1227:
1576:, as well as the writers of lays. Texts about courtly love, including lays, were often set to music by troubadours or minstrels. According to scholar Ardis Butterfield, courtly love is "the air which many genres of troubadour song breathe". Not much is known about how, when, where, and for whom these pieces were performed, but we can infer that the pieces were performed at court by troubadours, trouvères, or the courtiers themselves. This can be inferred because people at court were encouraged or expected to be "courtly" and be proficient in many different areas, including music. Several troubadours became extremely wealthy playing the fiddle and singing their songs about courtly love for a courtly audience.
1636:
1239:
2024:
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31:
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1473:(1987), in 11th-century Spain, a group of wandering poets appeared who would go from court to court, and sometimes travel to Christian courts in southern France, a situation closely mirroring what would happen in southern France about a century later. Contacts between these Spanish poets and the French troubadours were frequent. The metrical forms used by the Spanish poets resembled those later used by the troubadours.
1987:. These were supposed courts made up of tribunals staffed by 10 to 70 women who would hear a case of love and rule on it based on the rules of love. In the 19th century, historians took the existence of these courts as fact, but later historians such as Benton noted "none of the abundant letters, chronicles, songs and pious dedications" suggest they ever existed outside of the poetic literature. Likewise,
1482:
endorse this view value courtly love for its exaltation of femininity as an ennobling, spiritual, and moral force, in contrast to the ironclad chauvinism of the first and second estates. The condemnation of courtly love in the beginning of the 13th century by the church as heretical, is seen by these scholars as the Church's attempt to put down this "sexual rebellion".
1708:" toys with the idea that human romantic love is a symbol for God's love when two people love each other so fully and completely that they leave each other for God, separating and moving to different religious environments. Furthermore, the main character's first wife leaves her husband and becomes a nun so that he can marry his new lover.
1218:
include "uncourtly" texts, and argues that there is no clear way to determine "where courtliness ends and uncourtliness starts" because readers would enjoy texts which were supposed to be entirely courtly without realizing they were also enjoying texts which were uncourtly. This presents a clear problem in the understanding of courtliness.
1165:(1294). The two relationships are very different — Lancelot and Guinevere are secret adulterous lovers, while Dante and Beatrice had no actual romantic relationship and only met twice in their whole lives. Nonetheless, the manner in which the two men describe their devotion to and quasi-religious adoration of their ladies is similar.
1725:. In it, a man becomes enamored with an individual rose on a rosebush, attempting to pick it and finally succeeding. The rose represents the female body, but the romance also contains lengthy digressive "discussions on free will versus determinism as well as on optics and the influence of heavenly bodies on human behavior".
2114:
This analysis is heavily informed by the
Chivalric–Matriarchal reading of courtly love, put forth by critics such as Thomas Warton and Karl Vossler. This theory considers courtly love as the intersection between the theocratic Catholic Church and "Germanic/Celtic/Pictish" matriarchy. For more on this
1696:
in the Bible. Some medieval writers thought that the book should be taken literally as an erotic text; others believed that the Song of Songs was a metaphor for the relationship between Christ and the church and that the book could not even exist without that as its metaphorical meaning. Still others
1485:
However, other scholars note that courtly love was certainly tied to the Church's effort to civilize the crude
Germanic feudal codes in the late 11th century. It has also been suggested that the prevalence of arranged marriages required other outlets for the expression of more personal occurrences of
1579:
It is difficult to know how and when these songs were performed because most of the information on these topics is provided in the music itself. One lay, the "Lay of
Lecheor", says that after a lay was composed, "Then the lay was preserved / Until it was known everywhere / For those who were skilled
2014:
was a satire poking fun at doctors and theologians. In that work, Capellanus is supposedly writing to a young man named Walter, and he spends the first two books telling him how to achieve love and setting forth the rules of love. However, in the third book he tells Walter that the only way to live
1818:
These points of multiple meaning and ambiguity facilitated a "coquetry of class", allowing the male troubadours to use the images of women as a means to gain social status with other men, but simultaneously, Bogin suggests, voiced deeper longings for the audience: "In this way, the sexual expressed
1904:
It is the pure love which binds together the hearts of two lovers with every feeling of delight. This kind consists in the contemplation of the mind and the affection of the heart; it goes as far as the kiss and the embrace and the modest contact with the nude lover, omitting the final solace, for
1199:
are so vague and flexible that its utility for purposes of definition has become questionable." John C. Moore called it "a term used for a number of different, in some cases contradictory, conceptions" and called it "a mischievous term which should be abandoned". Roger Boase admitted the term "has
1870:
A point of ongoing controversy about courtly love is to what extent it was sexual. All courtly love was erotic to some degree, and not purely platonic—the troubadours speak of the physical beauty of their ladies and the feelings and desires the ladies arouse in them. However, it is unclear what a
1583:
Period examples of performance practice, of which there are few, show a quiet scene with a household servant performing for the king or lord and a few other people, usually unaccompanied. According to scholar
Christopher Page, whether or not a piece was accompanied depended on the availability of
1507:
of courtly love became more complicated, the knight might wear the colors of his lady: where blue or black were sometimes the colors of faithfulness, green could be a sign of unfaithfulness. Salvation, previously found in the hands of the priesthood, now came from the hands of one's lady. In some
1217:
Richard
Trachsler says that "the concept of courtly literature is linked to the idea of the existence of courtly texts, texts produced and read by men and women sharing some kind of elaborate culture they all have in common". He argues that many of the texts that scholars claim to be courtly also
88:
created for the entertainment of the nobility, but as time passed, these ideas about love spread to popular culture and attracted a larger literate audience. In the high Middle Ages, a "game of love" developed around these ideas as a set of social practices. "Loving nobly" was considered to be an
1481:
The historic analysis of courtly love varies between different schools of historians. That sort of history which views the early Middle Ages dominated by a prudish and patriarchal theocracy views courtly love as a "humanist" reaction to the puritanical views of the
Catholic Church. Scholars who
1995:
wrote in 1910 that, secrecy being "among the lover's first duties" in the ideology of courtly love, it is "manifestly absurd to suppose that a sentiment which depended on concealment for its existence should be amenable to public inquiry". According to Diane
Bornstein, one way to reconcile the
1996:
differences between the references to courts of love in the literature, and the lack of documentary evidence in real life, is that they were like literary salons or social gatherings, where people read poems, debated questions of love, and played word games of flirtation.
2015:
his life correctly is to shun love in favor of God. This sudden change is what has sparked the interest of many scholars, leading some to regard the first two books as satirizing courtly love and only the third book as expressing
Capellanus' actual beliefs.
1974:
drawn from courtly love to incite his nobles to swear to participate in an anticipated crusade, while well into the 15th century numerous actual political and social conventions were largely based on the formulas dictated by the "rules" of courtly love.
1956:(c. 1405), which expresses disapproval of courtly love, the convention was being used to justify and cover up illicit love affairs. Courtly love probably found expression in the real world in customs such as the crowning of Queens of Love and Beauty at
1930:
Within the corpus of troubadour poems there is a wide range of attitudes, even across the works of individual poets. Some poems are physically sensual, even bawdily imagining nude embraces, while others are highly spiritual and border on the platonic.
1837:, for example, shows Romeo attempting to love Rosaline in an almost contrived courtly fashion while Mercutio mocks him for it; and both in his plays and his sonnets the writer can be seen appropriating the conventions of courtly love for his own ends.
1486:
romantic love, and thus it was not in reaction to the prudery or patriarchy of the Church but to the nuptial customs of the era that courtly love arose. In the
Germanic cultural world, a special form of courtly love can be found, namely
1688:
Allegory is common in the romantic literature of the Middle Ages, and it was often used to interpret what was already written. There is a strong connection between religious imagery and human sexual love in medieval writings.
1803:
By refusing to disclose his lady's name, the troubadour permitted every woman in the audience, notably the patron's wife, to think that it was she; then, besides making her the object of a secret passion—it was
1939:
A continued point of controversy is whether courtly love was purely literary or was actually practiced in real life. There are no historical records that offer evidence of its presence in reality. Historian
1315:
of the lady. The troubadour's model of the ideal lady was the wife of his employer or lord, a lady of higher status, usually the rich and powerful female head of the castle. When her husband was away on
84:. Medieval literature is filled with examples of knights setting out on adventures and performing various deeds or services for ladies because of their "courtly love". This kind of love was originally a
1503:, a far-away princess, and some tales told of men who had fallen in love with women whom they had never seen, merely on hearing their perfection described, but normally she was not so distant. As the
1881:
doctrines which rejected the pleasures of the flesh and that they were metaphorically addressing the spirit and soul of their ladies. Rougemont also said that courtly love subscribed to the code of
1178:
which popularized the term "courtly love". He defined it as a "love of a highly specialized sort, whose characteristics may be enumerated as
Humility, Courtesy, Adultery, and the Religion of Love".
1458:, notions of "love for love's sake" and "exaltation of the beloved lady" can be traced back to Arabic literature of the 9th and 10th centuries. The ennobling power of love is overtly discussed in
1831:(as well as the continuing influence of Ovid), the themes of courtly love were not confined to the medieval, but appear both in serious and comic forms in early modern Europe. Shakespeare's
1885:, and therefore a knight's loyalty was always to his King before his mistress. Edmund Reiss claimed it was also a spiritual love, but a love that had more in common with Christian love, or
1857:
princess who is threatened by the Nazis, acts towards her in strict accordance with the maxims of courtly love and finally wins her after fighting a duel with her aristocratic betrothed.
1288:(1124–1204) brought ideals of courtly love from Aquitaine first to the court of France, then to England (she became queen-consort in each of these two realms in succession). Her daughter
1819:
the social and the social the sexual; and in the poetry of courtly love the static hierarchy of feudalism was uprooted and transformed to express a world of motion and transformation."
1905:
that is not permitted for those who wish to love purely.... That is called mixed love which gets its effect from every delight of the flesh and culminates in the final act of Venus.
2004:
Theologians of the time emphasized love as more of a spiritual rather than sexual connection. There is a possibility that writings about courtly love were made as a response to the
1697:
claimed that the book was written literally about sex but that this meaning must be "superseded by meanings related to Christ, to the church and to the individual Christian soul".
1324:
class, for only those who were noble could engage in courtly love. This new kind of love saw nobility not based on wealth and family history, but on character and actions; such as
1849:
depicts a Romantic modern American consciously seeking to model himself on the ideal medieval knight. Among other things, when finding himself in Austria in the aftermath of the
1320:
or elsewhere she dominated the household and cultural affairs; sometimes this was the case even when the husband was at home. The poet gave voice to the aspirations of the
3260:
Trachsler, Richard (2006). "Uncourtly Texts in Courtly Books: Observations on MS Chantilly, Musee Conde 475". In Busby, Keith; Kleinhenz, Christopher (eds.).
1580:
musicians / On viol, harp and rote / Carried it forth from that region…" Scholars have to then decide whether to take this description as truth or fiction.
2470:
1944:
found no documentary evidence in law codes, court cases, chronicles or other historical documents. However, the existence of the non-fiction genre of
1871:
poet should do: live a life of perpetual desire channeling his energies to higher ends, or physically consummate. Scholars have seen it both ways.
1226:
1584:
instruments and people to accompany—in a courtly setting. For troubadours or minstrels, pieces were often accompanied by fiddle, also called a
3262:
Courtly Arts and the Art of Courtliness: Selected Papers from the Eleventh Triennial Congress of the International Courtly Literature Society
1891:. On the other hand, scholars such as Mosché Lazar claim it was adulterous sexual love with physical possession of the lady the desired end.
1652:
1200:
been subjected to a bewildering variety of uses and definitions", but nonetheless defended the concept of courtly love as real and useful.
382:
2856:
Finoli (1999). "Andreas Capellanus. I. Theorien über Verfasser und Werk" [Andreas Capellanus. I. Theories about author and work].
2633:
1808:
covert romance—by making her his lord he flashed her an aggrandized image of herself. She was more than "just" a woman: She was a man.
1451:
are roughly contemporary treaties on love. Ibn Arabi and Ibn Sina both weave together themes of sensual love with divine love.
774:
1568:
Courtly love was born in the lyric, first appearing with Provençal poets in the 11th century, including itinerant and courtly
3457:
3560:
1909:
On the other hand, continual references to beds and sleeping in the lover's arms in medieval sources such as the troubador
1674:'s court. This was a literature of leisure, directed to a largely female audience for the first time in European history.
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3525:
3435:
3198:
3086:
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2957:
2918:
2883:
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2148:
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Dove, Mary (1996). "Sex, Allegory and Censorship: A Reconsideration of Medieval Commentaries on the Song of Songs".
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1923:
1845:
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320:
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The literary convention of courtly love can be found in most of the major authors of the Middle Ages, such as
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2010:
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Paris used it as a descriptive phrase, not a technical term, and used it interchangeably with the phrase
692:
17:
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335:
275:
183:
125:
1401:
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1670:, included many examples of courtly love. Some of them are set within the cycle of poems celebrating
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1992:
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1799:, flattering her by addressing her as his lord and also serving as an ambiguous code-name.
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Many scholars identify courtly love as the "pure love" described in 1184 by Capellanus in
43:, 1900: a late Victorian view of a lady giving a favor to a knight about to go into battle
8:
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3242:
2967:
2058:
Moans of approaching death from unsatisfied desire (and other physical manifestations of
1718:
1498:
1203:
1192:
807:
295:
258:
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2606:
Potkay, Monica Brzezinsky (1994). "The Limits of Romantic Allegory in Marie de France's
1827:
Through such routes as Capellanus's record of the Courts of Love and the later works of
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and spiritual attainment, "a love at once illicit and morally elevating, passionate and
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1592:. Courtly musicians also played the vielle and the harp, as well as different types of
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at the end of the eleventh century. In essence, courtly love was an experience between
97:
3424:
The Knight, the Lady, and the Priest: the Making of Modern Marriage in Medieval France
3304:
2028:
1253:
1181:
In 1964, Mosché Lazar differentiated three separate categories within "courtly love."
3521:
3492:
3470:(1990). "Marginal Men, Marcabru, and Orthodoxy: The Early Troubadours and Adultery".
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3431:
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315:
109:
101:
823:("fine love") which appears frequently in poetry, as well as its German translation
3386:
3370:
3140:
2735:
Reiss, Edmund (1979). "Fin'amors: Its History and Meaning in Medieval Literature".
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1887:
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cases, there were also women troubadours who expressed the same sentiment for men.
641:
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157:
128:". The topic was prominent with both musicians and poets, being frequently used by
85:
59:
51:
1238:
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1983:
A point of controversy was the existence of "courts of love", first mentioned by
1961:
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243:
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The tradition of medieval allegory began in part with the interpretation of the
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There is an art to it, it has rules, in the same vein as chivalry or courtesy.
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167:
3215:" [Studies on the romances of the Round Table: Lancelot du Lac, II: The
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Courtly vignettes on an ivory mirror-case, first third of the 14th century (
1325:
1148:. Nonetheless, other scholars began using it as a technical term after him.
3427:
3419:
3382:
3341:
3282:
3208:
3129:
Moore, John C. (October 1979). "'Courtly Love': A Problem of Terminology".
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The male lover is in an inferior position and the woman in an elevated one.
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3211:(1883). "Études sur les romans de la Table Ronde: Lancelot du Lac, II: Le
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Court of Love in Provence in the 14th century (after a manuscript in the
1207:
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1063:
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687:
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667:
263:
93:
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One theory holds that courtly love in Southern France was influenced by
1115:
1181). In his article, Paris outlined four principal characteristics of
135:
3153:
2796:
2782:
Benton, John F. (1961). "The Court of Champagne as a Literary Center".
2774:
1738:
1521:
1393:
1297:
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1093:("courtly love") in a 1883 article discussing the relationship between
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436:
394:
330:
310:
248:
236:
129:
121:
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2008:
ideas about love. Many scholars believe that Andreas Capellanus' work
1336:, thus appealing to poorer knights who saw an avenue for advancement.
1296:'s court. Courtly love found expression in the lyric poems written by
30:
2528:. Liverpool: University of Liverpool, Department of French, 1999. 67.
2515:. Ed. Mark Everist. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011. 209.
1927:
imply at least in some cases a context of actual sexual intercourse.
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117:
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Scholars debate whether "courtly love" constitutes a coherent idea.
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3518:
Courtly Love, the Love of Courtliness, and the History of Sexuality
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2082:
2005:
1988:
1882:
1854:
1639:
1620:
1557:
1448:
1410:
1321:
1269:
1094:
153:
81:
3079:
The Arabic Role in Medieval Literary History: A Forgotten Heritage
2760:(1962). "The Evidence for Andreas Capellanus Re-examined Again".
1971:
1317:
628:
413:
1948:
is perhaps evidence for its practice. For example, according to
3450:
The Young Dante and the One Love: Two Lectures on the Vita Nova
3038:
Amour courtois et "fin'amors" dans le littérature du XII siècle
2089:
1878:
1705:
1585:
1545:
1413:
is a treatise on love which emphasizes restraint and chastity.
1312:
591:
552:
520:
493:
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149:
3106:
Monson, Don A. (2007). "The Problem of 'Midons' Revisited".
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Allegorical treatment of courtly love is also found in the
1593:
1589:
1548:
in which courtly love conventions can be found include the
1371:
797:
The term "courtly love" appears in only one extant source:
575:
543:
175:
148:. The topic was also popular with major writers, including
2435:
1135:
The man does quests, tests, or trials in the woman's name.
2680:
2678:
2196:
1999:
80:
literary conception of love that emphasized nobility and
2493:
2491:
3395:] (in Old French). Translated by Charles Dahlberg.
3042:
Courtly love and "fin'amors" in 12th century literature
2526:
Three old French narrative lays: Trot, Lecheor, Nabaret
1427:
is a collection of love poetry. Outside of Al-Andalus,
2675:
2423:
2055:
Renewed wooing with oaths of virtue and eternal fealty
1370:
Much of its structure and its sentiments derived from
2653:
2651:
2488:
2381:
2369:
2342:
2071:
Endless adventures and subterfuges avoiding detection
1083:
The modern use of the term "courtly love" comes from
2464:
2462:
2359:
2357:
2332:
2330:
2305:
2303:
2184:
3485:
The Oxford Guide to Arthurian Literature and Legend
2876:
A Distant Mirror: the Calamitous Fourteenth Century
2690:
2663:
2509:Butterfield, Ardis. "Vernacular poetry and music".
2447:
2398:
2396:
2288:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2234:
2232:
1383:
848:
3246:
3186:
3081:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
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2648:
2315:
2276:
2266:
2264:
2459:
2354:
2327:
2300:
2157:
1774:part is alternatively interpreted as coming from
1603:This French tradition spread later to the German
3537:
3363:] (in Latin). Translated by John Jay Parry.
2393:
2244:
2229:
2065:Heroic deeds of valor which win the lady's heart
1304:(1071–1126), one of the first troubadour poets.
626:
3264:. Cambridge, MA: D.S. Brewer. pp. 679–692.
2261:
2043:Attraction to the lady, usually via eyes/glance
1206:criticized its usage as a technical term as an
3313:
3193:. Albany: State University of New York Press.
2948:(1980). "Courtly Love: A New Interpretation".
2927:
2752:
2750:
2601:
2599:
2524:Burgess, Glyn S.. "C'est le Lay dou Lecheor."
2223:
1786:, though the meaning is unchanged regardless.
1260:The practice of courtly love developed in the
559:
550:
541:
3497:Love, Marriage, and Family in the Middle Ages
2468:
2408:
1877:said that the troubadours were influenced by
1653:The Story of the Champions of the Round Table
768:
411:
402:
27:Medieval European literary conception of love
3520:. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
3377:
3044:] (in French). Librairie C. Klincksieck.
2952:. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.
2417:The Cambridge Guide to Literature in English
2178:The Cambridge Guide to Literature in English
2169:
1661:
1496:
1471:The Arabic Role in Medieval Literary History
1357:"Marriage is no real excuse for not loving."
1292:(1145–1198) brought courtly behavior to the
1143:
1116:
1088:
824:
589:
573:
425:
141:
133:
2913:. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
2747:
2737:Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies
2596:
2141:Music & Poetry in the Early Tudor Court
1781:
1769:
612:
603:
2845:. Bullough & Brundage. pp. 33–50.
2627:
2625:
775:
761:
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3400:
3340:
3259:
3241:
3232:
3178:Origins and Sources of the Courts of Love
3152:
3119:
3096:
3007:
2984:
2966:
2795:
2773:
2540:Voices and Instruments of the Middle Ages
2497:
2441:
2387:
2375:
2348:
1619:of Italian vernacular poetry, as well as
1248:on an ivory mirror-back, possibly Paris,
1076:Formation of the modern usage of the term
3444:
3277:
2840:
2473:. Eleanorofaquitaine.net. Archived from
2143:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
2022:
1860:
1634:
1349:had codified the rules of courtly love.
1237:
1225:
29:
3515:
3172:
3073:
3016:
2928:Boase, Roger; Bornstein, Diane (1983).
2638:Digital Library of Medieval Manuscripts
2622:
2453:
2415:Ousby, I., ed. (1995). "Courtly Love".
2294:
2282:
2176:Ousby, I., ed. (1995). "Courtly Love".
2138:
1366:"When made public love rarely endures."
1363:"No one can be bound by a double love."
1125:The love is illegitimate, furtive (ie.
14:
3538:
3491:
3482:
3324:Lancelot, le Chevalier de la charrette
3184:
3105:
2909:The Origin and Meaning of Courtly Love
2855:
2810:
2804:
2781:
2756:
2657:
2605:
2190:
2163:
2000:Courtly love as a response to religion
1934:
1511:
1074:
124:, humiliating and exalting, human and
3466:
3331:] (in Old French). Translated by
3207:
3128:
3048:
3032:
3026:The lyrical poetry of the troubadours
2980:. New York: Norton. pp. 154–163.
2944:
2904:
2734:
2696:
2684:
2669:
2512:Cambridge Companion to Medieval Music
2429:
2414:
2363:
2336:
2321:
2309:
2255:
2238:
2175:
2116:
1465:According to an argument outlined by
792:
71:
58:
3418:
3349:
3161:
2575:
2537:
2402:
2270:
1399:In contemporary Andalusian writing,
1360:"He who is not jealous cannot love."
1195:said, "the connotations of the term
1053:
1035:
1017:
999:
981:
3270:
2631:
1741:poetry is associated with the word
1572:such as the French troubadours and
1155:applied the term "courtly love" to
24:
3411:
2049:Declaration of passionate devotion
1822:
182:
89:enriching and improving practice.
25:
3577:
3248:"Some Medieval Doctrines of Love"
3022:La poésie lyrique des troubadours
2634:"History and Summary of the Text"
2542:. London: J. M. Dent & Sons.
1978:
1307:Poets adopted the terminology of
787:
3329:Lancelot, the Knight of the Cart
3303:
3291:] (in Latin). Translated by
3185:Newman, Francis X., ed. (1968).
2940:. Vol. 3. pp. 667–674.
1846:The Adventures of Hiram Holliday
1384:Andalusian and Islamic influence
1108:Lancelot, the Knight of the Cart
829:. Provençal also uses the terms
321:Passionate and companionate love
3132:Journal of the History of Ideas
3057:: A Study in Medieval Tradition
2995:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
2868:
2849:
2834:
2728:
2715:
2702:
2569:
2556:
2531:
2518:
2503:
2108:
2068:Consummation of the secret love
844:
806:in a late 12th-century poem by
3499:. Canada: Broadview Press Ltd.
2897:
2471:"The Practice of Courtly Love"
2132:
2052:Virtuous rejection by the lady
1495:At times, the lady could be a
1280:, from around the time of the
980:
13:
1:
2937:Dictionary of the Middle Ages
2126:
2046:Worship of the lady from afar
1660:The vernacular poetry of the
1302:William IX, Duke of Aquitaine
1249:
1112:
3430:. New York: Pantheon Books.
3162:Mott, Lewis Freeman (1896).
2822:. Vol. CVI. p. 357
1865:
1290:Marie, Countess of Champagne
1184:
7:
3561:Interpersonal relationships
3487:. Oxford: University Press.
3189:The Meaning of Courtly Love
3059:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
2874:Tuchman, Barbara Wertheim,
2841:Brundage, James A. (1996).
2723:The Two Gentlemen of Verona
2075:
1789:Troubadours beginning with
1684:Allegory in the Middle Ages
1677:
1476:
1311:, declaring themselves the
1245:Siege of the Castle of Love
1075:
978:
10:
3582:
3566:Cultural history of Europe
3165:The System of Courtly Love
3114:(499/500 (3/4)): 283–305.
2973:"The Myth of Courtly Love"
2892:
2538:Page, Christopher (1987).
2224:Boase & Bornstein 1983
1793:would address the lady as
1681:
1630:
1609:Walther von der Vogelweide
1343:' highly influential work
1221:
813:It is associated with the
663:Color wheel theory of love
336:Queerplatonic relationship
276:Interpersonal relationship
92:Courtly love began in the
3516:Schultz, James A (2006).
3509:Love in the Western World
2878:(New York: Knopf, 1978).
2018:
1954:Book of the Three Virtues
1728:
1615:. It also influenced the
1421:The Translator of Desires
1339:By the late 12th century
747:Triangular theory of love
94:ducal and princely courts
3052:(1936). "Courtly Love".
2858:Lexikon des Mittelalters
2816:"The Lady of the Castle"
2721:William C. Carroll ed.,
2469:O'Siodhachain, Deirdre.
2101:
1563:
1538:Gottfried von Strassburg
1456:Gustave E. von Grunebaum
1159:'s love for Beatrice in
851:
673:Biology of romantic love
271:Interpersonal attraction
114:Norman Kingdom of Sicily
3393:The Romance of the Rose
3366:The art of courtly love
2590:10.1093/litthe/10.4.317
2578:Literature and Theology
1911:
1795:
1749:
1743:
1730:
837:
831:
819:
802:
742:Physical attractiveness
528:
519:
510:
501:
492:
483:
474:
465:
456:
447:
3174:Neilson, William Allan
2710:The Wandering Scholars
2562:Dorothy Sayers trans,
2139:Stevens, John (1979).
2032:
1907:
1816:
1782:
1775:
1770:
1763:
1758:
1662:
1657:
1613:Wolfram von Eschenbach
1497:
1487:
1257:
1235:
1232:Bibliothèque Nationale
1144:
1117:
1089:
825:
627:
613:
604:
590:
574:
560:
551:
542:
426:
412:
403:
188:
187:Red-outline heart icon
142:
134:
68:
55:
44:
3483:Lupack, Alan (2005).
3213:conte de la charrette
2950:The Women Troubadours
2905:Boase, Roger (1977).
2864:. Stuttgart: 604–605.
2612:Medieval Perspectives
2566:(1971) p. 260 and 279
2026:
1967:Feast of the Pheasant
1917:and romances such as
1902:
1861:Points of controversy
1801:
1638:
1353:lists such rules as:
1242:Warfare imagery: the
1241:
1229:
1028:William Allan Neilson
186:
41:Edmund Blair Leighton
33:
3253:A Preface to Chaucer
3243:Robertson, D. W. Jr.
3055:The Allegory of Love
2988:(1952). "Avicenna's
2986:Grunebaum, G. E. von
2968:Donaldson, E. Talbot
2820:The Atlantic Monthly
2762:Studies in Philology
1650:'s illustration for
1407:The Ring of the Dove
1286:Eleanor of Aquitaine
1175:The Allegory of Love
727:Mere-exposure effect
73:[amuʁkuʁtwa]
3505:Rougemont, Denis de
3452:. Temenos Academy.
3388:Le roman de la rose
3379:Guillaume de Lorris
3075:Menocal, María Rosa
2992:and Courtly Love".
2978:Speaking of Chaucer
2812:Putnam, Emily James
2584:(4): 317, 319–320.
1970:in 1454, relied on
1935:Real-world practice
1719:Guillaume de Lorris
1512:Literary convention
1499:princesse lointaine
1204:E. Talbot Donaldson
1193:D. W. Robertson Jr.
1145:amour chevaleresque
1087:. He used the term
296:Love at first sight
3493:Murray, Jacqueline
3351:Andreas Capellanus
3319:Godefroi de Leigni
3315:Chrétien de Troyes
3293:Henry Thomas Riley
3168:. Athenaeum Press.
3028:] (in French).
2037:Barbara W. Tuchman
2033:
1993:Emily James Putnam
1985:Andreas Capellanus
1950:Christine de Pizan
1875:Denis de Rougemont
1757:phrase "my lord",
1700:Marie de France's
1658:
1534:Chretien de Troyes
1467:María Rosa Menocal
1433:Book of the Flower
1416:Tarjumān al-Ashwāq
1341:Andreas Capellanus
1294:Count of Champagne
1258:
1236:
1153:Lewis Freeman Mott
1103:Chrétien de Troyes
1010:Lewis Freeman Mott
793:Contemporary usage
360:Unconditional love
217:Compassionate love
189:
60:[finaˈmuɾ]
45:
3459:978-0-9564078-8-7
3297:Project Gutenberg
2843:Sex and Canon Law
2687:, pp. 49–50.
2632:Walters, Lori J.
2432:, pp. 65–66.
1952:'s courtesy book
1791:Guilhem de Poitou
1264:of four regions:
1081:
1080:
1070:
1069:
1052:
1051:
1034:
1033:
1016:
1015:
998:
997:
974:1940 —
964:1935 —
954:1930 —
944:1925 —
934:1920 —
924:1915 —
914:1910 —
904:1905 —
894:1900 —
884:1895 —
874:1890 —
864:1885 —
854:1880 —
785:
784:
78:medieval European
16:(Redirected from
3573:
3531:
3512:
3500:
3488:
3479:
3463:
3446:Frisardi, Andrew
3441:
3426:. Translated by
3406:
3404:
3374:
3371:Internet Archive
3346:
3344:
3310:
3308:
3307:
3271:Medieval sources
3265:
3256:
3250:
3238:
3236:
3217:tale of the cart
3204:
3192:
3181:
3169:
3158:
3156:
3125:
3123:
3102:
3100:
3070:
3045:
3029:
3013:
3011:
2990:Risâla Fîʾl-ʿišq
2981:
2975:
2963:
2941:
2933:
2924:
2912:
2887:
2872:
2866:
2865:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2779:
2777:
2754:
2745:
2744:
2732:
2726:
2719:
2713:
2706:
2700:
2694:
2688:
2682:
2673:
2667:
2661:
2655:
2646:
2645:
2644:on May 21, 2023.
2640:. Archived from
2629:
2620:
2619:
2603:
2594:
2593:
2573:
2567:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2535:
2529:
2522:
2516:
2507:
2501:
2495:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2482:
2466:
2457:
2451:
2445:
2444:, p. 233-4.
2439:
2433:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2412:
2406:
2400:
2391:
2385:
2379:
2373:
2367:
2361:
2352:
2346:
2340:
2334:
2325:
2319:
2313:
2307:
2298:
2292:
2286:
2280:
2274:
2268:
2259:
2253:
2242:
2236:
2227:
2221:
2194:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2173:
2167:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2136:
2120:
2112:
1916:
1834:Romeo and Juliet
1814:
1798:
1785:
1773:
1752:
1746:
1737:Courtly love in
1733:
1714:Roman de la Rose
1668:courtly romances
1665:
1518:Geoffrey Chaucer
1502:
1460:Risala fi'l-Ishq
1445:Treatise of Love
1441:Risala fi'l-Ishq
1251:
1147:
1120:
1114:
1092:
1059:
1054:
1041:
1036:
1023:
1018:
1005:
1000:
987:
982:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
849:
840:
834:
828:
822:
808:Peire d'Alvernhe
805:
777:
770:
763:
642:Mamihlapinatapai
632:
618:
609:
595:
579:
565:
556:
547:
533:
524:
515:
506:
497:
488:
479:
470:
461:
452:
431:
417:
408:
163:
162:
158:Geoffrey Chaucer
147:
139:
86:literary fiction
75:
62:
21:
3581:
3580:
3576:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3571:
3570:
3551:Heterosexuality
3536:
3535:
3534:
3528:
3460:
3438:
3414:
3412:Further reading
3409:
3302:
3289:The Art of Love
3273:
3268:
3227:(48): 459–534.
3201:
3145:10.2307/2709362
3089:
3067:
3018:Jeanroy, Alfred
2960:
2921:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2873:
2869:
2854:
2850:
2839:
2835:
2825:
2823:
2809:
2805:
2758:Benton, John F.
2755:
2748:
2733:
2729:
2720:
2716:
2708:Helen Waddell,
2707:
2703:
2695:
2691:
2683:
2676:
2668:
2664:
2656:
2649:
2630:
2623:
2604:
2597:
2574:
2570:
2564:Dante:Purgatory
2561:
2557:
2550:
2536:
2532:
2523:
2519:
2508:
2504:
2496:
2489:
2480:
2478:
2467:
2460:
2452:
2448:
2440:
2436:
2428:
2424:
2413:
2409:
2401:
2394:
2386:
2382:
2374:
2370:
2362:
2355:
2347:
2343:
2335:
2328:
2320:
2316:
2308:
2301:
2293:
2289:
2281:
2277:
2269:
2262:
2254:
2245:
2237:
2230:
2222:
2197:
2189:
2185:
2174:
2170:
2162:
2158:
2151:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2124:
2123:
2113:
2109:
2104:
2078:
2029:Musée du Louvre
2021:
2002:
1981:
1937:
1868:
1863:
1825:
1823:Later influence
1815:
1812:
1753:comes from the
1735:
1686:
1680:
1663:romans courtois
1633:
1617:Sicilian School
1566:
1544:. The medieval
1530:Marie de France
1514:
1479:
1402:Ṭawq al-Ḥamāmah
1386:
1254:Musée du Louvre
1224:
1187:
1157:Dante Alighieri
1077:
1066:
1057:
1048:
1039:
1030:
1021:
1012:
1003:
994:
985:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
847:
795:
790:
781:
752:
751:
715:Religious views
705:Valentine's Day
693:in Christianity
658:
650:
649:
378:
370:
369:
365:Unrequited love
244:Falling in love
197:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3579:
3569:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3533:
3532:
3526:
3513:
3501:
3489:
3480:
3464:
3458:
3442:
3436:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3407:
3375:
3347:
3311:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3266:
3257:
3239:
3205:
3199:
3182:
3170:
3159:
3139:(4): 621–632.
3126:
3103:
3087:
3071:
3065:
3046:
3030:
3014:
3002:(4): 233–238.
2982:
2964:
2958:
2942:
2931:"Courtly Love"
2925:
2919:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2888:
2867:
2848:
2833:
2803:
2746:
2727:
2714:
2701:
2689:
2674:
2662:
2647:
2621:
2595:
2568:
2555:
2548:
2530:
2517:
2502:
2498:Rougemont 1956
2487:
2458:
2446:
2442:Grunebaum 1952
2434:
2422:
2419:. p. 214.
2407:
2392:
2388:Trachsler 2006
2380:
2376:Donaldson 1970
2368:
2353:
2349:Robertson 1962
2341:
2326:
2314:
2299:
2287:
2275:
2260:
2243:
2228:
2195:
2193:, p. vii.
2183:
2180:. p. 213.
2168:
2156:
2149:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2093:
2086:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2035:(Adapted from
2020:
2017:
2001:
1998:
1980:
1979:Courts of love
1977:
1946:courtesy books
1942:John F. Benton
1936:
1933:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1843:'s 1939 novel
1824:
1821:
1810:
1734:
1727:
1682:Main article:
1679:
1676:
1632:
1629:
1565:
1562:
1513:
1510:
1478:
1475:
1429:Kitab al-Zahra
1385:
1382:
1368:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1278:ducal Burgundy
1223:
1220:
1186:
1183:
1140:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1118:amour courtois
1090:amour courtois
1079:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1062:
1060:
1050:
1049:
1046:Alfred Jeanroy
1044:
1042:
1032:
1031:
1026:
1024:
1014:
1013:
1008:
1006:
996:
995:
990:
988:
979:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
846:
843:
794:
791:
789:
788:Origin of term
786:
783:
782:
780:
779:
772:
765:
757:
754:
753:
750:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
723:
722:
712:
707:
702:
697:
696:
695:
685:
683:Love of Christ
680:
675:
670:
665:
659:
656:
655:
652:
651:
648:
647:
646:
645:
635:
634:
633:
621:
620:
619:
610:
598:
597:
596:
582:
581:
580:
568:
567:
566:
557:
548:
536:
535:
534:
525:
516:
507:
498:
489:
480:
471:
462:
453:
444:
442:words for love
434:
433:
432:
420:
419:
418:
409:
397:
392:
391:
390:
379:
376:
375:
372:
371:
368:
367:
362:
357:
356:
355:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
291:Love addiction
288:
283:
278:
273:
268:
267:
266:
261:
256:
246:
241:
240:
239:
234:
224:
219:
214:
209:
204:
198:
195:
194:
191:
190:
179:
178:
172:
171:
110:ducal Burgundy
69:amour courtois
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3578:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3529:
3527:0-226-74089-7
3523:
3519:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3437:0-226-16768-2
3433:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3420:Duby, Georges
3417:
3416:
3403:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3389:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3369: at the
3368:
3367:
3362:
3358:
3357:
3352:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3334:
3333:Burton Raffel
3330:
3326:
3325:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3306:
3301:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3285:
3280:
3276:
3275:
3263:
3258:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3226:
3223:(in French).
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3209:Paris, Gaston
3206:
3202:
3200:0-87395-038-0
3196:
3191:
3190:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3166:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3133:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3090:
3088:9780812213249
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3066:0-19-281220-3
3062:
3058:
3056:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3034:Lazar, Mosché
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2996:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2959:0-393-00965-3
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2938:
2932:
2926:
2922:
2920:0 7190 0656 2
2916:
2911:
2910:
2903:
2902:
2885:
2884:0-394-40026-7
2881:
2877:
2871:
2863:
2860:(in German).
2859:
2852:
2844:
2837:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2807:
2798:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2776:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2753:
2751:
2742:
2738:
2731:
2724:
2718:
2712:(1968) p. 311
2711:
2705:
2699:, p. 56.
2698:
2693:
2686:
2681:
2679:
2672:, p. 50.
2671:
2666:
2659:
2654:
2652:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2628:
2626:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2602:
2600:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2572:
2565:
2559:
2551:
2549:0-460-04607-1
2545:
2541:
2534:
2527:
2521:
2514:
2513:
2506:
2499:
2494:
2492:
2477:on 2008-08-20
2476:
2472:
2465:
2463:
2455:
2450:
2443:
2438:
2431:
2426:
2418:
2411:
2404:
2399:
2397:
2389:
2384:
2377:
2372:
2365:
2360:
2358:
2350:
2345:
2338:
2333:
2331:
2323:
2318:
2311:
2306:
2304:
2296:
2291:
2284:
2279:
2272:
2267:
2265:
2257:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2240:
2235:
2233:
2225:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2192:
2187:
2179:
2172:
2165:
2160:
2152:
2150:0-521-29417-7
2146:
2142:
2135:
2131:
2119:, p. 75.
2118:
2111:
2107:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2079:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2030:
2025:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2007:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1962:Philip le Bon
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1932:
1928:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1914:
1906:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1892:
1890:
1889:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1858:
1856:
1853:, he saves a
1852:
1848:
1847:
1842:
1838:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1820:
1809:
1807:
1800:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1784:
1779:
1778:
1772:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1745:
1740:
1732:
1726:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1715:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1698:
1695:
1694:Song of Songs
1690:
1685:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1655:
1654:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1581:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1542:Thomas Malory
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1509:
1506:
1501:
1500:
1493:
1491:
1490:
1483:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1454:According to
1452:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1417:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1403:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1390:Arabic poetry
1381:
1379:
1378:
1373:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1282:First Crusade
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1255:
1247:
1246:
1240:
1233:
1228:
1219:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1164:
1163:
1162:La Vita Nuova
1158:
1154:
1149:
1146:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1110:
1109:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1073:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1055:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1037:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1019:
1011:
1007:
1002:
1001:
993:
989:
984:
983:
850:
842:
839:
833:
827:
821:
816:
811:
809:
804:
800:
778:
773:
771:
766:
764:
759:
758:
756:
755:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
721:
718:
717:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
694:
691:
690:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
660:
654:
653:
644:
643:
639:
638:
636:
631:
630:
625:
624:
622:
617:
616:
611:
608:
607:
602:
601:
599:
594:
593:
588:
587:
586:
583:
578:
577:
572:
571:
569:
564:
563:
558:
555:
554:
549:
546:
545:
540:
539:
537:
532:
531:
526:
523:
522:
517:
514:
513:
508:
505:
504:
499:
496:
495:
490:
487:
486:
481:
478:
477:
472:
469:
468:
463:
460:
459:
454:
451:
450:
445:
443:
440:
439:
438:
435:
430:
429:
424:
423:
421:
416:
415:
410:
407:
406:
401:
400:
398:
396:
393:
389:
386:
385:
384:
381:
380:
374:
373:
366:
363:
361:
358:
354:
353:
349:
348:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
326:Platonic love
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
301:Love triangle
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
251:
250:
247:
245:
242:
238:
235:
233:
230:
229:
228:
225:
223:
222:Conjugal love
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
199:
196:Types of love
193:
192:
185:
181:
180:
177:
174:
173:
169:
165:
164:
161:
159:
155:
151:
146:
145:
138:
137:
131:
127:
123:
119:
118:erotic desire
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
90:
87:
83:
79:
74:
70:
66:
61:
57:
53:
49:
42:
38:
37:
32:
19:
3546:Courtly love
3517:
3508:
3496:
3484:
3475:
3472:Medium Aevum
3471:
3468:Gaunt, Simon
3449:
3428:Barbara Bray
3423:
3392:
3387:
3383:Jean de Meun
3365:
3360:
3355:
3328:
3323:
3288:
3284:Ars amatoria
3283:
3261:
3252:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3188:
3177:
3164:
3136:
3130:
3111:
3107:
3078:
3053:
3050:Lewis, C. S.
3041:
3037:
3025:
3021:
2999:
2993:
2989:
2977:
2949:
2935:
2908:
2875:
2870:
2861:
2857:
2851:
2842:
2836:
2824:. Retrieved
2819:
2806:
2787:
2783:
2765:
2761:
2740:
2736:
2730:
2725:(2004) p. 31
2722:
2717:
2709:
2704:
2692:
2665:
2642:the original
2637:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2581:
2577:
2571:
2563:
2558:
2539:
2533:
2525:
2520:
2510:
2505:
2479:. Retrieved
2475:the original
2454:Menocal 1987
2449:
2437:
2425:
2416:
2410:
2383:
2371:
2344:
2324:, p. 2.
2317:
2295:Jeanroy 1934
2290:
2283:Neilson 1899
2278:
2186:
2177:
2171:
2159:
2140:
2134:
2115:theory, see
2110:
2088:
2081:
2060:lovesickness
2034:
2009:
2003:
1982:
1965:
1953:
1938:
1929:
1922:
1908:
1903:
1895:
1893:
1886:
1873:
1869:
1844:
1841:Paul Gallico
1839:
1832:
1826:
1817:
1805:
1802:
1788:
1736:
1723:Jean de Meun
1712:
1710:
1699:
1691:
1687:
1659:
1651:
1602:
1582:
1578:
1567:
1515:
1494:
1484:
1480:
1470:
1464:
1459:
1453:
1444:
1440:
1432:
1428:
1420:
1414:
1406:
1400:
1398:
1387:
1377:Ars amatoria
1375:
1369:
1350:
1344:
1338:
1306:
1259:
1243:
1216:
1202:
1197:courtly love
1196:
1191:
1188:
1180:
1173:
1167:
1160:
1150:
1141:
1106:
1085:Gaston Paris
1082:
992:Gaston Paris
845:Modern usage
812:
803:cortez amors
796:
732:Sacred Heart
720:love deities
640:
428:Amour-propre
377:Social views
352:Amour de soi
350:
306:Lovesickness
227:Courtly love
226:
212:Broken heart
126:transcendent
91:
48:Courtly love
47:
46:
35:
3342:j.ctt1nq9x7
3098:j.ctt3fhrf7
2898:Scholarship
2658:Monson 2007
2191:Newman 1968
2164:Newman 1968
2006:theological
1958:tournaments
1829:Petrarchism
1672:King Arthur
1648:Howard Pyle
1605:Minnesänger
1298:troubadours
1262:castle life
1252:1350–1370 (
1208:anachronism
1170:C. S. Lewis
1064:C. S. Lewis
832:verai'amors
688:Love of God
678:Love letter
668:Bhakti yoga
623:Portuguese
237:troubadours
144:Minnesänger
130:troubadours
122:disciplined
18:Courtliness
3540:Categories
3402:jj.3716014
3361:About Love
2946:Bogin, Meg
2826:16 October
2697:Bogin 1980
2685:Bogin 1980
2670:Bogin 1980
2481:2010-01-18
2430:Boase 1977
2364:Moore 1979
2337:Lazar 1964
2322:Lewis 1936
2310:Lewis 1936
2256:Paris 1883
2239:Boase 1977
2127:References
2117:Boase 1977
1991:historian
1739:troubadour
1607:, such as
1522:John Gower
1394:Al-Andalus
1300:, such as
1127:adulterous
826:hohe Minne
737:Similarity
710:Philosophy
700:Love magic
395:Patriotism
331:Puppy love
311:Lovestruck
249:Friendship
36:God Speed!
3385:(1995) .
3353:(1941) .
3321:(1997) .
3281:(1885) .
2271:Mott 1896
1964:, in his
1866:Sexuality
1851:Anschluss
1813:Meg Bogin
1644:Guinevere
1574:trouvères
1570:minstrels
1505:etiquette
1437:Ibn Dawud
1425:Ibn Arabi
1334:gallantry
1309:feudalism
1274:Champagne
1266:Aquitaine
1212:neologism
1185:Criticism
1168:In 1936,
1151:In 1896,
1099:Guinevere
838:bon'amors
815:Provençal
799:Provençal
485:Philautia
388:Free love
383:Anarchist
346:Self-love
286:Limerence
254:cross-sex
232:courtship
202:Affection
136:trouvères
106:Champagne
98:Aquitaine
3507:(1956).
3495:(2001).
3478:: 55–71.
3448:(2013).
3422:(1983).
3356:De amore
3245:(1962).
3234:45041910
3176:(1899).
3121:45039194
3077:(1987).
3036:(1964).
3020:(1934).
2970:(1970).
2814:(1910).
2784:Speculum
2403:De amore
2096:Dulcinea
2083:Cicisbeo
2076:See also
2011:De amore
1989:feminist
1972:parables
1924:Lancelot
1919:Chrétien
1897:De amore
1883:chivalry
1855:Habsburg
1811:—
1678:Allegory
1640:Lancelot
1621:Petrarch
1558:allegory
1556:and the
1477:Analysis
1449:Ibn Sina
1411:Ibn Hazm
1351:De amore
1346:De amore
1326:devotion
1322:courtier
1284:(1099).
1270:Provence
1234:, Paris)
1095:Lancelot
820:fin'amor
657:Concepts
570:Islamic
399:Chinese
281:Intimacy
259:romantic
168:a series
166:Part of
154:Petrarch
112:and the
102:Provence
82:chivalry
76:) was a
56:fin'amor
3221:Romania
3219:].
3154:2709362
3108:Romania
2893:Sources
2797:2856785
2775:4173386
1888:caritas
1765:dominus
1631:Romance
1588:, or a
1554:romance
1318:Crusade
1222:History
1058:←
1040:←
1022:←
1004:←
986:←
969:–
959:–
949:–
939:–
929:–
919:–
909:–
899:–
889:–
879:–
869:–
859:–
637:Yaghan
629:Saudade
615:Caritas
538:Indian
422:French
414:Yuanfen
341:Romance
316:Passion
207:Bonding
52:Occitan
3524:
3456:
3434:
3399:
3339:
3231:
3197:
3151:
3118:
3095:
3085:
3063:
3009:542686
3006:
2956:
2917:
2882:
2794:
2780:; and
2772:
2618:: 135.
2608:Eliduc
2546:
2147:
2090:Domnei
2019:Stages
1879:Cathar
1806:always
1796:midons
1768:. The
1750:Midons
1744:midons
1731:Midons
1706:Eliduc
1656:(1905)
1598:flutes
1586:vielle
1552:, the
1546:genres
1435:) by
1313:vassal
1172:wrote
600:Latin
592:Chesed
585:Jewish
562:Maitrī
553:Bhakti
521:Storgḗ
512:Pragma
503:Philos
494:Philia
65:French
3397:JSTOR
3391:[
3359:[
3337:JSTOR
3327:[
3300:47677
3287:[
3229:JSTOR
3149:JSTOR
3116:JSTOR
3093:JSTOR
3040:[
3024:[
3004:JSTOR
2792:JSTOR
2790:(4).
2770:JSTOR
2768:(3).
2102:Notes
1913:albas
1755:Latin
1666:, or
1625:Dante
1594:viols
1564:Lyric
1550:lyric
1526:Dante
1489:Minne
1447:) by
1423:) by
1409:) by
1330:piety
817:term
530:Xenia
476:Mania
467:Ludus
449:Agape
437:Greek
150:Dante
3556:Love
3522:ISBN
3454:ISBN
3432:ISBN
3279:Ovid
3195:ISBN
3083:ISBN
3061:ISBN
2954:ISBN
2915:ISBN
2880:ISBN
2828:2022
2544:ISBN
2145:ISBN
1777:meus
1760:mihi
1721:and
1642:and
1623:and
1611:and
1596:and
1590:harp
1540:and
1439:and
1372:Ovid
1276:and
1097:and
606:Amor
576:Ishq
544:Kama
458:Eros
264:zone
176:Love
156:and
140:and
3141:doi
3112:125
2610:".
2586:doi
1921:'s
1783:mia
1780:or
1717:by
1702:lai
1646:in
1469:in
1392:in
1374:'s
1210:or
1105:'s
1101:in
405:Ren
96:of
39:by
3542::
3476:59
3474:.
3381:;
3335:.
3317:;
3295:.
3251:.
3225:12
3147:.
3137:40
3135:.
3110:.
3091:.
3000:11
2998:.
2976:.
2934:.
2862:10
2818:.
2788:36
2786:.
2766:59
2764:.
2749:^
2739:.
2677:^
2650:^
2636:.
2624:^
2614:.
2598:^
2582:10
2580:.
2490:^
2461:^
2395:^
2356:^
2329:^
2302:^
2263:^
2246:^
2231:^
2198:^
2039:)
1960:.
1900::
1771:mi
1747:.
1627:.
1600:.
1560:.
1536:,
1532:,
1528:,
1524:,
1520:,
1492:.
1462:.
1396:.
1380:.
1332:,
1328:,
1272:,
1268:,
1250:c.
1214:.
1129:).
1121::
1113:c.
841:.
835:,
810:.
170:on
160:.
152:,
132:,
108:,
104:,
100:,
67::
63:;
54::
3530:.
3511:.
3462:.
3440:.
3405:.
3373:.
3345:.
3309:.
3255:.
3237:.
3203:.
3180:.
3157:.
3143::
3124:.
3101:.
3069:.
3012:.
2962:.
2923:.
2886:.
2830:.
2800:.
2778:.
2743:.
2741:8
2660:.
2616:9
2592:.
2588::
2552:.
2500:.
2484:.
2456:.
2405:.
2390:.
2378:.
2366:.
2351:.
2339:.
2312:.
2297:.
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