25:
4051:
3907:
304:
509:, who wrote of the "Chief of all the Shawpatin Tribes", referring to the Nez Perce. At the time, "Sahaptin" (and variants) was used to refer to the Nez Perce, while "Walla Walla" was used to refer to the Sahaptin-speaking peoples.
2871:
1489:
The direct-inverse contrast can be elicited with examples such as the following. In the inverse, the transitive direct object is coreferential with the subject in the preceding clause.
2822:
5072:
2439:
4026:
4036:
4031:
4098:
2405:
536:
In the 1960s, the name "Sahaptin" was used by linguists, but it was rare for
Sahaptin speakers to even be aware of the term. Most speakers used the terms
502:'Nez Perce', indictating the ancient age of the ethnonym. The name Sahaptin has also been spelled "Shahaptin", "Sahapten", "Shahaptian", and "Shawpatin".
5113:
398:
Sahaptin is spoken by various tribes of the
Washington Reservations; Yakama, Warm Springs, Umatilla; and also spoken in many smaller communities such as
4089:
362:
5082:
2448:
4978:
3450:
2712:
3945:
3069:
1302:
inflects third-person nominals only when the direct object is first- or second-person (the examples below are from the
Umatilla dialect):
314:
5077:
2831:
3005:
2962:
5118:
5123:
4082:
35:
4102:
2803:
2359:
925:
786:
4951:
1040:
1024:
865:
2900:
3972:
3535:
3513:
2683:
872:
558:
2981:
533:
was also sometimes called the
Sahaptin River, because it led from the Columbia River to the country of the Nez Perce.
5031:
4075:
3443:
2757:
2691:
343:
329:
61:
5087:
3938:
3062:
932:
793:
4481:
4450:
3667:
3218:
4067:
1100:
265:
5108:
3911:
3436:
2844:"Making "collaboration" collaborative: An examination of perspectives that frame linguistic field research"
2768:
918:
779:
290:
2021:
In Speech Act
Participant (SAP) and third-person transitive involvement, direction marking is as follows:
4799:
4055:
3931:
3864:
3763:
3055:
1093:
1088:
967:
858:
510:
409:
tribal cultural resources program has been promoting the use of their traditional name of the language,
5036:
4417:
3687:
3649:
3642:
3404:
3200:
3120:
3024:
2644:. Columbia University Contributions to Anthropology. Vol. 19. New York: Columbia University Press.
1133:
1128:
1031:
953:
772:
765:
376:
175:
425:
Sahaptin is typically known as
Ichiskiin in its various dialects. In the Yakama dialect, it is called
3980:
3635:
3193:
1277:
939:
680:
506:
5046:
4897:
4879:
4542:
4125:
3995:
3802:
3289:
1112:
1107:
814:
2701:
529:
wrote of the "Sahaptin or Nez-Perces" language and the "Walawala" language. At the same time, the
3389:
800:
657:
The charts of consonants and vowels below are used in the Yakima
Sahaptin (Ichishkiin) language:
471:
4873:
4831:
4640:
4606:
4324:
3872:
3109:
851:
844:
399:
5041:
4987:
4906:
4884:
4525:
4407:
3794:
3769:
3541:
3381:
988:
981:
4939:
4932:
383:
and its tributaries in southern
Washington, northern Oregon, and southwestern Idaho, in the
4866:
4714:
4280:
4246:
3399:
2923:
893:
8:
5051:
4890:
4848:
4788:
4767:
4561:
4497:
4440:
4388:
4373:
4346:
4314:
4130:
3714:
3625:
3553:
3459:
3344:
3184:
3142:
3086:
2843:
2795:
2738:
2678:; Rude, Noel (1996). "Sketch of Sahaptin, a Sahaptian Language". In Goddard, Ives (ed.).
2249:
2224:
879:
372:
250:
181:
4962:
4918:
4842:
4742:
4728:
4658:
4548:
4364:
4308:
4301:
4212:
4196:
3990:
3954:
3746:
3737:
3570:
3147:
3095:
3078:
837:
675:
670:
518:
388:
169:
122:
4185:
2666:
2654:
282:
24:
5026:
4968:
4721:
4704:
4679:
4665:
4520:
4383:
4378:
4340:
4223:
4005:
3727:
3656:
3307:
3268:
3207:
2863:
2809:
2799:
2753:
2687:
717:
697:
626:
514:
485:
352:
230:
220:
1288:
There are published grammars, a recent dictionary, and a corpus of published texts.
5056:
5001:
4994:
4912:
4853:
4781:
4774:
4693:
4651:
4616:
4574:
4555:
4530:
4491:
4470:
4464:
4427:
4334:
4232:
4178:
4171:
4164:
4143:
4021:
3985:
3888:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3829:
3783:
3696:
3676:
3596:
3522:
3485:
3394:
3368:
3333:
3277:
3257:
3234:
3173:
3164:
3129:
2929:
2919:
2892:
2855:
2787:
2661:
2649:
2621:
2601:
2244:
1292:
692:
505:
The first usage of the word "Sahaptin" dates to 1811, in the journal of fur trader
494:
1786:) retains its transitive status, and a patient nominal is case marked accusative.
4859:
4816:
4809:
4686:
4672:
4622:
4536:
4511:
4434:
4400:
4394:
4291:
4257:
4157:
4119:
3839:
3776:
3703:
3529:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3322:
3283:
3136:
2989:
2637:
2617:
2597:
2229:
975:
687:
161:
295:
4925:
4757:
4735:
4588:
4567:
4459:
4353:
4273:
4266:
4205:
4150:
3834:
3613:
3606:
3563:
3502:
3495:
3419:
3327:
3316:
3296:
3248:
3241:
3227:
2947:
380:
4097:
2813:
2317:
2303:
2289:
2275:
5102:
4629:
4595:
4581:
4239:
4136:
3584:
3577:
3102:
2896:
2880:
2867:
2462:
2239:
2234:
1299:
1070:
960:
946:
900:
886:
821:
807:
741:
729:
522:
406:
384:
258:
240:
112:
2730:
2686:. Vol. 17. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 666–692.
2675:
1295:
syntax, with direct-inverse voicing and several applicative constructions.
828:
526:
245:
235:
225:
215:
1082:
1065:
1012:
530:
2322:
2308:
2294:
2280:
1120:
1075:
548:(Walla Walla and Umatilla), which mean literally "in this way/manner".
3428:
3042:
2933:
2859:
3923:
3047:
908:
754:
562:, Sahaptin was split in the following dialects and dialect clusters:
475:
275:
206:
303:
710:
141:
470:
The words
Sahaptin, Shahaptin, and Sahaptian are derived from the
749:
379:
family spoken in a section of the northwestern plateau along the
2400:
484:. Cognates appear in other Interior Salishan languages, such as
417:('this language'), instead of the Salish-derived name Sahaptin.
2254:
311:
126:
2383:
2381:
130:
1869:
A semantic inverse is also marked by the same verbal prefix
2925:
Wántwint Inmí Tiináwit: A Reflection of What I Have
Learned
2881:"Heritage Language Features and the Yakama English Dialect"
2349:
2347:
2419:
2378:
1865:'and it killed the man' (= 'and the man was killed by it')
2733:(2009). "The Origin and History of the Name "Sahaptin"".
2501:
2499:
2437:
3643:
Northern Kalapuya (Tualatin dialect (Tfalati, Atfalati))
2366:
2344:
3585:
Upper Chinook (Kiksht, Columbia Chinook, Wasco-Wishram)
2562:
2526:
479:
2612:(6). Seattle: University of Washington Press: 175–244.
2496:
2406:
Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation
2879:
Wassink, Alicia Beckford; Hargus, Sharon (Dec 2020).
2792:
Ichishkíin Sɨ́nwit: Yakama/Yakima Sahaptin Dictionary
2735:
Ichishkíin Sɨ́nwit: Yakama/Yakima Sahaptin Dictionary
2632:(2). Seattle: University of Washington Press: 85–292.
2626:
University of Washington Publications in Anthropology
2606:
University of Washington Publications in Anthropology
2516:
2514:
2486:
2484:
2482:
344:
330:
310:
Sahaptin is classified as Severely Endangered by the
3723:
Sahaptin (Shahaptin, Sħáptənəxw, Ichishkíin Sɨ́nwit)
3006:"Rare Yakama Sahaptin language taught at university"
1152:This writing system is used for Umatilla Sahaptin.
3043:Yakima (Sahaptin) language documentation materials
2963:"Virginia Beavert keeping Sahaptin language alive"
2842:Leonard, Wesley Y.; Haynes, Erin (December 2010).
2830:(PhD thesis). University of Oregon. Archived from
2550:
2538:
2511:
2479:
2332:
5100:
2700:Hargus, Sharon; Beavert, Virginia (2012-01-08).
2574:
2358:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBeavertHargus2010 (
2449:Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation
1988:
1920:
4798:
2702:"First Position Clitics in Northwest Sahaptin"
2168:
2089:
2076:
1916:
1619:
1431:
1359:
543:
488:
462:
456:
356:
90:
4083:
3939:
3444:
3063:
2878:
2841:
2786:
2699:
2425:
2387:
2372:
2353:
497:
46:Please help adding a more precise page range.
3650:Northern Kalapuya (Yamhill dialect (Yamell))
623:Southern Sahaptin (Columbia River dialects)
537:
450:
444:
438:
432:
426:
411:
366:
97:
4977:
3523:Lower Rogue River (Tututni, Upper Coquille)
2948:"Sahaptin Noun Dictionary (Yakama Dialect)"
2885:Publication of the American Dialect Society
2636:
2568:
1774:'the man saw the grizzly and it killed him'
5114:Indigenous languages of Washington (state)
4090:
4076:
3946:
3932:
3451:
3437:
3070:
3056:
2674:
2505:
1650:'the man saw the grizzly and he killed it'
302:
4099:Indigenous language families and isolates
2848:Language Documentation & Conservation
2752:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1782:The inverse (marked by the verbal prefix
62:Learn how and when to remove this message
4703:
3029:CAScade, UO College of Arts and Sciences
2979:
1144:Vowels can also be accented (e.g. /á/).
455:. In the Umatilla dialect, it is called
315:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
3458:
3022:
2918:
2824:A grammar of Yakima Ichishkiin/Sahaptin
2622:"A Sketch of Northern Sahaptin Grammar"
2136:
2093:
1845:
1712:
1673:
1623:
1585:
1560:
1521:
1397:
1363:
1318:
16:Sahaptian language in the United States
5101:
3953:
3077:
3003:
2820:
2747:
2729:
2616:
2596:
2556:
2544:
2532:
2520:
2490:
2338:
4071:
3927:
3432:
3051:
2750:The languages of Native North America
2401:"Umatilla Language Online Dictionary"
2271:
2269:
2185:
1767:man 3.NOM- see -ASP grizzly -ACC and
1640:man 3.NOM- see -ASP grizzly -ACC and
1454:
667:
3530:Upper Rogue River (Galice-Applegate)
2960:
2928:(PhD thesis). University of Oregon.
2766:
2580:
2181:
2132:
1760:wínš i- q̓ínu -šana wapaanłá -an ku
1669:
1630:wínš i- q̓ínu -šana wapaanłá -an ku
1581:
1517:
1393:
1314:
18:
3803:Northern Paiute (Numu and Paviotso)
3010:Spokesman.com, The Spokesman-Review
2982:"Yakama Elder Keeps Language Alive"
2903:from the original on April 8, 2024.
2874:from the original on April 8, 2024.
32:This article cites its sources but
13:
3697:Klamath-Modoc (Klamath, Lutuamian)
2684:Handbook of North American Indians
2438:Okanagan Language Program (2022).
2266:
1826:
1754:
1606:
559:Handbook of North American Indians
517:later that year, identifying "the
14:
5135:
2912:
2821:Jansen, Joana Worth (June 2010).
2044:
1147:
1132:
1127:
1111:
1106:
1099:
1092:
1087:
1039:
1030:
1023:
987:
980:
966:
959:
952:
945:
938:
931:
924:
917:
899:
892:
885:
878:
871:
864:
857:
850:
843:
827:
820:
813:
806:
799:
792:
785:
778:
771:
764:
4050:
4049:
3906:
3905:
2980:McDonald, Rachael (2009-05-25).
2776:Northwest Journal of Linguistics
23:
2718:from the original on 2014-03-02
2589:
1953:
1805:
1733:
5119:Indigenous languages of Oregon
2463:"Colville-Okanagan Dictionary"
2455:
2431:
2393:
2157:
2065:
1974:
1902:
1693:
1541:
1417:
1338:
1156:Sahaptin alphabet (Umatilla)
371:), is one of the two-language
1:
5124:Indigenous languages of Idaho
3004:Martin, Shelby (2009-02-14).
2602:"Northwest Sahaptin Texts, 1"
2260:
660:
3657:Yoncalla (Southern Kalapuya)
652:
521:, the Shaw Haptens, and the
513:visited a large camp on the
7:
2660:part 2 (Sahaptin language)
2218:
584:Upper Nisqually (Mishalpam)
551:
10:
5140:
3966:indicate extinct languages
3636:Central Kalapuya (Santiam)
3471:indicate extinct languages
2769:"Transitivity in Sahaptin"
2648:part 1 (English language)
1283:
5065:
5019:
4950:
4830:
4756:
4639:
4605:
4510:
4480:
4449:
4416:
4363:
4323:
4290:
4256:
4222:
4195:
4109:
4045:
4014:
3971:
3961:
3901:
3881:
3863:
3822:
3815:
3793:
3756:
3736:
3713:
3686:
3666:
3623:
3594:
3551:
3512:
3503:Yaquina (Yakwina, Yakona)
3483:
3476:
3466:
3413:
3380:
3343:
3306:
3267:
3217:
3183:
3163:
3119:
3085:
2790:; Hargus, Sharon (2009).
2748:Mithun, Marianne (1999).
2426:Wassink & Hargus 2020
2388:Beavert & Hargus 2009
2373:Leonard & Haynes 2010
2354:Beavert & Hargus 2010
1278:Yakima practical alphabet
1055:
1011:
974:
907:
826:
748:
696:
691:
686:
679:
674:
669:
581:Taitnapam (Upper Cowlitz)
301:
289:
273:
256:
204:
199:
158:
148:
136:
118:
108:
86:
81:
76:
2961:Muir, Pat (2010-02-20).
2897:10.1215/00031283-8820598
2709:University of Washington
2667:/2027/inu.39000005878934
2655:/2027/mdp.39015036673898
2642:Northwest Sahaptin Texts
616:Walla Walla (Waluulapam)
387:; the other language is
3025:"Guardians of Language"
2328:(subscription required)
2314:(subscription required)
2300:(subscription required)
2286:(subscription required)
2174:
2163:
2152:
2144:
2125:
2082:
2071:
2060:
2052:
2037:
1980:
1969:
1961:
1946:
1908:
1897:
1889:
1840:
1832:
1821:
1813:
1798:
1790:
1749:
1741:
1726:
1718:
1707:
1699:
1688:
1680:
1665:
1657:
1612:
1601:
1593:
1574:
1566:
1555:
1547:
1536:
1528:
1513:
1505:
1446:
1438:
1423:
1412:
1404:
1389:
1352:
1344:
1333:
1325:
1310:
544:
538:
498:
489:
480:
463:
457:
451:
445:
439:
433:
427:
420:
412:
367:
357:
98:
91:
5083:Unclassified languages
3873:American Sign Language
3614:Miluk (Lower Coquille)
3023:Dadigan, Marc (2010).
2986:KLCC Eugene Oregon NPR
2967:Yakima Herald-Republic
2506:Rigsby & Rude 1996
1855:ʔiƛ̓iyawi -ya wínš -na
3770:Plateau Sign Language
3668:Oregon Coast Penutian
1376:3.NOM- see -ASP bear
3973:Indigenous languages
2798:. pp. 209–210.
1370:i- q̓ínu -šana yáka
1276:Other works use the
431:, spelled variously
38:ranges are too broad
5109:Sahaptian languages
5032:Algonquian–Wakashan
4015:Immigrant languages
3460:Languages of Oregon
2796:Heritage University
2767:Rude, Noel (2009).
2739:Heritage University
2441:nsəlxcin dictionary
2250:Walla Walla (tribe)
2225:Sahaptian languages
1157:
154:100–125 (2007)
5020:Proposed groupings
4110:Language families
3955:Languages of Idaho
3405:Southern Tsimshian
3079:Penutian languages
2210:'he/she/it saw me'
2118:'I saw him/her/it'
1862:kill -PST man -ACC
1382:'the bear saw him'
1155:
595:Northeast cluster
575:Northwest cluster
572:Northern Sahaptin
428:Ichishkíin Sɨ́nwit
413:Ichishkíin Sɨ́nwit
368:Ichishkíin Sɨ́nwit
5096:
5095:
5078:Extinct languages
5015:
5014:
5011:
5010:
4826:
4825:
4752:
4751:
4506:
4505:
4482:Takelma–Kalapuyan
4065:
4064:
3921:
3920:
3897:
3896:
3811:
3810:
3426:
3425:
3420:extinct languages
3201:Northern Kalapuya
2920:Beavert, Virginia
2805:978-0-295-98915-0
2788:Beavert, Virginia
2326:(18th ed., 2015)
2312:(18th ed., 2015)
2298:(18th ed., 2015)
2284:(18th ed., 2015)
2216:
2215:
2019:
2018:
1780:
1779:
1487:
1486:
1481:'the bear saw me'
1274:
1273:
1142:
1141:
1053:
1052:
840:
761:
744:
737:
732:
725:
720:
713:
706:
604:Lower Snake River
515:Walla Walla River
323:
322:
72:
71:
64:
5131:
5088:Linguistic areas
4975:
4974:
4796:
4795:
4701:
4700:
4414:
4413:
4193:
4192:
4092:
4085:
4078:
4069:
4068:
4053:
4052:
4022:American English
3948:
3941:
3934:
3925:
3924:
3909:
3908:
3830:American English
3820:
3819:
3764:Plains Sign Talk
3688:Plateau Penutian
3481:
3480:
3453:
3446:
3439:
3430:
3429:
3194:Central Kalapuya
3072:
3065:
3058:
3049:
3048:
3041:ELAR archive of
3038:
3036:
3035:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2988:. Archived from
2976:
2974:
2973:
2957:
2955:
2954:
2943:
2941:
2940:
2904:
2875:
2838:
2837:on Nov 27, 2023.
2836:
2829:
2817:
2783:
2773:
2763:
2742:
2726:
2724:
2723:
2717:
2706:
2697:
2669:
2657:
2645:
2638:Jacobs, Melville
2633:
2618:Jacobs, Melville
2613:
2598:Jacobs, Melville
2584:
2578:
2572:
2569:Jacobs 1934–1937
2566:
2560:
2554:
2548:
2542:
2536:
2535:, p. 28-34.
2530:
2524:
2518:
2509:
2503:
2494:
2488:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2473:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2446:
2435:
2429:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2397:
2391:
2385:
2376:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2351:
2342:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2315:
2301:
2287:
2273:
2245:Umatilla (tribe)
2195:q̓ínu -šana =aš
2187:
2183:
2170:
2159:
2138:
2134:
2103:q̓inu -šana =aš
2095:
2091:
2078:
2067:
2046:
2024:
2023:
1990:
1976:
1955:
1922:
1918:
1904:
1876:
1875:
1847:
1828:
1807:
1756:
1735:
1714:
1695:
1675:
1671:
1625:
1621:
1608:
1587:
1583:
1562:
1543:
1523:
1519:
1492:
1491:
1471:3.NOM- see -ASP
1456:
1433:
1419:
1399:
1395:
1365:
1361:
1340:
1320:
1316:
1305:
1304:
1158:
1154:
1136:
1131:
1115:
1110:
1103:
1096:
1091:
1060:
1059:
1043:
1034:
1027:
991:
984:
970:
963:
956:
949:
942:
935:
928:
921:
903:
896:
889:
882:
875:
868:
861:
854:
847:
836:
831:
824:
817:
810:
803:
796:
789:
782:
775:
768:
759:
740:
735:
728:
723:
716:
709:
704:
665:
664:
637:Celilo (Wyampam)
547:
541:
501:
492:
483:
466:
460:
454:
448:
442:
436:
430:
415:
377:Plateau Penutian
370:
360:
348:
334:
317:
306:
285:
268:
248:
238:
228:
218:
209:
176:Plateau Penutian
164:
101:
94:
74:
73:
67:
60:
56:
53:
47:
27:
19:
5139:
5138:
5134:
5133:
5132:
5130:
5129:
5128:
5099:
5098:
5097:
5092:
5061:
5007:
4973:
4955:linguistic area
4954:
4946:
4835:linguistic area
4834:
4822:
4794:
4748:
4699:
4644:linguistic area
4643:
4635:
4609:linguistic area
4608:
4601:
4502:
4476:
4445:
4412:
4359:
4319:
4286:
4252:
4218:
4191:
4111:
4105:
4096:
4066:
4061:
4041:
4010:
3996:Northern Paiute
3967:
3957:
3952:
3922:
3917:
3893:
3877:
3859:
3807:
3789:
3752:
3732:
3709:
3682:
3662:
3619:
3590:
3547:
3508:
3472:
3462:
3457:
3427:
3422:
3409:
3390:Coast Tsimshian
3376:
3339:
3302:
3290:Southern Patwin
3263:
3213:
3179:
3159:
3115:
3081:
3076:
3033:
3031:
3014:
3012:
2995:
2993:
2971:
2969:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2938:
2936:
2915:
2909:
2907:
2834:
2827:
2806:
2771:
2760:
2721:
2719:
2715:
2704:
2694:
2665:
2653:
2592:
2587:
2579:
2575:
2567:
2563:
2555:
2551:
2543:
2539:
2531:
2527:
2519:
2512:
2504:
2497:
2489:
2480:
2471:
2469:
2461:
2460:
2456:
2444:
2436:
2432:
2424:
2420:
2411:
2409:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2386:
2379:
2371:
2367:
2357:
2352:
2345:
2337:
2333:
2327:
2316:
2313:
2302:
2299:
2288:
2285:
2274:
2267:
2263:
2230:Sahaptin people
2221:
2212:
2190:
2172:
2161:
2150:
2142:
2120:
2098:
2080:
2069:
2058:
2050:
2015:
1993:
1978:
1967:
1959:
1941:
1925:
1906:
1895:
1867:
1849:
1838:
1830:
1819:
1811:
1796:
1776:
1758:
1747:
1739:
1724:
1716:
1705:
1697:
1686:
1678:
1663:
1652:
1628:
1610:
1599:
1591:
1572:
1564:
1553:
1545:
1534:
1526:
1511:
1483:
1461:i- q̓ínu -šana
1459:
1444:
1436:
1421:
1410:
1402:
1384:
1368:
1350:
1342:
1331:
1323:
1291:Sahaptin has a
1286:
1150:
1058:
753:
682:
663:
655:
650:
554:
493:'Nez Perce' or
423:
346:
338:), also called
332:
319:
318:
309:
281:
264:
261:
244:
243:
234:
233:
224:
223:
214:
213:
205:
195:
165:
162:Language family
160:
151:
150:Native speakers
104:
68:
57:
51:
48:
45:
36:page references
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5137:
5127:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5094:
5093:
5091:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5073:Classification
5069:
5067:
5063:
5062:
5060:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5047:Macro-Chibchan
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5023:
5021:
5017:
5016:
5013:
5012:
5009:
5008:
5006:
5005:
4998:
4991:
4983:
4981:
4972:
4971:
4966:
4958:
4956:
4948:
4947:
4945:
4944:
4936:
4929:
4922:
4915:
4910:
4903:
4902:
4901:
4894:
4882:
4880:Tequistlatecan
4877:
4870:
4863:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4838:
4836:
4828:
4827:
4824:
4823:
4821:
4820:
4813:
4805:
4803:
4793:
4792:
4785:
4778:
4771:
4763:
4761:
4754:
4753:
4750:
4749:
4747:
4746:
4739:
4732:
4725:
4718:
4710:
4708:
4698:
4697:
4690:
4683:
4676:
4669:
4662:
4655:
4647:
4645:
4637:
4636:
4634:
4633:
4626:
4619:
4613:
4611:
4603:
4602:
4600:
4599:
4592:
4585:
4578:
4571:
4564:
4559:
4552:
4545:
4543:Tequistlatecan
4540:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4517:
4515:
4508:
4507:
4504:
4503:
4501:
4500:
4495:
4487:
4485:
4478:
4477:
4475:
4474:
4467:
4462:
4456:
4454:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4443:
4438:
4431:
4423:
4421:
4411:
4410:
4405:
4404:
4403:
4398:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4370:
4368:
4361:
4360:
4358:
4357:
4350:
4343:
4338:
4330:
4328:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4317:
4312:
4305:
4297:
4295:
4288:
4287:
4285:
4284:
4277:
4270:
4262:
4260:
4254:
4253:
4251:
4250:
4243:
4236:
4228:
4226:
4220:
4219:
4217:
4216:
4209:
4201:
4199:
4190:
4189:
4182:
4175:
4168:
4161:
4154:
4147:
4140:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4115:
4113:
4107:
4106:
4095:
4094:
4087:
4080:
4072:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4059:
4046:
4043:
4042:
4040:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4018:
4016:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3977:
3975:
3969:
3968:
3962:
3959:
3958:
3951:
3950:
3943:
3936:
3928:
3919:
3918:
3916:
3915:
3902:
3899:
3898:
3895:
3894:
3892:
3891:
3885:
3883:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3875:
3869:
3867:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3826:
3824:
3817:
3813:
3812:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3805:
3799:
3797:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3787:
3780:
3773:
3766:
3760:
3758:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3750:
3742:
3740:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3730:
3725:
3719:
3717:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3707:
3700:
3692:
3690:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3680:
3672:
3670:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3660:
3653:
3646:
3639:
3631:
3629:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3617:
3610:
3602:
3600:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3588:
3581:
3574:
3567:
3564:Chinook Jargon
3559:
3557:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3545:
3538:
3533:
3526:
3518:
3516:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3506:
3499:
3496:Alsea (Alséya)
3491:
3489:
3478:
3474:
3473:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3456:
3455:
3448:
3441:
3433:
3424:
3423:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3386:
3384:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3374:
3373:
3372:
3365:
3355:
3349:
3347:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3337:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3312:
3310:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3293:
3286:
3281:
3273:
3271:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3261:
3254:
3253:
3252:
3245:
3231:
3223:
3221:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3211:
3204:
3197:
3189:
3187:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3177:
3169:
3167:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3156:
3155:
3150:
3140:
3133:
3125:
3123:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3106:
3099:
3091:
3089:
3083:
3082:
3075:
3074:
3067:
3060:
3052:
3046:
3045:
3039:
3020:
3001:
2977:
2958:
2944:
2914:
2913:External links
2911:
2906:
2905:
2876:
2839:
2818:
2804:
2784:
2764:
2758:
2744:
2743:
2727:
2692:
2672:
2671:
2670:
2658:
2634:
2614:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2585:
2573:
2561:
2549:
2537:
2525:
2510:
2495:
2478:
2454:
2430:
2418:
2392:
2377:
2365:
2343:
2331:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2204:see -ASP =1SG
2173:
2162:
2151:
2143:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2112:see -ASP =1SG
2081:
2070:
2059:
2051:
2036:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2028:
2017:
2016:
1979:
1968:
1960:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1907:
1896:
1888:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1880:
1839:
1831:
1820:
1812:
1797:
1789:
1788:
1778:
1777:
1748:
1740:
1725:
1717:
1706:
1698:
1687:
1679:
1664:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1634:ʔíƛ̓iyawi -ya
1611:
1600:
1592:
1573:
1565:
1554:
1546:
1535:
1527:
1512:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1496:
1485:
1484:
1445:
1437:
1422:
1411:
1403:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1351:
1343:
1332:
1324:
1309:
1308:
1293:split ergative
1285:
1282:
1272:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1234:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1196:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1149:
1148:Writing system
1146:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1125:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1104:
1097:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1037:
1035:
1028:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1009:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
992:
985:
978:
972:
971:
964:
957:
950:
943:
936:
929:
922:
915:
913:
911:
905:
904:
897:
890:
883:
876:
869:
862:
855:
848:
841:
833:
832:
825:
818:
811:
804:
797:
790:
783:
776:
769:
762:
757:
746:
745:
738:
733:
726:
721:
714:
707:
701:
700:
695:
690:
685:
678:
673:
668:
662:
659:
654:
651:
649:
648:
647:
646:
645:
644:
641:
638:
635:
632:
629:
621:
620:
619:
618:
617:
614:
611:
608:
605:
602:
599:
593:
592:
591:
588:
585:
582:
579:
564:
553:
550:
511:Alexander Ross
507:David Thompson
472:Columbia-Moses
422:
419:
393:Niimi'ipuutímt
381:Columbia River
375:branch of the
321:
320:
308:
307:
299:
298:
293:
287:
286:
279:
271:
270:
262:
257:
254:
253:
210:
202:
201:
200:Language codes
197:
196:
194:
193:
192:
191:
190:
189:
168:
166:
159:
156:
155:
152:
149:
146:
145:
138:
134:
133:
120:
116:
115:
110:
109:Native to
106:
105:
103:
102:
95:
87:
84:
83:
79:
78:
70:
69:
52:September 2024
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5136:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5106:
5104:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5070:
5068:
5064:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5024:
5022:
5018:
5004:
5003:
4999:
4997:
4996:
4992:
4990:
4989:
4985:
4984:
4982:
4980:
4976:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4964:
4960:
4959:
4957:
4953:
4949:
4942:
4941:
4937:
4935:
4934:
4930:
4928:
4927:
4923:
4921:
4920:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4908:
4904:
4900:
4899:
4895:
4893:
4892:
4888:
4887:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4875:
4871:
4869:
4868:
4864:
4862:
4861:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4844:
4840:
4839:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4819:
4818:
4814:
4812:
4811:
4807:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4800:Calusa–Tunica
4797:
4791:
4790:
4786:
4784:
4783:
4779:
4777:
4776:
4772:
4770:
4769:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4755:
4745:
4744:
4740:
4738:
4737:
4733:
4731:
4730:
4726:
4724:
4723:
4719:
4717:
4716:
4712:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4702:
4696:
4695:
4691:
4689:
4688:
4684:
4682:
4681:
4677:
4675:
4674:
4670:
4668:
4667:
4663:
4661:
4660:
4656:
4654:
4653:
4649:
4648:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4632:
4631:
4627:
4625:
4624:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4614:
4612:
4610:
4604:
4598:
4597:
4593:
4591:
4590:
4586:
4584:
4583:
4579:
4577:
4576:
4572:
4570:
4569:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4557:
4553:
4551:
4550:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4538:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4509:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4493:
4489:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4479:
4473:
4472:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4448:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4436:
4432:
4430:
4429:
4425:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4415:
4409:
4406:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4396:
4392:
4391:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4362:
4356:
4355:
4351:
4349:
4348:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4336:
4332:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4322:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4310:
4306:
4304:
4303:
4299:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4289:
4283:
4282:
4278:
4276:
4275:
4271:
4269:
4268:
4264:
4263:
4261:
4259:
4255:
4249:
4248:
4244:
4242:
4241:
4237:
4235:
4234:
4230:
4229:
4227:
4225:
4221:
4215:
4214:
4210:
4208:
4207:
4203:
4202:
4200:
4198:
4194:
4188:
4187:
4183:
4181:
4180:
4176:
4174:
4173:
4169:
4167:
4166:
4162:
4160:
4159:
4155:
4153:
4152:
4148:
4146:
4145:
4141:
4139:
4138:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4121:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4108:
4104:
4103:North America
4100:
4093:
4088:
4086:
4081:
4079:
4074:
4073:
4070:
4058:
4057:
4048:
4047:
4044:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4013:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3981:Coeur d'Alene
3979:
3978:
3976:
3974:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3956:
3949:
3944:
3942:
3937:
3935:
3930:
3929:
3926:
3914:
3913:
3904:
3903:
3900:
3890:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3880:
3874:
3871:
3870:
3868:
3866:
3862:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3823:Indo-European
3821:
3818:
3814:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3796:
3792:
3786:
3785:
3781:
3779:
3778:
3774:
3772:
3771:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3755:
3749:
3748:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3739:
3735:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3716:
3712:
3706:
3705:
3701:
3699:
3698:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3689:
3685:
3679:
3678:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3669:
3665:
3659:
3658:
3654:
3652:
3651:
3647:
3645:
3644:
3640:
3638:
3637:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3628:
3627:
3622:
3616:
3615:
3611:
3609:
3608:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3599:
3598:
3593:
3587:
3586:
3582:
3580:
3579:
3578:Lower Chinook
3575:
3573:
3572:
3568:
3566:
3565:
3561:
3560:
3558:
3556:
3555:
3550:
3544:
3543:
3539:
3537:
3536:Siletz Dee-ni
3534:
3532:
3531:
3527:
3525:
3524:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3515:
3511:
3505:
3504:
3500:
3498:
3497:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3488:
3487:
3482:
3479:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3461:
3454:
3449:
3447:
3442:
3440:
3435:
3434:
3431:
3421:
3417:
3412:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3383:
3379:
3371:
3370:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3342:
3336:
3335:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3294:
3292:
3291:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3266:
3260:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3250:
3246:
3244:
3243:
3239:
3238:
3237:
3236:
3232:
3230:
3229:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3210:
3209:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3198:
3196:
3195:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3162:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3138:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3112:
3111:
3110:Upper Chinook
3107:
3105:
3104:
3103:Lower Chinook
3100:
3098:
3097:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3073:
3068:
3066:
3061:
3059:
3054:
3053:
3050:
3044:
3040:
3030:
3026:
3021:
3011:
3007:
3002:
2992:on 2013-04-15
2991:
2987:
2983:
2978:
2968:
2964:
2959:
2949:
2945:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2926:
2921:
2917:
2916:
2910:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2840:
2833:
2826:
2825:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2801:
2797:
2794:. Toppenish:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2770:
2765:
2761:
2759:0-521-23228-7
2755:
2751:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2731:Rigsby, Bruce
2728:
2714:
2710:
2703:
2695:
2693:9780160487743
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2676:Rigsby, Bruce
2673:
2668:
2663:
2659:
2656:
2651:
2647:
2646:
2643:
2640:(1934–1937).
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2594:
2582:
2577:
2570:
2565:
2558:
2553:
2546:
2541:
2534:
2529:
2522:
2517:
2515:
2507:
2502:
2500:
2492:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2468:
2464:
2458:
2451:. p. 76.
2450:
2443:
2442:
2434:
2428:, p. 15.
2427:
2422:
2408:
2407:
2402:
2396:
2390:, p. 38.
2389:
2384:
2382:
2374:
2369:
2361:
2355:
2350:
2348:
2340:
2335:
2325:
2324:
2319:
2311:
2310:
2305:
2297:
2296:
2291:
2283:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2270:
2265:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2240:Palus (tribe)
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2189:
2188:
2178:
2177:
2171:
2165:
2160:
2154:
2149:
2146:
2141:
2140:
2129:
2128:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2097:
2096:
2086:
2085:
2079:
2073:
2068:
2062:
2057:
2054:
2049:
2048:
2041:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2006:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1992:
1991:
1984:
1983:
1977:
1971:
1966:
1963:
1958:
1957:
1950:
1949:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1912:
1911:
1905:
1899:
1894:
1891:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1856:
1854:
1848:
1842:
1837:
1834:
1829:
1823:
1818:
1815:
1810:
1809:
1802:
1801:
1795:
1792:
1787:
1785:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1765:
1764:ʔiƛ̓iyawi -ya
1763:
1757:
1751:
1746:
1743:
1738:
1737:
1730:
1729:
1723:
1720:
1715:
1709:
1704:
1701:
1696:
1690:
1685:
1682:
1677:
1667:
1662:
1659:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1616:
1615:
1609:
1603:
1598:
1595:
1590:
1589:
1578:
1577:
1571:
1568:
1563:
1557:
1552:
1549:
1544:
1538:
1533:
1530:
1525:
1515:
1510:
1507:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1450:
1449:
1443:
1440:
1435:
1434:
1427:
1426:
1420:
1414:
1409:
1406:
1401:
1391:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1374:
1373:
1367:
1366:
1356:
1355:
1349:
1346:
1341:
1335:
1330:
1327:
1322:
1312:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1300:ergative case
1296:
1294:
1289:
1281:
1279:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1153:
1145:
1138:
1135:
1130:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1105:
1102:
1098:
1095:
1090:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1061:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1029:
1026:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
993:
990:
986:
983:
979:
977:
973:
969:
965:
962:
958:
955:
951:
948:
944:
941:
937:
934:
930:
927:
923:
920:
916:
914:
912:
910:
906:
902:
898:
895:
891:
888:
884:
881:
877:
874:
870:
867:
863:
860:
856:
853:
849:
846:
842:
839:
835:
834:
830:
823:
819:
816:
812:
809:
805:
802:
798:
795:
791:
788:
784:
781:
777:
774:
770:
767:
763:
758:
756:
751:
747:
743:
739:
734:
731:
727:
722:
719:
715:
712:
708:
703:
702:
699:
694:
689:
684:
677:
672:
666:
658:
642:
639:
636:
633:
630:
628:
625:
624:
622:
615:
612:
609:
606:
603:
600:
597:
596:
594:
589:
586:
583:
580:
577:
576:
574:
573:
571:
570:
569:
566:
565:
563:
561:
560:
549:
546:
540:
534:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
503:
500:
496:
491:
487:
482:
477:
474:name for the
473:
468:
465:
459:
453:
447:
441:
435:
429:
418:
416:
414:
408:
407:Yakama Nation
403:
401:
396:
394:
390:
386:
385:United States
382:
378:
374:
369:
364:
359:
354:
350:
349:
341:
337:
336:
327:
316:
313:
305:
300:
297:
294:
292:
288:
284:
280:
278:
277:
272:
267:
263:
260:
259:Linguist List
255:
252:
249: –
247:
242:
239: –
237:
232:
229: –
227:
222:
219: –
217:
211:
208:
203:
198:
188:
185:
184:
183:
180:
179:
177:
174:
173:
171:
167:
163:
157:
153:
147:
143:
139:
135:
132:
128:
124:
121:
117:
114:
113:United States
111:
107:
100:
96:
93:
89:
88:
85:
80:
75:
66:
63:
55:
43:
39:
37:
30:
26:
21:
20:
5037:Aztec–Tanoan
5000:
4993:
4988:Guanahatabey
4986:
4979:Pre-Arawakan
4961:
4938:
4931:
4924:
4917:
4905:
4896:
4889:
4874:Oto-Manguean
4872:
4865:
4858:
4841:
4832:Mesoamerican
4815:
4808:
4787:
4780:
4773:
4766:
4741:
4734:
4727:
4720:
4713:
4692:
4685:
4678:
4671:
4664:
4657:
4650:
4641:Coahuiltecan
4628:
4621:
4594:
4587:
4580:
4573:
4566:
4554:
4547:
4535:
4490:
4469:
4451:Coast Oregon
4433:
4426:
4393:
4352:
4345:
4333:
4325:Macro-Siouan
4307:
4300:
4279:
4272:
4265:
4245:
4238:
4231:
4211:
4204:
4184:
4177:
4170:
4163:
4156:
4149:
4142:
4135:
4118:
4112:and isolates
4054:
4000:
3963:
3910:
3782:
3775:
3768:
3757:Unclassified
3745:
3722:
3702:
3695:
3675:
3655:
3648:
3641:
3634:
3624:
3612:
3607:Hanis (Coos)
3605:
3595:
3583:
3576:
3569:
3562:
3552:
3542:Upper Umpqua
3540:
3528:
3521:
3501:
3494:
3484:
3468:
3415:
3367:
3332:
3315:
3295:
3288:
3276:
3256:
3247:
3240:
3233:
3226:
3219:Coast Oregon
3206:
3199:
3192:
3172:
3152:
3135:
3128:
3108:
3101:
3094:
3032:. Retrieved
3028:
3013:. Retrieved
3009:
2994:. Retrieved
2990:the original
2985:
2970:. Retrieved
2966:
2951:. Retrieved
2937:. Retrieved
2924:
2908:
2891:(1): 11–38.
2888:
2884:
2851:
2847:
2832:the original
2823:
2791:
2779:
2775:
2749:
2734:
2720:. Retrieved
2708:
2679:
2641:
2629:
2625:
2609:
2605:
2590:Bibliography
2576:
2564:
2552:
2540:
2528:
2470:. Retrieved
2466:
2457:
2440:
2433:
2421:
2410:. Retrieved
2404:
2395:
2368:
2334:
2321:
2307:
2293:
2279:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2191:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2166:
2155:
2147:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2099:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2074:
2063:
2055:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2020:
2013:'you saw me'
2012:
2008:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1998:q̓inu -šana
1995:
1994:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1972:
1964:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1938:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1927:q̓ínu -šana
1926:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1900:
1892:
1870:
1868:
1864:
1859:
1857:
1852:
1850:
1843:
1835:
1824:
1816:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1793:
1783:
1781:
1773:
1768:
1766:
1761:
1759:
1752:
1744:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1721:
1710:
1702:
1691:
1683:
1668:
1660:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1629:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1604:
1596:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1569:
1558:
1550:
1539:
1531:
1516:
1508:
1488:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1460:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1441:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1415:
1407:
1392:
1381:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1369:
1358:
1357:
1353:
1347:
1336:
1328:
1313:
1297:
1290:
1287:
1275:
1151:
1143:
656:
567:
557:
555:
542:(Yakama) or
535:
527:Horatio Hale
525:". In 1844,
519:Walla-Wallas
504:
469:
424:
410:
404:
397:
392:
339:
325:
324:
274:
186:
58:
49:
41:
33:
5042:Macro-Mayan
4907:Uto-Aztecan
4885:Totozoquean
4715:Coahuilteco
4526:Palaihnihan
4408:Tsimshianic
3865:French Sign
3795:Uto-Aztecan
3382:Tsimshianic
2854:: 269–293.
2557:Jacobs 1929
2545:Jacobs 1931
2533:Jansen 2010
2521:Jansen 2010
2491:Rigsby 2009
2339:Mithun 1999
2290:Walla Walla
1939:'I saw you'
1013:Approximant
643:Tygh Valley
590:Pshwanwapam
531:Snake River
231:Walla Walla
5103:Categories
4898:Mixe–Zoque
4867:Misumalpan
4789:Chitimacha
4281:Algonquian
4247:Athabaskan
4126:Yuki–Wappo
3514:Athabaskan
3477:Indigenous
3034:2012-07-10
3015:2012-07-10
2996:2012-07-10
2972:2012-07-10
2953:2012-07-10
2939:2020-06-19
2934:1794/12542
2860:10125/4482
2814:1299328956
2782:(3): 1–37.
2722:2023-10-19
2472:2024-09-11
2412:2024-09-11
2323:Ethnologue
2309:Ethnologue
2295:Ethnologue
2281:Ethnologue
2261:References
1644:kill -PST
681:(Alveolo-)
661:Consonants
631:Rock Creek
613:Naxiyampam
539:Ichishkínk
481:sħáptənəxʷ
446:Íchishkink
434:Ichishkíin
402:, Oregon.
340:Ichishkiin
212:Variously:
123:Washington
99:Ichishkíin
5052:Tolatecan
4952:Caribbean
4940:Alagüilac
4933:Purépecha
4919:Cuitlatec
4891:Totonacan
4849:Jicaquean
4768:Muskogean
4743:Mamulique
4729:Comecrudo
4659:Karankawa
4562:Jicaquean
4549:Chimariko
4498:Kalapuyan
4441:Sahaptian
4389:Yok-Utian
4374:Chinookan
4347:Iroquoian
4315:Chimakuan
4131:Chumashan
3991:Nez Perce
3816:Immigrant
3747:Tillamook
3715:Sahaptian
3626:Kalapuyan
3571:Kathlamet
3554:Chinookan
3418:indicate
3345:Yok-Utian
3185:Kalapuyan
3148:Nez Perce
3143:Sahaptian
3096:Kathlamet
3087:Chinookan
2868:1934-5275
2698:cited in
2680:Languages
2581:Rude 2009
2467:meltr.org
2007:see -ASP
1933:see -ASP
1814:ʔiƛ̓iyawi
1771:kill -PST
1742:ʔiƛ̓iyawi
1594:ʔíƛ̓iyawi
909:Fricative
755:Affricate
653:Phonology
607:Chamnapam
476:Nez Perce
452:Chishkíin
440:Íchishkin
389:Nez Perce
373:Sahaptian
276:Glottolog
207:ISO 639-3
182:Sahaptian
142:Sahaptins
137:Ethnicity
82:Ichiskiin
42:incorrect
4963:Arawakan
4843:Chibchan
4722:Cotoname
4680:Quinigua
4666:Maratino
4365:Penutian
4309:Wakashan
4302:Salishan
4213:Eskimoan
4197:Eskaleut
4056:Category
4006:Shoshoni
4001:Sahaptin
3912:Category
3738:Salishan
3728:Umatilla
3208:Yoncalla
3153:Sahaptin
2922:(2012).
2901:Archived
2872:Archived
2713:Archived
2620:(1931).
2600:(1929).
2276:Umatilla
2219:See also
2030:Inverse
1935:=1SG/2SG
1882:Inverse
1700:wapaanłá
1548:wapaanłá
1498:Inverse
838:ejective
711:sibilant
676:Alveolar
671:Bilabial
634:John Day
627:Umatilla
610:Wauyukma
578:Klikatat
568:Sahaptin
552:Dialects
545:Chishkín
523:Cajouses
499:saʕáptni
486:Okanagan
464:Ičiškíin
353:Umatilla
345:ih-chis-
326:Sahaptin
296:Sahaptin
283:saha1240
269:Sahaptin
221:Umatilla
187:Sahaptin
170:Penutian
77:Sahaptin
5027:Amerind
5002:Ciguayo
4995:Macorix
4969:Cariban
4943: ?
4802: ?
4782:Atakapa
4775:Natchez
4760: ?
4707: ?
4705:Pakawan
4694:Tonkawa
4652:Aranama
4607:Pueblo
4575:Salinan
4556:Esselen
4521:Shastan
4514: ?
4492:Takelma
4484: ?
4471:Siuslaw
4453: ?
4428:Klamath
4420: ?
4418:Plateau
4384:Maiduan
4379:Wintuan
4367: ?
4341:Caddoan
4327: ?
4294: ?
4233:Tlingit
4224:Na-Dene
4179:Waikuri
4172:Timucua
4165:Kutenai
4144:Beothuk
4027:Spanish
3986:Kutenai
3964:Italics
3889:Finnish
3855:Swedish
3850:Spanish
3845:Russian
3784:Takelma
3677:Siuslaw
3469:Italics
3416:Italics
3400:Nisga’a
3395:Gitksan
3334:Nisenan
3308:Maiduan
3278:Nomlaki
3269:Wintuan
3258:Siuslaw
3174:Takelma
3165:Takelma
3130:Klamath
3121:Plateau
2114:3SG.ACC
2027:Direct
1879:Direct
1703:grizzly
1646:3SG.ACC
1551:grizzly
1495:Direct
1378:3SG.ACC
1284:Grammar
1071:Central
750:Plosive
718:lateral
698:Glottal
683:palatal
601:Palouse
598:Wanapum
556:In the
495:Spokane
490:sʕaptnx
458:Čiškíin
358:Čiškíin
140:10,000
92:Čiškíin
5057:Waroid
4913:Xincan
4854:Lencan
4817:Calusa
4810:Tunica
4687:Solano
4673:Naolan
4617:Tanoan
4531:Pomoan
4465:Coosan
4460:Alsean
4435:Molala
4395:Yokuts
4335:Siouan
4186:Pericú
4158:Cayuse
4037:French
4032:German
3882:Uralic
3840:German
3777:Cayuse
3704:Molala
3597:Coosan
3486:Alsean
3369:Ohlone
3353:Yokuts
3323:Konkow
3284:Patwin
3235:Coosan
3228:Alsean
3137:Molala
2866:
2812:
2802:
2756:
2690:
2318:Tenino
2304:Yakama
2255:Yakama
2235:Cayuse
2202:3.NOM-
2197:pɨ́nɨm
2176:pɨ́nɨm
2105:paanáy
2084:paanáy
1642:3.NOM-
1636:paanáy
1614:paanáy
1372:paanáy
1354:paanáy
1056:Vowels
742:labial
730:labial
693:Uvular
640:Tenino
587:Yakima
400:Celilo
363:Yakama
312:UNESCO
251:Tenino
241:Yakama
144:(1977)
129:, and
127:Oregon
119:Region
5066:Lists
4926:Huave
4860:Mayan
4736:Garza
4623:Keres
4589:Washo
4568:Karuk
4537:Yuman
4512:Hokan
4401:Utian
4354:Yuchi
4292:Mosan
4274:Yurok
4267:Wiyot
4258:Algic
4206:Aleut
4151:Bidai
4120:Haida
3835:Dutch
3363:Miwok
3358:Utian
3328:Maidu
3317:Chico
3297:Wintu
3249:Miluk
3242:Hanis
2835:(PDF)
2828:(PDF)
2772:(PDF)
2716:(PDF)
2705:(PDF)
2445:(PDF)
2206:3.ERG
2153:-šana
2145:q̓ínu
2061:-šana
2053:q̓inu
1970:-šana
1962:q̓inu
1898:-šana
1890:q̓ínu
1689:-šana
1681:q̓ínu
1537:-šana
1529:q̓ínu
1475:bear
1465:yáka
1413:-šana
1405:q̓ínu
1334:-šana
1326:q̓ínu
1066:Front
976:Nasal
760:plain
736:plain
724:plain
705:plain
688:Velar
449:, or
131:Idaho
4758:Gulf
4630:Zuni
4596:Yana
4582:Seri
4240:Eyak
4137:Adai
2864:ISSN
2810:OCLC
2800:ISBN
2754:ISBN
2688:ISBN
2360:help
2110:OBV-
2009:=2SG
2005:INV-
2000:=nam
1982:=nam
1929:=maš
1910:=maš
1860:INV-
1858:and
1833:wínš
1817:kill
1769:INV-
1745:kill
1658:wínš
1597:kill
1506:wínš
1477:-ERG
1473:=1SG
1467:-nɨm
1448:-nɨm
1442:bear
1439:yáka
1348:bear
1345:yáka
1298:The
1083:High
1076:Back
421:Name
405:The
347:KEEN
335:-tin
331:suh-
34:its
4101:of
2930:hdl
2893:doi
2889:105
2856:hdl
2662:hdl
2650:hdl
2320:at
2306:at
2292:at
2278:at
2186:ERG
2169:1SG
2164:=aš
2158:ASP
2148:see
2137:NOM
2094:ACC
2090:3SG
2077:1SG
2072:=aš
2066:ASP
2056:see
2045:OBV
1996:pá-
1989:2SG
1975:ASP
1965:see
1954:INV
1948:pá-
1921:2SG
1917:1SG
1903:ASP
1893:see
1871:pá-
1853:pá-
1851:ku
1846:ACC
1841:-na
1836:man
1827:PST
1822:-ya
1806:INV
1800:pá-
1794:and
1784:pá-
1762:pá-
1755:PST
1750:-ya
1734:INV
1728:pá-
1722:and
1713:ACC
1708:-an
1694:ASP
1684:see
1674:NOM
1661:man
1624:ACC
1620:3SG
1607:PST
1602:-ya
1586:NOM
1570:and
1561:ACC
1556:-an
1542:ASP
1532:see
1522:NOM
1509:man
1463:=aš
1455:ERG
1432:1SG
1425:=aš
1418:ASP
1408:see
1398:NOM
1364:ACC
1360:3SG
1339:ASP
1329:see
1319:NOM
1267:x̣ʷ
1264:xʷ
1249:ƛ̓
1229:q̓ʷ
1226:qʷ
1199:k̓ʷ
1194:kʷ
1121:Low
901:qʷʼ
887:kʷʼ
873:tʃʼ
866:tɬʼ
859:tsʼ
461:or
395:).
333:HAP
291:ELP
266:qot
246:tqn
236:yak
226:waa
216:uma
40:or
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3027:.
3008:.
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2965:.
2899:.
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2870:.
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2850:.
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2774:.
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2682:.
2628:.
2624:.
2608:.
2604:.
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2498:^
2481:^
2465:.
2447:.
2403:.
2380:^
2346:^
2268:^
2193:i-
2127:i-
2101:á-
2039:á-
1873:.
1791:ku
1719:ku
1666:i-
1632:i-
1576:i-
1567:ku
1514:i-
1390:i-
1311:i-
1280:.
1270:y
1261:x̣
1243:t̓
1232:s
1223:q̓
1217:p̓
1211:n
1191:k̓
1188:k
1176:č̓
1173:č
1170:c̓
1134:aː
1113:uː
1094:iː
961:χʷ
947:xʷ
894:qʼ
880:kʼ
852:tʼ
845:pʼ
822:qʷ
808:kʷ
794:tʃ
787:tɬ
780:ts
478:,
467:.
443:,
437:,
365::
361:,
355::
351:;
172:?
125:,
4091:e
4084:t
4077:v
3947:e
3940:t
3933:v
3452:e
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3064:t
3057:v
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2184:.
2182:3
2167:=
2156:-
2139:-
2135:.
2133:3
2092:.
2075:=
2064:-
2047:-
1987:=
1973:-
1956:-
1919:/
1915:=
1901:-
1844:-
1825:-
1808:-
1753:-
1736:-
1711:-
1692:-
1676:-
1672:.
1670:3
1622:.
1605:-
1588:-
1584:.
1582:3
1559:-
1540:-
1524:-
1520:.
1518:3
1453:-
1430:=
1416:-
1400:-
1396:.
1394:3
1362:.
1337:-
1321:-
1317:.
1315:3
1258:x
1255:w
1252:u
1246:ƛ
1240:t
1237:š
1220:q
1214:p
1208:m
1205:ł
1202:l
1185:ɨ
1182:i
1179:h
1167:c
1164:a
1161:ˀ
1129:a
1108:u
1101:ɨ
1089:i
1041:w
1032:j
1025:l
989:n
982:m
968:h
954:χ
940:x
933:ʃ
926:ɬ
919:s
829:ʔ
815:q
801:k
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