45:
400:
1029:
1330:
238:
1341:
170:
258:
485:
753:
1044:) derived their positions and retained their titles from their original duties within the courtly household. With time, such duties often became archaic. However, titles survived involving the ghosts of arcane duties. These styles generally dated back to the days when a noble household had practical and mundane concerns as well as high politics and culture. Such
205:
and its
English derivation "companion" literally mean a "sharer of the bread" at table, and a court is an extension of the great individual's household. Wherever members of the household and bureaucrats of the administration overlap in personnel, it is reasonable to speak of a "court", for example in
606:, consolidation of power of local magnates and of kings in fixed administrative centres from the mid-13th century led to the creation of a distinct court culture that was the centre of intellectual and artistic patronage rivaling the
614:, in addition to its role as the apex of a rudimentary political bureaucracy that rivaled the courts of counts and dukes. The dynamics of hierarchy welded the court cultures together. Many early courts in Western Europe were
160:
and bodyguards were not properly called courtiers, though they might be included as part of the court or royal household in the broadest definition. Entertainers and others may have been counted as part of the court.
450:
adopting and developing the earlier court culture and customs of the
Achaemenid Empire would also influence again the development of the complex court and court customs of the Roman Empire and
265:
Individual rulers differed greatly in tastes and interests, as well as in political skills and in constitutional situations. Accordingly, some founded elaborate courts based on new
431:
had an entourage and the rudimentary elements of a court, it was not until after he conquered Persia that he took many of the more complex
Achaemenid court customs back to the
649:
allied to create a system to oppose the monarchy on many policy issues. They were called "las Cortes de
Castilla". These courts are the root of the current Spanish
230:. A group of individuals dependent on the patronage of a great man, classically in ancient Rome, forms part of the system of "clientage" that is discussed under
1311:
also held court there, 1689–94. Though it is built round two main courts, the structure itself is no longer the seat of a court in the sense of this article.
1857:
722:
institutions, the function of noble courts is reduced once more to that of noble households, concentrating on personal service to the household head,
676:
was considered one of the most splendid in Europe and would influence the development of court life later on for all of France and Europe. Later,
1267:, but courts were often held in a fixed place. One of the criteria of Norbert Elias' concept of a court society is that it existed in space. The
2473:
300:
152:
who fulfilled a variety of functions. At times, the harem was walled off and separate from the rest of the residence of the monarch. In
2121:
897:
The kingship system has been an integral part of the more centralised
African societies for millennia. This is especially true in the
1997:
who established their own minor courts, enabling them to encourage arts and improve the empire even if the ruling king was useless.
1926:) to become the largest, most culturally developed cities of their time. This drew talented people from all walks of life—such as
465:
would eventually contain at least a thousand courtiers. The court's systems became prevalent in other courts such as those in the
1788:
283:
flourish in highly structured court settings, and may leave conservative traces over generations. Most courts featured a strict
1866:
1299:
held court as
Catholic cardinal (built after the Italian ideal for a cardinal's palace) until his fall and its confiscation by
2546:
2287:
2262:
2104:
1779:
1138:
799:
culture, apparently influencing the customs of Egypt itself. From the 6th to 19th centuries, Egypt was variously part of the
458:
859:
1207:
384:
or great overseer of the house. The royal courts influenced by the court of the Neo-Assyrian Empire such as those of the
2253:
Brosius, Maria (2007). "New out of old? Court and court ceremonies in
Achaemenid Persia". In Spawforth, A. J. S. (ed.).
2419:
2312:
1279:, can also apply to a rural farmstead with outbuildings and walls forming the perimeter. It has also been used for the
331:
as honorific orders became an important part of court culture starting in the 15th century. They were the right of the
44:
2344:
2188:
1962:, which employed its court's culture to stabilize an empire inhabited by huge non-Islamic populations spanning three
423:
is the earliest identifiable complex court with all of the definitive features of a royal court such as a household,
738:. Traces of royal court practices remain in present-day institutions like privy councils and governmental cabinets.
2676:
1349:
2278:
Spawforth, Tony (2007). "The court of
Alexander the Great between Europe and Asia". In Spawforth, A. J. S. (ed.).
2152:
399:
2743:
2046:
288:
2385:
Angelov, Dimiter G. (2003). "Byzantinism: The
Imaginary and Real Heritage of Byzantium in Southeastern Europe".
2360:
Angelov, Dimiter G. (2003). "Byzantinism: The
Imaginary and Real Heritage of Byzantium in Southeastern Europe".
941:
2691:
2394:
2369:
1830:
1715:
201:
may develop a court-like entourage of unofficial, personally-chosen advisers and "companions". The French word
997:
2329:
1793:
273:
or to practical administrative centers. Personal retreats might arise far away from official court centres.
1606:
1592:
381:
31:
668:
were particularly influential over the development of court culture and pageantry in Europe. The court of
2603:
The Princely Courts of Europe, 1500–1750. Ritual, Politics and Culture under the Ancien Régime, 1500–1750
1123:
832:
432:
323:
with the monarch. Some courts had ceremonies around the waking and the sleeping of the monarch, called a
17:
98:
In the largest courts, the royal households, many thousands of individuals constituted the court. These
2575:
Knights at Court: Courtliness, Chivalry, and Courtesy from Ottonian Germany to the Italian Renaissance.
1197:
1028:
1004:, amongst others, continue the pageantry and court lifestyle traditions once common to the continent.
1875:
1798:
518:
1032:"Triboulet", illustration for the theater play "Le Roi S'Amuse" ("The King Takes His Amusement") by
1461:
1221:
91:. Royal courts may have their seat in a designated place, several specific places, or be a mobile,
1616:
1568:
1373:
1315:
569:
791:. In the same time period several kingdoms with their own royal courts flourished in the nearby
48:
2706:
2610:
Princes, Patronage and the Nobility: The Court at the Beginning of the Modern Age, c.1450–1650.
2202:
1754:
1626:
1304:
875:
711:
38:
2067:
2006:
1598:
677:
2712:
1989:
were mostly run by rulers, but there were the exceptions of important elite families such as
1848:
1763:
1662:
1576:
2125:
557:, the functions of the imperial household and the imperial government were clearly divided.
1634:
1630:
1620:
1455:
1449:
1377:
1357:
1319:
1288:
1287:
or "court" can become transferred to the building itself. For example, the grand residence
1133:
1063:
887:
692:
197:
may hold court during the minority or absence of the hereditary ruler, and even an elected
2554:
The Origins of Courtliness: Civilizing Trends and the Formation of Courtly Ideals 939–1210
8:
2032:
1582:
1333:
1280:
1217:
1202:
665:
626:
588:
428:
365:
284:
691:
Court life would reach its apogee of culture, complexity and etiquette at the courts of
324:
2467:
1532:
1389:
1365:
1329:
1308:
1163:
1143:
891:
816:
747:
596:
572:
developed an exquisitely refined court that played an important role in their culture.
481:
is a term that was coined for this spread of the Byzantine system in the 19th century.
436:
328:
320:
52:
2532:
Court Culture in the Early Middle Ages. The Proceedings of the First Alcuin Conference
901:, where royal courts have been in existence since at least the era of the 9th century
411:, all with weapons, but in a casual air—a rare depiction of an ancient court ceremony.
123:
2542:
2415:
2412:
Staging the Court of Burgundy (Studies in Medieval and Early Renaissance Art History)
2390:
2365:
2340:
2308:
2283:
2258:
2184:
2100:
2012:
1811:
1670:
1656:
1652:
1323:
1045:
898:
704:
630:
424:
393:
389:
372:. Two of the earliest titles referring to the concept of a courtier were likely the
292:
242:
215:
207:
115:
2305:
The Two Eyes of the Earth: Art and Ritual of Kingship between Rome and Sasanian Iran
1724:
2617:
Courts, Patronage and the Nobility at the Beginning of the Modern Period, 1450–1650
2228:
1783:
1745:
1519:
1251:
1103:
982:
883:
879:
867:
851:
843:
824:
800:
673:
661:
642:
565:
498:
451:
246:
1825:
937:
237:
1834:
1807:
1691:
1572:
1483:
1393:
1268:
1264:
1246:
1226:
1182:
1128:
855:
828:
680:
of the Burgundian court would write one of the seminal books on court etiquette,
669:
622:
615:
447:
353:
336:
227:
223:
182:
157:
92:
68:
122:, and may also include emissaries from other kingdoms or visitors to the court.
2036:
2009:, who documented the etiquette of the Burgundian Court in the late 15th century
1959:
1903:
1870:
1736:
1719:
1640:
1545:
1489:
1408:
1340:
1212:
1187:
926:
871:
863:
839:
820:
812:
808:
603:
542:
526:
470:
462:
2700:
Division between Hall and Chamber in late medieval noble and royal households.
1314:
As an example, ambassadors to the United Kingdom are still accredited to the
2737:
2451:
2017:
1986:
1817:
1767:
1741:
1701:
1648:
1610:
1499:
1425:
1296:
847:
777:
761:
385:
380:
of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. In Ancient Egypt, there is a title translated as
361:
357:
198:
169:
584:
in the West, a true court culture can be recognised in the entourage of the
2705:
2092:
1563:
1438:
1416:
1412:
1292:
1177:
1168:
1073:
989:
967:
956:
945:
929:
906:
788:
581:
561:
538:
534:
522:
440:
369:
211:
2647:. Amsterdam, 1995. Critique of Elias. English translation of dissertation
1048:
each have their own histories. They might include but are not limited to:
403:
One of the series of the reliefs of the Persian and Median dignitaries at
84:
2022:
1943:
1883:
1839:
1536:
1475:
1033:
1013:
993:
985:
910:
592:
554:
530:
514:
478:
308:
174:
145:
2677:"Bibliography of Early Modern courts 1580–1700, structure and patronage"
2539:
Roman Barbarians: The Royal Court and Culture in the Early Medieval West
156:, concubines were often a more visible part of the court. Lower ranking
2656:
Vienna and Versailles. The courts of Europe's Dynastic Rivals 1550–1780
1963:
1939:
1895:
1469:
1465:
1300:
1231:
1098:
1068:
1001:
914:
420:
416:
408:
312:
257:
2589:
The Princely Court: Medieval Courts and Culture in North-West Europe.
1990:
1955:
1927:
1509:
1479:
1353:
1276:
1236:
1192:
1153:
1093:
1088:
1036:. Gravure by J. A. Beaucé (1818–1875) and Georges Rouget (1781–1869).
757:
715:
696:
585:
484:
280:
276:
186:
133:
119:
103:
1442:
435:, developing a royal court that would later influence the courts of
1979:
1843:
1728:
1687:
1559:
1383:
1345:
1118:
1108:
1083:
1078:
1041:
952:
731:
727:
723:
719:
650:
633:; some also gained prominence as centres and collective patrons of
629:
in Germany and in Italy. Such courts became known for intrigue and
304:
296:
137:
99:
88:
72:
2153:"On Courtiers in the Neo-Assyrian Empire: ša rēsi and mazzāz pāni"
917:, brought a large number of his courtiers with him on the Islamic
2645:
Myths of Power: Norbert Elias and the Early Modern European Court
2638:
The Courts of Europe: Politics, Patronage and Royalty, 1400–1800.
2040:
1971:
1967:
1951:
1931:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1588:
1549:
1527:
1513:
1420:
1397:
1241:
1053:
974:
796:
773:
752:
700:
638:
595:. In the Roman East, a brilliant court continued to surround the
546:
466:
404:
332:
316:
194:
107:
76:
2525:
Courtly Culture: Literature and Society in the High Middle Ages.
2027:
1994:
1899:
1852:
1821:
1749:
1732:
1705:
1681:
1677:
1666:
1644:
1602:
1553:
1540:
1523:
1493:
1446:
1429:
1173:
1158:
1148:
1113:
1058:
978:
959:
948:
902:
804:
654:
611:
474:
270:
266:
250:
231:
190:
149:
111:
2721:
2203:"COURTS AND COURTIERS i. In the Median and Achaemenid periods"
2122:"Chinese History - Zhou dynasty government and administration"
1975:
1935:
1907:
1879:
1861:
1802:
1758:
1695:
1433:
933:
922:
792:
765:
735:
607:
550:
141:
127:
2478:
On the sociology of the court, originally completed in 1939.
2282:. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 93–97.
1386:
in Granada, seat of the last Muslim dynasty in current Spain
27:
Court of a monarch, or at some periods an important nobleman
2257:. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–57.
1947:
1709:
1503:
1401:
970:
963:
918:
364:. However, there is evidence of courts as described in the
307:. Most monarchal courts included ceremonies concerning the
219:
153:
1318:, and courtiers of the monarchy may still have offices in
726:
and perhaps some residual politico-advisory functions. If
2099:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 358–379.
795:
region, with at least one of them, that of the so-called
634:
2518:
Art and the Courts: France and England from 1259 to 1328
835:
the monarchy was dissolved and Egypt became a republic.
621:
Local courts proliferated in the splintered polities of
1322:, London. The present monarch, however, holds court at
513:), were among the largest and most complex of all. The
2151:
Groß, Melanie; Pirngruber, Reinhard (September 2014).
645:), provincial courts were created. Minor noblemen and
502:
1018:
392:would also have identifiable developed courts with
352:The earliest developed courts were probably in the
2328:Kazhdan, Alexander P.; McCormick, Michael (1995).
1858:Royal Household and Heritage of the Crown of Spain
269:, only to have their successors retreat to remote
37:For alternative meanings of the word "court", see
2504:The Court and Court Society in Ancient Monarchies
2428:
2280:The Court and Court Society in Ancient Monarchies
2255:The Court and Court Society in Ancient Monarchies
1942:—to seek employment under the patronage of elite
396:and other features associated with later courts.
2735:
2327:
2137:. Alternatively, the sequence was translated as
164:
75:, including all those who regularly attend on a
67:when the royal context is clear, is an extended
2595:
2582:English Court Culture in the Later Middle Ages.
2559:Jones, S.R., R. Marks and A. J. Minnis (eds.).
1263:Earlier courts in medieval Western Europe were
1040:Court officials or office-bearers (one type of
415:The imperial court of the Achaemenid Empire at
2568:Topographies of Power in the Early Middle Ages
2150:
1773:
730:zeal has banished an area's erstwhile ruling
575:
508:
79:, or another central figure. Hence, the word
2692:"Court culture: representations of intimacy"
2226:
261:The Dutch court is known for old traditions.
2160:Imperium and Officium Working Papers (IOWP)
1376:(High Court) was the feudal council of the
2703:
2608:Asch, Ronald G., and Adolf M. Birke, eds.
2472:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2409:
2066:Velde, François Velde (25 February 2004).
2541:. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.
2339:. Harvard University Press. p. 175.
2330:"The Social World of the Byzantine Court"
2277:
823:from 1914 until 1922, when it became the
787:to 31 BC), until it was conquered by the
303:. One of the major markers of a court is
51:presenting his invention to the court of
2337:Byzantine Court Culture from 829 to 1204
2181:Titles and bureaux of Egypt 1850–1700 BC
2097:The Oxford Handbook of Cuneiform Culture
1339:
1328:
1027:
751:
483:
427:, courtiers, and court ceremony. Though
398:
256:
236:
168:
43:
2384:
2359:
2252:
1789:Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles
488:Imperial court conference, Ming dynasty
14:
2736:
2591:Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
2462:]. trans. Edmund Jephcott. Oxford.
2302:
2200:
2139:prince, lord, elder, master, chieftain
2091:
1867:Royal Households of the United Kingdom
819:was a short lived protectorate of the
2561:Courts and Regions in Medieval Europe
2450:
2434:
2410:Oosterwijk, A Van (1 February 2013).
2068:"Legitimacy and Orders of Knighthood"
2065:
1780:Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy
831:changed his title to King. After the
525:occupied the large palace complex at
2716:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
2229:"PERSEPOLIS – Encyclopaedia Iranica"
780:over the course of three millennia (
2481:
2303:Canepa, Matthew (2 February 2010).
1889:
1506:, Italy. Origin of the word palace.
618:that traveled from place to place.
24:
2566:Jong, M. de and F. Theuws (eds.).
2491:
2307:. University of California Press.
1326:, where dignitaries are received.
1023:
185:is the highest-ranking example of
25:
2755:
2704:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
2669:
1411:, imperial palace complex of the
130:may also seek refuge at a court.
2387:New approaches to Balkan studies
2362:New approaches to Balkan studies
2119:ChinaKnowledge.de encyclopedia,
1364:Some former seats of power (see
1019:Court structure and organization
909:. The ruler of the 13th century
347:
102:included the monarch or noble's
2722:"The Society for Court Studies"
2615:Birke, A., and R. Asch (eds.).
2444:
2403:
2378:
2353:
2321:
2296:
1978:was controlled by the court in
1392:, imperial palace of the later
1283:where the court was held. Thus
289:imperial, royal and noble ranks
2730:Bibliography on court history.
2516:Branner, Robert, et al., eds.
2510:
2271:
2246:
2220:
2194:
2173:
2144:
2113:
2085:
2059:
1831:Ministry of the Imperial Court
1716:Great Palace of Constantinople
1258:
858:all had royal courts. Various
549:, the present capital city of
509:
13:
1:
2629:Charles-Edwards, T.M. et al.
2626:. New Haven and London, 1992.
2364:. Brassey's. pp. 3, 11.
2052:
1914:(the respective seats of the
1794:Government of the Han dynasty
781:
245:. Lord Macartney salutes the
165:Patronage and courtly culture
2707:"Court (in Scripture)"
2640:1977. Emphasis on patronage.
2631:The Welsh king and his court
2624:The Fabrication of Louis XIV
2596:Renaissance and Early Modern
2496:
2047:Striking in the King's Court
1810:in European kingdoms in the
862:also existed, including the
815:with a distant monarch. The
492:
299:. Some courts even featured
7:
2502:Spawforth, A. J. S. (ed.).
2335:. In Maguire, Henry (ed.).
2035:, the nomadic court of the
2000:
1690:, palatial fortress of the
1599:Royal Alcáçova of São Jorge
1124:Gentleman of the Bedchamber
1007:
925:. Today, the courts of the
833:Egyptian Revolution of 1952
503:
461:of the Byzantine Empire at
83:may also be applied to the
10:
2760:
2527:Berkeley and Ozford, 1991.
1774:Court structure and titles
1426:Gyeongbokgung Royal Palace
1419:dynasties walled off from
1011:
745:
580:After the collapse of the
576:Medieval and modern Europe
342:
140:courts often included the
87:of a senior member of the
36:
29:
2460:Die höfische Gesellschaft
1876:Titles of the Welsh Court
1799:Imperial Household Agency
1680:, seat of a duchy in the
741:
714:functions are assumed by
2612:London and Oxford, 1991.
2482:Fox, Robin Lane (1973).
2389:. Brassey's. p. 8.
1985:The royal courts in the
1462:Palace of Darius in Susa
882:, Warsangali Sultanate,
734:, courts may survive in
126:and foreign nobility in
63:, often called simply a
2520:, 2 vols. Ottawa, 1972.
1569:Palazzo Medici Riccardi
1295:above London was where
682:Les honneurs de la cour
497:The imperial courts of
339:, to create and grant.
228:Austro-Hungarian Empire
110:, household, nobility,
2744:Royal and noble courts
2414:. Brepols Publishers.
2201:Dandamayev, Muhammad.
1755:Royal Palace of Madrid
1647:– under the Houses of
1629:– under the reigns of
1627:Royal Palace of Sintra
1605:– under the houses of
1587:The Royal Alcáçova of
1577:Grand Dukes of Tuscany
1428:, royal palace of the
1361:
1337:
1275:, meaning an enclosed
1037:
876:Sultanate of Mogadishu
769:
489:
412:
262:
254:
178:
56:
39:Court (disambiguation)
2713:Catholic Encyclopedia
2636:Dickens, A.G. (ed.).
2601:Adamson, John (ed.).
2556:. Philadelphia, 1985.
2233:www.iranicaonline.org
2095:(22 September 2011).
1849:Royal Court of Sweden
1619:– under the reign of
1617:Royal Palace of Évora
1456:Château de Versailles
1352:pay their respect to
1343:
1332:
1031:
755:
641:. In medieval Spain (
487:
402:
260:
240:
172:
47:
2577:LA and Oxford, 1991.
2207:Encyclopædia Iranica
2141:: Brooks 1997:3 n.9.
1954:at court. The other
1635:John III of Portugal
1631:Manuel I of Portugal
1621:Manuel I of Portugal
1458:near Paris in France
1378:Kingdom of Jerusalem
1316:Court of St. James's
1289:Hampton Court Palace
1198:Master of Ceremonies
944:caste in Mali, the
888:Majeerteen Sultanate
686:Honours of the Court
591:and in the court of
433:Kingdom of Macedonia
49:Bartolomeu de Gusmão
30:For other uses, see
2484:Alexander the Great
2033:Orda (organization)
2007:Aliénor de Poitiers
1704:palace fort of the
1583:Kingdom of Portugal
1334:Catherine the Great
1203:Master of the Horse
712:political executive
697:Louis XIV of France
678:Aliénor de Poitiers
666:Kingdom of Portugal
589:Theodoric the Great
545:and other parts of
541:occupied the whole
519:Western Jin dynasty
429:Alexander the Great
366:Neo-Assyrian Empire
285:order of precedence
2663:The Court Society.
2658:. Cambridge, 2003.
2580:Scattergood, V.J.
2530:Cubitt, C. (ed.).
2227:electricpulp.com.
1966:. Everything from
1898:had sophisticated
1641:Palaces of Ribeira
1533:Ludwigsburg Palace
1366:official residence
1362:
1338:
1208:Master of the Hunt
1164:Keeper of the seal
1144:Groom of the Stool
1046:court appointments
1038:
899:West African sahel
892:Sultanate of Hobyo
817:Sultanate of Egypt
803:, Islamic Empire,
770:
764:'s royal court at
748:Monarchy in Africa
627:early modern times
597:Byzantine emperors
490:
437:Hellenistic Greece
425:court appointments
413:
394:court appointments
329:Orders of chivalry
293:orders of chivalry
287:, often involving
263:
255:
222:before 1870 (see:
179:
177:'Court of Lahore'.
116:court appointments
57:
53:John V of Portugal
2684:Oxford University
2654:Duindam, Jeroen.
2643:Duindam, Jeroen.
2547:978-0-333-78665-9
2506:. Cambridge, 2007
2456:The Court Society
2289:978-0-521-87448-9
2264:978-0-521-87448-9
2106:978-0-19-955730-1
2013:Court appointment
1812:Early Middle Ages
1671:House of Braganza
1593:House of Burgundy
1324:Buckingham Palace
1320:St James's Palace
860:Somali Sultanates
854:(1270–1974), and
566:Japanese emperors
390:Achaemenid Empire
249:, but refuses to
243:Macartney Embassy
208:Achaemenid Persia
16:(Redirected from
2751:
2729:
2726:Courtstudies.org
2717:
2709:
2699:
2687:
2681:
2661:Elias, Norbert.
2633:. Cardiff, 2000.
2534:. Turnhout, 2002
2523:Bumke, Joachim.
2487:
2477:
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2463:
2438:
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2224:
2218:
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2215:
2213:
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2192:
2179:Stephen Quirke:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2157:
2148:
2142:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2124:. Archived from
2117:
2111:
2110:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2063:
1890:Caliphate courts
1784:Byzantine Empire
1764:Alcázar de Colón
1746:Saint Petersburg
1571:, palace of the
1520:Munich Residence
1394:Safavid emperors
1356:at his court in
1265:itinerant courts
983:Southern African
884:Geledi Sultanate
880:Ajuran Sultanate
868:Walashma dynasty
852:Ethiopian Empire
844:Kingdom of Aksum
825:Kingdom of Egypt
801:Byzantine Empire
786:
783:
674:Duke of Burgundy
625:and remained in
616:itinerant courts
533:, and the later
512:
511:
506:
499:Chinese emperors
452:Byzantine Empire
247:Qianlong Emperor
21:
2759:
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2753:
2752:
2750:
2749:
2748:
2734:
2733:
2720:
2690:
2679:
2675:
2672:
2605:. London, 1999.
2598:
2587:Vale, Malcolm.
2570:. Leiden, 2001.
2513:
2499:
2494:
2492:Further reading
2465:
2464:
2447:
2442:
2441:
2433:
2429:
2422:
2408:
2404:
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2225:
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2211:
2209:
2199:
2195:
2191:, pp. 50–51, 61
2183:, London 2004,
2178:
2174:
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2149:
2145:
2131:
2129:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2107:
2090:
2086:
2076:
2074:
2064:
2060:
2055:
2003:
1902:; this enabled
1894:All four major
1892:
1835:Imperial Russia
1808:Itinerant court
1776:
1737:Ottoman dynasty
1706:Maratha Peshwas
1692:Mughal emperors
1663:Palace of Ajuda
1573:House of Medici
1390:Ali Qapu Palace
1261:
1256:
1247:Standard bearer
1183:Lady-in-waiting
1129:Gentleman Usher
1026:
1024:Court officials
1021:
1016:
1010:
940:members of the
856:Aussa Sultanate
784:
750:
744:
670:Philip the Good
662:Valois Burgundy
623:medieval Europe
578:
495:
448:Sasanian Empire
354:Akkadian Empire
350:
345:
337:fount of honour
224:papal household
183:royal household
167:
124:Foreign princes
93:itinerant court
69:royal household
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2757:
2747:
2746:
2732:
2731:
2718:
2701:
2688:
2671:
2670:External links
2668:
2667:
2666:
2659:
2652:
2649:Macht en Mythe
2641:
2634:
2627:
2622:Burke, Peter.
2620:
2613:
2606:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2585:
2578:
2573:Scaglione, A.
2571:
2564:
2557:
2550:
2537:Hen, Yitzhak.
2535:
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2509:
2508:
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2490:
2489:
2488:
2479:
2452:Elias, Norbert
2446:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2427:
2421:978-1905375820
2420:
2402:
2395:
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1546:Dresden Castle
1543:
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1490:Hofburg Palace
1487:
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1430:Joseon dynasty
1423:
1409:Forbidden City
1405:
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1260:
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1215:
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1188:Maid of Honour
1185:
1180:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1159:The Royal Fool
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1139:Great officers
1136:
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1017:
1012:Main article:
1009:
1006:
921:pilgrimage to
872:Ifat Sultanate
864:Adal Sultanate
846:and later the
840:Horn of Africa
821:United Kingdom
813:British Empire
809:Ottoman Empire
785: 3150 BC
746:Main article:
743:
740:
660:The courts of
631:power politics
604:Western Europe
577:
574:
570:their families
543:Forbidden City
527:Weiyang Palace
494:
491:
471:Ottoman Empire
463:Constantinople
459:imperial court
349:
346:
344:
341:
301:court uniforms
166:
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2715:
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2673:
2665:Oxford, 1983.
2664:
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2632:
2628:
2625:
2621:
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2614:
2611:
2607:
2604:
2600:
2599:
2590:
2586:
2584:London, 1983.
2583:
2579:
2576:
2572:
2569:
2565:
2563:. York, 2000.
2562:
2558:
2555:
2552:Jaeger, C.S.
2551:
2548:
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2515:
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2346:9780884023081
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2324:
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2234:
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2204:
2197:
2190:
2189:0-9547218-0-2
2186:
2182:
2176:
2161:
2154:
2147:
2140:
2128:on 2013-05-31
2127:
2123:
2116:
2108:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2093:Radner, Karen
2088:
2073:
2069:
2062:
2058:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2018:Courtesy book
2016:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2004:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1987:Islamic world
1983:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
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1905:
1901:
1897:
1885:
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1841:
1838:
1836:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1826:Ancien Régime
1823:
1819:
1818:Maison du Roi
1816:
1813:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1769:
1768:Santo Domingo
1765:
1762:
1760:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1742:Winter Palace
1740:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1702:Shaniwar Wada
1700:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1658:
1654:
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1624:
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1600:
1596:
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1521:
1518:
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1511:
1508:
1505:
1501:
1500:Palatine Hill
1498:
1495:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1482:, Persia, in
1481:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1460:
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1454:
1451:
1448:
1444:
1440:
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1379:
1375:
1371:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1342:
1336:and her court
1335:
1331:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1297:Thomas Wolsey
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1281:palatial seat
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
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1223:
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1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
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954:
950:
947:
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939:
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928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
907:Ghana empires
904:
900:
895:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
848:Zagwe dynasty
845:
841:
836:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
779:
778:Ancient Egypt
775:
767:
763:
762:Amenhotep III
759:
754:
749:
739:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
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619:
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587:
583:
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571:
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563:
558:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
529:located near
528:
524:
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516:
505:
500:
486:
482:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
455:
453:
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410:
406:
401:
397:
395:
391:
387:
386:Median Empire
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
362:Shang dynasty
359:
358:Ancient Egypt
355:
348:Early history
340:
338:
334:
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314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
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239:
235:
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229:
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221:
217:
216:Norman Sicily
213:
209:
204:
200:
199:head of state
196:
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176:
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114:, those with
113:
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78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
54:
50:
46:
40:
33:
19:
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2711:
2695:
2683:
2662:
2655:
2648:
2644:
2637:
2630:
2623:
2616:
2609:
2602:
2588:
2581:
2574:
2567:
2560:
2553:
2538:
2531:
2524:
2517:
2503:
2483:
2459:
2455:
2445:Bibliography
2430:
2411:
2405:
2386:
2380:
2361:
2355:
2336:
2323:
2304:
2298:
2279:
2273:
2254:
2248:
2236:. Retrieved
2232:
2222:
2210:. Retrieved
2206:
2196:
2180:
2175:
2163:. Retrieved
2159:
2146:
2138:
2130:. Retrieved
2126:the original
2115:
2096:
2087:
2075:. Retrieved
2071:
2061:
1984:
1893:
1735:– under the
1669:– under the
1591:– under the
1564:Papal States
1450:Royal Castle
1439:Wawel Castle
1363:
1313:
1293:River Thames
1284:
1272:
1262:
1178:Earl Marshal
1169:King of arms
1074:Chapelmaster
1039:
973:of northern
896:
866:(led by the
837:
789:Roman Empire
772:A series of
771:
709:
690:
685:
681:
659:
646:
620:
601:
582:Roman Empire
579:
562:Heian period
559:
539:Qing dynasty
535:Ming dynasty
523:Tang dynasty
496:
469:states, the
456:
445:
441:Roman Empire
414:
382:high steward
377:
373:
370:Zhou dynasty
351:
275:
264:
202:
180:
134:Near Eastern
132:
97:
80:
64:
60:
58:
2696:Oneonta.edu
2511:Middle Ages
2212:24 February
2165:24 February
2077:25 February
2023:Curia regis
1944:bureaucrats
1884:Middle Ages
1882:during the
1840:Papal Court
1824:during the
1537:Ludwigsburg
1516:near Berlin
1476:Taq-i Kisra
1468:, imperial
1344:Ambassador
1305:William III
1259:Court seats
1134:Grandmaster
1064:Chamberlain
1034:Victor Hugo
1014:Maya rulers
911:Mali empire
827:and Sultan
807:Sultanate,
760:in Pharaoh
593:Charlemagne
560:During the
555:Sui dynasty
515:Han dynasty
501:, known as
479:Byzantinism
378:mazzāz pāni
309:investiture
226:), and the
148:as well as
138:Far Eastern
61:royal court
32:Royal Court
18:Noble court
2435:Elias 1983
2396:1574887246
2371:1574887246
2132:2012-12-07
2053:References
1964:continents
1940:scientists
1896:Caliphates
1470:Achaemenid
1466:Persepolis
1374:Haute Cour
1358:Versailles
1301:Henry VIII
1232:Pursuivant
1099:Cup-bearer
1069:Chancellor
1002:Yorubaland
992:, and the
942:Tunkalemmu
932:in modern
915:Mansa Musa
728:republican
724:ceremonial
720:republican
716:democratic
703:under the
693:Versailles
421:Pasargadae
417:Persepolis
409:Persepolis
407:stairs of
313:coronation
212:Ming China
146:concubines
120:bodyguards
2497:Antiquity
2468:cite book
2454:(1983) .
2072:Heraldica
1991:Barmakids
1956:Caliphate
1928:musicians
1510:Sanssouci
1496:, Austria
1480:Ctesiphon
1354:Louis XIV
1277:courtyard
1237:Seneschal
1227:Secretary
1193:Majordomo
1154:Intendant
1094:Constable
1089:Confessor
758:colonnade
705:Habsburgs
647:burguesie
586:Ostrogoth
553:. By the
493:East Asia
335:, as the
321:audiences
281:hierarchy
277:Etiquette
203:compagnon
187:patronage
104:camarilla
100:courtiers
2738:Category
2238:19 March
2001:See also
1980:Istanbul
1958:was the
1922:and the
1844:Holy See
1729:Istanbul
1688:Red Fort
1657:Braganza
1653:Habsburg
1607:Burgundy
1484:Sasanian
1452:, Poland
1384:Alhambra
1346:Kosa Pan
1119:Falconer
1109:Doorward
1084:Cofferer
1079:Chaplain
1042:courtier
1008:Americas
953:Cameroon
774:Pharaohs
732:nobility
699:and the
664:and the
651:congress
531:Chang'an
504:cháotíng
439:and the
388:and the
305:ceremony
297:nobility
158:servants
89:nobility
73:monarchy
2686:. 2002.
2651:(1992).
2619:. 1991.
2043:peoples
1972:Balkans
1970:to the
1968:Algeria
1960:Ottoman
1952:Sultans
1932:singers
1924:Abbasid
1920:Fatimid
1916:Omayyad
1912:Baghdad
1904:Cordoba
1869:in the
1842:of the
1782:in the
1712:, India
1698:, India
1589:Coimbra
1562:in the
1560:Vatican
1550:Dresden
1528:Bavaria
1514:Potsdam
1472:palaces
1421:Beijing
1398:Isfahan
1309:Mary II
1291:on the
1252:Steward
1242:Stolnik
1104:Dapifer
1054:Almoner
981:of the
979:inkosis
975:Nigeria
960:shaykhs
949:sultans
927:Ashanti
870:of the
838:In the
797:A-Group
701:Hofburg
643:Castile
639:culture
612:bishops
547:Beijing
405:Apadana
374:ša rēsi
343:History
333:monarch
317:monarch
315:of the
271:castles
267:palaces
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150:eunuchs
108:retinue
85:coterie
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2037:Turkic
2028:Masque
1995:Nizams
1918:, the
1900:courts
1853:Sweden
1822:France
1750:Russia
1733:Turkey
1682:Marche
1678:Urbino
1667:Lisbon
1655:, and
1645:Lisbon
1603:Lisbon
1554:Saxony
1541:Swabia
1524:Munich
1494:Vienna
1486:period
1447:Warsaw
1443:Kraków
1269:German
1218:Panter
1174:Knight
1149:Herald
1114:Eunuch
1059:Butler
998:baales
990:Xhosas
977:, the
966:, the
955:, the
936:, the
903:Takrur
842:, the
829:Fuad I
805:Mamluk
776:ruled
742:Africa
695:under
655:senate
608:abbots
521:, and
475:Russia
473:, and
467:Balkan
360:, and
295:, and
251:kowtow
232:vassal
220:papacy
218:, the
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112:clergy
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1976:Yemen
1948:emirs
1936:poets
1908:Cairo
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1862:Spain
1803:Japan
1759:Spain
1696:Delhi
1434:Seoul
1271:word
986:Zulus
971:emirs
968:Hausa
957:Kanem
946:Bamum
938:Mande
934:Ghana
930:nanas
923:Mecca
793:Nubia
766:Luxor
736:exile
551:China
325:levée
142:harem
128:exile
81:court
71:in a
65:court
2543:ISBN
2474:link
2416:ISBN
2391:ISBN
2366:ISBN
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2309:ISBN
2284:ISBN
2259:ISBN
2240:2018
2214:2015
2185:ISBN
2167:2015
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2039:and
1993:and
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1938:and
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1686:The
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1639:The
1633:and
1625:The
1615:The
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1609:and
1597:The
1581:The
1558:The
1504:Rome
1464:and
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1415:and
1413:Ming
1407:The
1402:Iran
1372:The
1348:and
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996:and
994:obas
988:and
964:Chad
919:Hajj
905:and
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653:and
637:and
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173:The
154:Asia
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