20:
171:
dominated much of the 20th century, but the 20th-century consensus surrounding this hypothesis has now been broken down. Those who uphold it now tend to do so in a highly modified form, giving a much larger role to the redactors (editors), who are now seen as adding much material of their own rather
175:
The alternatives to the documentary approach can be broadly divided between "fragmentary" and "supplementary" theories. Fragmentary hypotheses, seen notably in the work of Rolf
Rendtorff and Erhard Blum, see the Pentateuch as growing through the gradual accretion of material into larger and larger
154:
Because of its highly fragmentary nature, most scholars now question the existence of the
Elohist source as a coherent independent document. Instead, the E material is viewed as consisting of various fragments of earlier narratives that are incorporated into the Jahwist document.
172:
than as simply passive combiners of documents. Among those who reject the documentary approach altogether, the most significant revisions have been to combine E with J as a single source, and to see the
Priestly source as a series of editorial revisions to that text.
176:
blocks before being joined together, first by a
Deuteronomic writer, and then by a Priestly writer (6th/5th century BCE), who also added his own material.
1291:
278:, and weaving them into a single text. It has been argued that it reflects the views of northern refugees who came to Judah after the fall of the
183:, who places the composition of J (which he, unlike the "fragmentists", sees as a complete document) in the 6th century as an introduction to the
1378:
151:, and the documentary hypothesis holds that it must have been composed in that region, possibly in the second half of the 9th century BCE.
1964:
195:). The Priestly writers later added their supplements to this, and these expansions continued to the end of the 4th century BCE.
1959:
915:
615:
Hebrew Bible/Old
Testament. III: From Modernism to Post-Modernism. Part II: The Twentieth Century β From Modernism to Post-Modernism
1345:
1902:
1872:
1286:
861:
704:
623:
415:
1892:
1867:
1371:
806:
Romer, Thomas (2006). "The
Elusive Yahwist: A Short History of Research". In Dozeman, Thomas B.; Schmid, Konrad (eds.).
612:
Carr, David M. (2014). "Changes in
Pentateuchal Criticism". In Saeboe, Magne; Ska, Jean Louis; Machinist, Peter (eds.).
1281:
527:
838:
817:
796:
775:
754:
683:
653:
602:
579:
558:
143:
received the laws of Israel and the use of the phrase "fear of God". It habitually locates ancestral stories in the
2016:
167:, but there is much disagreement on how these sources were used to write the first five books of the Bible. This
1550:
1364:
1094:
885:
1043:
908:
879:
279:
235:
144:
344:"Deuteronomic" means related to the Book of Deuteronomy, which was composed in the late 7th century BCE.
1639:
949:
285:
E has a particular fascination for traditions concerning the
Kingdom of Israel and its heroes such as
1887:
1626:
1132:
68:
1510:
1329:
901:
1644:
1324:
987:
234:
E is theorized to have been composed by collecting the various stories and traditions concerning
204:
184:
827:
Van Seters, John (1998). "The
Pentateuch". In McKenzie, Steven L.; Graham, Matt Patrick (eds.).
1727:
1664:
1054:
981:
168:
95:
216:
1545:
1515:
968:
849:
290:
1767:
1634:
1319:
1164:
131:
The
Elohist source is characterized by, among other things, an abstract view of God, using
8:
1995:
1722:
1586:
1172:
1104:
1011:
136:
1805:
1712:
1439:
1060:
731:
591:
1297:
1775:
1752:
1742:
1555:
1409:
1303:
1110:
1088:
857:
854:
To Each Its Own Meaning: An Introduction to Biblical Criticisms and Their Application
834:
813:
792:
771:
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619:
598:
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411:
271:
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1990:
1985:
1611:
1581:
1178:
1100:
1072:
1048:
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723:
294:
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259:
1495:
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928:
828:
807:
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613:
569:
548:
320:
Some independent source texts thought to have been embedded within E include the
180:
119:
80:
52:
878:
1954:
1939:
1707:
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1676:
1654:
1576:
1391:
1017:
325:
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192:
188:
84:
76:
72:
163:
Modern scholars agree that separate sources and multiple authors underlie the
2010:
1882:
1877:
1785:
1649:
1525:
1419:
1082:
998:
975:
321:
115:
59:
45:
38:
19:
1918:
1747:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1500:
1196:
1005:
955:
247:
239:
1944:
1737:
1732:
1717:
1606:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1127:
993:
962:
310:
132:
1980:
1949:
1923:
1780:
1681:
1621:
1480:
1414:
1214:
1184:
735:
212:
1800:
1790:
1671:
1434:
1424:
313:). E also emphasizes the importance of Ephraim, the tribe from which
727:
410:(Pauline Press, 2002) p. 21. Via Books.google.com.au. October 2002.
1820:
1815:
1810:
1757:
1686:
1560:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1232:
1220:
314:
122:. The Elohist is so named because of its pervasive use of the word
893:
16:
One of the four sources of the Torah in the documentary hypothesis
1846:
1825:
1540:
1520:
1505:
1490:
1459:
1356:
1260:
1208:
1202:
1190:
1037:
298:
148:
111:
28:
1530:
1238:
1226:
571:
Treasures old and new: essays in the theology of the Pentateuch
286:
275:
208:
124:
187:(the history of Israel that takes up the series of books from
1795:
1616:
1485:
1475:
1429:
1078:
1066:
489:
487:
306:
220:
164:
140:
107:
593:
Sources of the Pentateuch: texts, introductions, annotations
426:
424:
228:
179:
The "supplementary" approach is exemplified in the work of
830:
The Hebrew Bible today: an introduction to critical issues
484:
460:
421:
499:
472:
448:
363:
361:
378:
376:
852:. In Haynes, Stephen R.; McKenzie, Steven L. (eds.).
522:. Atlanta, Georgia: Society of Biblical Literature.
388:
358:
23:
Diagram of the 20th century documentary hypothesis.
714:Gnuse, Robert K. (2000). "Redefining the Elohist".
588:
373:
788:Pocket dictionary for the study of biblical Hebrew
590:
436:
198:
408:Reading the Pentateuch: A Historical Introduction
106:) is one of four source documents underlying the
2008:
589:Campbell, Antony F.; O'Brien, Mark A. (1993).
1372:
909:
641:
324:, a legal text used in Chapters 21β23 of the
763:
505:
493:
430:
567:
1965:With a strong hand and an outstretched arm
1379:
1365:
916:
902:
826:
642:Dozeman, Thomas B; Schmid, Konrad (2006).
520:The Elohist and North Israelite Traditions
478:
466:
317:, the King of Israel, happened to derive.
227:, often represented in English as "
1960:Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy
635:A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament
550:J, E, and the redaction of the Pentateuch
764:Kugler, Robert; Hartin, Patrick (2009).
696:Berossus and Genesis, Manetho and Exodus
662:
18:
847:
692:
671:
394:
382:
367:
2009:
784:
742:
632:
1360:
1014:and the origin of nations (10:1β11:9)
897:
805:
746:The Pentateuch: a story of beginnings
713:
546:
517:
454:
675:A Complete Introduction to the Bible
611:
442:
223:, after which God is referred to as
1893:Mekhilta of Rabbi Shimon ben Yochai
923:
13:
1386:
663:Friedman, Richard Elliott (1987).
14:
2028:
871:
856:. Westminster John Knox Press.
833:. Westminster John Knox Press.
511:
338:
199:Characteristics, date and scope
128:to refer to the Israelite God.
1095:Jacob wrestling with the angel
886:New International Encyclopedia
716:Journal of Biblical Literature
618:. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
400:
44:Dtr2: later (6th century BCE)
37:Dtr1: early (7th century BCE)
1:
672:Gilbert, Christopher (2009).
351:
158:
848:Viviano, Pauline A. (1999).
767:An Introduction to the Bible
568:Blenkinsopp, Joseph (2004).
34:E: Elohist (9th century BCE)
7:
1287:Allegorical interpretations
950:Genesis creation narratives
880:"Elohist and Yahwist"
633:Coogan, Michael D. (2009).
305:) and speaks negatively of
293:. E favors Israel over the
280:Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)
238:and its associated tribes (
10:
2033:
1044:Abraham and Lot's conflict
809:A Farewell to the Yahwist?
645:A Farewell to the Yahwist?
637:. Oxford University Press.
540:
301:was purchased rather than
1973:
1932:
1911:
1888:Mekhilta of Rabbi Ishmael
1860:
1834:
1766:
1700:
1627:Pillars of fire and cloud
1569:
1468:
1402:
1338:
1312:
1274:
1248:
1163:
1120:
1027:
939:
693:Gmirkin, Russell (2006).
224:
1330:Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 1007
1282:Framework interpretation
785:Murphy, Todd J. (2003).
506:Kugler & Hartin 2009
494:Kugler & Hartin 2009
431:Kugler & Hartin 2009
331:
309:(e.g., the story of the
217:revelation of God's name
207:is always presented as "
1325:Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 656
988:Genesis flood narrative
667:. Harper San Francisco.
547:Baden, Joel S. (2009).
518:Jenks, Alan W. (1977).
418:. Retrieved 2010-10-03.
185:Deuteronomistic history
139:for the mountain where
69:Deuteronomistic history
2017:Documentary hypothesis
1728:Stations of the Exodus
1292:Wifeβsister narratives
1055:Covenant of the pieces
982:Genealogies of Genesis
791:. Intervarsity Press.
743:Gooder, Paula (2000).
169:documentary hypothesis
96:documentary hypothesis
91:
31:(10thβ9th century BCE)
1903:In Antebellum America
1868:Sources and parallels
1516:High Priest of Israel
969:Serpents in the Bible
297:(e.g., claiming that
55:(6thβ5th century BCE)
22:
1320:Papyrus Berlin 17213
665:Who Wrote the Bible?
406:McDermott, John J.,
110:, together with the
1996:Zipporah at the inn
1758:Yam Suph (Reed Sea)
1587:Ark of the Covenant
1105:coat of many colors
1012:Generations of Noah
984:(5:1β6:8, 11:10β26)
457:, pp. 201β202.
1873:Textual variations
1713:Massah and Meribah
1631:Priestly clothing
1551:Pharaoh's daughter
1346:Textual variations
1061:Sodom and Gomorrah
952:(1:1β2:3, 2:4β25)
850:"Source Criticism"
597:. Fortress Press.
114:(or Yahwist), the
92:
2004:
2003:
1753:Wilderness of Sin
1743:Battle of Refidim
1640:golden head plate
1556:Shiphrah and Puah
1354:
1353:
1304:Pesher on Genesis
1111:Blessing of Jacob
863:978-0-664-25784-2
749:. T&T Clark.
706:978-0-567-13439-4
678:. Paulist Press.
625:978-3-525-54022-0
469:, pp. 13β14.
416:978-0-8091-4082-4
94:According to the
2024:
1991:Ten Commandments
1986:Plagues of Egypt
1861:Textual analysis
1612:Incense offering
1582:Ark of bulrushes
1381:
1374:
1367:
1358:
1357:
1133:In the beginning
1073:Binding of Isaac
1049:Battle of Siddim
941:Primeval history
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911:
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553:. Mohr Siebeck.
534:
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295:Kingdom of Judah
226:
203:In the E source
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2007:
2006:
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1898:Song of the Sea
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1536:Nadab and Abihu
1464:
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1355:
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1298:Arcana CΕlestia
1270:
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1029:Patriarchal age
1023:
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929:Book of Genesis
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236:biblical Israel
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181:John Van Seters
161:
120:Priestly source
90:
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5:
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1768:Torah readings
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1677:Staff of Moses
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1392:Book of Exodus
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1121:Notable verses
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1089:Jacob's Ladder
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1018:Tower of Babel
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722:(2): 201β220.
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699:. Bloomsbury.
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445:, p. 436.
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326:Book of Exodus
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1878:Covenant Code
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1241:(47:28β50:26)
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1234:
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986:
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976:Cain and Abel
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495:
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432:
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322:Covenant Code
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116:Deuteronomist
113:
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60:Deuteronomist
57:
54:
50:
47:
46:Deuteronomist
43:
40:
39:Deuteronomist
36:
33:
30:
26:
25:
21:
1919:Nash Papyrus
1851:
1602:Burning bush
1597:Bronze laver
1592:Asherah pole
1390:
1296:
1265:
1229:(41:1β44:17)
1223:(37:1β40:23)
1217:(32:4β36:43)
1211:(28:10β32:3)
1205:(25:19β28:9)
1199:(23:1β25:18)
1197:Chayei Sarah
1193:(18:1β22:24)
1187:(12:1β17:27)
1006:Curse of Ham
956:Adam and Eve
927:
884:
853:
829:
808:
787:
770:. Eerdmans.
766:
745:
719:
715:
695:
674:
664:
644:
634:
614:
592:
574:. Eerdmans.
570:
549:
519:
513:
501:
474:
462:
450:
438:
407:
402:
395:Viviano 1999
390:
385:, p. 4.
383:Gmirkin 2006
368:Viviano 1999
340:
319:
284:
282:in 722 BCE.
233:
215:" until the
202:
178:
174:
162:
153:
130:
123:
103:
99:
93:
1945:Baal-zephon
1912:Manuscripts
1738:Pi-Ramesses
1733:Pi-HaHiroth
1723:Mount Sinai
1718:Mount Horeb
1635:breastplate
1607:Golden calf
1577:Aaron's rod
1313:Manuscripts
1181:(6:9β11:32)
994:Sons of God
990:(6:1β9:28)
963:Fall of man
311:golden calf
274:), and the
135:instead of
102:(or simply
64:R: redactor
1981:The Exodus
1950:El Shaddai
1924:Papyrus 18
1682:Tabernacle
1622:Mercy seat
1481:Israelites
1215:Vayishlach
1185:Lech-Lecha
1097:(32:22β32)
999:Noah's Ark
455:Gnuse 2000
352:References
205:God's name
165:Pentateuch
159:Background
71:(books of
1801:Mishpatim
1791:Beshalach
1672:Showbread
1175:(1:1β6:8)
1063:(19:1β28)
1051:(14:1β17)
1008:(9:20β27)
443:Carr 2014
303:massacred
48:historian
41:historian
2011:Category
1842:Priestly
1821:Vayakhel
1816:Ki Tissa
1811:Tetzaveh
1687:Tefillin
1561:Zipporah
1403:Chapters
1275:Analysis
1256:Priestly
1233:Vayigash
1221:Vayeshev
1173:Bereshit
1103:and the
1083:his sons
1020:(11:1β9)
315:Jeroboam
272:Benjamin
268:Manasseh
256:Issachar
244:Napthali
118:and the
53:Priestly
1933:Phrases
1852:Elohist
1847:Jahwist
1835:Sources
1826:Pekudei
1806:Terumah
1781:Va'eira
1570:Objects
1546:Pharaoh
1541:Oholiab
1521:Ithamar
1506:Gershom
1496:Eliezer
1491:Bezalel
1266:Elohist
1261:Jahwist
1249:Sources
1239:Vayechi
1209:Vayetze
1203:Toledot
1191:Vayeira
1107:(37β50)
1085:(25β50)
1069:(21β35)
1040:(12β23)
1038:Abraham
1031:(12β50)
889:. 1905.
812:. SBL.
736:3268483
648:. SBL.
541:Sources
299:Shechem
276:Levites
264:Ephraim
260:Zebulun
149:Ephraim
112:Jahwist
100:Elohist
29:Yahwist
1974:Events
1776:Shemot
1701:Places
1660:turban
1531:Miriam
1511:Jethro
1469:People
1227:Miketz
1101:Joseph
943:(1β11)
860:
837:
816:
795:
774:
753:
734:
703:
682:
652:
622:
601:
578:
557:
526:
414:
291:Joseph
287:Joshua
211:" or "
209:Elohim
189:Joshua
125:Elohim
98:, the
81:Samuel
77:Judges
73:Joshua
1796:Yitro
1708:Egypt
1655:tunic
1617:Manna
1526:Marah
1486:Aaron
1476:Moses
1460:38β40
1455:35β38
1450:30β34
1445:27β30
1440:25β27
1435:21β24
1430:18β20
1425:13β17
1420:10β13
1179:Noach
1079:Jacob
1067:Isaac
732:JSTOR
332:Notes
307:Aaron
252:Asher
221:Moses
193:Kings
145:north
141:Moses
137:Sinai
133:Horeb
108:Torah
85:Kings
1748:Shur
1650:sash
1645:robe
1501:Elim
1339:Text
1113:(49)
1091:(28)
1081:and
1075:(22)
1057:(15)
965:(3)
858:ISBN
835:ISBN
814:ISBN
793:ISBN
772:ISBN
751:ISBN
701:ISBN
680:ISBN
650:ISBN
620:ISBN
599:ISBN
576:ISBN
555:ISBN
524:ISBN
412:ISBN
289:and
229:YHWH
225:ΧΧΧΧ
67:DH:
58:Dβ :
51:P*:
1415:6β9
1410:1β6
1155:1:5
1150:1:4
1145:1:3
1140:1:2
1128:1:1
978:(4)
724:doi
720:119
248:Gad
240:Dan
231:".
219:to
191:to
27:J:
2013::
1786:Bo
883:.
730:.
718:.
486:^
423:^
375:^
360:^
328:.
270:,
266:,
262:,
258:,
254:,
250:,
246:,
242:,
213:El
83:,
79:,
75:,
1380:e
1373:t
1366:v
917:e
910:t
903:v
866:.
843:.
822:.
801:.
780:.
759:.
738:.
726::
709:.
688:.
658:.
628:.
607:.
584:.
563:.
532:.
508:.
104:E
87:)
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