379:
291:. The fragmentary hypothesis argued that fragments of varying lengths, rather than continuous documents, lay behind the Torah; this approach accounted for the Torah's diversity but could not account for its structural consistency, particularly regarding chronology. The supplementary hypothesis was better able to explain this unity: it maintained that the Torah was made up of a central core document, the Elohist, supplemented by fragments taken from many sources. The supplementary approach was dominant by the early 1860s, but it was challenged by an important book published by
22:
370:
prophets and the development of an ethical outlook, which he felt represented the pinnacle of Jewish religion; and the
Priestly source reflected the rigid, ritualistic world of the priest-dominated, post-exilic period. His work, notable for its detailed and wide-ranging scholarship and close argument, entrenched the "new documentary hypothesis" as the dominant explanation of Pentateuchal origins from the late 19th to the late 20th centuries.
2203:
187:(597–539 BCE), and rejected the existence of a substantial E source. They also called into question the nature and extent of the three other sources. Van Seters, Schmid, and Rendtorff shared many of the same criticisms of the documentary hypothesis, but were not in complete agreement about what paradigm ought to replace it. As a result, there has been a revival of interest in "fragmentary" and "
212:
191:" models, frequently in combination with each other and with a documentary model, making it difficult to classify contemporary theories as strictly one or another. Modern scholars also have given up the classical Wellhausian dating of the sources, and generally see the completed Torah as a product of the time of the Persian
1116:, p. 679, "Instead of a compilation of discrete sources collected and combined by a final redactor, the Pentateuch is seen as a sophisticated scribal composition in which diverse earlier traditions have been shaped into a coherent narrative presenting a creation-to-wilderness story of origins for the entity 'Israel.'"
339:, did not appear until 1894 and remains untranslated.) Crucially, this historical portrait was based upon two earlier works of his technical analysis: "Die Composition des Hexateuchs" ('The Composition of the Hexateuch') of 1876–77, and sections on the "historical books" (Judges–Kings) in his 1878 edition of
314:
473:
Wellhausen used the sources of the Torah as evidence of changes in the history of
Israelite religion as it moved (in his opinion) from free, simple and natural to fixed, formal and institutional. Modern scholars of Israel's religion have become much more circumspect in how they use the Old Testament,
426:
Some scholars, following
Rendtorff, have come to espouse a fragmentary hypothesis, in which the Pentateuch is seen as a compilation of short, independent narratives, which were gradually brought together into larger units in two editorial phases: the Deuteronomic and the Priestly phases. By contrast,
454:
A revised neo-documentary hypothesis still has adherents, especially in North
America and Israel. This distinguishes sources by means of plot and continuity rather than stylistic and linguistic concerns, and does not tie them to stages in the evolution of Israel's religious history. Its resurrection
369:
Wellhausen's explanation of the formation of the Torah was also an explanation of the religious history of Israel. The
Yahwist and Elohist described a primitive, spontaneous, and personal world, in keeping with the earliest stage of Israel's history; in Deuteronomy, he saw the influence of the
434:
Some scholars use these newer hypotheses in combination with each other and with a documentary model, making it difficult to classify contemporary theories as strictly one or another. The majority of scholars today continue to recognise
Deuteronomy as a source, with its origin in the law-code
439:
as described by De Wette, subsequently given a frame during the exile (the speeches and descriptions at the front and back of the code) to identify it as the words of Moses. Most scholars also agree that some form of
Priestly source existed, although its extent, especially its end-point, is
304:
linked the four to an evolutionary framework: the
Yahwist and Elohist to a time of primitive nature and fertility cults, the Deuteronomist to the ethical religion of the Hebrew prophets, and the Priestly source to a form of religion dominated by ritual, sacrifice and law.
246:. According to tradition, they were dictated by God to Moses, but when modern critical scholarship began to be applied to the Bible it was discovered that the Pentateuch was not the unified text one would expect from a single author. As a result, the
354:, Graf, and others, who in turn had built on earlier scholarship. He accepted Hupfeld's four sources and, in agreement with Graf, placed the Priestly work last. J was the earliest document, a product of the 10th century BCE and the court of
474:
not least because many have concluded that the Hebrew Bible is not a reliable witness to the religion of ancient Israel and Judah, representing instead the beliefs of only a small segment of the ancient
Israelite community centered in
295:
in 1853, who argued that the
Pentateuch was made up of four documentary sources, the Priestly, Yahwist, and Elohist intertwined in Genesis-Exodus-Leviticus-Numbers, and the stand-alone source of Deuteronomy. At around the same period,
455:
of an E source is probably the element most often criticised by other scholars, as it is rarely distinguishable from the classical J source and European scholars have largely rejected it as fragmentary or non-existent.
366:; P (what Wellhausen first named "Q") was a product of the priest-and-temple dominated world of the 6th century BCE; and the final redaction, when P was combined with JED to produce the Torah as we now know it.
423:(597–539 BCE), or the late monarchic period at the earliest. Van Seters also sharply criticized the idea of a substantial Elohist source, arguing that E extends at most to two short passages in Genesis.
386:
In the mid to late 20th century, new criticism of the documentary hypothesis formed. Three major publications of the 1970s caused scholars to reevaluate the assumptions of the documentary hypothesis:
253:
In the mid-18th century, some scholars started a critical study of doublets (parallel accounts of the same incidents), inconsistencies, and changes in style and vocabulary in the Torah. In 1780,
2213:
1870:
1308:
1396:
443:
The general trend in recent scholarship is to recognize the final form of the Torah as a literary and ideological unity, based on earlier sources, likely completed during the
362:, and had been combined by a redactor (editor) with J to form a document JE; D, the third source, was a product of the 7th century BCE, by 620 BCE, during the reign of
1590:
1264:
1287:
1700:
250:
of the Torah had been largely rejected by leading scholars by the 17th century, with many modern scholars viewing it as a product of a long evolutionary process.
140:, was almost universally accepted for most of the 20th century. It posited that the Pentateuch is a compilation of four originally independent documents: the
1546:
1419:
412:. These three authors shared many of the same criticisms of the documentary hypothesis, but were not in agreement about what paradigm ought to replace it.
1470:
264:'s "Conjectures" and others, formulated the "older documentary hypothesis": the idea that Genesis was composed by combining two identifiable sources, the
1721:
1567:
1525:
571:
The two-source hypothesis of Eichhorn was the "older" documentary hypothesis, and the four-source hypothesis adopted by Wellhausen was the "newer".
171:
The consensus around the classical documentary hypothesis has now collapsed. This was triggered in large part by the influential publications of
2065:
2000:
335:("Prolegomena to the History of Israel") in 1883, and the work is better known under that name. (The second volume, a synthetic history titled
272:("E"). These sources were subsequently found to run through the first four books of the Torah, and the number was later expanded to three when
1956:
1784:
1847:
1504:
440:
uncertain. The remainder is called collectively non-Priestly, a grouping which includes both pre-Priestly and post-Priestly material.
1891:
1742:
2044:
2005:
Hebrew Bible/Old Testament. III: From Modernism to Post-Modernism. Part II: The Twentieth Century – From Modernism to Post-Modernism
1852:
Hebrew Bible/Old Testament. III: From Modernism to Post-Modernism. Part II: The Twentieth Century – From Modernism to Post-Modernism
1424:
Hebrew Bible/Old Testament. III: From Modernism to Post-Modernism. Part II: The Twentieth Century – From Modernism to Post-Modernism
1269:
Hebrew Bible/Old Testament. III: From Modernism to Post-Modernism. Part II: The Twentieth Century – From Modernism to Post-Modernism
2086:
2207:
2184:
2098:
2075:
2033:
2012:
1968:
1945:
1924:
1901:
1880:
1859:
1836:
1815:
1794:
1773:
1752:
1731:
1710:
1689:
1668:
1647:
1579:
1556:
1535:
1514:
1480:
1431:
1408:
1385:
1362:
1339:
1318:
1297:
1276:
1253:
1198:
168:
in the 5th century BCE. The sources would have been joined at various points in time by a series of editors or "redactors".
464:
351:
1679:
431:, which posits that the Torah is the result of two major additions—Yahwist and Priestly—to an existing corpus of work.
331:
1989:
1623:
1602:
1450:
388:
2228:
2174:
2054:
280:
as an additional source found only in Deuteronomy ("D"). Later still the Elohist was split into Elohist and
160:(c. 950 BCE). E was dated somewhat later, in the 9th century BCE, and D was dated just before the reign of
350:
Wellhausen's documentary hypothesis owed little to Wellhausen himself but was mainly the work of Hupfeld,
2238:
359:
447:(539–333 BCE). A minority of scholars would place its final compilation somewhat later, however, in the
300:
argued that the Yahwist and Elohist were the earliest sources and the Priestly source the latest, while
378:
254:
74:
1496:
The Formation of the Pentateuch: Bridging the Academic Cultures of Europe, Israel, and North America
428:
288:
188:
109:
491:
419:(c. 950 BCE) as posited by the documentary hypothesis. They instead dated J to the period of the
287:
These documentary approaches were in competition with two other models, the fragmentary and the
1595:
Wisdom and Torah: The Reception of 'Torah' in the Wisdom Literature of the Second Temple Period
1349:
Brettler, Marc Zvi (2004). "Torah: Introduction". In Berlin, Adele; Brettler, Marc Zvi (eds.).
415:
Van Seters and Schmid both forcefully argued that the Yahwist source could not be dated to the
1979:
1935:
1912:
1805:
1178:
420:
401:
184:
176:
156:
sources, frequently referred to by their initials. The first of these, J, was dated to the
1331:
Inconsistency in the Torah: Ancient Literary Convention and the Limits of Source Criticism
136:). A version of the documentary hypothesis, frequently identified with the German scholar
8:
2233:
200:
2138:
2120:
2109:
1441:
Frei, Peter (2001). "Persian Imperial Authorization: A Summary". In Watts, James (ed.).
2161:
2127:
1374:
1186:
501:
496:
468:
448:
297:
196:
1913:"The Problem of "Literary Unity" from the Perspective of the Study of Oral Traditions"
2180:
2150:
The Pentateuch as Torah: New Models for Understanding Its Promulgation and Acceptance
2131:
2094:
2091:
To Each Its Own Meaning: An Introduction to Biblical Criticisms and Their Application
2071:
2050:
2029:
2008:
1985:
1964:
1941:
1920:
1897:
1876:
1855:
1832:
1811:
1790:
1769:
1748:
1727:
1706:
1685:
1664:
1643:
1619:
1598:
1575:
1552:
1531:
1510:
1476:
1446:
1427:
1404:
1381:
1358:
1335:
1314:
1293:
1272:
1249:
1194:
559:
511:
322:
247:
192:
137:
2046:
Early History of the Israelite People: From the Written & Archaeological Sources
475:
183:
in the mid-1970s, who argued that J was to be dated no earlier than the time of the
1660:
Kaiser, Christ, and Canaan: The Religion of Israel in Protestant Germany, 1871–1918
526:
506:
273:
2023:
1826:
1763:
1658:
1637:
1613:
1351:
1329:
1243:
516:
393:
340:
292:
281:
239:
227:
172:
153:
129:
117:
86:
58:
195:(probably 450–350 BCE), although some would place its production as late as the
2243:
1633:
444:
409:
231:
180:
164:, in the 7th or 8th century BCE. Finally, P was generally dated to the time of
121:
90:
82:
78:
558:
The reasons behind the rejection are covered in more detail in the article on
2222:
301:
277:
149:
65:
51:
44:
21:
2214:
Wikiversity – The King James Version according to the documentary hypothesis
108:) is one of the models used by biblical scholars to explain the origins and
216:
1399:. In Coogan, Michael David; Brettler, Marc Zvi; Newsom, Carol Ann (eds.).
1119:
733:
1401:
The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books
363:
261:
243:
133:
2165:
2125:. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Berlin: Druck und Verlag von Georg Reimer.
1443:
Persia and Torah: The Theory of Imperial Authorization of the Pentateuch
1265:"Biblical Scholarship on the European Continent, in the UK, and Ireland"
313:
113:
1245:
The Composition of the Pentateuch: Renewing the Documentary Hypothesis
1494:. In Gertz, Jan C.; Levinson, Bernard M.; Rom-Shiloni, Dalit (eds.).
1190:
235:
125:
1491:
522:
226:(or Pentateuch) is collectively the first five books of the Bible:
458:
416:
355:
329:('History of Israel, Vol 1'). The second edition was printed as
269:
265:
258:
157:
145:
141:
37:
30:
1490:
Gertz, Jan C.; Levinson, Bernard M.; Rom-Shiloni, Dalit (2017).
769:
308:
2202:
1848:"The Study of Law and Ethics in the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament"
1095:
876:
839:
837:
835:
519:, Jewish scholar who was critical of the documentary hypothesis
479:
436:
382:
Distribution of Torah sources proposed by R. E. Friedman (1997)
161:
2003:. In Saeboe, Magne; Ska, Jean Louis; Machinist, Peter (eds.).
1850:. In Saeboe, Magne; Ska, Jean Louis; Machinist, Peter (eds.).
1422:. In Saeboe, Magne; Ska, Jean Louis; Machinist, Peter (eds.).
1267:. In Saeboe, Magne; Ska, Jean Louis; Machinist, Peter (eds.).
16:
Hypothesis to explain the origins and composition of the Torah
696:
694:
223:
1376:
Sources of the Pentateuch: Texts, Introductions, Annotations
948:
832:
2025:
A Prophet Like Moses: Prophecy, Law, and Israelite Religion
1615:
The Composition of the Narrative Books of the Old Testament
723:
721:
633:
165:
1765:
Israelite Religion and Biblical Theology: Collected Essays
691:
681:
679:
677:
408:("The Tradition-Historical Problem of the Pentateuch") by
2143:. Vol. 2. Berlin: Druck und Verlag von Georg Reimer.
2114:. Vol. 1. Berlin: Druck und Verlag von Georg Reimer.
2001:"Questions of the 'History of Israel' in Recent Research"
1639:
How to Read the Bible: A Guide to Scripture, Then and Now
888:
662:
211:
1489:
1248:. Anchor Yale Reference Library. Yale University Press.
1136:
1134:
1107:
1047:
999:
977:
975:
960:
866:
864:
849:
786:
784:
718:
206:
674:
623:
621:
591:
589:
587:
406:
Das überlieferungsgeschichtliche Problem des Pentateuch
1723:
Struggling with God: An Introduction to the Pentateuch
1207:
1035:
936:
912:
900:
808:
745:
608:
606:
604:
2089:. In Haynes, Stephen R.; McKenzie, Steven L. (eds.).
1959:. In Mills, Watson E.; Bullard, Roger Aubrey (eds.).
1158:
1146:
1131:
1023:
1011:
987:
972:
861:
820:
781:
652:
650:
648:
1219:
618:
584:
25:
Diagram of the 20th century documentary hypothesis:
1492:"Convergence and Divergence in Pentateuchal Theory"
1371:
1083:
1071:
1059:
924:
796:
775:
706:
601:
1373:
1350:
757:
645:
1915:. In Person, Raymond F.; Rezetko, Robert (eds.).
1702:Reading the Pentateuch: A Historical Introduction
358:; E was from the 9th century BCE in the northern
2220:
1890:Patzia, Arthur G.; Petrotta, Anthony J. (2010).
1593:. In Schipper, Bernd; Teeter, D. Andrew (eds.).
1310:Poetics and Interpretation of Biblical Narrative
478:and devoted to the exclusive worship of the god
257:, building on the work of the French doctor and
1917:Empirical Models Challenging Biblical Criticism
525:, a similar theory for the construction of the
1889:
1786:Josiah's Reform and the Dynamics of Defilement
1372:Campbell, Antony F.; O'Brien, Mark A. (1993).
1285:
954:
882:
843:
639:
459:The Torah and the history of Israel's religion
284:("P") sources, increasing the number to four.
309:Wellhausen and the new documentary hypothesis
1804:Moore, Megan Bishop; Kelle, Brad E. (2011).
1523:
1125:
1101:
739:
427:scholars such as John Van Seters advocate a
2152:by Gary N. Knoppers, Bernard M. Levinson".
2067:The Pentateuch: A Social-Science Commentary
1744:Westminster Dictionary of Theological Terms
2136:
2118:
2107:
2063:
1803:
1498:. Vol. 44. Mohr Siebeck. p. 481.
1053:
1005:
942:
918:
906:
727:
700:
685:
668:
2147:
1933:
1824:
1698:
1565:
1527:Egypt on the Pentateuch's Ideological Map
1176:
1170:
1113:
751:
2154:Journal of the American Oriental Society
2042:
2021:
1719:
1506:Berossus and Genesis, Manetho and Exodus
1459:
1348:
1213:
1029:
894:
377:
373:
312:
210:
20:
2084:
1954:
1868:
1828:The Pentateuch in the Twentieth Century
1544:
1502:
1017:
993:
966:
870:
855:
826:
814:
627:
612:
595:
347:('Introduction to the Old Testament').
268:("J"; also called the Yahwist) and the
2221:
2172:
1981:Introduction to reading the Pentateuch
1910:
1782:
1761:
1468:
1327:
1306:
1262:
1225:
1164:
1152:
1140:
981:
790:
199:(333–164 BCE), after the conquests of
2140:Israelitische und jüdische Geschichte
1893:Pocket Dictionary of Biblical Studies
1740:
1677:
1656:
1632:
1611:
1588:
1445:. Atlanta, GA: SBL Press. p. 6.
1286:Barton, John; Muddiman, John (2010).
1241:
930:
802:
763:
565:
552:
337:Israelitische und jüdische Geschichte
207:History of the documentary hypothesis
116:, the first five books of the Bible:
1845:
1440:
1417:
1394:
1089:
1077:
1065:
712:
656:
1998:
1977:
1420:"Changes in Pentateuchal Criticism"
1041:
465:History of ancient Israel and Judah
13:
2122:Prolegomena zur Geschichte Israels
1807:Biblical History and Israel's Past
1460:Friedman, Richard Elliott (1997).
332:Prolegomena zur Geschichte Israels
215:11th-century CE manuscript of the
14:
2255:
2195:
1825:Nicholson, Ernest Wilson (2003).
1183:Jews and Judaism in World History
2201:
389:Abraham in History and Tradition
345:Einleitung in das Alte Testament
1524:Greifenhagen, Franz V. (2003).
1234:
1179:"The world of the Hebrew Bible"
2007:. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
1961:Mercer Dictionary of the Bible
1854:. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
1574:. Cambridge University Press.
1426:. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
1271:. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
1128:, pp. 206–207, 224 n. 49.
742:, pp. 206–207, 224 fn.49.
549:for the documentary hypothesis
539:
50:Dtr2: later (6th century BCE)
43:Dtr1: early (7th century BCE)
1:
2132:full text at sacred-texts.com
1566:Kawashima, Robert S. (2010).
1177:Lupovitch, Howard N. (2010).
578:
400:("The So-Called Yahwist") by
2148:Whisenant, Jessica (2010). "
2085:Viviano, Pauline A. (1999).
2070:. Bloomsbury T&T Clark.
2043:Thompson, Thomas L. (2000).
1783:Monroe, Lauren A.S. (2011).
1657:Kurtz, Paul Michael (2018).
7:
2179:. Oxford University Press.
2176:The Early History of Heaven
2137:Wellhausen, Julius (1894).
2119:Wellhausen, Julius (1883).
2108:Wellhausen, Julius (1878).
2028:. Oxford University Press.
1963:. Mercer University Press.
1911:Person, Raymond F. (2016).
1831:. Oxford University Press.
1789:. Oxford University Press.
1762:Miller, Patrick D. (2000).
1726:. Mercer University Press.
1699:McDermott, John J. (2002).
1612:Kratz, Reinhard G. (2005).
1589:Kratz, Reinhard G. (2013).
1570:. In Hendel, Ronald (ed.).
1469:Gaines, Jason M.H. (2015).
1403:. Oxford University Press.
1357:. Oxford University Press.
1334:. Oxford University Press.
1292:. Oxford University Press.
776:Campbell & O'Brien 1993
545:hence the alternative name
485:
10:
2262:
2173:Wright, J. Edward (2002).
2022:Stackert, Jeffrey (2014).
1955:Ruddick, Eddie L. (1990).
1940:. Hendrickson Publishers.
1472:The Poetic Priestly Source
1328:Berman, Joshua A. (2017).
955:Barton & Muddiman 2010
883:Barton & Muddiman 2010
844:Barton & Muddiman 2010
640:Patzia & Petrotta 2010
462:
2128:Project Gutenberg edition
2093:. Westminster John Knox.
2064:Van Seters, John (2015).
1747:. Westminster John Knox.
1741:McKim, Donald K. (1996).
1681:Re-Reading the Scriptures
1678:Levin, Christoph (2013).
1503:Gmirkin, Russell (2006).
435:produced at the court of
1999:Ska, Jean Louis (2014).
1978:Ska, Jean-Louis (2006).
1937:How the Bible is Written
1934:Rendsburg, Gary (2019).
1545:Houston, Walter (2013).
532:
429:supplementary hypothesis
327:Geschichte Israels, Bd 1
110:composition of the Torah
1720:McEntire, Mark (2008).
1568:"Sources and Redaction"
1418:Carr, David M. (2014).
1395:Carr, David M. (2007).
1242:Baden, Joel S. (2012).
492:Authorship of the Bible
75:Deuteronomistic history
2229:Documentary hypothesis
2208:Documentary hypothesis
1896:. InterVarsity Press.
1869:Patrick, Dale (2013).
1353:The Jewish Study Bible
1307:Berlin, Adele (1994).
398:Der sogenannte Jahwist
383:
318:
219:
102:documentary hypothesis
97:
33:(10th–9th century BCE)
1846:Otto, Eckart (2014).
1263:Barton, John (2014).
381:
374:Critical reassessment
316:
214:
61:(6th–5th century BCE)
24:
2210:at Wikimedia Commons
1462:Who Wrote the Bible?
421:Babylonian captivity
402:Hans Heinrich Schmid
185:Babylonian captivity
177:Hans Heinrich Schmid
1104:, pp. 206–207.
1044:, pp. 133–135.
352:Eduard Eugène Reuss
201:Alexander the Great
2239:Biblical criticism
2111:Geschichte Israels
2087:"Source Criticism"
1475:. Fortress Press.
1380:. Fortress Press.
502:Books of the Bible
497:Biblical criticism
469:Origins of Judaism
449:Hellenistic period
384:
319:
298:Karl Heinrich Graf
220:
197:Hellenistic period
98:
2206:Media related to
2186:978-0-19-534849-1
2100:978-0-664-25784-2
2077:978-0-567-65880-7
2035:978-0-19-933645-6
2014:978-3-525-54022-0
1970:978-0-86554-373-7
1947:978-1-68307-197-6
1926:978-0-88414-149-5
1903:978-0-8308-6702-8
1882:978-0-8272-0566-6
1875:. Chalice Press.
1861:978-3-525-54022-0
1838:978-0-19-925783-6
1817:978-0-8028-6260-0
1796:978-0-19-977536-1
1775:978-1-84127-142-2
1768:. A&C Black.
1754:978-0-664-25511-4
1733:978-0-88146-101-5
1712:978-0-8091-4082-4
1705:. Pauline Press.
1691:978-3-16-152207-9
1670:978-3-16-155496-4
1649:978-0-7432-3587-7
1618:. A&C Black.
1591:"Rewriting Torah"
1581:978-1-139-49278-2
1558:978-0-334-04385-0
1537:978-0-567-39136-0
1516:978-0-567-13439-4
1482:978-1-5064-0046-4
1433:978-3-525-54022-0
1410:978-0-19-528880-3
1387:978-1-4514-1367-0
1364:978-0-19-529751-5
1341:978-0-19-065880-9
1320:978-1-57506-002-6
1299:978-0-19-958024-8
1278:978-3-525-54022-0
1255:978-0-300-15263-0
1200:978-0-203-86197-4
1193:. pp. 5–10.
1126:Greifenhagen 2003
1102:Greifenhagen 2003
858:, pp. 38–39.
740:Greifenhagen 2003
703:, pp. 41–43.
560:Mosaic authorship
512:Mosaic authorship
360:Kingdom of Israel
323:Julius Wellhausen
317:Julius Wellhausen
248:Mosaic authorship
193:Achaemenid Empire
138:Julius Wellhausen
40:(9th century BCE)
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2039:
2018:
1995:
1974:
1951:
1930:
1907:
1886:
1865:
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1779:
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1695:
1684:. Mohr Siebeck.
1674:
1663:. Mohr Siebeck.
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969:, p. 40–41.
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897:, p. 24–25.
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527:Synoptic Gospels
507:Dating the Bible
417:Solomonic period
274:Wilhelm de Wette
158:Solomonic period
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2015:
1992:
1984:. Eisenbrauns.
1971:
1948:
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1797:
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1755:
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1634:Kugel, James L.
1626:
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1572:Reading Genesis
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1313:. Eisenbrauns.
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1054:Van Seters 2015
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943:Wellhausen 1894
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919:Wellhausen 1883
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728:Van Seters 2015
726:
719:
711:
707:
701:Van Seters 2015
699:
692:
686:Van Seters 2015
684:
675:
671:, p. viii.
669:Van Seters 2015
667:
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517:Umberto Cassuto
488:
471:
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451:(333–164 BCE).
394:John Van Seters
376:
341:Friedrich Bleek
311:
293:Hermann Hupfeld
276:identified the
255:Johann Eichhorn
209:
173:John Van Seters
96:
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2196:External links
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1548:The Pentateuch
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1530:. Bloomsbury.
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1509:. Bloomsbury.
1500:
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1169:
1167:, p. 182.
1157:
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1145:
1143:, p. 271.
1130:
1118:
1114:Whisenant 2010
1106:
1094:
1092:, p. 609.
1082:
1080:, p. 457.
1070:
1068:, p. 605.
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998:
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807:
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793:, p. 113.
780:
768:
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752:McDermott 2002
744:
732:
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715:, p. 436.
705:
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1228:, p. 52.
1227:
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1216:, p. 24.
1215:
1214:Stackert 2014
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1055:
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1038:
1031:
1030:Thompson 2000
1026:
1020:, p. 49.
1019:
1014:
1008:, p. 42.
1007:
1002:
996:, p. 51.
995:
990:
983:
978:
976:
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957:, p. 20.
956:
951:
944:
939:
933:, p. 41.
932:
927:
920:
915:
908:
903:
896:
895:Friedman 1997
891:
884:
879:
873:, p. 38.
872:
867:
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857:
852:
846:, p. 19.
845:
840:
838:
836:
829:, p. 31.
828:
823:
816:
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805:, p. 13.
804:
799:
792:
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785:
777:
772:
765:
760:
753:
748:
741:
736:
730:, p. 12.
729:
724:
722:
714:
709:
702:
697:
695:
688:, p. 41.
687:
682:
680:
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649:
642:, p. 37.
641:
636:
630:, p. 41.
629:
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607:
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598:, p. 40.
597:
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66:Deuteronomist
63:
60:
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52:Deuteronomist
49:
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45:Deuteronomist
42:
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35:
32:
28:
27:
23:
19:
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2004:
1980:
1960:
1936:
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1810:. Eerdmans.
1806:
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1464:. HarperOne.
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1235:Bibliography
1221:
1209:
1182:
1172:
1160:
1148:
1121:
1109:
1097:
1085:
1073:
1061:
1049:
1037:
1032:, p. 8.
1025:
1018:Viviano 1999
1013:
1001:
994:Viviano 1999
989:
967:Viviano 1999
962:
950:
938:
926:
914:
902:
890:
878:
871:Viviano 1999
856:Viviano 1999
851:
827:Patrick 2013
822:
815:Ruddick 1990
810:
798:
778:, p. 1.
771:
766:, p. 6.
759:
754:, p. 1.
747:
735:
708:
664:
635:
628:Viviano 1999
615:, p. 4.
613:Gmirkin 2006
596:Viviano 1999
567:
554:
546:
541:
472:
453:
442:
433:
425:
414:
405:
397:
387:
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368:
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344:
336:
330:
326:
320:
286:
252:
221:
217:Hebrew Bible
170:
105:
101:
99:
18:
1872:Deuteronomy
1226:Wright 2002
1165:Miller 2000
1153:Gaines 2015
1141:Gaines 2015
982:Gaines 2015
791:Berlin 1994
364:King Josiah
262:Jean Astruc
244:Deuteronomy
162:King Josiah
134:Deuteronomy
70:R: redactor
2234:Hypotheses
2223:Categories
2056:9004119434
931:Kugel 2008
803:Baden 2012
764:Kugel 2008
579:References
463:See also:
325:published
114:Pentateuch
77:(books of
2049:. BRILL.
1957:"Elohist"
1597:. BRILL.
1397:"Genesis"
1191:Routledge
1090:Otto 2014
1078:Carr 2014
1066:Otto 2014
713:Carr 2014
657:Carr 2014
476:Jerusalem
321:In 1878,
236:Leviticus
126:Leviticus
54:historian
47:historian
2166:23044597
1636:(2008).
1187:Abingdon
1042:Ska 2014
523:Q Source
486:See also
282:Priestly
266:Jehovist
154:Priestly
59:Priestly
356:Solomon
270:Elohist
259:exegete
240:Numbers
228:Genesis
146:Elohist
142:Jahwist
130:Numbers
118:Genesis
38:Elohist
31:Yahwist
2183:
2164:
2097:
2074:
2053:
2032:
2011:
1988:
1967:
1944:
1923:
1900:
1879:
1858:
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1622:
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1430:
1407:
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1361:
1338:
1317:
1296:
1275:
1252:
1197:
480:Yahweh
437:Josiah
404:, and
242:, and
232:Exodus
179:, and
152:, and
132:, and
122:Exodus
87:Samuel
83:Judges
79:Joshua
2244:Torah
2162:JSTOR
533:Notes
224:Torah
91:Kings
2181:ISBN
2095:ISBN
2072:ISBN
2051:ISBN
2030:ISBN
2009:ISBN
1986:ISBN
1965:ISBN
1942:ISBN
1921:ISBN
1898:ISBN
1877:ISBN
1856:ISBN
1833:ISBN
1812:ISBN
1791:ISBN
1770:ISBN
1749:ISBN
1728:ISBN
1707:ISBN
1686:ISBN
1665:ISBN
1644:ISBN
1620:ISBN
1599:ISBN
1576:ISBN
1553:ISBN
1532:ISBN
1511:ISBN
1477:ISBN
1447:ISBN
1428:ISBN
1405:ISBN
1382:ISBN
1359:ISBN
1336:ISBN
1315:ISBN
1294:ISBN
1273:ISBN
1250:ISBN
1195:ISBN
547:JEDP
467:and
222:The
166:Ezra
112:(or
100:The
73:DH:
64:D†:
57:P*:
2158:130
392:by
343:'s
36:E:
29:J:
2225::
2156:.
2130:;
1189::
1185:.
1181:.
1133:^
974:^
863:^
834:^
783:^
720:^
693:^
676:^
647:^
620:^
603:^
586:^
482:.
396:,
238:,
234:,
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203:.
175:,
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128:,
124:,
120:,
106:DH
89:,
85:,
81:,
2189:.
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2103:.
2080:.
2059:.
2038:.
2017:.
1994:.
1973:.
1950:.
1929:.
1906:.
1885:.
1864:.
1841:.
1820:.
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1778:.
1757:.
1736:.
1715:.
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1673:.
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1607:.
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1302:.
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1258:.
1203:.
945:.
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909:.
562:.
104:(
93:)
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