Nez Perce - Knowledge

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tired and hungry party. They furnished fresh horses and dried meat and fish with wild potatoes and other roots which were good to eat, and the refreshed white men went further on, westward, leaving their bony, wornout horses for the Indians to take care of and have fat and strong when Lewis and Clark should come back on their way home." On their return trip they arrived at the Nez Perce encampment the following spring, again hungry and exhausted. The tribe constructed a large tent for them and again fed them. Desiring fresh red meat, the party offered an exchange for a Nez Perce horse. Quoting from the Lewis and Clark diary, Fletcher writes, "The hospitality of the Chiefs was offended at the idea of an exchange. He observed that his people had an abundance of young horses and that if we were disposed to use that food, we might have as many as we wanted." The party stayed with the Nez Perce for a month before moving on.

2255:(Wie-a-kins) which would, they thought, offer a link to the invisible world of spiritual power". The weyekin would protect one from harm and become a personal guardian spirit. To receive a weyekin, a seeker would go to the mountains alone on a vision quest. This included fasting and meditation over several days. While on the quest, the individual may receive a vision of a spirit, which would take the form of a mammal or bird. This vision could appear physically or in a dream or trance. The weyekin was to bestow the animal's powers on its bearer—for example; a deer might give its bearer swiftness. A person's weyekin was very personal. It was rarely shared with anyone and was contemplated in private. The weyekin stayed with the person until death. 3092: 5958: 2418: 6662: 2794:

several languages. He defended the actions of the 1863 Treaty which cost the Nez Perce nearly 90% of their lands after gold was discovered because he knew it was futile to resist the US government and its military power. He tried to negotiate the best outcome which still allowed the majority of Nez Perce to live in their usual village locations. He died, frustrated that the U.S. government failed to follow through on the promises made in both treaties, even making a trip to Washington, D.C. to express his frustration. He is buried at the Nikesa Cemetery at the Presbyterian church in

2515: 6475: 6181: 365: 2238: 2340: 48: 2477: 1985: 3111: 5041: 2523: 2498:. They wanted to restore part of their traditional horse culture, where they had conducted selective breeding of their horses, long considered a marker of wealth and status, and trained their members in a high quality of horsemanship. Social disruption due to reservation life and assimilationist pressures by Americans and the government resulted in the destruction of their horse culture in the 19th century. The 20th-century breeding program was financed by the 5753: 3077: 5804: 1797: 57: 628: 3894: 2374:, in the late 19th century the Nez Perce split into two groups: one side accepted the coerced relocation to a reservation and the other refused to give up their fertile land in Washington and Oregon. Those willing to go to a reservation made a treaty in 1877. The flight of the non-treaty Nez Perce began on June 15, 1877, with 2280:, includes a research center, archives, and library. Historical records are available for on-site study and interpretation of Nez Perce history and culture. The park includes 38 sites associated with the Nez Perce in the states of Idaho, Montana, Oregon, and Washington, many of which are managed by local and state agencies. 2036:), the first being roasted in pits, while the other was ground in mortars and molded into cakes for future use, both plants had been traditionally an important food and trade item. Women were primarily responsible for the gathering and preparing of these root crops. Camas bulbs were gathered in the region between the 2452:. During the surrender negotiations, Chief Joseph sent a message, usually described as a speech, to the US soldiers. It has become renowned as one of the greatest American speeches: "...Hear me, my chiefs, I am tired. My heart is sick and sad. From where the sun now stands, I will fight no more forever." 702:, the Nez Perce had seasonal villages and camps to take advantage of natural resources throughout the year. Their migration followed a recurring pattern from permanent winter villages through several temporary camps, nearly always returning to the same locations each year. The Nez Perce traveled via the 2819:

along with Looking Glass' band to hunt buffalo, was present at the Walla Walla Council in 1855 and supported the non-treaty faction at the Lapwai Council, refused to sign the Treaty of 1855 and 1866, left his territory on Salmon River (two miles south of Corvallis) in 1875 with part of his band, and

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in the September 1805. His father's positive experiences with the whites greatly influenced him, leader of the treaty faction of the Nez Percé, and signed the 1855 Walla Walla Treaty and controversial 1863 treaty. He was called the Lawyer by fur trappers because of his oratory and ability to speak

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Territories along the South and Middle Fork of the Clearwater River downstream to the city of Lewiston (and south of it) in eastern Washington and the Idaho Panhandle. They also spent much time east of the Bitterroot Mountains and camped along the Yellowstone River, their main meeting place and one

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In 1800, the Nez Perce had more than 70 permanent villages, ranging from 30 to 200 individuals, depending on the season and social grouping. Archeologists have identified a total of about 300 related sites including camps and villages, mostly in the Salmon River Canyon. In 1805, the Nez Perce

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It is never easy to come at the name of an Indian or even of an Indian tribe. A tribe has always at least two names; one they call themselves by and one by which they are known to other tribes. All the tribes living west of the Rocky Mountains were called "Chupnit-pa-lu", which means people of the

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Recollecting the Nez Perce encounter with the Lewis and Clark party, in 1889 anthropologist Alice Fletcher wrote that "the Lewis and Clark explorers were the first white men that many of the people had ever seen and the women thought them beautiful." She wrote that the Nez Perce "were kind to the

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Because of large amount of inter-marriage between Nez Perce bands and neighboring tribes or bands to forge alliances and peace (often living in mixed bilingual villages together), the following bands were also counted to the Nez Perce (which today are viewed as being linguistically and culturally

1630:(several local groups along the Snake River between the mouth of the Salmon River in the south and the Grande Ronde River in the north, the name of their main village Sakán and the band name Sakánma refers to an area where the cliffs rise close to the water – this could be Joseph Canyon (Saqánma)) 478:

pierced noses; it also means emerging from the bushes or forest; the people from the woods. The tribes on the Columbia river used to pierce the nose and wear in it some ornament as you have seen some old fashioned white ladies wear in their ears. Lewis and Clark had with them an interpreter whose

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known as the Nez Perce Tribal Executive Committee (NPTEC). They are one of five federally recognized tribes in the state of Idaho. The Nez Perce only own 12% of their own reservation and some Nez Perce lease land to farmers or loggers. Today, hatching, harvesting and eating salmon is an important

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in northeast Oregon is in the historic territory of the large Wallowa Band. The Homeland has owned 320 acres (130 ha) and a visitor center since 2000, to "enrich relationships among the descendants of indigenous people and the contemporary inhabitants of the Wallowa Valley ... preserve and

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which lived to the west of the Nez Perce at the headwaters of the Walla Walla, Umatilla and Grande Ronde River and from the Blue Mountains westwards up to the Deschutes River, they oft shared village sites with the Nez Perce and Palus and were feared by neighboring tribes, as early as 1805, most

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on an epic flight to freedom of more than 1,170 miles (1,880 km) across four states and multiple mountain ranges. The 250 Nez Perce warriors defeated or held off the pursuing troops in 18 battles, skirmishes, and engagements. More than 100 US soldiers and 100 Nez Perce (including women and

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Historically, in late May and early June, Nez Perce villagers crowded to communal fishing sites to trap eels, steelhead, and chinook salmon, or haul in fish with large dip nets. Fishing took place throughout the summer and fall, first on the lower streams and then on the higher tributaries, and

2313:. The explorers were favorably impressed by the Nez Perce whom they met. Preparing to make the remainder of their journey to the Pacific by boats on rivers, they entrusted the keeping of their horses until they returned to "2 brothers and one son of one of the Chiefs." One of these Indians was 3545: 2820:

did settle down in Weiser County (Montana), joined with Shoshone Chief's Eagle's Eye. The leadership of the other Lam'tama that rested on the Salmon River was taken by old chief White Bird. Eagle From the Light didn't participate in the War of 1877 because he was too far away.

2778:– "Thunder traveling to higher areas") (1840–1904), also known as Young Joseph, the best-known leader of the Nez Perce, who led his people in their struggle to retain their identity, with about 60 warriors, he commanded the greatest following of the non-treaty chiefs. 2615:

by allowing acquisition of surplus by non-natives after households received plots, the U.S. government opened the Nez Percé reservation for general settlement on November 18, 1895. The proclamation had been signed less than two weeks earlier by President

1534:) and its confluence with the Snake River in the north, and almost to the Snake River in the east. Their area was widely known as an excellent grazing ground for the large herds of horses and was therefore often used by the neighbouring and related 2628:

celebrate the customs and culture of the indigenous inhabitants." A Methodist church was established in Wallowa in 1877, and in 2021 the United Methodist Church returned a small parcel of land and the church building to the Nez Perce Tribe.

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catches also included salmon, sturgeon, whitefish, suckers, and varieties of trout. Most of the supplies for winter use came from a second run in the fall, when large numbers of Sockeye salmon, silver, and dog salmon appeared in the rivers.

2899:), (also: tiwíiteq'is) (c. 1785–1871), was leader of the Wallowa Band and one of the first Nez Percé converts to Christianity and vigorous advocate of the tribe's early peace with whites, father of Chief Joseph (also known as Young Joseph). 3069:-hia – "White Lightning", c. 1855, died August 1935) was a Nez Perce warrior of the non-treaty Wallowa band who fought in the Nez Perce War of 1877, gunshot wound, left arm near wrist; under left eye in the Battle of the Clearwater 403:

who visited the area regularly in the late 18th century, meaning literally "pierced nose". English-speaking traders and settlers adopted the name in turn. Since the late 20th century, the Nez Perce identify most often as

1021:). Their fishing and hunting grounds were also used by the "Wawawai Band" of the Upper Palus Regional Band, who lived directly to the west and formed a bilingual Palus-Nez-Percé Band due to many intermarriages. They were the 428:, nasal passage, and is simply a play on words. If translated literally, it would come out as either "Nasal Passage of the Canoe" (Watopa-pahlute) or "Nasal Passage of the Grass" (Wato-pahlute). The Assiniboine called them 3091: 2909:, also known as Ollikut) (1840s–1877), younger brother of Chief Joseph, war chief of the Wallowa band, was killed while fighting at the final battle on Snake Creek, near the Bear Paw Mountains on October 4, 1877. 2883:– "Wrapped in the wind") (c. 1832–1877), leader of the non-treaty Alpowai band and war leader, who was killed during the tribe's final battle with the US Army; his following was third and did not exceed 40 men. 2321:, who by 1877 was a prominent member of the "Treaty" faction of the tribe. The Nez Perce were generally faithful to the trust; the party recovered their horses without serious difficulty when they returned. 3248:"Stern, Theodore. 1998. 'Columbia River Trade Network,' Pp. 641–652 in Handbook of North American Indians: Volume 12, Plateau. Deward E. Walker, Jr., Volume Editor. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution." 4191:

Joseph, Young, and William H. Hare. “An Indian's Views of Indian Affairs.” The North American Review, vol. 128, no. 269, 1879, pp. 412–433. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/25100745. Accessed August 19, 2020.

1318:– "Salmon River") and one of its tributaries, the White Bird Creek, and to the Snake River in the southwest, and also included the White Bird Canyon (deeper than the Grand Canyon) in the southwest of the 1039:(largest and most important band, along the Alpaha (Alpowa) Creek, a small tributary of the Clearwater), west of Clarkston, Washington ('Al'pawawaii = People of a "place of a plant called Ahl-pa-ha") 1053:(their settlement Hasutin / Hăsotōin was an important fishing ground at Asotin Creek (Héesutine – "eel river") on the Snake River in Nez Perce County, Idaho, directly opposite the present town of 1969:

Fishing is traditionally an important ceremonial and commercial activity for the Nez Perce tribe. Today Nez Perce fishers participate in tribal fisheries in the mainstream Columbia River between

1406:– "Place of the Butterflies"), the tribal and administrative centre of the Nez Percé Tribe of Idaho. Their tribal area was one of the four centers for the major regional groups of the Nez Percé. 1996:". Thanksgiving was offered to the Creator and to the fish for having returned and given themselves to the people as food. In this way, it was hoped that the fish would return the next year. 1429:

Territories encompassed the vast mountain wilderness between the Snake River in the south and the Lower Salmon River in the north until it met the Snake River, were direct neighbours of the

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The Tamkaliks Celebration is a powwow named after the Nez Perce word for where you can see the mountains. It began in 1991 to welcome the Nez Perce back home to the Wallowa Valley.

2958:, 1808–1891), leader of the treaty faction of the Alpowai (or Alpowa) band of the Nez Percé, was the first Christian convert among the Nez Percé, was married to Tamer, a sister of 1203:("many rope litters") in the Kamiah Valley. They used with other bands the important fishing grounds near Bruce Eddy in Clearwater County, Idaho, which was in the territory of the 3439:. The Nez Perce Tribe Environmental Restoration & Waste Management Program, in association with the United States Department of Energy. Lewiston, Idaho: Confluence Press. 486:" and it was written down in the journal; spelled rather queerly, for white people's ears do not always catch Indian tones and of course the Indians could not spell any word. 2837:(c. 1810–1848) was the first united leader of the Nez Perce. He was the grandson of the leader Hohots Ilppilp (also known as Red Grizzly Bear), who met with Lewis and Clark. 243:

people the Nimiipuu were economically and culturally influential in trade and war, interacting with other indigenous nations in a vast network from the western shores of

1258:(at Big Canyon Creek in Camas Prairie, which flows into the Clearwater River north of today's Peck; they were therefore direct neighbours of the southern Painima Band), 6793: 4971: 436:. The tribe also uses the term "Nez Perce", as does the United States Government in its official dealings with them, and contemporary historians. Older historical 285:

by an 1863 treaty (subsequently known as the "Thief Treaty" or "Steal Treaty" among the Nimiipuu), confinement to reservations in Idaho, Washington and Oklahoma

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indicates the name "Cuupn'itpel'uu" meant "we walked out of the woods or walked out of the mountains" and referred to the time before the Nez Perce had horses.

5792: 1776: 1715: 4224: 6823: 2506:. It has promoted businesses in Native American country that reflect values and traditions of the peoples. The Nez Perce Horse breed is noted for its speed. 2499: 750:

The Nez Perce had many allies and trading partners among neighboring peoples, but also enemies and ongoing antagonist tribes. To the north of them lived the

6803: 4964: 352:), health clinics, a police force and court, community centers, salmon fisheries, radio station, and other institutions that promote economic and cultural 3025:("area with little snow"), by which White Bird Canyon was known to the Nez Perce, his following was second in size to Joseph's, and did not exceed 50 men 635:

The Nez Perce territory at the time of Lewis and Clark (1804–1806) was approximately 17,000,000 acres (69,000 km) and covered parts of present-day

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and its tributaries. The Nez Perce tribe runs the Nez Perce Tribal Hatchery on the Clearwater River, as well as several satellite hatchery programs.

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Aside from fish and game, Plant foods provided over half of the dietary calories, with winter survival depending largely on dried roots, especially

5437: 4426: 1559: 4658:. Washington State Library's Classics in Washington History collection. Published for the American Folk-Lore Society by G.E. Stechert & Co. 2600:

Due to tribal loss of lands, the population on the reservation is predominantly white, nearly 90% in 1988. The largest community is the city of

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drainages. Techniques for preparing and storing winter foods enabled people to survive times of colder winters with little or no fresh foods.

1812:(collecting wild plants and roots and pursuing wild animals). They depended on hunting, fishing, and the gathering of wild roots and berries. 1330:("area with little snow") and refers to its excellent climatic conditions, which were particularly suitable for horse breeding. They were the 6392: 6083: 4452: 2455:

Chief Joseph went to Washington, D.C., in January 1879 to meet with the President and Congress, after which his account was published in the

5503: 878:(T'septitimeni'n - " Painted arrows"), were the main enemies of the Plateau peoples when entering the Northwestern Plains to hunt buffalo. 1736:

of the Upper Palus Band, which constituted together with the Middle Palus Band und Lower Palus Band – one of the three main groups of the

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living further southeast of them. They could be classified as buffalo hunters, but they were also true mountain dwellers, also called the

2265:", written in 1889 refers to the Nez Perce as "the richest, noblest, and most gentle" of Indian peoples as well as the most industrious. 3469: 1714:

which lived along the Walla Walla River and along the confluence of the Snake and Columbia River rivers, today they are enrolled in the

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cultural and economic strength of the Nez Perce through full ownership or co-management of various salmon fish hatcheries, such as the

2305:, they ran low of food, and Clark took six hunters and hurried ahead to hunt. On September 20, 1805, near the western end of the 6818: 2398:

leading 750 men, women and children in an attempt to reach a peaceful sanctuary. They intended to seek shelter with their allies the

2789:) (c. 1796–1876), son of a Salish-speaking Flathead woman and Twisted Hair, the Nez Perce who welcomed and befriended the exhausted 1740:, which lived along the Columbia, Snake and Palouse Rivers to the northwest of the Nez Perce. Today the majority is enrolled in the 6808: 297:

land allotments, the Nez Perce remain as a distinct culture and political economic influence within and outside their reservation.

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is the seat of tribal government, and it has the highest percentage of Nez Perce people as residents, at about 81.4 percent.

4502: 4308: 3450: 1394:. One of their traditional settlements (as well as an important meeting place for neighbouring bands) was on the site of today's 1199:

Their main village Kămiăhp was located on the south side of the Clearwater River and the confluence of Lawyer Creek near today's

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Ames, Kenneth and Alan Marshall. 1980. "Villages, Demography and Subsistence Intensification on the Southern Columbia Plateau".

2926:, warrior and subchief; chosen trail boss and guide of the Nez Percé people following the Battle of the Big Hole, killed in the 691:, with a population of about 6,000. By the beginning of the 20th century, the Nez Perce had declined to about 1,800 due to 469:

mistakenly identified this people as the Nez Perce when the team encountered the tribe in 1805. Writing in 1889, anthropologist

5874: 4382: 4364: 4346: 4327: 2876: 2379: 3535:

Buechel, Eugene & Manhart S.J., Paul "Lakota Dictionary: Lakota-English / English-Lakota, New Comprehensive Edition" 2002.

1064:(their village Hăsweiwăwih was also located opposite Asotin, along a small creek whose upper reaches were called Heswé/Hăsiwĕ) 6578: 5778: 5727: 4545: 3813: 3635: 3523: 3313:

Colombi, Benedict. 2005. "Dammed in Region Six: The Nez Perce Tribe, Agricultural Development, and the Inequality of Scale".

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and their tribal area was one of the four centers for the major regional groups of the Nez Percé. Today most are part of the

834:(Wihnen’íipel’uu), an alliance of northern plains Native American nations based around the fur trade, and later included the 5859: 2297:

was the first known Euro-American to meet any of the tribe, excluding the aforementioned French Canadian traders. While he,

6563: 2916:– "Bird Alighting"), a Nez Perce warrior who fought with distinction in every battle of the Nez Perce War, wounded in the 2541: 1223:("People further upstream"). Their tribal area was one of the four centers for the major regional groups of the Nez Percé. 473:, who the U.S. government had sent to Idaho to allot the Nez Perce Reservation, explained the mistaken naming. She wrote, 5604: 2986: 2503: 2383: 1780: 6370: 6061: 4987: 3958: 3589: 2620:. Thousands rushed to grab land on the reservation, staking out their claims even on land owned by Nez Perce families. 2269: 1515: 1093:(at the Middle Fork of the Clearwater River, about 5 miles above present-day Kooskia, Idaho, Chief Looking Glass Group) 115: 6385: 6076: 5867: 4803: 4788: 4766: 4751: 4642: 4529: 4043: 3993: 3659: 3601: 2465: 1414:("People from Máka/Maaqa along Cottonwood Creek (formerly: Maka Creek"), a tributary of the Clearwater River, Idaho.) 1122:

Territories from their winter village Ahsahka/Asaqa ("river mouth" or "confluence") up to the Salmon Ridge along the

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French explorers and trappers indiscriminately used and popularized the name "Nez Percé" for the nimíipuu and nearby

3685:. Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association, v.2 pt.3. American Anthropological Association. p. 172. 6571: 5722: 5040: 4228: 210: 3326:

Colombi, Benedict. 2012. "Salmon and the Adaptive Capacity of Nimiipuu (Nez Perce) Culture to Cope with Change".

3110: 1681:(their village Iwatōin was located on the north bank of the Potlatch River near today's Kendrick in Latah County) 719: 330: 5800: 1657:

Territories along the Potlatch River (which was called Yăká above its mouth into the Clearwater River) in Idaho.

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Territories along Sweetwater Creek and Lapwai Creek up to its confluence with the Clearwater River near today's

5828: 3835: 3746: 1134:. An important fishing ground was Bruce Eddy in Clearwater County, Idaho, which was traditionally owned by the 322: 4729:. Washington State Library's Classics in Washington History collection (2nd ed.). Chicago: A.C. McClurg. 5838: 5684: 1170:("People along Hatweh Creek", a tributary of the Clearwater River, about four to five miles east of Lewiston) 703: 482:

and so it came about that when it was asked "What Indians are these?" the answer was "They are 'Chupnit-pa-lu

3724:– ″on the water side or on the west side″ and their Shoshone kin within the mixed Bannock-Shoshone bands as 1999:

Like salmon, plants contributed to traditional Nez Perce culture in both material and spiritual dimensions.

6378: 6069: 5833: 5823: 4563: 2593:. The total land area is about 1,195 square miles (3,100 km), and the reservation's population at the 2411: 695:, conflicts with non-Indians, and other factors. The tribe reports having more than 3,500 members in 2021. 4148: 2436:

A majority of the surviving Nez Perce were finally forced to surrender on October 5, 1877, after the

5671: 4293: 2737: 2468:. The annual Cypress Hills ride in June commemorates the Nez Perce people's attempt to escape to Canada. 2202:

Many fishes and plants important to Nez Perce culture are today state symbols: the black huckleberry or "

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Territories in northeastern Oregon and northwestern Idaho with tribal centre in the river valleys of the

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Colombi, Benedict. 2012. "The Economics of Dam Building: Nez Perce Tribe and Global-Scale Development".

2980:) of the non-treaty Pikunan band; fought in the Nez Perce War after first advocating peace; died at the 1954:

Prior to contact with Europeans, the Nez Perce's traditional hunting and fishing areas spanned from the

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The North American Indian. Volume 8 – The Nez Perces. Wallawalla. Umatilla. Cayuse. The Chinookan tries

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The first fishing of the season was accompanied by prescribed rituals and a ceremonial feast known as "

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dams. The Nez Perce also fish for spring and summer Chinook salmon and Rainbow trout/steelhead in the

1688:(their village Tunĕhĕ was located at the mouth of Middle Potlatch Creek into the Potlatch River, near 850:(’Isq’óyxnix/Issq-oykinix - "Blackfooted People") (composed of three Blackfoot speaking peoples – the 6783: 4696: 4242: 1828: 910:– "confluence of two rivers" or "river fork", as the Clearwater flows into the Snake River here), in 739: 4121: 3762: 3139:

Nützel & Erwin, 2004, found on the land of the Nez Percé tribe, has been named in their honour.

1449:(on the upper portion of the Southern Fork Clearwater; their immediate neighbors downstream was the 5891: 5757: 5392: 3380: 3274: 2845: 2590: 2574: 2294: 2219: 2207: 2041: 1784: 668: 491: 341: 3076: 1479:(on the lower portion of the Southern Fork Clearwater; their immediate neighbors upstream was the 6673: 6595: 6192: 5442: 5387: 5085: 4739:

Oral traditions from the Chinook, Nez Perce, Klickitat and other tribes of the Pacific Northwest.

3918: 3593: 3300: 3116: 3046: 2578: 2317:(meaning "Hair Bunched and tied," but more commonly known as Twisted Hair). He was the father of 2227: 1888: 1025:

and their tribal area was one of the four centres for the large regional groups of the Nez Percé.

751: 676: 2417: 1667:(their village Yaktōin was located at the mouth of the Potlatch River into the Clearwater River) 942:(their village Palót was on the north bank of the Snake River – about 2 to 3 miles above Sáhatp) 3860:"Nez Perce National Historical Park (Source for Nez Perce names for Fishes, Animals and Plants" 2942: 2849: 2402:

but, upon the Crow's refusal to offer help, the Nez Perce tried to reach the camp in Canada of

2072: 1936: 1900: 1609:("long, rough canyon") – and along Lower Joseph Creek to its mouth into the Grande Ronde River) 915: 688: 340:

Some still speak their traditional language. The Tribe owns and operates two casinos along the

214: 4956: 4724: 4653: 5889: 4012: 3950: 3944: 2917: 2457: 2449: 2277: 2262: 2160: 2124: 2056: 1924: 1880: 1158:("People further upstream", a collective term for bands that had their center around Kamiah). 1004: 847: 462: 6593: 5655: 3208: 6760: 6753: 6550: 6543: 6357: 6350: 6303: 6048: 6041: 5627: 5372: 5306: 4902:

Northwestern Tribes in Exile: Modoc, Nez Perce, and Palouse Removal to the Indian Territory

4598: 2816: 2302: 2242: 2192: 2037: 1959: 1948: 1856: 1745: 1319: 1311: 1251:(near Big Eddy on the north bank of the Clearwater River, some miles upstream from Orofino) 863: 672: 660: 4796:

Chief Joseph of the Nez Perce, Who Called Themselves the Nimipu, "the Real People": A Poem

2514: 963:(their village Shimínĕkĕm – "confluence", was located in the area of present-day Lewiston) 529:, a transliteration of a Sahaptin term. According to D.E. Walker in 1998, writing for the 8: 6691: 6486: 6402: 6210: 6093: 5999: 5969: 5647: 5316: 5311: 4867:

Chief Joseph, Yellow Wolf, and the Creation of Nez Percé History in the Pacific Northwest

4060:"Selections from WITH THE NEZ PERCES Alice Fletcher in the Field, 1889–92 by E. Jane Gay" 3560:"Selections from WITH THE NEZ PERCES Alice Fletcher in the Field, 1889–92 by E. Jane Gay" 2761: 2586: 2582: 2535: 2108: 1912: 604: 364: 225: 6400: 6091: 5574: 4602: 4522:

Chief Joseph, Yellow Wolf and the Creation of Nez Perce History in the Pacific Northwest

2234:" of Idaho, Montana and Wyoming, and the West Coast steelhead or "heyey" of Washington. 770:(Kuuspel’úu/Kuuspelu - "Water People", lit. "River People"), to the northwest lived the 232:

for much of that time, especially after acquiring the horses that led them to breed the

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Chief Joseph & the Flight of the Nez Perce: The Untold Story of an American Tragedy

4113: 2981: 2927: 2805: 2531: 2437: 2429: 2371: 2360: 2258: 1872: 1844: 1768: 1711: 1523: 1177: 1071:(their village Ánatōin was located at the confluence of Mill Creek and the Snake River) 1054: 783: 759: 656: 636: 616: 600: 594: 353: 309: 248: 198: 194: 103: 4950: 4264: 3705: 1345:(along Slate Creek ('Iyeesnime) and Upper Salmon River, therefore often simply called 956:(their village Sáhatp was located on the north bank of the Snake River, above Wawáwih) 408:

in Sahaptin. This has also been spelled Nee-Me-Poo. The Lakota/ Dakota named them the

6681: 6464: 6245: 6225: 6170: 6134: 5843: 5632: 5377: 5075: 4991: 4799: 4784: 4762: 4747: 4730: 4700: 4659: 4638: 4525: 4117: 4105: 4039: 3989: 3964: 3954: 3841: 3831: 3809: 3686: 3631: 3597: 3519: 2834: 2828: 2722: 2717: 2309:, he found a small camp at the edge of the camas-digging ground, which is now called 2096: 2084: 2064: 1868: 1519: 911: 815: 807: 608: 383: 294: 271: 240: 218: 4687: 3903: 3222: 2237: 985:(their village Wawáwih was located at Wawawai Creek, a tributary of the Snake River) 6729: 6519: 6443: 6326: 6139: 6017: 5984: 5932: 5677: 5549: 5462: 5357: 5245: 4606: 4097: 3262:

Noon Nee-Me-Poo (We, The Nez Perces): Culture and History of the Nez Perces, Vol. 1

2959: 2892: 2870: 2801: 2660: 2650: 2617: 2577:, in parts of four counties. In descending order of surface area, the counties are 2570: 2445: 2339: 2298: 2196: 2184: 2128: 2033: 1689: 851: 823: 497: 286: 229: 146: 47: 5140: 4170: 6711: 6646: 6636: 6617: 6501: 6496: 6454: 6424: 6293: 6250: 6220: 6200: 5637: 5488: 5452: 5270: 5090: 5005: 4926: 3983: 3859: 2965: 2931: 2860: 2684: 2655: 2624: 2495: 2486:

In 1994 the Nez Perce tribe began a breeding program, based on crossbreeding the

2395: 2356: 2273: 2148: 2060: 1940: 1832: 1808:

without agriculture living in a society in which most or all food is obtained by

1805: 1573: 1391: 903: 835: 810:

bands (Tiwélqe/Tewelk'a, later Sosona') in the southeast), to the east lived the

799: 779: 763: 450: 397: 349: 4844:

Hormel, Leontina M. 2016. "Nez Perce Defending Treaty Lands in Northern Idaho".

4719:. Yale Western Americana series, 10. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1965. 3352:

Hormel, Leontina M. 2016. "Nez Perce Defending Treaty Lands in Northern Idaho".

2410:. He had migrated there instead of surrendering after the Indian victory at the 1590:(their settlement Williwewix was located at the mouth of the Grande Ronde River) 1367:(their settlement Tamanma was located at the mouth of the Salmon River in Idaho) 631:

Original Nez Perce territory (green) and the reduced reservation of 1863 (brown)

6701: 6459: 6270: 6265: 6160: 6155: 5979: 5937: 5913: 5417: 5362: 5225: 5190: 5185: 5130: 5060: 5010: 4726:

Myths and legends of the Pacific Northwest, especially of Washington and Oregon

4201: 2886: 2866: 2768:, a published collection of Nez Perce myths and legends from the oral tradition 2753: 2703: 2693: 2674: 2601: 2310: 2140: 1970: 1884: 1840: 1820: 1645: 1241: 1114: 1103:("People along Assuti Creek" in Idaho, joined Chief Joseph in the war of 1877.) 1014: 971: 859: 811: 803: 755: 731: 723: 715: 664: 582: 470: 334: 326: 5260: 4587:"Late Triassic (Late Norian) gastropods from the Wallowa Terrane (Idaho, USA)" 1126:

up to its mouth into the Clearwater River, hunted sometimes near Peck, Idaho (

6777: 6706: 6641: 6448: 6298: 6275: 6260: 6255: 6240: 6165: 6149: 5947: 5942: 5642: 5594: 5427: 5347: 5275: 5210: 5195: 5175: 5165: 5150: 5110: 5070: 5030: 5025: 5015: 4920: 4109: 3968: 3898: 3728:– ″on the knife side or on the iron side″ (the equivalent Shoshone words are 2795: 2782: 2712: 2679: 2665: 2605: 2556: 2543: 2476: 2403: 2352: 2334: 2318: 2136: 2088: 2019: 1984: 1955: 1904: 1759: 1598: 1572:(the largest band with several local groups, in the Wallowa River Valley and 1539: 1507: 1395: 1382: 1323: 1200: 1191: 1086:(about 3 miles below Alpowa Creek, along the eastern bank of the Snake River) 918:

in Oregon and Idaho. Their fishing and hunting grounds were also used by the

881: 871: 855: 842:(Sat'sashipunu/Sat'sashipuun - "Porcupine People" or "Porcupine Eater"), and 795: 787: 775: 345: 317: 290: 282: 275: 85: 62: 4895:

The Allotment Plot: Alice C. Fletcher, E. Jane Gay, and Nez Perce Survivance

4734: 4704: 3845: 818:(Séelix/Se'lix), further east and northeast on the Northern Plains were the 5994: 5493: 5483: 5447: 5407: 5352: 5105: 5080: 4663: 3690: 3082: 3014: 2973: 2823: 2771: 2741: 2441: 2421: 2407: 2375: 2172: 1892: 1816: 1737: 1499: 1000: 923: 899: 790:(Wecq’úupuu) and Sk'in (Tike’éspel’uu) and northwest of the latter various 771: 762:(Qem’éespel’uu/Q'emespelu, both meaning "Camas People" or "Camas Eaters"), 727: 707: 561:, "to come out (e.g. of forest, bushes, ice)". Finally, with the suffix of 119: 5205: 4524:. Indigenous Peoples and Politics. New York: Routledge. pp. 103–109. 4101: 2028: 1493:("People along the Wallowa River" or "People along the Grand Ronde River") 1459:(about 4 miles above Asotin, Washington, on the east side of Snake River.) 926:), who formed bilingual Palus-Nez-Percé bands due to many mixed marriages. 6744:‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties 6651: 6610: 6534:‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties 6417: 6341:‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties 6235: 6108: 6032:‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties 5989: 5906: 5732: 5554: 5498: 5367: 4944: 3946:

Lewis & Clark and the Indian Country: the Native American Perspective

2698: 2522: 2399: 2152: 2112: 2048: 1978: 1916: 1860: 1848: 1836: 1796: 1551: 1503: 1266: 922:(comprising the "Palus (or Palus proper) Band" and "Wawawai Band" of the 895: 867: 831: 819: 774:(Pelúucpuu/Peluutspu - "People of Pa-luš-sa/Palus ") and to the west the 652: 530: 256: 5564: 3763:

Wallowa Valley, Oregon, to Kooskia, Idaho – Discover the Nez Perce Trail

6285: 5706: 5622: 5612: 5457: 5180: 4708: 4649: 4610: 3133: 2854: 2757: 2491: 2306: 2003: 1974: 1928: 1674:(lived along Pine Creek, a small right tributary of the Potlatch River) 1648:(above its mouth into the Clearwater River)", not to confused with the 1616:(above Joseph Creek and along the north bank of the Grande Ronde River) 1470: 1767:, a variety of the Lower Nez Perce/Lower Niimiipuutímt dialect of the 1297:("People of a region with little snow, i.e. Lamtáma (Lamátta) region") 565:, meaning "people or inhabitants of". Together, these three elements: 56: 5617: 5544: 5539: 5524: 5467: 5382: 5290: 5265: 4586: 2923: 2815:) chief of the non-treaty Lam'tama band, that traveled east over the 2487: 2391: 1583:(lived with several local groups isolated in the Imnaha River Valley) 1207:. Other Nez Perce bands often grouped them under the collective name 839: 758:(Heyéeynimuu/Heyeynimu - "Steelhead People"), and further north the 692: 479: 458: 445: 437: 400: 233: 4938: 4783:. Native American peoples. Milwaukee, WI: Gareth Stevens Pub, 2003. 3398:"Nez Perce Tribe Department of Fisheries & Resources Management" 822:(’Isúuxe/Isuuxh'e - "Crow People") and two powerful alliances – the 675:

in the east (the door to the Northwestern Plains of Montana) to the

5957: 5589: 5569: 5559: 5412: 5402: 5397: 5255: 5200: 5125: 5115: 4546:"Lily Gladstone is the Breakout Star of Killers of the Flower Moon" 4400: 3630:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 52, 527, 542. 3130: 3101: 2612: 2076: 2023: 2015: 1809: 1233:(was the biggest and most important band of the Kamiah Valley area) 1190:("People of Kămiăhp", "People of the Many Rope Litters Place, i.e. 875: 778:(Weyíiletpuu – "Ryegrass People"), west bound there were found the 680: 581:, or "the People Walking Single File Out of the Forest". Nez Perce 378: 131: 6661: 4628:"I Will Fight No More Forever": Chief Joseph and the Nez Perce War 4453:"The Nez Perce tribe resumes annual powwows after pandemic hiatus" 4365:"3,000 took part in "sneak" when Nez Perce Reservation was opened" 3788: 843: 5579: 5519: 5422: 5250: 5240: 5235: 5135: 5100: 4921:

Friends of the Bear Paw, Big Hole & Canyon Creek Battlefields

3897:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

3237:

Nch’i-wána, 'the Big River': Mid-Columbia Indians and Their Land.

3018: 2977: 2902: 2387: 2251: 2100: 767: 711: 644: 252: 4832:

Nch’i-wána, 'the Big River': Mid-Columbia Indians and Their Land

4686: 4560:"The Treaty Trail: U.S.-Indian Treaty Councils in the Northwest" 3816:, page 158 – 160 (Source for regional bands, bands and villages) 420:. After Nez Perce became a more common name, they changed it to 5584: 5534: 5285: 5220: 5215: 5160: 5095: 4986: 4951:

The Nez Perce Essay by Deward E. Walker, Jr. and Peter N. Jones

3401: 2364: 2164: 1741: 1649: 870:(H'elutiin)). The feared Blackfoot Confederacy and the various 791: 735: 640: 393: 264: 244: 6474: 6180: 3828:

Salmon and His People: Fish & Fishing in Nez Perce Culture

1623:(near the present Zindel, at the Grande Ronde River in Oregon) 1113:("People at the confluence, People from the river mouth, i.e. 557:- means "in single file". This prefix, combined with the verb 281:

Cut off from most of their horticultural sites throughout the

213:

who still live on a fraction of the lands on the southeastern

5812: 5803: 5230: 5155: 5145: 5120: 5065: 5055: 4823:

Holt, Renée. 2012. "Decolonizing Indigenous Communities". in

3100:(Bird Alighting), a Nez Perce warrior who helped capture the 2440:

in Montana, 40 miles (64 km) from the Canada–US border.

1775:("Ryegrass People"); today most Cayuse are enrolled into the 648: 627: 503: 313: 278:", but only the Chinook used that form of body modification. 260: 89: 4818:

A Little Bit of Wisdom: Conversations with a Nez Perce Elder

3424:

Salmon and His People: Fish and Fishing in Nez Perce Culture

2343:

Map showing the flight of the Nez Perce and key battle sites

1763:

Cayuse had given up their mother tongue and had switched to

1433:

on the opposite bank of the Snake River in the west and the

167: 6628: 6435: 6126: 5924: 4914: 4825:

Unsettling America: Decolonization in Theory & Practice

3949:. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. pp. 3487: 3366: 3021:) of the non-treaty Lamátta or Lamtáama band, belonging to 2116: 1138:, but was shared by neighboring bands upon invitation: the 827: 512: 506: 221:. This region has been occupied for at least 11,500 years. 182: 155: 4932: 1514:– "the winding river"). Their territory extended into the 1244:" at the confluence of Orofino Creek and Clearwater River) 882:

Historic regional bands, bands, local groups, and villages

828:

Plains and Woods Cree (Paskwāwiyiniwak and Sakāwithiniwak)

671:("Clear Water") rivers. The tribal area extended from the 521: 4774:

The Nez Perces in the Indian Territory: Nimiipuu Survival

4427:"Oregon-Idaho Conference Returns Church to the Nez Perce" 4347:"Unruly mobs dashed to grab land when reservation opened" 4289: 3256: 3254: 2756:(1904–1949), scholar and administrator who studied under 2428:

The Nez Perce were pursued by over 2,000 soldiers of the

2176: 874:(Iseq'uulkt - "Cut Throats") and their later allies, the 611:. The Sahaptian sub-family is one of the branches of the 518: 382:), meaning, "The People", in their language, part of the 4585:

Nützel, Alexander; Erwin, Douglas H. (October 1, 2004).

3158: 1273:) in Nez Perce County, on the Clearwater River in Idaho) 61:

No Horn on His Head, a Nez Perce man painted in 1832 by

4243:"Nez Perce horse culture resurrected through new breed" 4860:

The Nez Perce Indians and the Opening of the Northwest

4717:

The Nez Perce Indians and the Opening of the Northwest

4265:"The Nez Perce Reservation with a Map Insert of Idaho" 4036:

The Nez Perce Indians and the Opening of the Northwest

3320: 3251: 2857:

and Al Hoxie, silent film actors; mother was Nez Perce

2464:

The route of the Nez Perce flight is preserved by the

2139:). The most important industrial woods were redcedar, 1835:(Entosphenus tridentatus or Lampetra tridentata), and 1777:

Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation

1716:

Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation

1287:("People of Kannah (along Clearwater River)" in Idaho) 1013:

of the most important fishing grounds was the area of

949:(their village Pinăwăwi was located at Penawawa Creek) 549:

has a different analysis than did Walker for the term

4562:. Washington State Historical Society. Archived from 3778:(PDF) Oregon State University, Commencement June 1984 3209:"Map: Distribution of North American Plateau Indians" 2500:

United States Department of Health and Human Services

1542:). They were often grouped under the collective name 848:

Blackfoot Confederacy (Niitsitapi or Siksikaitsitapi)

515: 185: 179: 176: 170: 158: 152: 149: 4138:

New Haven: Yale University Press, 1965, pp. 632–633.

3429: 2502:, the Nez Perce tribe, and the nonprofit called the 2347:

The Nez Perce were one of the tribal nations at the

1839:

were eaten too. Other important fishes included the

1771:. They called themselves by their Nez-Percé name as 1660: