111:, who in 1934 published an analysis of the Covenant Code which hinges on the distinction between casuistic and apodictic law. The Covenant Code consists largely of case or casuistic law (often in the form of an "if-then" statement, in which specific situations are addressed), as for example Exodus 21:33–36. Apodictic laws (characterized by absolute or general commands or prohibitions, as in the Ten Commandments) on the other hand, also appear in the Covenant Code, for example in Exodus 21:17 ("Whoever curses father or mother shall be put to death"). Alt claimed, though some scholars disagree, that the apodictic laws were a feature only found in Israelite codes. Scholars do, however, agree that the contrast between the apodictic and casuistic forms is a clue to how multiple sources of law were edited together into the Covenant Code, although there remain disagreements over the precise details.
104:("J") materials. (These are two of the four sources of the classic documentary hypothesis, the other two being the Deuteronomic ("D") material and Priestly ("P") material.) According to Joel Baden, "The Covenant Code is a part of E; the priestly laws are part of P; and the deuteronomic laws stand at the center of D." Regardless of precise positions on the process, scholars agree that the Covenant Code was produced by a long process in which it changed over time.
141:
sees a noticeable difference between the
Covenant Code and the non-biblical codes like the Code of Hammurabi. The Covenant Code, like other biblical codes, differs from these by including among the laws dealing with criminal and civil matters various regulations concerning worship. Both, however, set
154:. Robert Pfeiffer suggested that the Covenant Code is an expansion of the Ritual Decalogue. Carol Meyers holds that the direction of influence is in the opposite direction: that Exodus 34 borrows material from within the Covenant Code.
169:
portrays a woman who, as the property of her father, has had her value diminished by the loss of her virginity. However, this law still calls for restitution to be paid by the man who seduced her. A second example comes from
174:, which describes the punishment required for a slave owner who strikes his slave with a rod. If the slave survives their injuries no punishment is required because they do not have the same rights as Israelite males.
182:
171:
177:
In some instances, the values represented in the
Covenant Code are more similar to present-day, Western values. Two examples include the placing of mothers on the same level as fathers in
178:
92:
The date that the
Covenant Code was composed, and the details of how it found its way into the Bible, continue to be debated. Most proponents of the
166:
162:
The
Covenant Code portrays the values of the society in which it was produced, some of which are different from Western twentieth-century values.
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998:
968:
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253:
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31:
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963:
467:
440:
64:
may be applied to Exodus 21:1–22:16. Biblically, the text is the second of the law codes said to have been given to
1112:
646:
460:
181:, and providing for special care of members of lesser social classes, including converts, widows and orphans (
165:
With the ancient cultural view of women as property of men, the casuistic law regarding the seduced virgin in
17:
430:
735:
983:
722:
606:
1117:
740:
114:
The form and content of the code is similar to many other codes from the Near East of the second
823:
760:
93:
346:
150:
Some of the commandments in the
Covenant Code overlap noticeably with the commandments in the
641:
611:
373:
216:
400:
863:
730:
73:
8:
1091:
818:
682:
333:
Theory and Method in
Biblical and Cuneiform Law: Revision, Interpolation and Development
288:
Theory and Method in
Biblical and Cuneiform Law: Revision, Interpolation and Development
270:
Theory and Method in
Biblical and Cuneiform Law: Revision, Interpolation and Development
203:
Theory and Method in
Biblical and Cuneiform Law: Revision, Interpolation and Development
901:
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A Law Book for the
Diaspora: Revision in the Study of the Covenant Code
335:, ed. B.M. Levinson (Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1994), 17–18.
134:
115:
81:
245:
The Composition of the Pentateuch: Renewing the Documentary Hypothesis
205:, ed. B.M. Levinson (Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1994), 15–36
896:
886:
767:
530:
520:
76:. This legal text provides a small but substantive proportion of the
290:, ed. B.M. Levinson (Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1994), 16.
272:, ed. B.M. Levinson (Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1994), 15.
916:
911:
906:
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782:
656:
550:
545:
540:
947:
942:
921:
636:
616:
601:
586:
555:
452:
133:, the covenant code probably originated as a civil code with the
119:
101:
97:
77:
348:
The Finger of the Scribe: How Scribes Learned to Write the Bible
626:
80:(religious duties) within the Torah, and hence is a source of
891:
712:
581:
571:
525:
65:
46:
45:, is the name given by academics to a text appearing in the
375:
The Ten Commandments: A Short History of an Ancient Text
145:
137:, and was altered to add Hebrew religious practices.
331:Raymond Westbrook, "What is the Covenant Code?" in
286:Raymond Westbrook, "What is the Covenant Code?" in
268:Raymond Westbrook, "What is the Covenant Code?" in
201:Raymond Westbrook, "What is the Covenant Code?" in
30:For other meanings of 'Book of the Covenant', see
1104:
392:
398:
214:
371:
345:Schniedewind, William M. (24 September 2019).
468:
351:. Oxford University Press. pp. 153–156.
282:
280:
278:
241:
142:the laws in an explicitly religious context.
344:
107:A study of continuing importance is that of
435:. Cambridge University Press. p. 258.
318:
316:
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218:The Pentateuch: A Social-Science Commentary
1061:With a strong hand and an outstretched arm
475:
461:
365:
275:
1056:Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy
378:. Yale University Press. pp. 44–45.
304:A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament
248:. Yale University Press. pp. 26–27.
221:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 68–69.
208:
309:
293:
235:
100:("E") materials, or, less commonly, the
306:, Oxford University Press, 2009, p. 424
125:. According to many scholars including
14:
1105:
425:
405:. Oxford University Press. p. 9.
456:
215:John Van Seters (24 September 2015).
32:Book of the Covenant (disambiguation)
146:Relationship to the Ritual Decalogue
989:Mekhilta of Rabbi Shimon ben Yochai
87:
24:
482:
25:
1129:
157:
372:Michael Coogan (28 April 2014).
419:
242:Joel S. Baden (24 April 2012).
338:
325:
262:
195:
60:; or, more strictly, the term
13:
1:
188:
96:associate it with either the
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10:
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118:BC. It also resembles the
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984:Mekhilta of Rabbi Ishmael
956:
930:
862:
796:
723:Pillars of fire and cloud
665:
564:
498:
399:John Van Seters (2003).
1113:Documentary hypothesis
824:Stations of the Exodus
94:documentary hypothesis
999:In Antebellum America
964:Sources and parallels
612:High Priest of Israel
302:Coogan, Michael D.,
43:Book of the Covenant
1092:Zipporah at the inn
854:Yam Suph (Reed Sea)
683:Ark of the Covenant
322:Coogan, pp. 109–110
969:Textual variations
809:Massah and Meribah
727:Priestly clothing
647:Pharaoh's daughter
27:Exodus 20:22-23:19
1100:
1099:
849:Wilderness of Sin
839:Battle of Refidim
736:golden head plate
652:Shiphrah and Puah
412:978-0-19-515315-6
385:978-0-300-20700-2
358:978-0-19-005248-5
255:978-0-300-15263-0
228:978-0-567-65880-7
123:Code of Hammurabi
16:(Redirected from
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1087:Ten Commandments
1082:Plagues of Egypt
957:Textual analysis
708:Incense offering
678:Ark of bulrushes
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152:Ritual Decalogue
88:Academic context
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172:Exodus 21:20–21
167:Exodus 22:16–17
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28:
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1051:Eye for an eye
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1036:I Am that I Am
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139:Michael Coogan
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761:undergarments
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62:Covenant Code
59:
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40:
39:Covenant Code
33:
19:
18:Covenant code
1015:Nash Papyrus
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698:Burning bush
693:Bronze laver
688:Asherah pole
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131:Albrecht Alt
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109:Albrecht Alt
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38:
36:
1041:Baal-zephon
1008:Manuscripts
834:Pi-Ramesses
829:Pi-HaHiroth
819:Mount Sinai
814:Mount Horeb
731:breastplate
703:Golden calf
673:Aaron's rod
127:Martin Noth
74:Mount Sinai
1107:Categories
1077:The Exodus
1046:El Shaddai
1020:Papyrus 18
778:Tabernacle
718:Mercy seat
577:Israelites
189:References
135:Canaanites
120:Babylonian
116:millennium
82:Jewish Law
897:Mishpatim
887:Beshalach
768:Showbread
938:Priestly
917:Vayakhel
912:Ki Tissa
907:Tetzaveh
783:Tefillin
657:Zipporah
499:Chapters
429:(2005).
1029:Phrases
948:Elohist
943:Jahwist
931:Sources
922:Pekudei
902:Terumah
877:Va'eira
666:Objects
642:Pharaoh
637:Oholiab
617:Ithamar
602:Gershom
592:Eliezer
587:Bezalel
102:Yahwist
98:Elohist
78:mitzvot
1070:Events
872:Shemot
797:Places
756:turban
627:Miriam
607:Jethro
565:People
439:
432:Exodus
409:
382:
355:
252:
225:
51:Exodus
892:Yitro
804:Egypt
751:tunic
713:Manna
622:Marah
582:Aaron
572:Moses
556:38–40
551:35–38
546:30–34
541:27–30
536:25–27
531:21–24
526:18–20
521:13–17
516:10–13
66:Moses
58:23:19
54:20:22
49:, at
47:Torah
41:, or
844:Shur
746:sash
741:robe
597:Elim
437:ISBN
407:ISBN
380:ISBN
353:ISBN
250:ISBN
223:ISBN
129:and
37:The
511:6–9
506:1–6
185:).
72:at
70:God
68:by
1109::
882:Bo
311:^
295:^
277:^
84:.
476:e
469:t
462:v
445:.
415:.
388:.
361:.
258:.
231:.
56:–
34:.
20:)
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