971:
553:″): Closely allied with their Yakama kin (Áypaχ-pam – ″People of the Plains″ or ″People of the river mouth″) east of the Cascades – they had permanently occupied and controlled the Upper Cowlitz (shch'il) above Mossyrock, Cispus River (shíshpash), Tilton River (lalálx), the uppermost Nisqually River and Lewis River basins. They apparently intermarried with Salish-speaking Lower Cowlitz (in Yakama: T'lkwi'lipam / λ'kwílipam) communities downriver and travelled freely as far as the mouth of the Cowlitz River (in Yakama: shchil-aypáχ – ″Cowlitz River mouth″), as well as moving freely through adjacent Yakama-controlled territory east of the Cascade Crest. Their own name
846:
76:
39:
854:
474:(meaning of the word Kittitas vary – perhaps ″shale rock, white chalk, or white clay ″, but in any case the name probably refers to the region's soil composition) (in Yakama: Pshwánwapam / Psch-wan-wap-pam / Pish-wana-pum – ″Many Rocks People″ or ″Stony Ground People″, also given as ″River Rock People″) – Chief Owhi's and
921:
subtribe, todays Crow Butte, Washington, opposite of
Boardman, Oregon), Li-ay-was (not identified), Skin-pah (Sk'in tribe or Sawpaw, also known as Fall Bridge and Rock Creek people or K'milláma, a Tenino subtribe; perhaps another Yakama name for the Umatilla, which were known as Rock Creek Indians),
526:
name for a
Klickitat village with resident Kiksht-speaking Wishram, in Yakama: Xwálχwaypam / Qwû'lh-hwai-pûm / X̣ʷáɬx̣ʷaypam – ″Prairie People″ or ″People of the village χwálχway (Steller's Jay')″, located at the junction of the Klickitat and Little Klickitat Rivers) – Chief Slockish's people: Their
1322:
Note that while the Tribe's name is spelled 'Yakama' in the treaty, the spelling 'Yakima' later became common, and is still used in the names of the river, county, and city derived from the tribal name, but in 1994 the Yakima Tribe changed the spelling of its name back to the original Yakama
286:
The
English names of the following local rivers were derived from Sahaptin: the Klickitat, Umatilla, Walla Walla, Palouse, Yakima, Satus, Toppenish, Tieton, and Wenatchee (in each case the original native term referred not to the river itself, which generally was left unnamed):
900:
of 1855, the tribe was forced to cede much of their land and move onto their present reservation. The Treaty of 1855 identified the 14 confederated tribes and bands of the Yakama, including "Yakama (Lower Yakama or Yakama proper, autonym: Mámachatpam), Palouse (now written
788:
and
Columbia River (here the Yakama bands lived also in bilingual villages together with Lower Snake River Sahaptin-speaking local groups of Chamnapam/Chem-na-pum, Wauyukma and Naxiyampam), to the northeast their tribal territories ranged up to the
377:("both hills together or gap", "heads joined") in the valley between Ahtanum Ridge and Rattlesnake Ridge was the most important of the Lower Yakama; hence the self-designation of this particular local or village group as
938:, who for the purposes of this treaty are to be considered as one nation, under the name 'Yakama'…". (Treaty with the Yakama, 1855) The name was changed from Yakima to Yakama in 1994 to reflect the native pronunciation.
283:(″this language″). Usually they named the individual bands, village groups, local groups, and rivers after a specific rock formation, their main camps, or after an important village or fishing site.
622:(″River People″): They lived south of the Saddle Mountains on both sides of the Columbia River downriver to the mouth of the Snake River, most important settlement as well as fishing grounds was at
596:
Sw:ktsw'ktɫa'ma / Swikt-swikt-lá-ma (lived around today Nesika, Washington, on Riffe Lake, south of Morton and upriver of
Mossyrock, and in Steel Canyon, Winters Mountain and Green Mountain)
646:, other prophets were Chief Homli (of the Walla Walla), Kotiakan (of the Pa'kiut'-ħlama local group of Lower Yakama) as well Lishwailait and Ashnithlai (both Klickitat). Adherents included
930:), Shyiks (a Yakama subtribe), Ochechotes (Uchi'chol, a Tenino subtribe), Kah-milt-pay (Kahmiltpah, Q'míl-pa or Qamil'lma, perhaps a Klikatat subtribe), and Se-ap-cat (Si'apkat, perhaps a
557:
indicates that they originally came from east off the
Cascades – along the Tieton River (in Yakama: Táitin) hence territory of the Nahchísh-ħlama, a Yakama/Lower Yakama band along the
1031:
Another interpretation is that the bread made from the root kous was called kit-tit. Kous grew in the
Kittitas Valley. "Tash" is generally accepted to mean "place of existence."
168:, covers an area of approximately 1.2 million acres (5,260 km). Today the nation is governed by the Yakama Tribal Council, which consists of representatives of 14 tribes.
438:
Taptat-ħlama (″People at the rapids, i.e. Prosser Falls″, along Yakima River from the mouth of Satus Creek to present Kiona, with a key fishery at
Prosser Falls (today:
934:
subtribe, Kittitas autonym: Pshwánapam or Psch-wan-wap-pams), confederated tribes and bands of
Indians, occupying lands hereinafter bounded and described and lying in
1700:
334:– ″rapids or falls″). All major rivers in this area – such as the Naches River, and Ahtanum, Toppenish and Satus reeks – are tributaries of the Yakima River.
1741:
1451:
1746:
1548:
1374:
310:
to distinguish them from their upriver cousins – the ″Kittitas or Upper Yakama.″ As they were the largest group in population, they were often termed as
1341:. Toppenish, Wash. : Heritage University ; Seattle : in association with the University of Washington Press, 2009; 492 pp. OCLC 268797329
1710:
157:
1583:
1398:
527:
territory was generally situated north of the
Columbia River, at the headwaters of the Cowlitz, Lewis, Washougal, White Salmon, and Klickitat rivers.
1097:
784:
villages together with Southern/Columbia River Sahaptin-speaking bands: Umatilla, Skin-pah/Skin, Tenino/Warm Springs), to the southwest along the
494:
to the Wenatchee Mountains and Saddle Mountains in the east. Their territory included three large lakes in the Cascade Range (from east to west):
1670:
1578:
209:, 1969), though more than a century of U.S. industrial pollution has contaminated these waterways with dangerous levels of toxic chemicals. The
1422:
1292:
Traditional Resource Harvest Sites West of the Crest of the Cascades Mountains in Washington State and below the Cascades of the Columbia River
970:
351:
rivers (the latter meaning ″roaring, rough or turbulent water″), the largest tributary of the Yakima River. They were closely linked to the
478:'s people: Their territory was usually north of Wenas Creek and Selah Creeks and along the Upper Yakima River, therefore they were called
482:
in reference to the downriver living Yakama / Yakama proper (or Lower Yakama) bands. They occupied the northern Yakima River tributaries
1514:
191:. Their right to fish in their former territory is protected by treaties and was re-affirmed in late 20th-century court cases such as
402:(″that which suddenly goes forth″ or ″protruded, stuck out″, an allusion to a large landslide that occurred on the ridge south of
392:
Písko-ħlama / Pisko-pum (″Sagebrush People″, along Toppenish Creek of the Toppenish plains, a right tributary of the Yakima River)
306:'s people: Their territory encompasses the watershed of the Lower Yakima River east of the Cascade Range, hence they were called
1634:
1115:
958:
family. Since the late 20th century, some native speakers have argued to use the traditional Yakama name for this language,
139:
1690:
1639:
1072:
917:(Yakama name: Xwálxwaypam or L'ataxat), Klinquit (a Yakama subtribe), Kow-was-say-ee (Yakama name: Kkáasu-i or K'kasawi,
1133:"THE GRISSOM SITE (45KT301): A REVIEW AND SYNTHESIS OF INVESTIGATIONS AND EXPLORATION OF THE SITE'S RESEARCH POTENTIAL"
358:
Tkaíwaichaś-ħlama / Tkai'waichash-hlama (along Cowiche Creek near the eastern foothills of the Cascade Mountain range)
1649:
1412:
1388:
1368:
303:
643:
1614:
1694:
669:
962:. The tribal Cultural Resources program wants to replace the word Sahaptin, which means "stranger in the land".
638:
reservoir. Today still about 60 Wánapam are living near today's Priest Rapids Dams. The Wanapam dreamer-prophet
1507:
813:("few fish") at the headwaters of the Yakima River (with the directly northwest living Coast-Salish-speaking
672:'s people: Their territory was generally on the west side of the Cascade Range and northwest of the kindred
381:(″People of the gap″, lit. ″People of Mountain Heads Coming Together″) was transferred by the Europeans as
1704:
1674:
432:, this area, originally known as "Mool-mool", had been a camp site for the summer and early fall seasons)
337:
Síla-ħlama (along the Yakima River between Wenas and Umtanum creeks, the northernmost Lower Yakama Band)
1166:
893:
878:
153:
1196:
1714:
1500:
705:
210:
161:
114:
1233:
1153:
1433:
1289:
822:
817:
the Yakama bands kept family ties), in the west across the Cascade Range to the headwaters of the
22:
410:
is a corruption of this native term); this self-designation was transferred by the Europeans as
1278:
1073:"The U.S. Promised Tribes They Would Always Have Fish, but the Fish They Have Pose Toxic Risks"
927:
870:
657:
523:
403:
398:
first Thápnĭś-ħlama / Thap-pah-nish (also on Toppenish Creek – Toppenish Creek was named after
1140:
717:
565:
407:
370:
46:
340:
Wínas-ħlama (along Wenas Creek, the ″cross river″ between the Upper Yakama and Lower Yakama)
1353:
935:
561:; they had strong linguistic and family ties to that band and to the Klikatat / Klickitat.
365:, a right tributary to the Yakima River, entering the Yakima River immediately upstream of
8:
997:
951:
845:
765:
439:
327:
1426:
1214:
877:
harvested from annual runs in the Columbia River. In 1805 or 1806, they encountered the
1588:
1261:
826:
635:
583:
454:– ″rapids, waterfalls″; this self-designation was also transferred by the Europeans as
323:
146:
143:
81:
1179:"Greater Yakima Chamber of Commerce :: About Yakima :: Location and History"
793:(because of frequently intermarriages some of the originally Interior Salish-speaking
612:
Ca'q'kɫa'ma / Shíq'k-lá-ma (lived along Kiona Creek, a tributary of the Cowlitz River)
343:
Nahchísh-ħlama (″People along the Roaring Water, i.e. Naches River″), lived along the
1408:
1402:
1384:
1364:
1265:
1253:
1091:
947:
814:
650:
and his Nez Percé followers as well as Native people from other tribes in the region.
627:
606:
599:
K'wpɫa'ma (lived at the Cowlitz Falls of Cowlitz River, which was a key fishery site)
319:
276:
98:
1619:
1553:
1543:
1356:, Washington State Governor's Office of Indian Affairs. Accessed September 3, 2020.
1334:
1245:
979:
955:
931:
725:
510:
428:
Símkoe-ħlama (along Simcoe Creek in the Simcoe Valley, later there was established
418:
205:
126:
94:
1167:
Sahaptin placenames – Columbia Plateau Indian Place Names: What Can They Teach Us?
586:
at the foothills of the Cascade Mountains in the Tilton River Valley southwest of
1736:
1573:
1538:
1049:
1007:
914:
790:
745:
741:
709:
681:
171:
Many Yakama people engage in ceremonial, subsistence, and commercial fishing for
1378:
1012:
1002:
886:
830:
810:
773:
685:
503:
487:
483:
196:
184:
1438:
605:
Qiyanxuɫa'ma / Q'iyanxw-lá-ma (lived along Cowlitz River, ca. 7 miles west of
361:Átanŭm-ħlama (″People along Ahtanum Creek″, named after their territory along
1730:
1598:
1568:
1477:
1257:
923:
918:
902:
862:
834:
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798:
769:
689:
623:
587:
495:
491:
366:
362:
188:
176:
69:
797:
bands switched to Sahaptin as first language), in the north to the lakes of
1624:
1558:
1178:
882:
806:
757:
729:
677:
647:
558:
550:
499:
348:
344:
268:
267:″Yakima″ or ″Yakama″ was first a collective term for five (originally six)
253:
165:
110:
1466:
1249:
1452:
Photographs of Yakama from the University of Washington Digital Libraries
1309:
987:
785:
749:
740:, with a Yakama mother) was one of the most important leaders during the
721:
701:
693:
631:
429:
1461:
1305:
897:
355:(″People of the Tieton River″) regional band west of the Cascade Range)
417:
second Thápnĭś-ħlama / Thap-pah-nish (on Toppenish Creek north of the
1684:
1680:
1404:
Ghost Voices: Yakima Indian myths, legend, humor, and hunting stories
1045:
869:
The Yakama people are similar to the other native inhabitants of the
781:
187:
and its tributaries, including within land ceded by the tribe to the
1197:"Federal Register, Volume 71 Issue 212 (Thursday, November 2, 2006)"
752:) and Sahaptin (Mishalpam, Klikatat / Klickitat and Yakama) peoples.
252:"people of the gap," which describes the tribe's location along the
1654:
1644:
1629:
1523:
1492:
1132:
992:
910:
906:
794:
720:. They intermarried with downstream and closer to the coast living
639:
568:
on the east end of the Klickitat Prairie along Upper Cowlitz River)
475:
389:
to all Lower Yakama bands and later to neighboring Yakama bands to)
222:
180:
1593:
1563:
618:
272:
564:
Qw':ltɫa'ma / Qwiilt-lá-ma (occupied the Mossyrock Prairie near
425:– "saddle back" or ″a dip between two hills like a saddle back″)
38:
1456:
874:
642:(″Dreamer″ or ″Preacher″) was the most prominent leader of the
549:(in Yakama: Taitnapam / Taidnapam / Táitinpam – ″People of the
172:
829:(where there were also family ties with Coast-Salish-speaking
1482:
1472:
853:
634:
flooded the Wánapam living and fishing grounds to create the
395:
Sí-ħlama (on Yakima River above the mouth of Toppenish Creek)
780:– ″great river″) (here the Yakama bands frequently lived in
575:
was at the mouth of the Tilton River, which was also called
858:
805:, meaning "swift water", referring to the Cle Elum River),
414:
to refer to all Lower Yakama and neighboring Yakama bands)
873:. They were hunters and gatherers well known for trading
518:
for a key fishery at the falls of the Klickitat River or
221:
Scholars disagree on the origins of the name Yakama. The
744:
of an intertribal alliance of Coast Salish (Nisqually,
262:
1701:
Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation
736:
no later than in the 19th century. Chief Leschi (from
1339:
Ichishkíin sínwit yakama = Yakima Sahaptin dictionary
772:, to the south along the northern tributaries of the
666:
Meshal / Me-Schal / Mashel / Mica'l Band of Nisqually
406:– the contemporary Yakima Indian Reservation town of
233:
means "pregnant ones". Other scholars note the word,
1290:
Eugene Hunn: Anthropological Study of Yakama Tribe:
905:, Yakama name: Pelúuspem), Pisquouse (P'squosa, now
1487:
1711:Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Nation
1040:another version for the origin of the tribal name
571:Lalalxɫa'ma / Lalalx-lá-ma (their main settlement
158:Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Nation
1373:
1215:"Yakima Valley Museum:Dark Times, Bright Visions"
462:to all Lower Yakama and neighboring Yakama bands)
1728:
322:(″Quiet Water″) and Wenas just north of today's
1671:Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation
1397:
142:with nearly 10,851 members, based primarily in
909:), Wenatshapam (Yakama name: Winátshapam, now
768:) watershed and for the most part east of the
213:aims to improve salmon-fishing for the tribe.
1508:
660:″, lit. ″Mashel River people″), later called
490:(in Yakama: Tyawnawí-ins – " drying place"),
1742:Native American tribes in Washington (state)
1421:
1363:,Binfords & Mort, Portland, Oregon 1972
1130:
1118:U*X*L Encyclopedia of Native American Tribes
1096:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1747:Indigenous peoples of the Northwest Plateau
1467:Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission
1298:
593:Nucnu:ɫa'ma (lived in Cowlitz River Canyon)
435:Se'tas-ħlama / Setass-lema (on Satus Creek)
1515:
1501:
1048:word meaning "beyond" in reference to the
708:(around present-day cities Eatonville and
37:
1234:"Legacy of the Walla Walla Council, 1955"
486:(in Yakama: Tie-el-Lum – "swift water"),
1428:Ka-mi-akin, the last hero of the Yakimas
969:
965:
852:
844:
801:(after the Upper Yakama / Kittitas name
764:– ″rapids″ because of the waterfalls at
152:Yakama people today are enrolled in the
1231:
330:(named for the nearby Prosser Falls as
244:They have also been referred to as the
1729:
1457:Yakama Nation Cultural Heritage Center
1431:. Kilham Stationery & Printing Co.
1279:Tribal Ceded Areas in Washington State
732:people, had switched from Sahaptin to
680:, tributary of the Nisqually, and the
602:Cicpacɫa'ma (lived along Cispus River)
1496:
1111:
1109:
1107:
726:Nisqually (Squalli-Absh / Sqʷaliʼabš)
1522:
1462:Online Highway: Yakama Indian Nation
1361:Indian Wars of the Pacific Northwest
946:Yakama is a northwestern dialect of
922:Wish-ham (Yakama name: Wíshχam, now
833:and Upper Chinookan/Kiksht-speaking
263:Historic Yakama Band and Territories
64:Regions with significant populations
1691:Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs
1664:Tribal governments and reservations
690:Mount Rainier (Talol/Tacoma/Tahoma)
13:
1488:Yakima Klickitat Fisheries Project
1469:, member tribes include the Yakama
1347:
1232:Trafzer, Clifford E. (Fall 2005).
1104:
1070:
716:on Meshal River, near present-day
712:); their primary village site was
248:"people of the narrow river," and
14:
1758:
1445:
326:south to the area around today's
514:(a corruption of the place name
383:Pah-quy-ti-koot-lema /Pakiutlema
74:
1695:Warm Springs Indian Reservation
1328:
1283:
1272:
1225:
742:Puget Sound War (1855 und 1856)
728:("People of the Grassland"), a
664:, today also commonly known as
626:, 1953 the construction of the
271:who spoke the same language or
1473:Yakama Nation Wildlife Program
1306:"Treaty with the Yakama, 1855"
1207:
1189:
1171:
1160:
1124:
1064:
1034:
1025:
229:means "a growing family", and
1:
1135:– via www.academia.edu.
1058:
379:Pa'kiut'-ħlama / Pa'kiut'lĕma
318:. Their lands stretched from
256:. The Yakama identify as the
237:which means "black bear," or
1354:Treaty with the Yakama, 1855
644:Washane ("Dreamer Religion")
456:Tap-teil-lema / Tap-teil-min
216:
7:
1705:Umatilla Indian Reservation
1675:Colville Indian Reservation
1238:Oregon Historical Quarterly
1131:Holly Shea M. S., R. P. A.
941:
756:Their lands lay within the
656:(in Yakama: Mical-ɫa'ma – ″
193:United States v. Washington
10:
1763:
1071:Miller, Tony Schick,Maya.
879:Lewis and Clark Expedition
840:
662:Upper (Mountain) Nisqually
535:Lewis River Klickitat Band
154:federally recognized tribe
20:
1715:Yakama Indian Reservation
1663:
1607:
1531:
881:at the confluence of the
460:Waptail-lema / Waptailmim
211:Columbia Basin Initiative
162:Yakama Indian Reservation
125:
120:
109:
104:
93:
88:
68:
63:
58:
53:
36:
1681:Nez Perce Tribe of Idaho
1018:
892:As a consequence of the
746:Puyallup (S'Puyalupubsh)
582:Wasaɫa'ma (lived around
332:Tapteil, Tap tut, Toptut
43:Yakama warrior ca. 1913,
1483:Yakama Nation Fisheries
932:Kittitas (Upper Yakama)
688:Valleys reaching up to
241:which means "runaway".
201:United States v. Oregon
23:Yakima (disambiguation)
1219:yakimavalleymuseum.org
1148:Cite journal requires
983:
928:Upper Chinook (Kiksht)
871:Columbia River Plateau
866:
850:
849:Yakama woman, ca. 1911
734:Nisqually / Sqʷali'abš
458:or its proper variant
404:White Swan, Washington
375:Pa'kiut / Páxutakyuu-t
373:), their main village
1685:Nez Perce Reservation
1250:10.1353/ohq.2005.0006
973:
966:Notable Yakama people
856:
848:
718:La Grande, Washington
537:, erroneously called
140:Native American tribe
121:Related ethnic groups
47:Lucullus V. McWhorter
1359:Ray Hoard Glassley:
936:Washington Territory
722:Southern Lushootseed
698:Klikatat / Klickitat
686:Upper Puyallup River
676:and encompassed the
674:Klikatat / Klickitat
511:Klikatat / Klickitat
387:Narrow River Indians
298:(Autonym in Yakama:
59:10,851 (2000 Census)
21:For other uses, see
1407:. Great Eagle Pub.
1337:and Hargus, Sharon
894:Walla Walla Council
766:Prosser, Washington
696:") – together with
547:Lewis River Chinook
543:Lewis River Cowlitz
400:Tẋápniš / Txápni-sh
33:
1441:Background Reading
1294:, October 11, 2003
984:
952:Sahaptian language
867:
851:
827:White Salmon River
809:("more fish") and
636:Priest Rapids Lake
502:("more fish") and
281:Ichishkíin Sɨ́nwit
31:
1724:
1723:
1608:Prominent figures
1383:. Chelsea House.
1375:Helen H. Schuster
1335:Beavert, Virginia
960:Ichishkíin Sínwit
786:Lower Snake River
658:Eatonville people
628:Priest Rapids Dam
619:Wanapum / Wánapam
607:Kiona, Washington
531:Cowlitz Klickitat
132:
131:
99:Ichishkíin Sínwit
1754:
1620:Old Chief Joseph
1517:
1510:
1503:
1494:
1493:
1432:
1418:
1394:
1342:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1319:
1317:
1312:. April 24, 2007
1302:
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1101:
1095:
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1083:
1068:
1052:
1038:
1032:
1029:
980:DeLancey W. Gill
956:Plateau Penutian
825:((wl'ɫt'kh) and
419:Simcoe Mountains
279:, also known as
206:Sohappy v. Smith
147:Washington state
115:Indian religions
80:
78:
77:
54:Total population
45:photographed by
41:
34:
30:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1720:
1659:
1603:
1584:Upper Nisqually
1527:
1521:
1478:Yakama Language
1448:
1415:
1399:Donald M. Hines
1391:
1350:
1348:Further reading
1345:
1333:
1329:
1315:
1313:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1288:
1284:
1277:
1273:
1230:
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1213:
1212:
1208:
1201:www.govinfo.gov
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1050:Rocky Mountains
1039:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1008:Lavina Washines
998:Bunky Echo–Hawk
968:
944:
843:
791:Wenatchee River
682:Upper Nisqually
292:Yakama (proper)
265:
219:
75:
73:
49:
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29:
26:
17:
12:
11:
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1447:
1446:External links
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1244:(3): 398–411.
1224:
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1188:
1183:www.yakima.org
1170:
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1150:|journal=
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1103:
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1044:is probably a
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1013:William Yallup
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1003:Chief Kamiakin
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967:
964:
943:
940:
887:Columbia River
842:
839:
811:Keechelus Lake
774:Columbia River
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692:("bigger than
651:
615:
614:
613:
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476:Chief Qualchan
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304:Chief Kamiakin
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197:Boldt Decision
195:(known as the
185:Columbia River
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1439:Yakama Nation
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1414:0-9629539-2-X
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539:Upper Cowlitz
536:
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524:Upper Chinook
521:
517:
513:
512:
508:
506:("few fish").
505:
501:
497:
496:Cle Elum Lake
493:
492:Kachess River
489:
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316:Yakama proper
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70:United States
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40:
35:
24:
19:
1625:Chief Joseph
1427:
1423:A. J. Splawn
1403:
1379:
1360:
1338:
1330:
1321:
1316:September 3,
1314:. Retrieved
1300:
1291:
1285:
1274:
1241:
1237:
1227:
1218:
1209:
1200:
1191:
1182:
1173:
1162:
1141:cite journal
1126:
1117:
1082:November 22,
1080:. Retrieved
1076:
1066:
1041:
1036:
1027:
975:
959:
945:
891:
883:Yakima River
868:
807:Kachess Lake
802:
777:
776:(in Yakama:
761:
760:(in Yakama:
755:
737:
733:
730:Coast Salish
713:
697:
678:Mashel River
673:
670:Chief Leschi
665:
661:
653:
648:Chief Joseph
617:
576:
572:
559:Naches River
554:
551:Tieton River
546:
545:, sometimes
542:
538:
534:
530:
519:
515:
509:
500:Kachess Lake
480:Upper Yakima
479:
471:
468:Upper Yakama
467:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
422:
421:(in Yakama:
411:
399:
386:
382:
378:
374:
352:
331:
315:
311:
308:Lower Yakima
307:
299:
296:Lower Yakama
295:
291:
285:
280:
266:
258:Mamachatpam.
257:
254:Yakima River
249:
246:Waptailnsim,
245:
243:
238:
234:
230:
226:
220:
204:
200:
199:, 1974) and
192:
170:
166:Yakima River
164:, along the
151:
135:
133:
111:Christianity
28:Ethnic group
18:
16:Ethnic group
1615:Yellow Bird
1589:Walla Walla
1549:Lower Snake
1310:HistoryLink
988:Ella Aquino
926:, speaking
823:Lewis River
821:(shch'il),
750:Muckleshoot
738:Basha'labsh
714:Basha'labsh
702:Ohop Valley
694:Mount Baker
632:Wanapum Dam
430:Fort Simcoe
369:anticline (
300:Mámachatpam
1731:Categories
1640:White Bird
1380:The Yakima
1116:"Yakama,"
1077:ProPublica
1059:References
898:Yakima War
815:Snoqualmie
803:Tie-el-Lum
778:Nch'i-Wána
724:-speaking
82:Washington
1554:Nez Perce
1544:Klickitat
1266:166019157
1258:0030-4727
1046:Chinookan
1042:Klickitat
782:bilingual
654:Mishalpam
566:Mossyrock
555:Taitnapam
412:Toppenish
408:Toppenish
371:Union Gap
353:Taitnapam
239:ya-ki-ná,
227:E-yak-ma,
217:Etymology
177:steelhead
127:Klickitat
89:Languages
1655:Kanasket
1650:Kamiakin
1645:Colestah
1630:Qualchan
1574:Umatilla
1539:Kittitas
1524:Sahaptin
1425:(1917).
1401:(1992).
1377:(1990).
1092:cite web
993:Colestah
948:Sahaptin
942:Language
915:Klikatat
911:Wenatchi
907:Wenatchi
896:and the
795:Wenatchi
640:Smohalla
630:and the
472:Kittitas
423:Sim Quwe
277:Sahaptin
231:iyakima,
223:Sahaptin
181:sturgeon
160:. Their
105:Religion
1594:Wanapum
1564:Skinpah
1532:Nations
1526:peoples
982:, 1906.
978:man by
954:of the
924:Wishram
857:Yakama
841:History
762:Tapteal
577:lalálx
520:ládaxat
516:látaxat
448:Tap tut
444:Tapteil
440:Prosser
328:Prosser
273:dialect
235:yákama,
225:words,
183:in the
144:eastern
95:English
1737:Yakama
1599:Yakama
1569:Tenino
1434:online
1411:
1387:
1367:
1323:Tribe.
1264:
1256:
976:Yakama
919:Tenino
875:salmon
865:, 1910
584:Morton
573:lalálx
452:Toptut
385:or as
349:Naches
345:Tieton
324:Yakima
312:Yakama
179:, and
173:salmon
156:, the
138:are a
136:Yakama
79:
32:Yakama
1559:Palus
1262:S2CID
1019:Notes
903:Palus
861:, by
522:, an
320:Selah
1409:ISBN
1385:ISBN
1365:ISBN
1318:2020
1254:ISSN
1154:help
1098:link
1084:2022
950:, a
885:and
859:tipi
748:and
684:and
347:and
302:) –
134:The
1246:doi
1242:106
913:),
837:).
710:Roy
704:in
541:or
533:or
470:or
314:or
294:or
275:of
1733::
1320:.
1308:.
1260:.
1252:.
1240:.
1236:.
1217:.
1199:.
1181:.
1145::
1143:}}
1139:{{
1106:^
1094:}}
1090:{{
1075:.
889:.
668:–
498:,
450:,
446:,
175:,
149:.
113:,
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1717:)
1713:(
1707:)
1703:(
1697:)
1693:(
1687:)
1683:(
1677:)
1673:(
1516:e
1509:t
1502:v
1417:.
1393:.
1268:.
1248::
1221:.
1203:.
1185:.
1156:)
1152:(
1100:)
1086:.
609:)
590:)
579:)
203:(
84:)
72:(
25:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
