
319:(″People of the
177:Sahaptin peoples
155:Mountain Cowlitz
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53:Total population
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1057:www.cowlitz.org
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1027:"Cowlitz Tribe"
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1472:Ray, Verne F.
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517:Modeste Demers
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361:Yakima Cowlitz
353:Nahchísh-ħlama
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282:Cowlitz proper
267:Chinook Jargon
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207:Cowlitz proper
195:Cowlitz people
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180:Especially
145:Especially
1504:Categories
1354:August 17,
1240:1020653043
1037:August 15,
951:August 15,
786:Roy Wilson
771:Mike Iyall
766:Bill Iyall
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596:bear grass
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349:Taitnapam
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317:Taidnapam
193:The term
182:Klickitat
173:Nez Perce
168:Taidnapam
96:Languages
1380:July 27,
1204:40492750
1142:ProQuest
984:Archived
705:Neah Bay
471:Sƛ̕púlmš
463:language
460:original
456:original
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160:Kwaiailk
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1442:2019
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1286:ISSN
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