3660:βregardless of the length of their service. The associate justices are then ranked by the length of their service. The chief justice sits in the center on the bench, or at the head of the table during conferences. The other justices are seated in order of seniority. The senior-most associate justice sits immediately to the chief justice's right; the second most senior sits immediately to their left. The seats alternate right to left in order of seniority, with the most junior justice occupying the last seat. Therefore, since the October 2022 term, the court sits as follows from left to right, from the perspective of those facing the court: Barrett, Gorsuch, Sotomayor, Thomas (most senior associate justice), Roberts (chief justice), Alito, Kagan, Kavanaugh, and Jackson. Likewise, when the members of the court gather for official group photographs, justices are arranged in order of seniority, with the five most senior members seated in the front row in the same order as they would sit during Court sessions (currently, from left to right, Sotomayor, Thomas, Roberts, Alito, and Kagan), and the four most junior justices standing behind them, again in the same order as they would sit during Court sessions (Barrett, Gorsuch, Kavanaugh, and Jackson).
4260:, each of which is assigned a "circuit justice" from the Supreme Court. Although this concept has been in continuous existence throughout the history of the republic, its meaning has changed through time. Under the Judiciary Act of 1789, each justice was required to "ride circuit", or to travel within the assigned circuit and consider cases alongside local judges. This practice encountered opposition from many justices, who cited the difficulty of travel. Moreover, there was a potential for a conflict of interest on the court if a justice had previously decided the same case while riding circuit. Circuit riding ended in 1901, when the Circuit Court of Appeals Act was passed, and circuit riding was officially abolished by Congress in 1911.
5852:
supermajority has created a monarchical presidency, awarding the chief executive near-insurmountable immunity from accountability for any and all crimes committed during a term in office. It has seized power from
Congress, strictly limiting lawmakers' ability to write broad laws that tackle the major crises of the moment. And it has hobbled federal agencies' authority to apply existing statutes to problems on the ground, substituting the expert opinions of civil servants with the (often partisan) preferences of unelected judges. All the while, the court has placed itself at the apex of the state, agreeing to share power only with a strongman president who seeks to govern in line with the conservative justices' vision.
2380:
3143:
805:
3609:
1531:
2092:
2452:
5048:
2981:
1682:
3279:
817:
3405:
19333:
4692:
4244:(1974), the court dismissed a lawsuit challenging the constitutionality of a law school affirmative action policy because the plaintiff student had graduated since he began the lawsuit, and a decision from the court on his claim would not be able to redress any injury he had suffered. However, the court recognizes some circumstances where it is appropriate to hear a case that is seemingly moot. If an issue is "capable of repetition yet evading review", the court would address it even though the party before the court would not themselves be made whole by a favorable result. In
2164:
42:
21010:
20330:
5989:
391:
21749:
4658:"; if the court votes to deny a cert petition, as it does in the vast majority of such petitions that come before it, it does so typically without comment. A denial of a cert petition is not a judgment on the merits of a case, and the decision of the lower court stands as the case's final ruling. To manage the high volume of cert petitions received by the court each year (of the more than 7,000 petitions the court receives each year, it will usually request briefing and hear oral argument in 100 or fewer), the court employs an internal case management tool known as the "
5030:
the court collecting about $ 750,000 annually. Attorneys can be admitted as either individuals or as groups. The group admission is held before the current justices of the
Supreme Court, wherein the chief justice approves a motion to admit the new attorneys. Lawyers commonly apply for the cosmetic value of a certificate to display in their office or on their resume. They also receive access to better seating if they wish to attend an oral argument. Members of the Supreme Court Bar are also granted access to the collections of the Supreme Court Library.
2524:
2236:
18763:
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3139:
civil libertiesβand so did the justices. But since 1991, they argue, ideology has been much more important in choosing justicesβall
Republican appointees have been committed conservatives and all Democratic appointees have been liberals. As the more moderate Republican justices retired, the court has become more partisan. The Court became more divided sharply along partisan lines with justices appointed by Republican presidents taking increasingly conservative positions and those appointed by Democrats taking moderate liberal positions.
4709:, or "friends of the court", may also file briefs. The court holds two-week oral argument sessions each month from October through April. Each side has thirty minutes to present its argument (the court may choose to give more time, although this is rare), and during that time, the justices may interrupt the advocate and ask questions. In 2019, the court adopted a rule generally allowing advocates to speak uninterrupted for the first two minutes of their argument. The petitioner gives the first presentation, and may reserve some time to
1409:
2018:
383:
5456:, and Ketanji Brown Jackson for Stephen Breyer. Justices Gorsuch and Kavanaugh served under Kennedy during the same term. Gorsuch is the first justice to clerk for and subsequently serve alongside the same justice, serving alongside Kennedy from April 2017 through Kennedy's retirement in 2018. With the confirmation of Justice Kavanaugh, for the first time a majority of the Supreme Court was composed of former Supreme Court law clerks (Roberts, Breyer, Kagan, Gorsuch and Kavanaugh, now joined by Barrett and Jackson).
10268:, That it is the sense of the Senate that the making of recess appointments to the Supreme Court of the United States may not be wholly consistent with the best interests of the Supreme Court, the nominee who may be involved, the litigants before the Court, nor indeed the people of the United States, and that such appointments, therefore, should not be made except under unusual circumstances and for the purpose of preventing or ending a demonstrable breakdown in the administration of the Court's business.
5568:, an unusual amount of power over elected branches of government, and a difficult constitution to amend. These, among other factors, have been attributed by some critics to the Court's diminished stature abroad and lower approval ratings at home, which have dropped from the mid-60s in the late 1980s to around 40% in the early 2020s. Additional factors cited by critics include the polarization of national politics, ethics scandals, and specific controversial partisan rulings, including the relaxation of
539:
1094:
25641:
19967:
4524:, upon which the court grants a writ of certiorari. The court may review via this process any civil or criminal case in the federal courts of appeals. It may also review by certiorari a final judgment of the highest court of a state if the judgment involves a question of federal statutory or constitutional law. A case may alternatively come before the court as a direct appeal from a three-judge federal district court. The party that petitions the court for review is the
5641:
president if the
Presidency and Senate were selected directly by the popular vote. The three Trump appointees to the court were all nominated by a president who finished second in the popular vote and confirmed by Senators representing a minority of Americans. In addition, Clarence Thomas' confirmation in 1991 and Merrick Garland's blocked confirmation in 2016 were both decided by senators representing a minority of Americans. Greg Price also critiqued the Court as
25617:
19979:
25629:
22632:
19956:
4737:: this is the binding decision of the Supreme Court. An opinion that more than half of the justices join (usually at least five justices, since there are nine justices in total; but in cases where some justices do not participate it could be fewer) is known as "majority opinion" and creates binding precedent in American law. Whereas an opinion that fewer than half of the justices join is known as a "plurality opinion" and is only partially binding precedent.
22297:
3775:
4775:. For a case to be heard, there must be a quorum of at least six justices. If a quorum is not available to hear a case and a majority of qualified justices believes that the case cannot be heard and determined in the next term, then the judgment of the court below is affirmed as if the court had been evenly divided. For cases brought to the Supreme Court by direct appeal from a United States District Court, the chief justice may order the case
5115:, self-government, self-determination and freedom of conscience. At one pole are those who view the federal judiciary and especially the Supreme Court as being "the most separated and least checked of all branches of government." Indeed, federal judges and justices on the Supreme Court are not required to stand for election by virtue of their tenure "during good behavior", and their pay may "not be diminished" while they hold their position (
4248:(1973), and other abortion cases, the court addresses the merits of claims pressed by pregnant women seeking abortions even if they are no longer pregnant because it takes longer than the typical human gestation period to appeal a case through the lower courts to the Supreme Court. Another mootness exception is voluntary cessation of unlawful conduct, in which the court considers the probability of recurrence and plaintiff's need for relief.
25669:
25737:
3512:
25720:
3679:
4755:: a justice disagrees with the outcome the court reached and its reasoning. Justices who dissent from a decision may author their own dissenting opinions or, if there are multiple dissenting justices in a decision, may join another justice's dissent. Dissents do not create binding precedent. A justice may also join only part(s) of a particular decision, and may even agree with some parts of the outcome and disagree with others.
25754:
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4726:
and the court sees which side has prevailed. One of the justices in the majority is then assigned to write the court's opinion, also known as the "majority opinion", an assignment made by the most senior justice in the majority, with the chief justice always being considered the most senior. Drafts of the court's opinion circulate among the justices until the court is prepared to announce the judgment in a particular case.
6128:
5867:
5065:, in fact, is nowhere mentioned in it. Over the ensuing years, the question of whether the power of judicial review was even intended by the drafters of the Constitution was quickly frustrated by the lack of evidence bearing on the question either way. Nevertheless, the power of judiciary to overturn laws and executive actions it determines are unlawful or unconstitutional is a well-established precedent. Many of the
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3345:
3205:
evidence that the court is of partisan importance to the Senate. In 2022, Simon
Lazarus of Brookings critiqued the U.S. Supreme Court as an increasingly partisan institution. A 2024 AP-NORC poll showed 7 in 10 respondents believed the court decides cases to "fit their own ideologies" as opposed to "acting as an independent check on other branches of government by being fair and impartial."
2599:
3198:, appointed by Democratic presidents, compose the court's liberal wing. Prior to Justice Ginsburg's death in 2020, the conservative Chief Justice Roberts was sometimes described as the court's 'median justice' (with four justices more liberal and four more conservative than he is). Darragh Roche argues that Kavanaugh as 2021's median justice exemplifies the rightward shift in the court.
5401:. A disproportionately large number of law clerks have obtained law degrees from elite law schools, especially Harvard, Yale, the University of Chicago, Columbia, and Stanford. From 1882 to 1940, 62% of law clerks were graduates of Harvard Law School. Those chosen to be Supreme Court law clerks usually have graduated in the top of their law school class and were often an editor of the
10313:
business. The Senate met that standard here." Later, the opinion states: "For these reasons, we conclude that we must give great weight to the Senate's own determination of when it is and when it is not in session. But our deference to the Senate cannot be absolute. When the Senate is without the capacity to act, under its own rules, it is not in session even if it so declares."
3234:
and legitimacy through one retirement at a time, when the court is in recess and during non-presidential election years suggests a concern for institutional health. Finally, especially in recent decades, many justices have timed their departure to coincide with a philosophically compatible president holding office, to ensure that a like-minded successor would be appointed.
5774:
federal judges, let alone the legislature and the executive branch, while also lacking an enforcement mechanism. The Code's commentary denied past wrongdoing by saying that the
Justices have largely abided by these principles and are simply publishing them now. This has prompted some criticism that the court hopes to legitimize past and future scandals through this Code.
8897:...Buckley v. Valeo. The nation's political system has suffered ever since from that decision, which held that mandatory limits on campaign spending unconstitutionally limit free speech. The decision did much to promote the explosive growth of campaign contributions from special interests and to enhance the advantage incumbents enjoy over underfunded challengers.
4230:(1821). The Supreme Court is the only federal court that has jurisdiction over direct appeals from state court decisions, although there are several devices that permit so-called "collateral review" of state cases. It has to be noted that this "collateral review" often only applies to individuals on death row and not through the regular judicial system.
9308:...the remedy was far more harmful than the problem. By stopping the recount, the high court clearly denied many thousands of voters who cast legal votes, as defined by established Florida law, their constitutional right to have their votes counted. β¦ It cannot be a legitimate use of law to disenfranchise legal voters when recourse is available. β¦
4679:
topics outside their expertise (unlike in lower courts), with documented examples of falsehoods in written opinions, often supplied to the justices by amicus briefs from groups advocating a particular outcome. The lack of funding transparency and the lack of a requirement to submit them earlier in the process also make it more difficult to
418:. Creating a "third branch" of government was a novel idea; in the English tradition, judicial matters had been treated as an aspect of royal (executive) authority. Early on, the delegates who were opposed to having a strong central government argued that national laws could be enforced by state courts, while others, including
3118:
legislative and executive branches, organizations such as the
Federalist Society do officially filter and endorse judges that have a sufficiently conservative view of the law. Jurists are often informally categorized in the media as being conservatives or liberal. Attempts to quantify the ideologies of jurists include the
5119:). Although subject to the process of impeachment, only one justice has ever been impeached and no Supreme Court justice has been removed from office. At the other pole are those who view the judiciary as the least dangerous branch, with little ability to resist the exhortations of the other branches of government.
6422:
Fifth
Circuit Court of Appeals to uphold the Endangered Species Act, thus protecting six endemic species of insect near Austin, Texas, despite the fact that the insects had no commercial value and did not travel across state lines; the Supreme Court let that ruling stand without comment in 2005. Chief Justice
5653:
rigid ideological dogma on a profession once known for intellectual freedom." Kate
Aronoff criticizes the donations from special interests like fossil fuel companies and other dark money groups to the Federalist Society and related organizations seeking to influence lawyers and Supreme Court Justices.
18351:
The Bush v. Gore majority, made up of Mr. Rehnquist and his fellow conservatives, interpreted the equal protection clause in a sweeping way they had not before, and have not since. And they stated that the interpretation was 'limited to the present circumstances,' words that suggest a raw exercise of
18149:
Fourteenth
Amendment. Some argue that it is detrimental to the cause of freedom because it expands the power of the federal government. Others contend that the amendment expands the ambit of individual liberty. I fall among those who believe that the Fourteenth Amendment has been a positive force for
11514:
Springer said she doesn't know whether Gorsuch considers himself a Catholic or an Episcopalian. "I have no evidence that Judge Gorsuch considers himself an Episcopalian, and likewise no evidence that he does not." Gorsuch's younger brother, J.J., said he too has "no idea how he would fill out a form.
9510:
When Chief Justice John G. Roberts Jr. and his colleagues on the Supreme Court left for their summer break at the end of June, they marked a milestone: the Roberts court had just completed its fifth term. In those five years, the court not only moved to the right but also became the most conservative
8701:
Sixth Amendment's right to counsel (Gideon v. Wainwright in 1963). β¦ the court said flatly in 1904: 'The Sixth Amendment does not apply to proceedings in state criminal courts.' But in the light of Gideon β¦ ruled Black, statements 'generally declaring that the Sixth Amendment does not apply to states
8247:
Finally, as we are unable to conceive upon what theory the exaction by government from the citizen of the performance of his supreme and noble duty of contributing to the defense of the rights and honor of the nation, as the result of a war declared by the great representative body of the people, can
7810:
Rarely has this Court rejected outright an interpretation of state law by a state high court β¦ The Virginia court refused to obey this Court's Fairfax's Devisee mandate to enter judgment for the British subject's successor in interest. That refusal led to the Court's pathmarking decision in Martin v.
5753:
that the court should address this by requiring disclosure of all funders of amicus briefs and the studies they cite, only admit briefs that stay within the expertise of the authors (as is required in lower courts), and require the briefs to be submitted much earlier in the process so the history and
5652:
acted as a filter for judicial nominations during the Trump administration, ensuring the latest conservative justices lean even further to the right. 86% of judges Trump appointed to circuit courts and the Supreme Court were Federalist Society members. David Litt critiques it as "an attempt to impose
4678:
articles, and other written works for their decisions. While law review article use has increased slightly with one article cited per decision on average, the use of amicus briefs has increased significantly. The use of amicus briefs has received criticism, including the ability of authors to discuss
1570:
must be affixed, before the appointee can take office. The seniority of an associate justice is based on the commissioning date, not the confirmation or swearing-in date. After receiving their commission, the appointee must then take the two prescribed oaths before assuming their official duties. The
1558:
in November 1954 was not acted on by the Senate; Eisenhower re-nominated Harlan in January 1955, and Harlan was confirmed two months later. Most recently, the Senate failed to act on the March 2016 nomination of Merrick Garland, as the nomination expired in January 2017, and the vacancy was filled by
1447:
to nominate, while the Senate possesses the plenary power to reject or confirm the nominee. The Constitution sets no qualifications for service as a justice, such as age, citizenship, residence or prior judicial experience, thus a president may nominate anyone to serve, and the Senate may not set any
17915:
The regulation of commerce with the Indian tribes is very properly unfettered from two limitations in the articles of Confederation, which render the provision obscure and contradictory. The power is there restrained to Indians, not members of any of the States, and is not to violate or infringe the
12472:
One byproduct of the increased provisions , however has been a dramatic rise in the number of justices engaging in succession politics by trying to time their departures to coincide with a compatible president. The most recent departures have been partisan, some more blatantly than others, and have
9550:
The Court has gotten increasingly more conservative with each of the Republican-appointed chief justicesβWarren E. Burger (1969β1986), William H. Rehnquist (1986β2005), and John G. Roberts Jr. (2005βpresent). All told, Republican presidents have appointed 12 of the 16 most recent justices, including
8555:
The biggest legal milestone in this field was last year's Supreme Court decision in Griswold v. Connecticut, which overthrew the state's law against the use of contraceptives as an invasion of marital privacy, and for the first time declared the "right of privacy" to be derived from the Constitution
8290:
In the 1923 case of Adkins v. Children's Hospital, the court invalidated a classification based on gender as inconsistent with the substantive due process requirements of the fifth amendment. At issue was congressional legislation providing for the fixing of minimum wages for women and minors in the
8142:
The term 'substantive due process' is often used to describe the approach first used in Lochnerβthe finding of liberties not explicitly protected by the text of the Constitution to be impliedly protected by the liberty clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. In the 1960s, long after the Court repudiated
8077:
But his decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford doomed thousands of black slaves and freedmen to a stateless existence within the United States until the passage of the 14th Amendment. Justice Taney's coldly self-fulfilling statement in Dred Scott, that blacks had "no rights which the white man bound to
4315:
of that circuit, but over the past hundred years, this has rarely occurred. A circuit justice sitting with the Court of Appeals has seniority over the chief judge of the circuit. The chief justice has traditionally been assigned to the District of Columbia Circuit, the Fourth Circuit (which includes
4263:
The circuit justice for each circuit is responsible for dealing with certain types of applications that, by law and the rules of the court, may be addressed by a single justice. Ordinarily, a justice will resolve such an application by simply endorsing it "granted" or "denied" or entering a standard
3747:
pm and reservations are not necessary. When the court is in session the public may attend oral arguments, which are held twice each morning (and sometimes afternoons) on Mondays, Tuesdays, and Wednesdays in two-week intervals from October through late April, with breaks during December and February.
3663:
In the justices' private conferences, current practice is for them to speak and vote in order of seniority, beginning with the chief justice first and ending with the most junior associate justice. By custom, the most junior associate justice in these conferences is charged with any menial tasks the
1692:
of the Constitution provides that justices "shall hold their offices during good behavior", which is understood to mean that they may serve for the remainder of their lives, until death; furthermore, the phrase is generally interpreted to mean that the only way justices can be removed from office is
18062:
I don't think there's any question at this point in our history that Congress' power under the commerce clause is quite broad, and I think that reflects a number of things, including the way in which our economy and our society has developed and all of the foreign and interstate activity that takes
17880:
The interfering and unneighborly regulations of some States, contrary to the true spirit of the Union, have, in different instances, given just cause of umbrage and complaint to others, and it is to be feared that examples of this nature, if not restrained by a national control, would be multiplied
12527:
If the incumbent president is of the same party as the president who nominated the justice to the Court, and if the incumbent president is in the first two years of a four-year presidential term, then the justice has odds of resignation that are about 2.6 times higher than when these two conditions
5029:
In order to plead before the court, an attorney must first be admitted to the court's bar. Approximately 4,000 lawyers join the bar each year. The bar contains an estimated 230,000 members. In reality, pleading is limited to several hundred attorneys. The rest join for a one-time fee of $ 200, with
4093:
over cases between two or more states but may decline to hear such cases. It also possesses original but not exclusive jurisdiction to hear "all actions or proceedings to which ambassadors, other public ministers, consuls, or vice consuls of foreign states are parties; all controversies between the
12869:
On May 28, Moody did something unprecedented, then and now. He filed a petition charging Sheriff Shipp, six deputies and 19 leaders of the lynch mob with contempt of the Supreme Court. The justices unanimously approved the petition and agreed to retain original jurisdiction in the matter. ... May
9242:
The decision in the Lawrence v. Texas case overturned convictions against two Houston men, whom police had arrested after busting into their home and finding them engaged in sex. And for the first time in their lives, thousands of gay men and women who lived in states where sodomy had been illegal
8595:
In the landmark 1962 case Engel v. Vitale, the high court threw out a brief nondenominational prayer composed by state officials that was recommended for use in New York State schools. 'It is no part of the business of government,' ruled the court, 'to compose official prayers for any group of the
4725:
At the conclusion of oral argument, the case is submitted for decision. Cases are decided by majority vote of the justices. After the oral argument is concluded, usually in the same week as the case was submitted, the justices retire to another conference at which the preliminary votes are tallied
4119:
granted Johnson a stay of execution to allow his lawyers to file an appeal. Johnson was removed from his jail cell by a lynch mob, aided by the local sheriff who left the prison virtually unguarded, and hanged from a bridge, after which a deputy sheriff pinned a note on Johnson's body reading: "To
3233:
In recent times, justices tend to strategically plan their decisions to leave the bench with personal, institutional, ideological, partisan, and political factors playing a role. The fear of mental decline and death often motivates justices to step down. The desire to maximize the court's strength
1969:
and eight associate justices. Among the current members of the court, Clarence Thomas is the longest-serving justice, with a tenure of 12,023 days (32 years, 335 days) as of September 22, 2024; the most recent justice to join the court is Ketanji Brown Jackson, whose tenure began on June
1797:
One of the smallest Supreme Courts in the world, the US Supreme Court consists of nine members: one chief justice and eight associate justices. The U.S. Constitution does not specify the size of the Supreme Court, nor does it specify any specific positions for the court's members. The Constitution
1623:
has made a recess appointment to the court, and the practice has become rare and controversial even in lower federal courts. In 1960, after Eisenhower had made three such appointments, the Senate passed a "sense of the Senate" resolution that recess appointments to the court should only be made in
19081:, vol. LXX, no. 13 (August 17, 2023), pp. 50β54. "udicial supremacy is neither woven into the Constitution's text and structure nor discoverable in the history of its creation β a reality that today's supposedly 'textualist' or at times 'originalist' Court conveniently ignores." (p. 51.)
17537:
The Supreme Court's differing treatment of the traditional actors and the jury and the deference to traditional actors has contributed to the jury's declineβ¦The Court has failed to acknowledge any specific authority in the jury or any necessity to guard that authority...Moreover it has ultimately
13207:
Gradually, however, circuit riding lost support. The Court's increasing business in the nation's capital following the Civil War made the circuit riding seem anachronistic and impractical and a slow shift away from the practice began. The Judiciary Act of 1869 established a separate circuit court
12363:
For more than a decade after leaving the court in 2006, O'Connor kept up an active schedule: serving as a visiting federal appeals court judge, speaking on issues she cared about and founding her own education organization. But the 88-year-old, for more than two decades often the deciding vote in
10312:
The Court continued, "In our view, however, the pro forma sessions count as sessions, not as periods of recess. We hold that, for purposes of the Recess Appointments Clause, the Senate is in session when it says it is, provided that, under its own rules, it retains the capacity to transact Senate
6421:
by upholding regulations and legislation which have little to do with interstate commerce, but that were enacted under the guise of regulating interstate commerce; and by voiding state legislation for allegedly interfering with interstate commerce. For example, the Commerce Clause was used by the
5640:
which confirms the justices, have selection biases that favor rural states that tend to vote Republican, resulting in a conservative Supreme Court. Ziblatt and Levitsky estimate that 3 or 4 of the seats held by conservative justices on the court would be held by justices appointed by a Democratic
5077:
wrote: "A Constitution is, in fact, and must be regarded by the judges, as a fundamental law. It therefore belongs to them to ascertain its meaning, and the meaning of any particular act proceeding from the legislative body. If there should happen to be an irreconcilable variance between the two,
4217:
simply affirming the lower court's decision without discussing the merits of the case, since the Supreme Court of Florida lacks jurisdiction to hear appeals of such decisions. The power of the Supreme Court to consider appeals from state courts, rather than just federal courts, was created by the
3213:
There are currently three living retired justices of the Supreme Court of the United States: Anthony Kennedy, David Souter, and Stephen Breyer. As retired justices, they no longer participate in the work of the Supreme Court, but may be designated for temporary assignments to sit on lower federal
3133:
Devins and Baum argue that before 2010, the Court never had clear ideological blocs that fell perfectly along party lines. In choosing their appointments, Presidents often focused more on friendship and political connections than on ideology. Republican presidents sometimes appointed liberals and
13208:
judiciary. The justices retained nominal circuit riding duties until 1891 when the Circuit Court of Appeals Act was passed. With the Judicial Code of 1911, Congress officially ended the practice. The struggle between the legislative and judicial branches over circuit riding was finally concluded.
9888:
In a statement Friday morning, Murray cited Republicans' refusal to confirm or even seriously consider President Obama's nomination of Judge Merrick Garland, a similarly well-qualified jurist β and went on to lambaste President Trump's conduct in his first few months in office. And Murray added
7929:
The first Chief Justice, John Marshall set out to do away with seriatim opinionsβa practice originating in England in which each appellate judge writes an opinion in ruling on a single case. (You may have read old tort cases in law school with such opinions). Marshall sought to do away with this
5851:
The Supreme Court's conservative supermajority has, in recent weeks, restructured American democracy in the Republican Party's preferred image, fundamentally altering the balance of power between the branches and the citizens themselves.... In the course of its most recent term that conservative
4759:
It is the court's practice to issue decisions in all cases argued in a particular term by the end of that term. Within that term, the court is under no obligation to release a decision within any set time after oral argument. Since recording devices are banned inside the courtroom of the Supreme
3138:
designated as important and that had at least two dissenting votes in which the Justices divided along party lines, about one-half of one percent." Even in the turbulent 1960s and 1970s, Democratic and Republican elites tended to agree on some major issues, especially concerning civil rights and
1633:
limited the ability of the president to make recess appointments (including appointments to the Supreme Court); the court ruled that the Senate decides when the Senate is in session or in recess. Writing for the court, Justice Breyer stated, "We hold that, for purposes of the Recess Appointments
18251:
Beat reporters and academics initially denounced the court's involvement in that case, its hastiness to enter the political thicket and the half-baked and strained decision that resulted...Toobin remains white-hot about it, calling it 'one of the lowest moments in the court's history,' one that
5773:
to set "ethics rules and principles that guide the conduct of the Members of the Court." The Code has been received by some as a significant first step but does not address the ethics concerns of many notable critics who found the Code was a significantly weakened version of the rules for other
5656:
The 2016 stonewalling of Merrick Garland's confirmation and subsequent filling with Neil Gorsuch has been critiqued as a 'stolen seat' citing precedent from the 20th century of confirmations during election years, while proponents cited three blocked nominations between 1844 and 1866. In recent
5099:
His contention was not that the court had privileged insight into constitutional requirements, but that it was the constitutional duty of the judiciary, as well as the other branches of government, to read and obey the dictates of the Constitution. This decision was criticized by then-President
5038:
A term of the Supreme Court commences on the first Monday of each October, and continues until June or early July of the following year. Each term consists of alternating periods of around two weeks known as "sittings" and "recesses"; justices hear cases and deliver rulings during sittings, and
4289:
Before 1990, the rules of the Supreme Court also stated that "a writ of injunction may be granted by any Justice in a case where it might be granted by the Court." However, this part of the rule (and all other specific mention of injunctions) was removed in the Supreme Court's rules revision of
3117:
Justices are nominated by the president in power, and receive confirmation by the Senate, historically holding many of the views of the nominating president's political party. While justices do not represent or receive official endorsements from political parties, as is accepted practice in the
8448:
Some prominent states' rights conservatives were asking the court to overturn Wickard v. Filburn, a landmark ruling that laid out an expansive view of Congress's power to legislate in the public interest. Supporters of states' rights have always blamed Wickard ... for paving the way for strong
7966:
Congress tried the process again in 1804, when it voted to impeach Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase on charges of bad conduct. As a judge, Chase was overzealous and notoriously unfair β¦ But Chase never committed a crimeβhe was just incredibly bad at his job. The Senate acquitted him on every
6547:
sees flaws in the American system of having courts (and specifically the Supreme Court) act as checks on the Executive and Legislative branches; he argues that because the courts must wait, sometimes for years, for cases to navigate their way through the system, their ability to restrain other
6269:
writer Colm Quinn says that a criticism leveled at the court, as well as other American institutions, is that after two centuries they are beginning to look their age. He cites four features of the United States Supreme Court that make it different from high courts in other countries, and help
5548:, stated that the court had thus begun to mirror the political branches of government. "We are getting a composition of the clerk workforce that is getting to be like the House of Representatives," Professor Garrow said. "Each side is putting forward only ideological purists." According to the
5265:
In addition, the other two branches can restrain the court through other mechanisms. Congress can increase the number of justices, giving the president power to influence future decisions by appointments (as in Roosevelt's court-packing plan discussed above). Congress can pass legislation that
12423:
Had anticipated that the chief justice would not serve out the next Supreme Court term, she told me after his death, she would have delayed her own retirement for a year rather than burden the court with two simultaneous vacancies. Her reason for leaving was that her husband, suffering from
12183:
Based on what we know about measuring the ideology of justices and judges, the Supreme Court will soon take a hard and quick turn to the right. It's a new path that is likely to last for years. Chief Justice John Roberts, a George W. Bush appointee, will almost certainly become the new median
8630:
Public schools need not proselytizeβindeed, must notβin teaching students about the Good Book β¦ In Abington School District v. Schempp, decided in 1963, the Supreme Court stated that "study of the Bible or of religion, when presented objectively as part of a secular program of education," was
8519:
On May 17, 1954, U.S. Supreme Court Justice Earl Warren delivered the unanimous ruling in the landmark civil rights case Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas. State-sanctioned segregation of public schools was a violation of the 14th amendment and was therefore unconstitutional. This
6426:
asserted Congress's power over interstate commerce was "complete in itself, may be exercised to its utmost extent, and acknowledges no limitations, other than are prescribed in the Constitution." Justice Alito said congressional authority under the Commerce Clause is "quite broad"; modern-day
4851:
are numbered so that users may cite this set of reports (or a competing version published by another commercial legal publisher but containing parallel citations) to allow those who read their pleadings and other briefs to find the cases quickly and easily. As of January 2019, there are:
3204:
found the number of unanimous decisions dropped from the 20-year average of nearly 50% to nearly 30% in 2021 while party-line rulings increased from a 60-year average just above zero to a record high 21%. That year Ryan Williams pointed to the party-line votes for confirmations of justices as
1789:, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and George W. Bush each served a full term without an opportunity to appoint a justice, but made appointments during their subsequent terms in office. No president who has served more than one full term has gone without at least one opportunity to make an appointment.
8863:
Split almost exactly down the middle, the Supreme Court last week offered a Solomonic compromise. It said that rigid quotas based solely on race were forbidden, but it also said that race might legitimately be an element in judging students for admission to universities. It thus approved the
5710:
saying she would introduce impeachment articles when Congress is back in session. On July 10, 2024, she filed Articles of Impeachment against Thomas and Alito, citing their "widely documented financial and personal entanglements." As of late July, 2024, nearly 1.4 million people had signed a
4729:
Justices are free to change their votes on a case up until the decision is finalized and published. In any given case, a justice is free to choose whether or not to author an opinion or else simply join the majority or another justice's opinion. There are several primary types of opinions:
9167:
Seminole Tribe v. Florida (1996) In this seemingly technical 11th Amendment dispute about whether states can be sued in federal courts, Justice O'Connor joined four others to override Congress's will and protect state prerogatives, even though the text of the Constitution contradicts this
6516:'s book compared the Court to a cartel where its inner-workings are mostly unknown, arguing this lack of transparency reduces scrutiny which hurts ordinary Americans who know little about the nine extremely consequential Justices. A 2010 poll found that 61% of American voters agreed that
5610:
and permitted states to restrict abortion rights, Democrats and independents have increasingly lost trust in the court, seen the court as political, and expressed support for reforming the institution. Historically, the court had relatively more trust than other government institutions.
3748:
Visitors are seated on a first-come first-served basis. One estimate is there are about 250 seats available. The number of open seats varies from case to case; for important cases, some visitors arrive the day before and wait through the night. The court releases opinions beginning at 10
7758:
The decision β¦ in Martin vs. Hunter's Lessee is the authority on which lawyers and Judges have rested the doctrine that where there is in question, in the highest court of a State, and decided adversely to the validity of a State statute... such claim is reviewable by the Supreme Court
3752:
am on scheduled "non-argument days" (also called opinion days) These sessions, which typically last 15 to 30-minute, are also open to the public. From mid-May until the end of June, at least one opinion day is scheduled each week. Supreme Court Police are available to answer questions.
12146:
Erwin Chemerinsky, a law professor at the University of California at Berkeley, told Bloomberg that Roberts' recent voting record may indicate that he is taking his role as the median justice "very seriously" and that the recent period was "perhaps the beginning of his being the swing
4638:
cases and other cases in which the court orders briefing from the respondent, the respondent may, but is not required to, file a response to the cert petition. The court grants a petition for cert only for "compelling reasons", spelled out in the court's Rule 10. Such reasons include:
17566:
as the jury continued to be more diverse in gender and race, the jury was less desirable to judges and corporationsβ¦this shift has occurred, particularly in the 1930sβ¦The Supreme Court likely has been influenced by legal elites as well as by corporations to reduce jury authority over
7893:, Marshall's most important innovation was to persuade the other justices to stop seriatim opinionsβeach issuing oneβso that the court could speak in a single voice. Since the mid-1940s, however, there's been a significant increase in individual 'concurring' and 'dissenting' opinions.
1830:, an arduous process requiring long travel on horseback or carriage over harsh terrain that resulted in months-long extended stays away from home, Congress added justices to correspond with the growth such that the number of seats for associate justices plus the chief justice became
559:(1791), a case involving procedure. As the court initially had only six members, every decision that it made by a majority was also made by two-thirds (voting four to two). However, Congress has always allowed less than the court's full membership to make decisions, starting with a
4702:
When the court grants a cert petition, the case is set for oral argument. Both parties will file briefs on the merits of the case, as distinct from the reasons they may have argued for granting or denying the cert petition. With the consent of the parties or approval of the court,
5531:
Clerks hired by each of the justices of the Supreme Court are often given considerable leeway in the opinions they draft. "Supreme Court clerkship appeared to be a nonpartisan institution from the 1940s into the 1980s," according to a study published in 2009 by the law review of
437:, vesting federal judicial power in "one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish." They delineated neither the exact powers and prerogatives of the Supreme Court nor the organization of the judicial branch as a whole.
4494:
Five of the current justices are assigned to circuits on which they previously sat as circuit judges: Chief Justice Roberts (D.C. Circuit), Justice Sotomayor (Second Circuit), Justice Alito (Third Circuit), Justice Barrett (Seventh Circuit), and Justice Gorsuch (Tenth Circuit).
17006:
This suggests that the right of habeas corpus was not limited to English subjects β¦ protects people who are captured β¦ at Guantanamo β¦ Wrong, Justice Antonin Scalia wrote in dissent. He said English history showed that the writ of habeas corpus was limited to sovereign English
8004:
the 1805 Senate trial of Justice Samuel Chase, who had been impeached by the House of Representatives β¦ This decision by the Senate was enormously important in securing the kind of judicial independence contemplated by Article III" of the Constitution, Chief Justice Rehnquist
10600:
and that as nothing can contribute so much to its firmness and independence as permanency in office, this quality may therefore be justly regarded as an indispensable ingredient in its constitution, and, in a great measure, as the citadel of the public justice and the public
6305:
argued that no other country gives its Supreme Court as much power. Warren E. Burger, before becoming Chief Justice, argued that since the Supreme Court has such "unreviewable power", it is likely to "self-indulge itself", and unlikely to "engage in dispassionate analysis."
9472:
It was the Supreme Court that conservatives had long yearned for and that liberals feared β¦ This was a more conservative court, sometimes muscularly so, sometimes more tentatively, its majority sometimes differing on methodology but agreeing on the outcome in cases big and
1590:
administrations, justices were typically approved within one month. From the Reagan administration to the present, the process has taken much longer and some believe this is because Congress sees justices as playing a more political role than in the past. According to the
4874:
have published a total of 30,161 Supreme Court opinions, covering the decisions handed down from February 1790 to March 2012. This figure does not reflect the number of cases the court has taken up, as several cases can be addressed by a single opinion (see, for example,
681:, which held that while Congress may not limit the subjects the Supreme Court may hear, it may limit the jurisdiction of the lower federal courts to prevent them from hearing cases dealing with certain subjects. Nevertheless, it is primarily remembered for its ruling in
9205:
The argument in this case, Alden v. Maine, No. 98-436, proceeded on several levels simultaneously. On the surface β¦ On a deeper level, the argument was a continuation of the Court's struggle over an even more basic issue: the Government's substantive authority over the
8827:
The shocker, however, came in 1973, when the Court, by a vote of 7 to 2, relied on Griswold's basic underpinnings to rule that a Texas law prohibiting abortions in most situations was unconstitutional, invalidating the laws of most states. Relying on a woman's right to
7682:, Chief Justice John Marshall established the principle of judicial review, an important addition to the system of 'checks and balances' created to prevent any one branch of the Federal Government from becoming too powerful...A Law repugnant to the Constitution is void.
5359:, and draft opinions. Associate justices are allowed four clerks. The chief justice is allowed five clerks, but Chief Justice Rehnquist hired only three per year, and Chief Justice Roberts usually hires only four. Generally, law clerks serve a term of one to two years.
6317:
Some members of Congress considered the results from the 2021β2022 term a shift of government power into the Supreme Court, and a "judicial coup". The 2021β2022 term of the court was the first full term following the appointment of three judges by Republican president
1941:
advocates for 19 justices, with the court being gradually expanded by two new members per presidential term, bringing the U.S. Supreme Court to a similar size as its counterparts in other developed countries. He says that a bigger court would reduce the power of the
3036:
justice, and in 2010 by Elena Kagan. After Ginsburg's death on September 18, 2020, Amy Coney Barrett was confirmed as the fifth woman in the court's history on October 26, 2020. Ketanji Brown Jackson is the sixth woman and first African-American woman on the court.
9129:
His (Rehnquist's) reference was to a landmark 1997 decision, City of Boerne v. Flores, in which the court ruled that the predecessor to the current law, the Religious Freedom Restoration Act, exceeded Congress's authority and was unconstitutional as applied to the
8410:
He was a farmer in Ohio ... during the 1930s, when subsidies were brought in for farmers. With subsidies came restrictions on how much wheat one could growβeven, Filburn learned in a landmark Supreme Court case, Wickard v. Filburn (1942), wheat grown on his modest
6334:β which created a six-strong conservative majority on the court. Subsequently, at the end of the term, the court issued a number of decisions that favored this conservative majority while significantly changing the landscape with respect to rights. These included
1459:
conducts hearings and votes on whether the nomination should go to the full Senate with a positive, negative or neutral report. The committee's practice of personally interviewing nominees is relatively recent. The first nominee to appear before the committee was
1611:
hold office only until the end of the next Senate session (less than two years). The Senate must confirm the nominee for them to continue serving; of the two chief justices and eleven associate justices who have received recess appointments, only Chief Justice
9060:
United States v. Lopez in 1995 raised the stakes in the debate over federal authority even higher. The decision declared unconstitutional a Federal law, the Gun Free School Zones Act of 1990, that made it a federal crime to carry a gun within 1,000 feet of a
7642:
From the beginning, Burns continues, the Court has established its "supremacy" over the president and Congress because of Chief Justice John Marshall's "brilliant political coup" in Marbury v. Madison (1803): asserting a power to strike down unconstitutional
17438:
A criticism leveled at the Supreme Court and U.S. institutions more generally is that after more than two centuries in operation, it's beginning to look its age, with questions of legitimacy, political interference, and power all combining to undermine the
14775:
A criticism leveled at the Supreme Court and U.S. institutions more generally is that after more than two centuries in operation, it's beginning to look its age, with questions of legitimacy, political interference, and power all combining to undermine the
9656:
The landmark 2008 decision to strike down the District of Columbia's ban on handgun possession was the first time the court had said the amendment grants an individual right to own a gun for self-defense. But the 5 to 4 opinion in District of Columbia v.
4136:
to lower courts. It considers cases based on its original jurisdiction very rarely; almost all cases are brought to the Supreme Court on appeal. In practice, the only original jurisdiction cases heard by the court are disputes between two or more states.
1857:
of 1866, providing that the next three justices to retire would not be replaced, which would thin the bench to seven justices by attrition. Consequently, one seat was removed in 1866 and a second in 1867. Soon after Johnson left office, the new president
499:
in New York City, then the U.S. capital. A second session was held there in August 1790. The earliest sessions of the court were devoted to organizational proceedings, as the first cases did not reach it until 1791. When the nation's capital was moved to
6450:. One critic wrote "the great majority of Supreme Court rulings of unconstitutionality involve state, not federal, law." Others see the Fourteenth Amendment as a positive force that extends "protection of those rights and guarantees to the state level."
8990:
Thirty-two years ago, Justice John Paul Stevens sided with the majority in a famous "never mind" ruling by the Supreme Court. Gregg v. Georgia, in 1976, overturned Furman v. Georgia, which had declared the death penalty unconstitutional only four years
1545:
has received a floor vote in the Senate. A president may withdraw a nomination before an actual confirmation vote occurs, typically because it is clear that the Senate will reject the nominee; this occurred with President George W. Bush's nomination of
4585:, a case turning on whether an incorrectly drawn boundary between two states can be changed by a state court, and whether the setting of the correct boundary requires Congressional approval. Although it has not happened since 1794 in the case of
17842:
In every State there have been made, and must continue to be made, regulations on this subject which will, in many cases, leave little more to be done by the federal legislature, than to review the different laws, and reduce them in one general
8112:
The rhetorical battle that followed the Dred Scott decision, as we know, later erupted into the gunfire and bloodshed of the Civil War (p. 176)... his opinion (Taney's) touched off an explosive reaction on both sides of the slavery issue... (p.
1651:
wrote: "The insularity of lifetime tenure, combined with the appointments of relatively young attorneys who give long service on the bench, produces senior judges representing the views of past generations better than views of the current day."
17991:
Purcell filed a $ 60-million lawsuit against the U.S. government in 1999, arguing that cave bugs could not be regulated through the commerce clause because they had no commercial value and did not cross state lines. 'I'm disappointed,' Purcell
1646:
Lifetime tenure of justices can only be found for US Supreme Court Justices and the State of Rhode Island's Supreme Court justices, with all other democratic nations and all other US states having set term limits or mandatory retirement ages.
15640:
9434:
John Glover Roberts Jr. was sworn in yesterday as the 17th chief justice of the United States, enabling President Bush to put his stamp on the Supreme Court for decades to come, even as he prepares to name a second nominee to the nine-member
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to its website that seemed to indicate that the court will temporarily allow abortions in medical emergencies in Idaho. The official opinion was posted the next day, which returned the case to the lower courts without a ruling on the merits.
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5536:. "As law has moved closer to mere politics, political affiliations have naturally and predictably become proxies for the different political agendas that have been pressed in and through the courts," former federal court of appeals judge
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reported that it was "essential to the continuance of our constitutional democracy" that the proposal "be so emphatically rejected that its parallel will never again be presented to the free representatives of the free people of America."
17356:
6182:. However, those on both sides of the political aisle often level this accusation at the court. The debate around judicial activism typically involves accusing the other side of activism, whilst denying that your own side engages in it.
4767:
It is possible that through recusals or vacancies the court divides evenly on a case. If that occurs, then the decision of the court below is affirmed, but does not establish binding precedent. In effect, it results in a return to the
12333:
an Associated Press-NORC poll showed that 7 out of 10 Americans think that the justices make their decisions 'to fit their own ideologies,' instead of serving as 'an independent check on other branches of government by being fair and
4124:
to preside over the trial in Chattanooga with closing arguments made in Washington before the Supreme Court justices, who found nine individuals guilty of contempt, sentencing three to 90 days in jail and the rest to 60 days in jail.
6607:
are often purported to harm the court's reputation. Chief Justice Roberts has previously described leaks as an "egregious breach of trust" that "undermine the integrity of our operations" in reference to the leaked draft opinion for
4195:). In the last case, an appeal may be made to the Supreme Court from a lower state court if the state's highest court declined to hear an appeal or lacks jurisdiction to hear an appeal. For example, a decision rendered by one of the
452:
and would initially be composed of a chief justice and five associate justices. The act also divided the country into judicial districts, which were in turn organized into circuits. Justices were required to "ride circuit" and hold
1721:
were subjected to hearings from the Judiciary Committee, with Douglas being the subject of hearings twice, in 1953 and again in 1970 and Fortas resigned while hearings were being organized in 1969. On July 10, 2024, Representative
9025:
The federalism issue at the core of the new case grows out of a series of cases from 1997 to 2003 in which the Rehnquist court applied a new level of scrutiny to Congressional action enforcing the guarantees of the Reconstruction
5552:
study, this politicized hiring trend reinforces the impression that the Supreme Court is "a superlegislature responding to ideological arguments rather than a legal institution responding to concerns grounded in the rule of law."
3739:. Visitors may not tour the actual courtroom unaccompanied. There is a cafeteria, a gift shop, exhibits, and a half-hour informational film. When the court is not in session, lectures about the courtroom are held hourly from 9:30
1745:
left within days of each other, the shortest period of time between vacancies in the court's history. Sometimes a great length of time passes between vacancies, such as the 11-year span, from 1994 to 2005, from the retirement of
4749:: a justice agrees with the outcome the court reached but disagrees with its reasons for doing so. A justice in this situation does not join the majority opinion. Like regular concurrences, these do not create binding precedent.
5290:
On the other hand, through its power of judicial review, the Supreme Court has defined the scope and nature of the powers and separation between the legislative and executive branches of the federal government; for example, in
3699:
from 1791 until 1800. After the government moved to Washington, D.C., the court occupied various spaces in the Capitol building until 1935, when it moved into its own purpose-built home. The four-story building was designed by
4575:, such as when two states have a dispute against each other, or when there is a dispute between the United States and a state. In such instances, a case is filed with the Supreme Court directly. Examples of such cases include
1936:
At nine members, the U.S. Supreme Court is one of the smallest supreme courts in the world. David Litt argues the court is too small to represent the perspectives of a country the United States' size. Lawyer and legal scholar
11685:
1806:. The power to define the Supreme Court's size and membership has been assumed to belong to Congress, which initially established a six-member Supreme Court composed of a chief justice and five associate justices through the
9347:
Re-enter the Rehnquist court. Amid the chaos, somebody had to play Daddy. β¦ the Supreme Court eschewed subtlety this time and bluntly stopped the Florida Supreme Court in its tracksβand stayed its willfulness. By, mind you,
3490:, the justice may retire with a pension based on the same formula used for federal employees. As with other federal courts judges, their pension can never be less than their salary at the time of retirement according to the
16213:
1634:
Clause, the Senate is in session when it says it is, provided that, under its own rules, it retains the capacity to transact Senate business." This ruling allows the Senate to prevent recess appointments through the use of
8248:
be said to be the imposition of involuntary servitude in violation of the prohibitions of the Thirteenth Amendment, we are constrained to the conclusion that the contention to that effect is refuted by its mere statement.
6571:. Critics argue that the Court has acted slowly in order to delay this case until after the election. They point out that the Court can move quickly when it wants to, as it did when it disregarded typical procedures in
5742:
laws impacting branches beyond the judiciary and citing falsehoods in written opinions, often supplied to the justices by amicus briefs from groups advocating a particular outcome. Allison Orr Larsen, Associate Dean at
5274:
of Article Three, where the appellate jurisdiction is granted "with such Exceptions, and under such Regulations as the Congress shall make." The court sanctioned such congressional action in the Reconstruction Era case
15087:
Morris, G. Elliot; Burton, Cooper; Fuong, Holly; Groskopf, Christopher; King, Ritchie; Koeze, Ella; Mehta, Dhrumil; Mithani, Jasmine; et al. (February 25, 2024). Frostenson, Sarah; Thomson-DeVeaux, Amelia (eds.).
21713:
7182:
5309:(1979), which effectively gave the presidency the power to terminate ratified treaties without the consent of Congress. The court's decisions can also impose limitations on the scope of Executive authority, as in
7138:
17807:
seems well calculated at once to secure to the States a reasonable discretion in providing for the conveniency of their imports and exports, and to the United States a reasonable check against the abuse of this
8735:
1966 Miranda v. Arizona decision. That's the famous decision that made confessions inadmissible as evidence unless an accused person has been warned by police of the right to silence and to a lawyer, and waived
1825:
promptly negated the 1801 act, restoring the court's size to six members before any such vacancy occurred. As the nation's boundaries grew across the continent and as Supreme Court justices in those days had to
9756:
19634:
17768:
Power being almost always the rival of power; the General Government will at all times stand ready to check the usurpations of the state government; and these will have the same disposition toward the General
17956:
many lawyers embrace a tradition that views state governments as the quintessential threat to individual and minority rights, and federal officialsβespecially federal courtsβas the special guardians of those
12133:
9929:
After Democrats held together Thursday morning and filibustered President Trump's nominee, Republicans voted to lower the threshold for advancing Supreme Court nominations from 60 votes to a simple majority.
9732:
The death penalty is unconstitutional as a punishment for the rape of a child, a sharply divided Supreme Court ruled Wednesday β¦ The 5-to-4 decision overturned death penalty laws in Louisiana and five other
5261:
in 2007). Also, the Supreme Court is not immune from political and institutional consideration: lower federal courts and state courts sometimes resist doctrinal innovations, as do law enforcement officials.
4233:
Since Article Three of the United States Constitution stipulates that federal courts may only entertain "cases" or "controversies", the Supreme Court cannot decide cases that are moot and it does not render
13795:
11223:
10331:
7219:
5777:
The ethics rules guiding the justices are set and enforced by the justices themselves, meaning the members of the court have no external checks on their behavior other than the impeachment of a justice by
2662:
This graphical timeline depicts the length of each current Supreme Court justice's tenure (not seniority, as the chief justice has seniority over all associate justices regardless of tenure) on the court:
18084:
19773:
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8486:
Justice Black developed his controversial theory, first stated in a lengthy, scholarly dissent in 1947, that the due process clause applied the first eight amendments of the Bill of Rights to the states.
3694:
The Supreme Court first met on February 1, 1790, at the Merchants' Exchange Building in New York City. When Philadelphia became the capital, the court met briefly in Independence Hall before settling in
4653:
When a conflict of interpretations arises from differing interpretations of the same law or constitutional provision issued by different federal circuit courts of appeals, lawyers call this situation a
1988:
19673:
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6535:
speculates that the decades-long decline in cases heard could be due to the increasing political makeup of judges, that he says might be more interested in settling political disputes than legal ones.
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A cert petition is voted on at a session of the court called conference. A conference is a private meeting of the nine justices by themselves; the public and the justices' clerks are excluded. The
422:, advocated for a national judicial authority consisting of tribunals chosen by the national legislature. It was proposed that the judiciary should have a role in checking the executive's power to
19624:
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When the court rules on matters involving the interpretation of laws rather than of the Constitution, simple legislative action can reverse the decisions (for example, in 2009 Congress passed the
21703:
19668:
4743:: a justice agrees with and joins the majority opinion but authors a separate concurrence to give additional explanations, rationales, or commentary. Concurrences do not create binding precedent.
3020:
justice. Marshall was succeeded by African-American Clarence Thomas in 1991. O'Connor was joined by Ruth Bader Ginsburg, the first Jewish woman on the Court, in 1993. After O'Connor's retirement
15567:
8214:β¦ of what eventually became the 'incorporation doctrine,' by which various federal Bill of Rights guarantees were held to be implicit in the Fourteenth Amendment due process or equal protection.
6564:
1705:. No constitutional mechanism exists for removing a justice who is permanently incapacitated by illness or injury, but unable (or unwilling) to resign. The only justice ever to be impeached was
23127:
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9095:
Intrastate activity that was not essentially economic was beyond Congress's reach under the Commerce Clause, Chief Justice Rehnquist wrote for the 5-to-4 majority in United States v. Morrison.
5061:
The federal court system and the judicial authority to interpret the Constitution received little attention in the debates over the drafting and ratification of the Constitution. The power of
4833:
is made available on the court's web site and through other outlets. Next, several opinions and lists of the court's orders are bound together in paperback form, called a preliminary print of
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may also present oral argument on behalf of one party if that party agrees. The court advises counsel to assume that the justices are familiar with and have read the briefs filed in a case.
2769:
Three justices are from the state of New York, two are from Washington, D.C., and one each is from New Jersey, Georgia, Colorado, and Louisiana. Eight of the current justices received their
23847:
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It is high-profile: the high court in the United States is one of the few courts in the world that can unilaterally strike down legislation passed by other politically accountable branches.
1403:
350:
15536:
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9875:
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Very important also was the decision in Martin vs. Hunter's lessee, in which the court asserted its authority to overrule, within certain limits, the decisions of the highest State courts.
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cases where their spouses have taken public stances or been involved in efforts to overturn the election. In 2017, Neil Gorsuch sold a property he co-owned for $ 1.8 million to the CEO of
4120:
Justice Harlan. Come get your nigger now." The local sheriff, John Shipp, cited the Supreme Court's intervention as the rationale for the lynching. The court appointed its deputy clerk as
19639:
15277:
A longtime leader within the Federalist Society, Leo has had Donald Trump's ear on judicial appointments and has been the main curator of the president's list of Supreme Court candidates.
12236:
10220:, Justice Stevens observed that the case involved "the first such appointment of an Article III judge in nearly a half century." 544 U.S. 942 (2005), Stevens, J., concurring in denial of
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over a narrow range of cases, specifically "all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, and those in which a State shall be Party." The court holds the power of
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wrote that the federal courts, and especially the Supreme Court, have excessive power. Suja A. Thomas argues the Supreme Court has taken most of the constitutionally-defined power from
5484:
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3226:, the court of which he was briefly a member before joining the Supreme Court. The status of a retired justice is analogous to that of a circuit or district court judge who has taken
2884:
1503:
as Chief Justice in 1968 was the first successful filibuster of a Supreme Court nominee. It included both Republican and Democratic senators concerned with Fortas's ethics. President
12205:
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5614:
After recording recent high approval ratings in the late 1980s around 66% approval, the court's ratings have declined to an average of around 40% between mid-2021 and February 2024.
19910:
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its Lochner line of cases, substantive due process became the basis for protecting personal rights such as the right of privacy, the right to maintain intimate family relationships.
5673:
Ethical controversies have grown with reports of justices (and their close family members) accepting expensive gifts, travel, business deals, and speaking fees without oversight or
1930:
1885:
on elderly judges, but the actual purpose was widely understood as an effort to "pack" the court with justices who would support Roosevelt's New Deal. The plan, usually called the "
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Some Court decisions have been criticized for injecting the court into the political arena, and deciding questions that are the purview of the elected branches of government. The
16947:
UC Berkeley law professor Goodwin Liu described the decision as 'utterly lacking in any legal principle" and added that the court was "remarkably unashamed to say so explicitly.'
15609:
6617:
In addition to leaks, the Court has sometimes mistakenly released opinions before they are ready to be published. On June 26, 2024, the Court inadvertently posted an opinion for
6410:
explicitly grants "powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people."
5127:
The Supreme Court cannot directly enforce its rulings; instead, it relies on respect for the Constitution and for the law for adherence to its judgments. One notable instance of
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Furman v. Georgia β¦ Rehnquist dissents from the Supreme Court conclusion that many state laws on capital punishment are capricious and arbitrary and therefore unconstitutional.
6505:' facilitates the court making decisions in secret without knowing how each Justice came to their decision. In 2024, after comparing the analysis of shadow-docket decisions to
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But there is no guarantee that when the decision comes, it will end the matter. It may just set the stage for the next legal wrangle over compliance with the Court's decision.
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4545:, regardless of which party initiated the lawsuit in the trial court. For example, criminal prosecutions are brought in the name of the state and against an individual, as in
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The court's decision in Planned Parenthood v. Casey reaffirmed the court holding of Roe. That is the precedent of the court and settled, in terms of the holding of the court.
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and extended till they became not less serious sources of animosity and discord than injurious impediments to the intercourse between the different parts of the Confederacy.
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However, others argue that the court is too protective of some individual rights, particularly those of people accused of crimes or in detention. For example, Chief Justice
5677:
from cases that present conflicts of interest. Spousal income and connections to cases has been redacted from the Justices' ethical disclosure forms while justices, such as
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stated lifelong tenure has "produced a critical time lag, with the Supreme Court institutionally almost always behind the times." Proposals to solve these problems include
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Gonzales v. Carhartβin which the Supreme Court narrowly upheld a federal ban on the late-term abortion procedure opponents call "partial birth abortion"βto be settled law.
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4839:, the official series of books in which the final version of the court's opinions appears. About a year after the preliminary prints are issued, a final bound volume of
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1905:
led to analysts calling the court the most conservative since the 1930s as well as calls for an expansion in the court's size to fix what some saw as an imbalance, with
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625:, a remnant of British tradition, and instead issuing a single majority opinion. Also during Marshall's tenure, although beyond the court's control, the impeachment and
326:
18774:. The reason given is: Should have more recent books, as older books might be out of date and not contain the latest thinking, information and analysis about the court.
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24, 1909, stands out in the annals of the U.S. Supreme Court. On that day, the court announced a verdict after holding the first and only criminal trial in its history.
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Critics have accused the Court of "slow-walking" important cases relating to former President Donald Trump in order to benefit his election chances in the face of the
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1955:
357:, appoints a new justice. Each justice has a single vote in deciding the cases argued before the court. When in the majority, the chief justice decides who writes the
14186:
11515:
He was raised in the Catholic Church and confirmed in the Catholic Church as an adolescent, but he has been attending Episcopal services for the past 15 or so years."
6483:, received scrutiny as political based on the controversial justifications used by the five conservative justices to elevate a fellow conservative to the presidency.
6277:
The United States Constitution is very difficult to amend: other countries allow for constitutional changes via referendum or with a supermajority in the legislature.
6191:(1973) as an example of liberal judicial activism. In its decision, the court legalized abortion on the basis of a "right to privacy" that they found inherent in the
5718:
President Biden proposed term limits for justices, an enforceable ethics code, and elimination of "immunity for crimes a former president committed while in office".
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justices may require as they convene alone, such as answering the door of their conference room, serving beverages and transmitting orders of the court to the clerk.
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the chiefs. During Roberts's first decade as chief, the Court was the most conservative in more than a half-century and likely the most conservative since the 1930s.
8374:
casesβAdkins in particularβevince an expansive view of the judicial role inconsistent with what I believe to be the appropriately more limited vision of the Framers.
6577:, granting the petition on a Saturday, receiving briefs on Sunday, holding oral arguments on Monday, and issuing the final opinion on Tuesday. Author Sonja West, of
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3166:, the court is composed of six justices appointed by Republican presidents and three appointed by Democratic presidents. It is popularly accepted that Chief Justice
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that which has the superior obligation and validity ought, of course, to be preferred; or, in other words, the Constitution ought to be preferred to the statute."
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3230:, and eligibility of a Supreme Court justice to assume retired status (rather than simply resign from the bench) is governed by the same age and service criteria.
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for itself thanks in part to the influence of legal elites and companies that prefer judges over juries as well as the inability of the jury to defend its power.
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who said, "the Constitution, on this hypothesis, is a mere thing of wax in the hands of the judiciary, which they may twist and shape into any form they please."
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that the decision should prompt the court to reconsider all of the court's past substantive due process decisions. Due process rights claimed to be at risk are:
4948:. In court documents, legal periodicals and other legal media, case citations generally contain cites from each of the three reporters; for example, citation to
4649:
Resolving an important question of federal law, or to expressly review a decision of a lower court that conflicts directly with a previous decision of the court.
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3103:
veterans. Samuel Alito is the only veteran currently serving on the court. Retired justices Stephen Breyer and Anthony Kennedy also served in the U.S. military.
12473:
bolstered arguments to reform the process. A second byproduct has been an increase in justices staying on the Court past their ability to adequately contribute.
12350:
10776:
10117:
9893:, the landmark abortion-legalization decision, and his comments about the 'Hobby Lobby' decision allowing employers to refuse to provide birth-control coverage.
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1921:
introduced the Judiciary Act of 2021, a bill to expand the Supreme Court from nine to 13 seats. It met divided views within the party, and Speaker of the House
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to study possible reforms to the Supreme Court. The commission's December 2021 final report discussed but took no position on expanding the size of the court.
1443:, including justices of the Supreme Court. This clause is one example of the system of checks and balances inherent in the Constitution. The president has the
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WIPO International Patent Case Management Judicial Guide: United States. 2022. SSRN Electronic Journal. P.S. Menell, A.A. Schmitt. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.4106648.
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attempted to expand the court in 1937. His proposal envisioned the appointment of one additional justice for each incumbent justice who reached the age of 70
1472:
in 1955. Once the committee reports out the nomination, the full Senate considers it. Rejections are relatively uncommon; the Senate has explicitly rejected
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of the country, rather than religious, ethnic, or gender diversity. Racial, ethnic, and gender diversity in the court increased in the late 20th century.
1713:
adopted eight articles of impeachment against him; however, he was acquitted by the Senate, and remained in office until his death in 1811. Two justices,
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Although Senate rules do not necessarily allow a negative or tied vote in committee to block a nomination, prior to 2017 a nomination could be blocked by
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6294:, the relatively few updates to the constitution or the courts, the rightward shift of the court and the diminished stature of the United States abroad.
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Last week, in a 7 to 2 decision, the court refused for the first time to give retroactive effect to a great Bill of Rights decisionβMapp v. Ohio (1961).
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Because justices have indefinite tenure, timing of vacancies can be unpredictable. Sometimes they arise in quick succession, as in September 1971, when
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The Brown decision of 1954, desegregating the schools of 17 states and the District of Columbia, awakened the nation to the court's new claim to power.
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United States v. Shipp stands out in the history of the Supreme Court as an anomaly. It remains the only time the Court has conducted a criminal trial.
11742:
4107:. The resulting proceeding remains the only contempt proceeding and only criminal trial in the court's history. The contempt proceeding arose from the
2811:
Previous positions or offices, judicial or federal government, prior to joining the court (by order of seniority following the Chief Justice) include:
1386:
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488:
as associate justices. All six were confirmed by the Senate on September 26, 1789; however, Harrison declined to serve, and Washington later nominated
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is the only person elected president to have left office after at least one full term without having the opportunity to appoint a justice. Presidents
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1624:"unusual circumstances"; such resolutions are not legally binding but are an expression of Congress's views in the hope of guiding executive action.
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10498:"Supreme court prognosis β Ruth Bader Ginsburg's surgery for pancreatic cancer highlights why US supreme court justices shouldn't serve life terms"
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on the Gorsuch nomination, citing his perceived conservative judicial philosophy, and the Republican majority's prior refusal to take up President
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6014:, some experts expressed concern that this may be the beginning of a rollback of individual rights that had been previously established under the
1754:, which was the second longest timespan between vacancies in the court's history. On average a new justice joins the court about every two years.
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held constitutional almost every modern procedure before and after the a jury deliberation that has eliminated or reduced jury authority. (75-77)
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6178:. This criticism is leveled by those who believe the court should not interpret the law in any way besides through the lens of past precedent or
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The resolution passed by a vote of 48 to 37, mainly along party lines; Democrats supported the resolution 48β4, and Republicans opposed it 33β0.
9602:
4764:". However, this practice has become passΓ© as the Court now posts electronic copies of the opinions on its website as they are being announced.
3727:
Located across First Street from the United States Capitol at One First Street NE and Maryland Avenue, the building is open to the public from 9
1595:, the average number of days from nomination to final Senate vote since 1975 is 67 days (2.2 months), while the median is 71 days (2.3 months).
563:
of four justices in 1789. The court lacked a home of its own and had little prestige, a situation not helped by the era's highest-profile case,
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she's 'deeply troubled' by Gorsuch's 'extreme conservative perspective on women's health', citing his 'inability' to state a clear position on
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argued that one benefit of lifetime tenure was that, "nothing can contribute so much to its firmness and independence as permanency in office."
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Democratic presidents sometimes appointed conservatives. As a result, "... between 1790 and early 2010 there were only two decisions that the
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6509:, Matt Ford called this trend of secrecy "increasingly troubling", arguing the court's power comes entirely from persuasion and explanation.
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as activism on the part of the court's conservative majority because the court failed to respect past precedent, eschewing the principle of
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See also Arthur D. Hellman, "Reining in the Supreme Court: Are Term Limits the Answer?", in Roger C. Cramton and Paul D. Carrington, eds.,
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As of 2024, associate justices receive a yearly salary of $ 298,500 and the chief justice is paid $ 312,200 per year. Once a justice meets
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5919:(1857) decision that said people of African descent could not be U.S. citizens or enjoy constitutionally protected rights and privileges,
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1579:, Stanton died on December 24, prior to taking the prescribed oaths. He is not, therefore, considered to have been a member of the court.
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14960:"Has the Supreme Court become just another political branch? Public perceptions of court approval and legitimacy in a post- Dobbs world"
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Neil Gorsuch was raised Catholic, but attends an Episcopalian church. It is unclear if he considers himself a Catholic or a Protestant.
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5584:. The continued consolidation of power by the court and, as a result of its rulings, the Republican Party, has sparked debate over when
1866:. This returned the number of justices to nine (where it has since remained), and allowed Grant to immediately appoint two more judges.
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13313:("The circuit justice, however, shall have precedence over all the circuit judges and shall preside at any session which he attends.").
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17458:(First Simon & Schuster hardcover ed.). New York London ; Toronto ; Sydney ; New Delhi: Simon & Schuster.
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to fill the vacancy. This led the Republican majority to change the rules and eliminate the filibuster for Supreme Court nominations.
1276:, remains especially controversial with debate ongoing over the rightful winner and whether or not the ruling should set a precedent.
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5018:. For opinions or orders that have not yet been published in the preliminary print, the volume and page numbers may be replaced with
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6463:", whereby a criminal defendant can be prosecuted in state court as well as federal court on separate charges for the same offense.
6209:(2022), ending the recognition of abortion access as a constitutional right and returning the issue of abortion back to the states.
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including free vacations valued at as much as $ 500,000. In 2024, Justices Alito and Thomas refused calls to recuse themselves from
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historic decision marked the end of the "separate but equal" β¦ and served as a catalyst for the expanding civil rights movement...
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5170:
Supreme Court decisions can be purposefully overturned by constitutional amendment, something that has happened on six occasions:
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to the appropriate U.S. Court of Appeals for a final decision there. This has only occurred once in U.S. history, in the case of
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But Brandeis's dissent contains one of the most famous formulations in American law: that the states should be free to serve as
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5801: (1776) establishes that the justices hold their office during good behavior. Thus far only one justice (Associate Justice
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Court Building, the delivery of the decision to the media has historically been done via paper copies in what was known as the "
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Many critics saw the Bush v. Gore decision as an example of the judiciary improperly injecting itself into a political dispute"
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United States and a State; and all actions or proceedings by a State against the citizens of another State or against aliens."
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Comiskey, Michael (2008). "The Supreme Court Appointment Process: Lessons from Filling the Rehnquist and O'Connor Vacancies".
3712:, various meeting spaces, and auxiliary services including a gymnasium. The Supreme Court building is within the ambit of the
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Finally many scholars cite the absence of a separate Supreme Court building as evidence that the early Court lacked prestige.
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Resolving a conflict between circuit courts in the interpretation of a federal law or a provision of the federal Constitution
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too much power to interfere with state authority. One criticism is that it has allowed the federal government to misuse the
6388:
There has been debate throughout American history about the boundary between federal and state power. While Framers such as
5794:
according to the 1973 Code of Conduct for U.S. judges which is enforced by the Judicial Conduct and Disability Act of 1980.
1537:
giving testimony before the Senate Judiciary Committee during the 1993 hearings on her nomination to be an associate justice
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The court has been criticized for keeping its deliberations hidden from public view. For example, the increasing use of a '
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movement as evidence that the Supreme Court has created a "permanent minority" incapable of being defeated democratically.
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of hypocrisy, as they were instrumental in blocking the nomination of Merrick, but then rushing through the appointment of
5252:
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1946:, ensure the court has "a greater diversity of views", and make confirmation of new justices less politically contentious.
1881:
months and refused retirement, up to a maximum bench of 15 justices. The proposal was ostensibly to ease the burden of the
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809:
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330:
291:
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Tomkins, Adam (2002). "In Defence of the Political Constitution". United Kingdom: 22 Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 157.
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Congress is authorized by Article III of the federal Constitution to regulate the Supreme Court's appellate jurisdiction.
3931:
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of the lower court and with the consent of the retired justice. In recent years, Justice Souter has frequently sat on the
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New York's Legal Landmarks: A Guide to Legal Edifices, Institutions, Lore, History, and Curiosities on the City's Streets
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include fundraising done by the Justices from corporations and wealthy donors apparently seeking access to the justices.
4176:
2959:
1567:
1451:
In modern times, the confirmation process has attracted considerable attention from the press and advocacy groups, which
1028:
1023:
18041:
17730:"The Federalist Papers/No. 45 The Alleged Danger From the Powers of the Union to the State Governments Considered"
16107:
11837:
11097:
10151:
9906:
9635:
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that their then-proposed Constitution would not infringe on the power of state governments, others argue that expansive
5913:
Some of the most notable historical decisions that were criticized for failing to protect individual rights include the
5561:
The following are some of the criticisms and controversies about the Court that are not discussed in previous sections.
25463:
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19369:
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13461:
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13305:
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13006:
12991:
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12748:
12064:
9957:
9693:
His renunciation of capital punishment in the lethal injection case, Baze v. Rees, was likewise low key and undramatic.
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that has original jurisdiction on constitutional claims brought by persons or political institutions; for example, the
6442:, have also criticized the court, saying it has misused the Fourteenth Amendment to undermine state authority. Justice
6074:
4278:
4191:), and "final judgments or decrees rendered by the highest court of a State in which a decision could be had" (through
3976:
3842:
1174:
885:
322:
222:
18420:
17829:
16760:
16214:"FACT SHEET: President Biden Announces Bold Plan to Reform the Supreme Court and Ensure No President Is Above the Law"
15349:
14958:
Levendusky, Matthew; Patterson, Shawn; Margolis, Michele; Pasek, Josh; Winneg, Kenneth; Jamieson, Kathleen H. (2024).
13220:
10717:
8912:
8230:
7600:, (1796), wherein it overturned a state law that conflicted with a treaty between the United States and Great Britain.
7126:
2766:. In recent years the historical situation has reversed, as most recent justices have been either Catholic or Jewish.
1455:
senators to confirm or to reject a nominee depending on whether their track record aligns with the group's views. The
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25426:
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25007:
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8343:
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1817:
of 1801 which would have reduced the size of the court to five members upon its next vacancy (as federal judges have
763:
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279:
180:
18648:
18569:
16399:
12456:
12160:
11891:
10941:
10393:
9748:
8307:
5791:
3487:
1575:. Although confirmed by the Senate on December 20, 1869, and duly commissioned as an associate justice by President
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24602:
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22137:
20615:
19959:
16568:
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would "be good for democracy", and 50% of voters stated they would watch Court proceedings if they were televised.
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1773:) also made a Supreme Court nomination before the end of that term. Andrew Johnson, who became president after the
923:
774:
16380:
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15813:
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Several current Supreme Court justices have also clerked in the federal courts of appeals: John Roberts for Judge
4560:
The court also hears questions submitted to it by appeals courts themselves via a process known as certification.
2674:
2673:
1566:
Once the Senate confirms a nomination, the president must prepare and sign a commission, to which the Seal of the
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The missing American jury: restoring the fundamental constitutional role of the criminal, civil, and grand juries
17552:
The missing American jury: restoring the fundamental constitutional role of the criminal, civil, and grand juries
17523:
The missing American jury: restoring the fundamental constitutional role of the criminal, civil, and grand juries
16466:
15238:
14827:
13785:
13683:
11796:
11459:
10967:
8093:
A People's History of the Supreme Court: The Men and Women Whose Cases and Decisions Have Shaped Our Constitution
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5410:
4146:
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3215:
2777:
1701:. The Framers of the Constitution chose good behavior tenure to limit the power to remove justices and to ensure
898:
18513:
16661:
13191:
11710:
11127:
8617:
7583:
The court's prestige has been hard-won. In the early 1800s, Chief Justice John Marshall made the court respected
4973:
4294:
are sometimes directed to the circuit justice. In the past, circuit justices also sometimes granted motions for
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25527:
25201:
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23797:
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22470:
21056:
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19839:
19349:
18700:"Supreme Court Chief Justice John Roberts orders investigation into 'egregious' leak of draft abortion opinion"
17970:
13748:
9838:
7706:
7610:
7207:
6934:
5088:
4866:: 21 volumes (565β585 for 2011β2017 terms, three two-part volumes each), plus part 1 of volume 586 (2018 term).
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4312:
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4017:
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1363:
1299:
1067:
739:
496:
481:
346:
163:
14428:
12400:
11181:
10565:
Brian Opeskin, "Models of Judicial Tenure: Reconsidering Life Limits, Age Limits and Term Limits for Judges",
6446:, in arguing for allowing the states to operate without federal interference, suggested that states should be
5270:
of the Supreme Court and other federal courts over certain topics and cases: this is suggested by language in
3652:
For the most part, the day-to-day activities of the justices are governed by rules of protocol based upon the
3142:
707:
Courts (1864β1910) interpreted the new Civil War amendments to the Constitution and developed the doctrine of
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25059:
24990:
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20009:
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14933:
11549:
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7038:
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6290:
wrote in 2008 that the court has declined in relevance in other constitutional courts. He cites factors like
5978:
5702:
5107:
Since the founding of the republic, there has been a tension between the practice of judicial review and the
4108:
4042:
3971:
1550:
in 2005. The Senate may also fail to act on a nomination, which expires at the end of the session. President
1148:
849:
595:
17:
21025:
18144:
17259:'An activist court is a court that makes a decision you don't like.' - Supreme Court Justice Anthony Kennedy
11732:
6150:
5889:
3186:, and Barrett, appointed by Republican presidents, compose the court's conservative wing, and that Justices
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5686:
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4316:
Maryland and Virginia, the states surrounding the District of Columbia), and since it was established, the
4220:
4168:
3721:
3696:
3146:
Balance of the US Supreme Court since 2020, shaded by party of the nominating president: Blue represents a
1914:
804:
743:
600:
395:
121:
109:
14399:
14314:
14090:
13841:
13498:
12959:"Discretionary Gatekeeping: The Supreme Court's Management of Its Original Jurisdiction Docket Since 1961"
11308:"Op-Ed: Battling over Neil Gorsuch is beside the point: The Supreme Court needs an institutional overhaul"
7275:
6591:
and should therefore be treated as expeditiously, but the Court seems to be taking the opposite approach.
5014:
is 410 U.S. 113 (1973), which means the case was decided in 1973 and appears on page 113 of volume 410 of
4607:. Two other original jurisdiction cases involve colonial era borders and rights under navigable waters in
3608:
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21882:
21618:
20429:
19905:
19706:
19248:
18395:"In the shadows: Why the Supreme Court's lack of transparency may cost it in the long run | CNN Politics"
18013:
16910:
Chief Justice Taney stating in his opinion that: ' no rights which the white man was bound to respect...'
16892:
15698:
13724:"Opinion: The Supreme Court Decisions on Guns and Abortion Relied Heavily on History. But Whose History?"
11045:
10992:
10006:
8129:
8048:(page 115)... Grier maintained that Congress has plenary power to limit the federal courts' jurisdiction.
7826:
7731:
7719:
More than 200 years after the high court ruled, the decision in that landmark case continues to resonate.
7660:
6776:
6348:
6311:
6226:
3941:
3827:
3219:
1831:
1262:
979:
430:
275:
18472:
16381:"'Operation Higher Court': Inside the religious right's efforts to wine and dine Supreme Court justices"
12844:
9264:
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22807:
22228:
22072:
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22027:
21738:
21683:
21573:
19364:
19270:
19010:
The Shadow Docket: How the Supreme Court Uses Stealth Rulings to Amass Power and Undermine The Republic
18983:
17735:
the States will retain, under the proposed Constitution, a very extensive portion of active sovereignty
15947:"Justice Neil Gorsuch's property sale to prominent lawyer raises more ethical questions | CNN Politics"
15317:
Democracy in One Book or Less: How It Works, Why It Doesn't, and Why Fixing It is Easier Than You Think
15119:
Democracy in One Book or Less: How It Works, Why It Doesn't, and Why Fixing It Is Easier Than You Think
11280:
Democracy in One Book or Less: How It Works, Why It Doesn't, and Why Fixing It Is Easier Than You Think
10548:, "Mandatory Retirement for Supreme Court Justices", in Roger C. Cramton and Paul D. Carrington, eds.,
8506:
8469:
8078:
respect," has ensured his place in historyβnot as a brilliant jurist, but as among the most insensitive
7665:
7560:
4156:
3100:
1902:
1424:
928:
314:
17605:
17382:
16959:
11602:
5095:
stated that the authority to interpret the law was the particular province of the courts, part of the
4591:, parties in an action at law in which the Supreme Court has original jurisdiction may request that a
2451:
1530:
24978:
24284:
24089:
24084:
23646:
23100:
22879:
22741:
22312:
22107:
22017:
21982:
21957:
21922:
21892:
21718:
21693:
21668:
21613:
21583:
20665:
19994:
19849:
19716:
18162:
15089:
8714:
6974:
6447:
6230:, which banned racial segregation in public schools was also criticized as activist by conservatives
5623:
5367:
5299:
5047:
2091:
1839:
1656:
has been critical of justices who stayed in office despite medical deterioration based on longevity.
1216:
1204:
768:
17672:
14757:
13323:
11771:
11765:
9975:
8542:
8461:
5697:, who was not listed on his ethics form when reporting a profit of between $ 250,000 and $ 500,000.
3040:
There have been six foreign-born justices in the court's history: James Wilson (1789β1798), born in
25091:
24471:
24441:
24436:
24426:
24192:
24148:
23989:
23750:
23536:
23400:
23214:
23154:
22834:
22575:
22265:
22112:
22012:
21902:
21862:
21733:
21673:
21638:
21593:
20597:
20399:
20002:
18541:
18230:
17425:
17106:
16191:
14120:
12852:
12540:
12124:"Chief Justice Roberts' recent votes raise doubts about 'conservative revolution' on Supreme Court"
9361:
7953:
7310:
6950:
5707:
5157:. More recently, many feared that President Nixon would refuse to comply with the court's order in
5010:
is used to "pinpoint" to a specific page number within the opinion. For instance, the citation for
4776:
4209:
4200:
3713:
3053:
2691:
The court currently has five male and four female justices. Among the nine justices, there are two
1723:
1341:
1246:
1210:
283:
19207:
Supreme Conflict: The Inside Story of the Struggle for Control for the United States Supreme Court
18598:
12324:
9334:
8850:
8688:
8653:
8582:
24585:
24321:
24079:
23046:
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22437:
22122:
22077:
21997:
21972:
21947:
21912:
21678:
21603:
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21529:
20849:
20837:
20531:
20525:
20423:
18825:
18819:
18042:"U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee Hearing on Judge Samuel Alito's Nomination to the Supreme Court"
13776:
took place over three days and lasted over six hours, covering several issues; the arguments for
13272:. And "Injunction, writ of" was removed from the index. Compare 445 U.S. 1064 with 493 U.S. 1172.
12566:
Sandra Day O'Connor: How the first woman on the Supreme Court became its most influential justice
11395:
10690:
10553:
10533:
9709:
9567:
9563:
9229:
8949:
8423:
8392:
7911:
7215:
7178:
7134:
6958:
6820:
6455:
6291:
6154:
6082:
6032:
6015:
5893:
5545:
5112:
4634:. If it is granted, the case proceeds to the briefing stage; otherwise, the case ends. Except in
4012:
3966:
3522:
1925:
did not bring it to the floor for a vote. Shortly after taking office in January 2021, President
1757:
Despite the variability, all but four presidents have been able to appoint at least one justice.
1742:
1555:
1469:
1309:
1011:
970:
914:
853:
708:
509:
17166:
16887:
13114:
11493:
8097:
8091:
6380:
which weakened the power of executive branch agencies to interpret their congressional mandate.
5281:(1869), although it rejected Congress' power to dictate how particular cases must be decided in
3278:
25583:
25037:
24387:
24197:
24177:
23979:
23834:
23629:
23576:
23561:
23405:
23093:
22884:
22085:
22040:
21992:
21967:
21942:
21897:
21887:
21877:
21794:
21663:
21608:
20911:
20843:
20715:
20393:
20183:
19202:
18801:
15814:"Jamie Raskin: How to Force Justices Alito and Thomas to Recuse Themselves in the Jan. 6 Cases"
15386:
14682:
14128:
14024:
13781:
13250:
Supreme Court Rule 23 (1989) (titled "Stays"; moved from Rule 44), published at 493 U.S. 1097,
12819:
11572:
11431:
10289:
9074:
9004:
7389:"Dates of Supreme Court decisions and arguments, United States Reports volumes 2β107 (1791β82)"
7109:
to exclude suits against states that are brought by persons who are not citizens of that state.
6942:
6888:
6712:
6619:
5915:
5825:
5585:
5394:
5323:
5283:
5267:
5187:
5159:
5150:
4922:
4781:
4761:
4662:"; currently, all justices except for Justices Alito and Gorsuch participate in the cert pool.
4609:
4112:
4103:
4037:
3868:
3708:, and is clad in marble. The building includes the courtroom, justices' chambers, an extensive
3404:
3359:
3299:
3009:
2997:
2226:
1758:
1694:
1198:
1122:
908:
857:
719:
683:
495:
The Supreme Court held its inaugural session from February 2 through February 10, 1790, at the
299:
267:
19142:
19031:. New York ; London ; Toronto ; Sydney ; New Delhi: Simon & Schuster.
17192:
17167:"THE HIGHER LAW BACKGROUND OF THE PRIVILEGES OR IMMUNITIES CLAUSE OF THE FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT"
14498:
14492:
14358:
14352:
11645:
10803:
10427:
10185:
10177:
9451:
8261:
8185:
8021:
4579:, a case to determine whether a parcel of land belonged to the United States or to Texas, and
4128:
In all other cases, the court has only appellate jurisdiction, including the ability to issue
1515:'s death was the second. Unlike the Fortas filibuster, only Democratic senators voted against
361:; otherwise, the most senior justice in the majority assigns the task of writing the opinion.
25236:
24919:
24034:
23591:
23556:
23551:
23494:
23477:
23207:
22631:
22156:
22127:
22102:
22032:
21987:
21927:
21872:
21698:
21623:
20989:
20739:
20646:
20591:
20561:
20549:
20471:
20179:
19926:
19726:
19721:
19701:
19691:
19458:
19374:
19056:
Nine black robes: inside the Supreme Court's drive to the right and the historic consequences
18969:
17646:
17083:
16934:
13809:
13481:
12663:
11861:"Ketanji Brown Jackson's Historic Rise Leaves Just One Military Veteran on the Supreme Court"
10883:
10249:
9532:
8767:
8344:"Responses of Judge John G. Roberts, Jr. to the Written Questions of Senator Joseph R. Biden"
8226:
7388:
7043:
6696:
6398:
5944:
5500:
4913:, which are a single set of interlinked opinions that take up the entire 126th volume of the
4835:
4581:
4354:
3645:
3195:
3127:
3119:
2980:
2953:
2805:
2700:
2608:
1906:
1870:
1863:
1854:
1822:
1807:
1702:
1665:
1657:
889:
727:
634:
606:
445:
399:
318:
201:
22220:
18077:"Editorial Observer; Brandeis's Views on States' Rights, and Ice-Making, Have New Relevance"
16791:
16437:"The Supreme Court says it is adopting a code of ethics, but it has no means of enforcement"
16256:"The Supreme Court rules that state officials can engage in a little corruption, as a treat"
16154:
14714:
14025:"Cases adjudged in the Supreme Court at October Term, 2012 β March 26 through June 13, 2013"
13648:
13611:
13610:
11564:
9670:
7455:
6475:
decision, in which the Supreme Court intervened in the 2000 presidential election, awarding
4646:
Correcting an egregious departure from the accepted and usual course of judicial proceedings
1664:
for justices, as proposed by Levinson and Sabato and a mandatory retirement age proposed by
25645:
25588:
24716:
24590:
24481:
23859:
23291:
23271:
23219:
23169:
23110:
23041:
22052:
21937:
21867:
20745:
20690:
20683:
20627:
20585:
20211:
19971:
19752:
19552:
14971:
14460:"'Shall Not be Construed': Reversal of Supreme Court Decisions by Constitutional Amendment"
13420:
12924:
12491:
12005:
11251:
11072:"Some Democrats Want to Make the Supreme Court Bigger. Here's the History of Court Packing"
10777:"Ocasio-Cortez Introduces Articles of Impeachment Against Justice Thomas and Justice Alito"
10213:
10085:
9528:"A new era for the Supreme Court: the transformative potential of a shift in even one seat"
7420:
Shugerman, Jed. "A Six-Three Rule: Reviving Consensus and Deference on the Supreme Court".
7204:
6966:
6880:
6812:
6749:
6549:
6376:
6371:
6051:
5637:
5227:
5137:
5132:
4116:
3717:
1689:
1620:
1347:
1043:
996:
933:
888:, giving a broader reading to the powers of the federal government to facilitate President
873:
829:
791:
662:
594:) and making several important constitutional rulings that gave shape and substance to the
407:
358:
354:
167:
21009:
20329:
19091:"A General Approach for Predicting the Behavior of the Supreme Court of the United States"
14721:"The Liberal Tradition of the Supreme Court Clerkship: Its Rise, Fall, and Reincarnation?"
13998:
13231:
11976:
11959:
11935:
11918:
11128:"Analysis: The Supreme Court hasn't been this conservative since the 1930s | CNN Politics"
11015:
7827:"Decisions of the Supreme Court β Historic Decrees Issued in One Hundred and Eleven Years"
7361:
4323:
As of September 28, 2022, the allotment of the justices among the circuits is as follows:
816:
394:
The court lacked its own building until 1935. From 1791 to 1801, it met in Philadelphia's
41:
8:
25128:
25044:
24854:
24570:
24255:
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16569:"Analysis: Why the Supreme Court says ethics controversies are just a 'misunderstanding'"
16170:"Joe Biden: My plan to reform the Supreme Court and ensure no president is above the law"
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15529:"Supreme Court Justice Sotomayor's staff prodded colleges and libraries to buy her books"
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12006:"Split definitive: How party polarization turned the Supreme Court into a partisan court"
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The Coming of the Nixon Court: The 1972 Term and the Transformation of Constitutional Law
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4286:. Each justice also decides routine procedural requests, such as for extensions of time.
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313:, the composition and procedures of the Supreme Court were originally established by the
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
18599:"Our Canadian Republic β Do we display too much deference to authority β¦ or not enough?"
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9964:. If two justices are commissioned on the same date, then the oldest one has precedence.
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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Substantive due process has also been the primary vehicle used by the Supreme Court to
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15910:"How the US supreme court could be a key election issue: 'They've grown too powerful'"
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13929:"Court will resume opinion announcements from the bench, but won't provide live audio"
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9809:"Frequently Asked Questions: General Information β Supreme Court of the United States"
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4549:. If the defendant is convicted, and his conviction then is affirmed on appeal in the
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15291:"We Don't Talk About Leonard: The Man Behind the Right's Supreme Court Supermajority"
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Courtiers of the Marble Palace: The Rise and Influence of the Supreme Court Law Clerk
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12325:"Supreme Court's Roberts turns court to the right as Barrett emerges as a key player"
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11214:"Is the Supreme Court confirmation process irreparably broken? Some senators say yes"
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branches is severely weakened. In contrast, various other countries have a dedicated
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form of order; however, the justice may elect to write an opinion, referred to as an
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The Rehnquist Court (1986β2005) was known for its revival of judicial enforcement of
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18718:"SCOTUS appears to post opinion allowing Idaho to offer emergency medical abortions"
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Kaplan, Joshua; Elliot, Justin; Murphy, Brett; Mierjeski, Alex (November 13, 2023).
14902:"The Supreme Court's gerrymandering decision reveals a profound threat to democracy"
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12752:
11668:"Biden's court pick Ketanji Brown Jackson has navigated a path few Black women have"
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4860:: 569 volumes, covering cases through June 13, 2013 (part of the October 2012 term).
4282:
2742:. Historically, most justices have been Protestants, including 36 Episcopalians, 19
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17193:"A Distinction with a Difference: Rights, Privileges, and the Fourteenth Amendment"
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15695:"Justice Obscured: Supreme court justices earn quarter-million in cash on the side"
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14876:"The Supreme Court's new voting rights decision is a love letter to gerrymandering"
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12347:"Sandra Day O'Connor, first woman on the Supreme Court, withdraws from public life"
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which made public possession of guns a protected right under the Second Amendment,
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In 1906, the court asserted its original jurisdiction to prosecute individuals for
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over acts of Congress, including specifying itself as the supreme expositor of the
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A court which is final and unreviewable needs more careful scrutiny than any other
16192:"Biden calls for term limits, enforceable ethics rules for Supreme Court justices"
15560:"Opinion: Why Supreme Court justices should not be signing $ 2 million book deals"
15289:
Kroll, Andy; Bernstein, Andrea; Marritz, Ilya; Sweitzer, Nate (October 11, 2023).
14595:
Sorcerers' Apprentices: 100 Years of Law Clerks at the United States Supreme Court
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Supreme Court Rule 44 (1980 revised) (titled "Stays"), published at 445 U.S. 985,
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Deciding to Leave: The Politics of Retirement from the United States Supreme Court
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one in living memory, based on an analysis of four sets of political science data.
7656:"The People's Vote: 100 Documents that Shaped America β Marbury v. Madison (1803)"
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16141:"Move-On petition to impeach Justice Clarence Thomas gets 1.4 million signatures"
15847:"Samuel Alito's refusal to recuse himself in Trump v US is another ethics breach"
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Opinions are also collected and published in two unofficial, parallel reporters:
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Judiciary Act of 1789 and upheld early in the court's history, by its rulings in
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in a classical style sympathetic to the surrounding buildings of the Capitol and
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believed it to be unconstitutional. It was defeated 70β20 in the Senate, and the
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assumes the existence of the office of the chief justice, because it mentions in
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11098:"How FDR lost his brief war on the Supreme Court β National Constitution Center"
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The Supreme Court established its own power to declare laws unconstitutional in
448:. The Supreme Court, the country's highest judicial tribunal, was to sit in the
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15726:"Justices shield spouses' work from potential conflict of interest disclosures"
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11363:"Senate confirms Judge Ketanji Brown Jackson to Supreme Court in historic vote"
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The expansion of a 5β4 conservative majority to a 6β3 supermajority during the
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1214:). It struck down single-sex state schools as a violation of equal protection (
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The Warren Court (1953β1969) dramatically expanded the force of Constitutional
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The Marshall Court also ended the practice of each justice issuing his opinion
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The 1st United States Congress provided the detailed organization of a federal
386:
The Royal Exchange, New York City, the first meeting place of the Supreme Court
19046:
17107:"LibGuides: Constitutional Law: Reconstruction Era Amendments (XIII, XIV, XV)"
16807:
15465:"McConnell fends off accusations of hypocrisy over holding Supreme Court vote"
15334:
14559:. Stanford University Press. pp. 195, 1, 20, 22, and 22β24 respectively.
11530:. adherents.com. January 31, 2006. Archived from the original on April 5, 2001
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has made his decision; now let him enforce it!" Some state governments in the
5057:, in which Chief Justice John Marshall outlined the concept of judicial review
1849:, and in an attempt by the Republican Congress to limit the power of Democrat
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for violating a provision of the Constitution. It is also able to strike down
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18331:"Justice Rehnquist Writes on Hayes vs. Tilden, With His Mind on Bush v. Gore"
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16851:"The Supreme Court Is Fully MAGA-Pilled. The Time for Action Is Now or Never"
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in 1804) has ever been impeached, and none has ever been removed from office.
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3218:. Such assignments are formally made by the chief justice, on request of the
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15884:"Alito says the Supreme Court's fake ethics code allows him to be unethical"
15027:"A majority of Americans no longer trust the Supreme Court. Can it rebuild?"
11182:"Pelosi has "no plans" to bring bill expanding Supreme Court to House floor"
10212:, 387 F.3d 1220 (11th Cir. 2004), which concerned the recess appointment of
7732:"The Constitution in Law: Its Phases Construed by the Federal Supreme Court"
1196:, emphasizing the limits of the Constitution's affirmative grants of power (
723:). The size of the court was last changed in 1869, when it was set at nine.
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17218:"Judicial activism | Definition, Types, Examples, & Facts | Britannica"
16282:"Supreme Court ruling on Indiana mayor is latest to weaken corruption laws"
16236:
16087:"Ocasio-Cortez seeks US House impeachment of Supreme Court's Thomas, Alito"
15809:
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13900:
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13812:, in which oral arguments lasted over sixteen hours over four days in 1962.
13650:"Gorsuch, in Sign of Independence, Is Out of Supreme Court's Clerical Pool"
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10942:"Why does the Supreme Court have nine Justices? | Constitution Center"
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The United States Supreme Court lacks term limits or mandatory retirements.
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5948:(1873) that all but undermined civil rights legislation enacted during the
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at oral argument presents his case and answers questions from the justices.
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1071:) and supplied the government with an unbroken run of antitrust victories.
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232:
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16927:"Roe vs. Wade? Bush vs. Gore? What are the worst Supreme Court decisions?"
16350:"Advocate tells lawmakers of 'stealth' efforts to influence Supreme Court"
16316:"A Charity Tied to the Supreme Court Offers Donors Access to the Justices"
15151:
Tyranny of the Minority: why American democracy reached the breaking point
13286:"Judging in Chambers: The Powers of a Single Justice of the Supreme Court"
12198:"Brett Kavanaugh Is Supreme Court's Ideological Median as New Term Begins"
11733:"Influential Judge, Loyal Friend, Conservative Warrior β and D.C. Insider"
8330:
The building is getting its first renovation since its completion in 1935.
7594:
The Supreme Court had first used the power of judicial review in the case
6030:
The right to privacy, including a right to contraceptives. Established in
5153:
also resisted the desegregation of public schools after the 1954 judgment
1582:
Before 1981, the approval process of justices was usually rapid. From the
1051:), and required that criminal suspects be apprised of all these rights by
341:, meaning they remain on the court until they die, retire, resign, or are
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20119:
19897:
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19116:
18447:"PolitiFact β The Supreme Court's 'shadow docket': What you need to know"
18366:"Opinion: The Supreme Court shrouds itself in secrecy. That needs to end"
17668:
17637:
17378:
17050:""Everything is on the table" after Supreme Court rulings: Law professor"
16686:
16624:
16527:"US supreme court announces ethics code amid pressure over gift scandals"
15589:
15387:"Opinion: Sorry, Neil Gorsuch. The Supreme Court Seat Was Already Filled"
15051:
14791:
14677:
13684:"An empirical Assessment of the Supreme Court's use of legal scholarship"
13644:
13606:
12765:
12437:
12080:
11728:
10394:"It's Time to Reshape the Constitution and Make America a Fairer Country"
9485:
9388:"So, who really won? What the Bush v. Gore studies showed | CNN Politics"
8568:
8371:
8370:
I agree that West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish correctly overruled Adkins.
7907:"Justice Stevens on the Death Penalty: A Promise of Fairness Unfulfilled"
7694:
6868:
6342:
6287:
6235:
6187:
6063:, have claimed that protections for interracial marriage, established in
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5565:
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5363:
4450:
4007:
3709:
3629:
3191:
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2712:
2546:
2318:
1818:
1734:, citing their "widely documented financial and personal entanglements."
1500:
1477:
1465:
1153:
772:), and brought the substantive due process doctrine to its first apogee (
654:
650:
646:
25675:
25628:
17277:, edited by Kermit Hall; article written by Gary McDowell. 1992. p. 454.
17243:"The Associated Press: Justice questions way court nominees are grilled"
16662:"Supreme Court, under pressure, issues ethics code specific to justices"
16595:"The Supreme Court Has Adopted a Conduct Code, but Who Will Enforce It?"
15018:
10862:
10637:
10141:"Supreme Court Appointment Process: Senate Debate and Confirmation Vote"
8428:"What's New in the Legal World? A Growing Campaign to Undo the New Deal"
7499:"The Eleventh Amendment and the Reading of Precise Constitutional Texts"
6040:
The right to privacy with regard to private sexual acts. Established in
5413:
had also become a prerequisite to clerking for a Supreme Court justice.
4514:
Nearly all cases come before the court by way of petitions for writs of
2984:
The first four female justices: O'Connor, Sotomayor, Ginsburg, and Kagan
1777:, was denied the opportunity to appoint a justice by a reduction in the
1140:
The Burger Court (1969β1986) saw a conservative shift. It also expanded
410:
between the legislative and executive departments that delegates to the
25621:
23634:
23440:
23266:
23261:
23179:
20873:
20771:
20199:
19983:
19558:
18570:"The Supreme Court: The most powerful, least busy people in Washington"
12770:"Supreme Court Declines to Hear Challenge to Colorado's Marijuana Laws"
12504:
12053:
The company they keep: How partisan divisions came to the Supreme Court
7530:
6210:
6179:
5739:
5712:
5406:
5402:
5375:
5347:
4945:
4770:
4675:
4526:
4516:
4273:
4032:
3536: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2993:
2774:
2731:
1943:
1762:
1738:
1718:
1661:
1496:
1488:
1193:
1062:
884:
courts (1930β1953), the court gained its own accommodation in 1935 and
666:
20024:
13792:"'Obamacare' will rank among the longest Supreme Court arguments ever"
12887:"Chattanooga versus the Supreme Court: The Strange Case of Ed Johnson"
11469:
10971:
10616:; Smith, Steven D. (2006). "(Mis)Understanding Good-Behavior Tenure".
10324:"Obama Won't Appoint Scalia Replacement While Senate Is Out This Week"
9907:"Senate Republicans Deploy 'Nuclear Option' to Clear Path for Gorsuch"
8499:"100 Documents that Shaped America Brown v. Board of Education (1954)"
8128:. Exploring Constitutional Conflicts. October 31, 2009. Archived from
8062:"Sotomayor's Great Legal Mind Long Ago Defeated Race, Gender Nonsense"
5771:
Code of Conduct for Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States
4320:. Each associate justice is assigned to one or two judicial circuits.
1965:
There are currently nine justices on the Supreme Court: Chief Justice
1542:
1279:
The Roberts Court (2005βpresent) is regarded as more conservative and
1031:
most guarantees of the Bill of Rights against the states, prominently
580:
Court (1801β1835). Under Marshall, the court established the power of
504:
in 1790, the Supreme Court did so as well. After initially meeting at
25123:
25116:
20579:
20055:
19504:
19170:
The Puzzle of Unanimity: Consensus on the United States Supreme Court
18505:
15724:
Fuchs, Hailey; Gerstein, Josh; Canellos, Peter (September 29, 2022).
15265:"Trump's Judge Whisperer Promised to Take Our Laws Back to the 1930s"
11707:
10687:"How the Federal Courts Are Organized: Can a federal judge be fired?"
10629:
10016:. Arlington, Virginia: Federal Bar Association. pp. 5β9, 76β77.
9040:"William H. Rehnquist, Chief Justice of Supreme Court, Is Dead at 80"
8312:
7792:
6600:
6532:
6280:
The United States Supreme Court has a politicized nominating process.
4659:
4563:
The Supreme Court relies on the record assembled by lower courts for
3774:
3653:
2751:
2625:
2550:
1926:
1802:
that "the Chief Justice" must preside over impeachment trials of the
1404:
Nomination and confirmation to the Supreme Court of the United States
1183:), but later that the death penalty itself was not unconstitutional (
753:
626:
521:
441:
25760:
25616:
19978:
17971:"Justices Swat Down Texans' Effort to Weaken Species Protection Law"
16108:"AOC's Move on Thomas and Alito Has All the Right Historical Echoes"
16013:"Gorsuch property sale renews calls for Supreme Court ethics reform"
14637:. New York City: Simon & Schuster (published 1998). p. 44.
13285:
8944:
History of the Court, in Hall, Ely Jr., Grossman, and Wiecek (eds.)
7698:
7514:
5847:
and Mark Joseph Stern criticizing several recent decisions, stating:
5145:, who sided with the Georgia courts, is supposed to have remarked, "
3511:
433:
compromised by sketching only a general outline of the judiciary in
23306:
23256:
21748:
20051:
18883:
18682:"Explainer: The Leak of Supreme Court's Draft Roe v. Wade Reversal"
17705:
17673:"Gridlock in Congress Has Amplified the Power of the Supreme Court"
15174:
12128:
12021:
11247:"Biden Supreme Court study panel unanimously approves final report"
11218:
11186:
7278:. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Secretary, United States Senate.
5749:
5706:
decision granted broad immunity to presidents, with Representative
5600:
Public trust in the court peaked in the late 1980s. Since the 2022
5485:
United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit
4710:
3678:
3029:
2972:
United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit
2932:
United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit
2852:
United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit
2832:
United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit
2762:
in 1836, and 1916 saw the appointment of the first Jewish justice,
2755:
2704:
1452:
1440:
1283:
than the Rehnquist Court. Some of its major rulings have concerned
1015:), limited the role of religion in public school, most prominently
893:
621:
569:(1793), which was reversed within two years by the adoption of the
465:
19107:
16796:
The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
15413:"Empty Supreme Court seat is being 'stolen' by GOP, senator warns"
13875:
I Dissent: Great Opposing Opinions in Landmark Supreme Court Cases
13612:"A Second Justice Opts Out of a Longtime Custom: The 'Cert. Pool'"
13177:"On the road: The Supreme Court and the history of circuit riding"
12229:"Just How Sharp Was The Supreme Court's Rightward Turn This Term?"
11337:"Op-Ed: Make the Supreme Court bigger, but not the Democrats' way"
10248:. Congressional Research Service (RL31112): CRS-18. Archived from
7984:"Rehnquist Joins Fray on Rulings, Defending Judicial Independence"
5416:
Ten Supreme Court justices previously clerked for other justices:
3073:
2885:
United States District Court for the Southern District of New York
2307:
1415:
giving testimony before the Senate Judiciary Committee during the
1101:(center-right) in October 2005. The justices (left to right) are:
18194:"Supreme Court agrees to hear 'double jeopardy' case in the fall"
17525:. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. pp. 75β77, 109.
17023:"Supreme Court decision on Roe v. Wade puts other rights at risk"
16091:
16047:"Supreme Court Gives Trump Substantial Immunity From Prosecution"
11460:"Growing up Italian in Jersey: Alito reflects on ethnic heritage"
6908:(1984, most cited administrative law case, overturned in 2024 by
6480:
6270:
explain why polarization is an issue in the United States court:
6049:
The right to marry an individual of the same sex. Established in
5674:
3033:
2727:
1607:, a president may make temporary appointments to fill vacancies.
364:
On average, the Supreme Court receives about 7,000 petitions for
295:
21824:
21496:
List of presidents of the United States by judicial appointments
18421:"The Supreme Court 'Shadow Docket' | Brennan Center for Justice"
18294:
18118:"Altering 14th Amendment would curb court's activist tendencies"
17746:
14957:
12085:"Judge Jackson's Rulings: Detailed, Methodical and Leaning Left"
8172:
No. 293 Argued: October 29, 30, 1907 β Decided: January 27, 1908
6649:
List of presidents of the United States by judicial appointments
5636:(which elects the President who nominates the justices) and the
5564:
Unlike in most high courts, the United States Supreme Court has
4290:
December 1989. Nevertheless, requests for injunctions under the
3612:
The Roberts Court (since June 2022): Front row (left to right):
1448:
qualifications or otherwise limit who the president can choose.
18473:"The Supreme Court's Silent Rulings Are Increasingly Troubling"
17485:. United States of America: Simon & Schuster. p. 541.
17367:– via University of Chicago Law School β Chicago Unbound.
16960:"The Road to 'Separate But Equal' (U.S. National Park Service)"
15179:"American democracy is cracking. These forces help explain why"
13987:. Cincinnati: South-Western College Publishing. pp. 11β12.
13146:"Federal Practice Manual for Legal Aid Attorneys: 3.3 Mootness"
12487:"Retirement and Death in Office of U.S. Supreme Court Justices"
9568:"Respecting Precedent, or Settled Law, Unless It's Not Settled"
8807:"Roe v. Wade: On Anniversary, Abortion Is out of the Spotlight"
8190:. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. p. 245.
6669:
Reporter of Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States
6585:
Federal prosecution of Donald Trump (election obstruction case)
6569:
Federal prosecution of Donald Trump (election obstruction case)
5824:
points to the blocking progress of democratizing institutions,
4713:
the respondent's arguments after the respondent has concluded.
4238:, as the supreme courts of some states may do. For example, in
3089:
3065:
2402:
1765:) made an appointment during that presidential term. Likewise,
1221:
1052:
922:, the court continued to favor government power, upholding the
560:
553:(1789β1801), the court heard few cases; its first decision was
18842:
The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States
17274:
The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States
16792:"The Supreme Court and the Dynamics of Democratic Backsliding"
16072:"AOC Moves to Impeach Supreme Court Justices Thomas and Alito"
14634:
Acheson: The Secretary of State Who Created the American World
14494:
The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States
14354:
The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States
11620:
He was the first Roman Catholic to serve on the Supreme Court.
9866:"Sen. Patty Murray will oppose Neil Gorsuch for Supreme Court"
9185:"Justices Seem Ready to Tilt More Toward States in Federalism"
8946:
The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States
8016:
5409:
board. By the mid-1970s, clerking previously for a judge in a
5382:-secretary." Most law clerks are recent law school graduates.
4978:
Lawyers use an abbreviated format to cite cases, in the form "
4268:. Congress has specifically authorized one justice to issue a
3344:
2666:
25651:
22250:
21189:
Judicial appointment history for United States federal courts
17642:"The Supreme Court's Conservatives Have Asserted Their Power"
17383:"Barry Goldwater, Conservative and Individualist, Dies at 89"
15288:
13842:"Supreme Court gives lawyers 2 minutes with no interruptions"
9075:"The Rehnquist Court and Its Imperiled States' Rights Legacy"
6801:
6634:
Judicial appointment history for United States federal courts
5337:
Lists of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States
5167:. Nixon ultimately complied with the Supreme Court's ruling.
4829:
The court's opinions are published in three stages. First, a
3049:
1909:
having appointed 14 of the 18 justices immediately preceding
576:
The court's power and prestige grew substantially during the
18942:
17583:. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. pp. 92β93.
15319:(First ed.). New York, NY: HarperCollins. p. 334.
14280:. New York City: Oxford University Press. pp. 117β118.
12838:
12836:
12834:
10663:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: National Constitution Center.
10108:"The Stakes of the 2016 Election Just Got Much, Much Higher"
6674:
6556:, which can declare a law unconstitutional when challenged.
6355:
New York State Rifle & Pistol Association, Inc. v. Bruen
5665:, even though both vacancies occurred close to an election.
5628:
United States Electoral College Β§ Impacts and reception
5091:. In explaining the power of judicial review, Chief Justice
4145:
The court's appellate jurisdiction consists of appeals from
3113:
Ideological leanings of United States Supreme Court justices
2996:. Diversity concerns focused on geography, to represent all
2988:
For much of the court's history, every justice was a man of
2598:
1571:
importance of the oath taking is underscored by the case of
1397:
19168:
Corley, Pamela C.; Steigerwalt, Amy; Ward, Artemus (2013).
16629:"Supreme Court's New Ethics Code Is Toothless, Experts Say"
16592:
15757:"What to know about the Supreme Court and ethical concerns"
15633:"Why Justice Scalia was staying for free at a Texas resort"
13983:
Pepall, Lynne; Richards, Daniel L.; Norman, George (1999).
10550:
Reforming the Court: Term Limits for Supreme Court Justices
10530:
Reforming the Court: Term Limits for Supreme Court Justices
7770:
5497:
United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia
5051:
Inscription on the wall of the Supreme Court Building from
4592:
4295:
423:
212:
18736:"What Overruling Chevron Could Mean for Environmental Law"
17701:"The conservative Supreme Court is just getting warmed up"
16761:"Supreme Court Ethics Reform | Brennan Center for Justice"
16755:
16753:
16493:"The Supreme Court's code of conduct is a good first step"
15350:"This Supreme Court Was Designed to Kill Climate Policies"
14315:"The Supreme Court Was Never Meant to Be Kings and Queens"
13808:
The longest modern-day oral arguments were in the case of
12605:. US Senator John McCain. October 24, 2009. Archived from
10182:
Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States
9109:"Inmates Who Follow Satanism and Wicca Find Unlikely Ally"
8608:
Mattox, William R. Jr; Trinko, Katrina (August 17, 2009).
7891:
Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States
6603:
or inadvertently released before they are published. Such
6431:
suggests debate over the Commerce Clause continues today.
5452:, Brett Kavanaugh also for Kennedy, Amy Coney Barrett for
4887:
was also decided in the same opinion; by a similar logic,
4569:
the question of how the law applies to the facts presented
4553:, when he petitions for cert the name of the case becomes
1970:
30, 2022, after being confirmed by the Senate on April 7.
1956:
List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States
1761:
died a month after taking office, although his successor (
675:
Court (1836β1864) made several important rulings, such as
19152:
Uncertain Justice: The Roberts Court and the Constitution
18537:"Poll Shows Public Support for Cameras at the High Court"
17554:. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. p. 105.
16653:
16155:"Clarence Thomas must be removed from the Supreme Court!"
15086:
15056:"Approval Rating for Supreme Court Hits Just 44% in Poll"
13985:
Industrial Organization: Contemporary Theory and Practice
12831:
11497:
10805:
John Marshall Harlan: Great Dissenter of the Warren Court
10327:
7303:"February 2, 1790: Supreme Court Holds Inaugural Session"
6114:, Thomas has received little support for this viewpoint.
5657:
years, Democrats have accused Republican leaders such as
5572:
rules, increased gerrymandering, weakened voting rights,
3656:
of justices. The chief justice always ranks first in the
3458:
3453:
3421:
3392:
3387:
3355:
3332:
3327:
3295:
2966:
United States District Court for the District of Columbia
2647:
2616:
2583:
2542:
2507:
2470:
2435:
2398:
2363:
2326:
2291:
2254:
2219:
2182:
2147:
2110:
2075:
2038:
1464:
in 1925, who sought to quell concerns about his links to
812:, current home of the Supreme Court, which opened in 1935
19029:
The Supermajority: How the Supreme Court Divided America
17456:
The supermajority: how the Supreme Court divided America
15664:"Scalia Took Dozens of Trips Funded by Private Sponsors"
15239:"Kavanaugh Fourth Justice Picked By Unpopular President"
15205:"Analysis | The minoritarian third of the Supreme Court"
13896:"Why Aren't Cameras Allowed at the Supreme Court Again?"
12227:
Thomson-DeVeaux, Amelia; Bronner, Laura (July 5, 2022).
11402:. Washington, D.C.: Supreme Court of the United States.
11157:"The Supreme Court is the most conservative in 90 years"
7364:. Washington, D.C.: Supreme Court of the United States.
7249:. Washington, D.C.: Supreme Court of the United States.
6639:
List of courts which publish audio or video of arguments
2605:
18862:
Institutions of American Democracy: The Judicial Branch
17478:
17264:
16750:
14277:
Institutions of American Democracy: The Judicial Branch
13749:"It's a Fact: Supreme Court Errors Aren't Hard to Find"
13487: (1794), in which the Court conducted a jury trial.
13072:"Confronting a PCA: Finding a Path Around a Brick Wall"
10353:
Ziblatt, Daniel; Levitsky, Steven (September 5, 2023).
9412:
Babington, Charles; Baker, Peter (September 30, 2005).
7930:
practice to help build the Court into a coequal branch.
6352:
in recognizing abortion is not a constitutional right,
5097:
duty of the judicial department to say what the law is.
5006:
is the year in which the case was decided. Optionally,
4974:
Case citation Β§ Supreme Court of the United States
1889:", failed in Congress after members of Roosevelt's own
1769:
died 16 months after taking office, but his successor (
19292:
19227:
The Nine: Inside the Secret World of the Supreme Court
18796:
Encyclopedia of the Supreme Court of the United States
17728:
16232:"Something Has Gone Deeply Wrong at the Supreme Court"
14683:"A Sign of the Court's Polarization: Choice of Clerks"
14347:
Mendelson, Wallace (1992). "Separation of Powers". In
14217:. The Supreme Court Historical Society. Archived from
13352:
13045:
12636:. Supreme Court of the United States. March 18, 2010.
12226:
11894:. Washington, D.C.: Supreme Court Historical Society.
10082:"The passionate intensity of the confirmation process"
8183:
8022:"The Court vs. Congress: Prayer, Busing, and Abortion"
6174:
The Supreme Court has been criticized for engaging in
6059:
Some experts such as Melissa Murray, law professor at
5769:
On November 13, 2023, the court issued its first-ever
5444:, John Roberts for William Rehnquist, Elena Kagan for
3099:
Since 1789, about one-third of the justices have been
2946:
United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit
2687:
Demographics of the Supreme Court of the United States
1177:, ruling first that most applications were defective (
464:
nominated the following people to serve on the court:
460:
Immediately after signing the act into law, President
25605:
19186:
The Oath: The Obama White House and The Supreme Court
19084:
18419:
Black, Harry Isaiah; Bannon, Alicia (July 19, 2022).
17916:
legislative right of any State within its own limits.
17017:
17015:
16986:"Supreme Court finds history is a matter of opinions"
16849:
Lithwick, Dahlia; Stern, Mark Joseph (July 3, 2024).
16660:
Barnes, Robert; Marimow, Ann E. (November 13, 2023).
15723:
13816:"Oral arguments on health reform longest in 45 years"
12184:
justice, defining the court's new ideological center.
11567:
The Supreme Court and the Attitudinal Model Revisited
9636:"Justices to Decide if State Gun Laws Violate Rights"
9490:"Court Under Roberts Is Most Conservative in Decades"
6681:
List of landmark court decisions in the United States
6594:
6406:
is good and consistent with the Framers' wishes. The
5465:
United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit
4937:
United States Supreme Court Reports, Lawyers' Edition
4630:
permits four of the nine justices to grant a writ of
4199:
can be appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court if (a) the
3682:
From the 1860s until the 1930s, the court sat in the
2891:
United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit
2865:
United States Attorney for the District of New Jersey
1987:
1202:) and the force of its restrictions on those powers (
18506:"Public Says Televising Court Is Good for Democracy"
14400:"Supreme Court hears case of United States v. Nixon"
14067:. Supreme Court of the United States. Archived from
13982:
13681:
11767:
Storm Center: The Supreme Court in American Politics
11644:. Supreme Court of the United States. Archived from
10748:"Impeachment Trial of Justice Samuel Chase, 1804β05"
9710:"Supreme Court Rejects Death Penalty for Child Rape"
8462:"Justice Black Dies at 85; Served on Court 34 Years"
7453:
7007:
New York State Rifle and Pistol Association v. Bruen
5733:
Something Has Gone Deeply Wrong at the Supreme Court
5513:
United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
5505:
United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit
5477:
United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit
5374:
were the first Supreme Court justices to use recent
5002:
is the page number on which the opinion begins, and
4573:
situations where the court has original jurisdiction
4505:
Procedures of the Supreme Court of the United States
4115:
in Chattanooga, Tennessee the evening after Justice
2918:
United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit
2871:
United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit
2531:
1491:
once debate had begun in the full Senate. President
1468:, and the modern practice of questioning began with
345:
and removed from office. When a vacancy occurs, the
18802:
The Rules of the Supreme Court of the United States
18252:
revealed the worst of just about everyone involved.
18120:. University of Texas School of Law. Archived from
18009:"The Commerce Clause; The Expanding Economic Vista"
17416:"For a Less Politicized Supreme Court, Look Abroad"
17133:"The Self-Fulfilling Prophecies of Clarence Thomas"
16379:Canellos, Peter S.; Gerstein, Josh (July 8, 2022).
15945:Sneed, Jessica Schneider,Tierney (April 25, 2023).
14758:"For a Less Politicized Supreme Court, Look Abroad"
14187:"For lawyers, the Supreme Court bar is vanity trip"
14154:Glazer, Eric M.; Zachary, Michael (February 1997).
13261:. Also available at the Supreme Court's website at
13232:
Historical Rules of the Supreme Court, 1980 revised
13230:. Also available at the Supreme Court's website at
12925:"United States v. Shipp (U.S. Supreme Court, 1909)"
12828: (Supreme Court of the United States 1906).
12574:
Rookie on the Bench: The Role of the Junior Justice
12484:
11770:(6th ed.). W.W. Norton & Company. p.
11726:
11494:"What is Neil Gorsuch's religion? It's complicated"
9452:"In Steps Big and Small, Supreme Court Moved Right"
8231:"Opinion for the Court, Arver v. U.S. 245 U.S. 366"
6248:was criticized for expanding upon the precedent in
6069:(1967), may also be at risk. Other experts such as
5715:petition asking Congress to remove Justice Thomas.
5362:The first law clerk was hired by Associate Justice
4165:
United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces
598:between the federal government and states, notably
21551:
19012:. New York, NY: Basic Books, Hachette Book Group.
18798:, 5 vols., Detroit Macmillan Reference USA, 2008
18295:CQ Transcriptions (Senator Kohl) (July 14, 2009).
17933:"The Bill of Rights β Creation and Reconstruction"
17012:
15987:"It's Neil Gorsuch's Turn for a Financial Scandal"
15594:"Justices Disclose Privately Paid Trips and Gifts"
15256:
14719:; I. Scott Messinger; Michael Jo (November 2009).
14681:
13772:See the arguments on the constitutionality of the
13152:. Sargent Shriver National Center on Poverty Law.
12485:Stolzenberg, Ross M.; Lindgren, James (May 2010).
11016:"February 5, 1937: FDR Unveils Court Packing Plan"
9779:"Qualifications To Become A Supreme Court Justice"
8679:"The Supreme Court: Now Comes the Sixth Amendment"
7456:"Seriatim: The Supreme Court Before John Marshall"
6096:referred to it as 'legal fiction,' preferring the
5039:discuss cases and write opinions during recesses.
4967:
3285:
3012:became the first female justice in 1981. In 1986,
2459:
2243:
2099:
949:West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette
457:twice a year in their assigned judicial district.
21000:Also served as Chief Justice of the United States
18860:Hall, Kermit L.; McGuire, Kevin T., eds. (2005).
18593:
17699:Gerstein, Josh; Ward, Alexander (June 30, 2022).
17606:"The Supreme Court's Shock-and-Awe Judicial Coup"
16085:Warburton, Moira; Brice, Makini (July 10, 2024).
15631:Berman, Mark; Markon, Jerry (February 17, 2016).
14274:Hall, Kermit L.; McGuire, Kevin T., eds. (2005).
14121:"How to Cite Cases: U.S. Supreme Court Decisions"
13069:
11824:
11822:
11731:; Savage, Charlie; Protess, Ben (July 15, 2018).
11390:
11388:
9254:
8913:"Supreme Court Justice Rehnquist's Key Decisions"
7340:. New York: Attorney Street Editions. p. 7.
6644:List of pending United States Supreme Court cases
6408:Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
4683:and understand the credibility of amicus briefs.
3411:
1439:) of the United States Senate, to appoint public
1074:
633:from 1804 to 1805 helped cement the principle of
378:History of the Supreme Court of the United States
25771:
24335:Native American recognition in the United States
19101:(4). Social Science Research Network: e0174698.
19075:, "Constrain the Court β Without Crippling It",
16378:
16070:Robinson, Kimberly Strawbridge (July 11, 2024).
12291:"How to rein in partisan Supreme Court justices"
12016:(1). University of Chicago Law School: 301β365.
11484:
10290:"National Relations Board v. Noel Canning et al"
9257:"Retire the 'Ginsburg rule' β The 'Roe' recital"
7171:"Essays on Article III: Judicial Vesting Clause"
6466:
5759:Supreme Court Historical Society's controversies
5754:facts have time to be challenged and uncovered.
5738:Other criticisms of the Court include weakening
3482:Supreme Court of the United States Β§ Ethics
3304:
2711:). One of the justices was born to at least one
1280:
1164:Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
19085:Katz, Daniel Martin; Bommarito, Michael James;
18864:. New York, New York: Oxford University Press.
18002:
18000:
17927:
16728:"The Supreme Court's new ethics code is a joke"
16691:"The Supreme Court's Self-Excusing Ethics Code"
15527:Slodysko, Bryan; Tucker, Eric (July 11, 2023).
15141:
14786:
14784:
14548:
14546:
14544:
14542:
14540:
13357:
13355:
13150:Federal Practice Manual for Legal Aid Attorneys
13050:
13048:
12628:
12626:
12624:
12597:
12595:
12593:
12591:
12589:
12043:
11708:Is Supreme Court in need of regional diversity?
10352:
9516:
8341:
7394:. Library, Supreme Court of the United States.
7241:
7239:
7237:
6760:(1942, federal regulation of economic activity)
6008:overturned nearly 50 years of precedent set by
4884:Meredith v. Jefferson County Board of Education
4251:
4213:, or (b) the district court of appeal issued a
3430:
2555:
2479:
2407:
2387:
2335:
2263:
2171:
2027:
1813:The size of the court was first altered by the
1726:filed Articles of Impeachment against justices
1685:The interior of the United States Supreme Court
1272:, which ended the electoral recount during the
759:Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey v. United States
435:Article Three of the United States Constitution
311:Article Three of the United States Constitution
19058:. New York, NY: William Morrow & Company.
18937:Supreme Court Historical Society 1976 Yearbook
18221:
18219:
16920:
16918:
16084:
15802:
15526:
14934:"Justices Sotomayor and Kagan must retire now"
13682:Petherbridge, Lee; Schwartz, David L. (2012).
12880:
12878:
11999:
11997:
11995:
11958:Harris, Allison P.; Sen, Maya (May 11, 2019).
11819:
11636:
11634:
11632:
11630:
11628:
11385:
10750:. Washington, D.C.: Senate Historical Office.
9671:"Justice Stevens Renounces Capital Punishment"
9411:
8996:
8907:
8905:
6848:(1971, religious activities in public schools)
6245:Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission
5556:
5526:
4950:Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission
3064:(1889β1910), born to American missionaries in
2315:
1630:National Labor Relations Board v. Noel Canning
1354:Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission
886:changed its interpretation of the Constitution
24732:Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States
22916:
22560:
22236:
21810:
21537:
21513:
21041:
20010:
19278:
16848:
16659:
16314:Becker, Jo; Tate, Julie (December 30, 2022).
15439:"The History of 'Stolen' Supreme Court Seats"
15112:
15110:
15050:
14672:
14670:
14668:
14666:
14269:
14267:
14265:
14153:
12424:Alzheimer's disease, needed her care at home.
12161:"How Kavanaugh will change the Supreme Court"
11727:Shane, Scott; Eder, Steve; Ruiz, Rebecca R.;
11563:Segal, Jeffrey A.; Spaeth, Harold J. (2002).
10384:
10382:
10380:
9385:
9313:
9248:
9211:
9031:
7863:
7861:
7821:
7819:
7127:"Essays on Article III: Good Behavior Clause"
7063:
6732:(1896, separate but equal treatment of races)
6413:The court has been criticized for giving the
5687:failed to disclose many large financial gifts
4599:remains the only case in which the court has
4062:
1097:Justices of the Supreme Court with President
22574:
19911:Presidential Commission on the Supreme Court
18039:
17997:
17886:
17848:
17813:
17774:
17698:
15970:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
15630:
15490:"Can America's Supreme Court police itself?"
14781:
14537:
14523:"United States v. Klein, 80 U.S. 128 (1871)"
13490:
12678:
12652:
12621:
12586:
10897:National Archives and Records Administration
10612:
10572:
10450:
10232:
10230:
9904:
9478:
9243:were free to be gay without being criminals.
9135:
8962:
8804:
8607:
7234:
6999:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization
6611:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization
6337:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization
6005:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization
5617:
5294:United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp.
5087:(1803), consummating the American system of
4311:A circuit justice may sit as a judge on the
1322:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization
734:Courts (1910β1930), the court held that the
22502:Navy-Marine Corps Court of Criminal Appeals
18859:
18587:
18418:
18363:
18322:
18288:
18257:
18216:
18136:
18106:
18068:
18033:
17962:
17921:
17740:
17720:
17371:
17306:
16977:
16915:
16876:
16430:
16428:
15692:
14585:
14397:
14273:
14156:"Joining the Bar of the U.S. Supreme Court"
13413:"Instructions in Supreme Court Jury Trials"
13295:, 76 U. Cinn. L. Rev. 1159, 1168β70 (2008).
13263:Historical Rules of the Supreme Court, 1989
13070:Brannock, Steven; Weinzierl, Sarah (2003).
12875:
12662:. docstoc. October 24, 2009. Archived from
11992:
11763:
11625:
11562:
10771:
10769:
10486:
10416:
10355:"How American Democracy Fell So Far Behind"
9976:"Facts about Supreme Court oath ceremonies"
9749:"Essays on Article II: Appointments Clause"
9319:
9173:
9100:
9066:
8902:
8869:
8833:
8798:
8707:
8671:
8636:
8601:
8561:
8525:
8491:
8454:
8416:
8379:
8335:
8253:
8184:Bodenhamer, David J.; James W. Ely (1993).
8148:
7693:
6221:that usually guides the court's decisions.
6203:was overturned nearly fifty years later by
5378:graduates as clerks, rather than hiring "a
5258:Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co.
5069:accepted the notion of judicial review; in
4256:The United States is divided into thirteen
3476:Federal judge salaries in the United States
3402:
3364:
3342:
3276:
2796:, Sonia Sotomayor and Clarence Thomas from
2521:
2449:
2377:
2305:
2233:
2161:
2119:
2089:
2015:
1495:'s nomination of sitting associate justice
1307:), voting rights and federal preclearance (
321:. The court consists of nine justices: the
22930:
22923:
22909:
22567:
22553:
22243:
22229:
21817:
21803:
21544:
21530:
21048:
21034:
20017:
20003:
19285:
19271:
18966:The Supreme Court in United States History
18884:The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation
18621:
18328:
18142:
17472:
16524:
16313:
15844:
15107:
14663:
14624:
14591:
14487:Vile, John R. (1992). "Court curbing". In
14467:University of North Carolina School of Law
14384:by Horace Greeley (1873), p. 106; also in
14262:
14057:
13774:Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
13743:
12395:
12049:
12003:
10658:
10422:
10377:
9704:
9668:
9446:
9359:
9282:
9179:
9106:
9072:
9037:
9002:
8118:
8053:
8010:
7978:
7972:
7935:
7898:
7858:
7816:
7764:
7724:
7687:
7648:
7603:
7549:
7447:
7354:
6832:(1966, rights of those detained by police)
6659:Lists of United States Supreme Court cases
6599:Sometimes draft opinions are deliberately
6261:
5985:should be limited to sovereign territory.
5521:U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit
4069:
4055:
2804:did not; she received her Juris Doctor at
2597:
2191:
2047:
1224:as violations of substantive due process (
24345:Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes
22402:Judge Advocate General's Corps, Air Force
22251:United States Military Judicial Authority
19150:Tribe, Laurence H.; Matz, Joshua (2014).
19149:
19124:
19106:
18567:
18263:
18225:
18143:Hornberger, Jacob C. (November 1, 2005).
16722:
16400:"The Oily Truth About This Supreme Court"
16250:
15878:
15173:
15001:
14983:
14928:
14899:
14870:
14818:
14816:
14796:"U.S. Court Is Now Guiding Fewer Nations"
14398:Brokaw, Tom; Stern, Carl (July 8, 1974).
14346:
13946:
13280:
13278:
12512:
12319:
11975:
11957:
11934:
11889:
11757:
11151:
10801:
10428:"New Focus on the Effects of Life Tenure"
10227:
10138:
9738:
9698:
9662:
9627:
9556:
9440:
9414:"Roberts Confirmed as 17th Chief Justice"
9405:
8177:
8096:. United States: Penguin Books. pp.
7276:"Supreme Court Nominations: presentβ1789"
6675:Selected landmark Supreme Court decisions
6497:List of United States Supreme Court leaks
6251:First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti
6185:Conservatives often cite the decision in
5700:The criticism intensified after the 2024
5341:Each Supreme Court justice hires several
4954:Citizens United v. Federal Election Com'n
4140:
3596:Learn how and when to remove this message
1398:Nomination, confirmation, and appointment
302:for violating either the Constitution or
25790:Courts and tribunals established in 1789
25785:1789 establishments in the United States
19370:Cert. dismissed as improvidently granted
19053:
18444:
18389:
18297:"Key Excerpt: Sotomayor on Bush v. Gore"
17854:
17342:
17312:
17191:Aceves, William J. (September 9, 2019).
17073:
16563:
16425:
16341:
16279:
16105:
16069:
15558:Gerber, Scott Douglas (April 23, 2021).
14312:
14017:
13926:
13780:were 90 minutes long; oral arguments in
12953:
12842:
12258:Williams, Ryan C. (September 19, 2021).
12257:
11794:
11122:
11046:"TSHA | Court-Packing Plan of 1937"
10840:
10808:. Oxford University Press. p. 334.
10766:
10740:
10718:"Anticipating the Incapacitated Justice"
10709:
10578:
10492:
10456:
10139:McMillion, Barry J. (October 19, 2015).
9386:Payson-Denney, Wade (October 31, 2015).
9362:"Why Bush v. Gore Still Matters in 2020"
9217:
8938:
8302:
8296:
7458:. New York University Press. p. 3.
7270:
7268:
6561:2024 United States presidential election
6486:
6153:by adding descriptive text and removing
5987:
5892:by adding descriptive text and removing
5448:, Neil Gorsuch for both Byron White and
5204:Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co.
5135:ignored the Supreme Court's decision in
5046:
4690:
4084:
3677:
3607:
3501:
3141:
2979:
1680:
1529:
1435:to nominate and, with the confirmation (
1407:
1274:2000 United States presidential election
1092:
815:
803:
549:Under chief justices Jay, Rutledge, and
537:
389:
381:
24396:List of counties and county equivalents
22443:Military tribunals in the United States
22287:Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ)
19893:Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937
19850:Old Supreme Court Chamber, U.S. Capitol
19026:
19007:
18895:A People's History of the Supreme Court
18627:
18364:Chemerinsky, Erwin (October 17, 2019).
18266:"Two-and-a-Half Cheers for Bush v Gore"
18204:from the original on September 27, 2018
18191:
18173:from the original on September 28, 2018
18112:
18007:Reich, Robert B. (September 13, 1987).
17892:
17819:
17780:
17726:
17479:Woodward, Bob; Scott Armstrong (1979).
17450:
17079:"Justice Thomas and Loving v. Virginia"
17047:
16434:
16397:
16347:
15940:
15938:
15655:
15508:from the original on September 21, 2023
15463:Levine, Marianne (September 22, 2020).
15347:
15177:; Morse, Clara Ence (August 18, 2023).
14552:
13789:
13587:from the original on September 30, 2007
13496:
13340:from the original on September 28, 2022
12884:
12713:
12711:
12533:
12288:
12189:
11858:
11797:"Clarence Thomas' Supreme Court legacy"
11457:
10991:. University of Houston. Archived from
10659:Garnett, Richard W.; Strauss, David A.
10365:from the original on September 20, 2023
10239:"Recess Appointments of Federal Judges"
9863:
9722:from the original on September 13, 2019
9038:Greenhouse, Linda (September 4, 2005).
8747:
8360:from the original on September 30, 2015
8266:. Transaction Publishers. p. 146.
8158:. Cornell University Law School. 1908.
8083:
7941:
7493:
7442:A People's History of the Supreme Court
7386:
7069:"When Did the Constitution Become Law?"
7015:Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard
6554:Federal Constitutional Court of Germany
5843:published an op-ed on July 3, 2024, by
5828:in wealth and power, and empowering an
5255:, superseding the limitations given in
5042:
4617:states upstream of navigable waters in
4537:Case names before the court are styled
3735:pm weekdays but closed on weekends and
2846:Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
2780:: Neil Gorsuch, Ketanji Brown Jackson,
1423:Article II, Section 2, Clause 2 of the
1061:). At the same time, the court limited
27:Highest court of jurisdiction in the US
14:
25772:
21061:federal judiciary of the United States
20348:
19224:
19183:
18984:The Brethren: Inside the Supreme Court
18642:
18640:
18638:
18609:from the original on November 11, 2009
18276:from the original on February 25, 2016
18264:McConnell, Michael W. (June 1, 2001).
18145:"Freedom and the Fourteenth Amendment"
17832:from the original on February 15, 2009
17667:
17636:
17578:
17549:
17520:
17499:from the original on November 18, 2020
17482:The Brethren: Inside the Supreme Court
17377:
17190:
17164:
16983:
16924:
16882:
16771:from the original on December 22, 2022
16738:from the original on November 15, 2023
16685:
16641:from the original on November 14, 2023
16623:
16605:from the original on November 14, 2023
16545:from the original on November 13, 2023
16473:from the original on November 13, 2023
16447:from the original on November 13, 2023
16044:
15808:
15661:
15612:from the original on February 13, 2020
15588:
15557:
15539:from the original on November 13, 2023
15462:
15410:
14924:
14922:
14852:from the original on February 17, 2021
14813:
14790:
14676:
14651:from the original on November 18, 2020
14439:from the original on November 25, 2016
14406:from the original on February 21, 2019
14294:from the original on November 17, 2020
14215:"How The Court Works; Library Support"
14184:
14001:. Supreme Court of the United States.
13991:
13848:from the original on November 20, 2022
13798:from the original on November 16, 2011
13739:
13737:
13721:
13717:
13715:
13713:
13711:
13643:
13625:from the original on December 11, 2008
13605:
13385:Adequate and independent state grounds
13275:
12973:from the original on February 17, 2022
12764:
12462:from the original on February 17, 2021
12413:from the original on November 25, 2020
12364:important cases, is now fully retired.
12158:
12136:from the original on November 18, 2020
12079:
11595:
11424:
11331:
11302:
11244:
10948:from the original on December 14, 2021
10822:from the original on November 16, 2023
10510:from the original on September 6, 2013
10462:"Appointees Who Really Govern America"
10388:
10302:from the original on December 12, 2020
10236:
10157:from the original on December 28, 2015
10120:from the original on February 14, 2016
10004:
9753:The Heritage Guide To The Constitution
9683:from the original on December 11, 2008
9633:
9562:
9522:
9484:
9288:
8631:permissible under the First Amendment.
8400:from the original on December 19, 2013
8388:"All the News That's Fit to Subsidize"
8385:
8342:Justice Roberts (September 21, 2005).
8280:from the original on February 20, 2021
8259:
8204:from the original on November 18, 2020
7904:
7748:from the original on December 17, 2020
7699:"Why Marbury V. Madison Still Matters"
7573:from the original on November 26, 2020
7335:
7208:"Essays on Article III: Supreme Court"
6459:, the Court examined the doctrine of "
6085:grounds than substantive due process.
3238:Retired justices of the Supreme Court
2904:Solicitor General of the United States
1974:Current justices of the Supreme Court
1778:
1598:
1476:Supreme Court nominees, most recently
1351:), and the Bill of Rights, such as in
939:Minersville School District v. Gobitis
264:federal judiciary of the United States
22904:
22548:
22525:Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces
22497:Coast Guard Court of Criminal Appeals
22282:United States Constitution, Article I
22224:
21798:
21525:
21512:
21029:
20347:
20037:
19998:
19712:Eighth and Ninth Circuits Act of 1837
19468:
19266:
18845:. New York: Oxford University Press.
18534:
18074:
18052:from the original on October 19, 2008
18006:
17981:from the original on January 12, 2012
17870:from the original on February 3, 2010
17797:from the original on October 27, 2009
17603:
17514:
17413:
17359:from the original on December 4, 2020
17130:
16925:Savage, David G. (October 23, 2008).
16830:from the original on January 30, 2023
16360:from the original on February 9, 2023
16167:
15984:
15944:
15907:
15754:
15381:
15262:
15236:
15090:"Supreme Court : Approval Polls"
14822:
14755:
14630:
14592:Weiden, David; Ward, Artemus (2006).
14573:from the original on November 7, 2020
13822:from the original on February 4, 2014
13813:
13790:Christy, Andrew (November 15, 2011).
13722:Larsen, Allison Orr (July 26, 2022).
13577:"Justice Alito Joins Cert Pool Party"
13574:
13541:
13499:"Special Juries in the Supreme Court"
13410:
13174:
13115:"Teague v. Lane, 489 U.S. 288 (1989)"
12572:, Harper Collins, 2005, p. 105. Also
12301:from the original on February 8, 2023
12270:from the original on February 8, 2023
12239:from the original on February 9, 2023
12208:from the original on October 30, 2021
12195:
12173:from the original on December 7, 2020
12050:Baum, Lawrence; Devins, Neal (2019).
12004:Devins, Neal; Baum, Lawrence (2017).
11977:10.1146/annurev-polisci-051617-090650
11936:10.1146/annurev-polisci-051317-125141
11916:
11898:from the original on October 10, 2022
11795:de Vogue, Ariane (October 22, 2016).
11491:
11468:. Trenton, New Jersey. Archived from
11078:from the original on February 1, 2021
11013:
10982:
10922:from the original on November 3, 2020
10915:. U.S. Courts Library β 8th Circuit.
10715:
10590:from the original on January 11, 2010
10334:from the original on December 3, 2020
9973:
9839:"United States Senate. "Nominations""
9615:from the original on January 25, 2010
9540:from the original on February 2, 2019
9424:from the original on January 16, 2010
9157:from the original on October 14, 2008
9003:Greenhouse, Linda (January 8, 2009).
8567:
8476:from the original on October 15, 2009
8422:
8156:"Adair v. United States 208 U.S. 161"
8089:
8059:
7942:Suddath, Claire (December 19, 2008).
7843:from the original on December 5, 2020
7811:Hunter's Lessee, 1 Wheat. 304 (1816).
7788:"Dissenting opinions in Bush v. Gore"
7697:; McKean, David (February 21, 2009).
7609:
7419:
7368:from the original on December 5, 2020
7317:from the original on December 3, 2020
7300:
7282:from the original on December 9, 2020
7265:
7253:from the original on December 7, 2020
7083:from the original on October 26, 2020
6092:against state and local governments.
5721:Yale professor of constitutional law
5624:United States Senate Β§ Criticism
4788:
4185:District of Columbia Court of Appeals
3242:
2680:
1978:
1627:The Supreme Court's 2014 decision in
999:must be roughly equal in population (
958:restricted the pro-government trend.
640:
368:each year, but only grants about 80.
25658:
22381:Judge Advocate General's Corps, Navy
22365:Marine Corps Judge Advocate Division
22344:Judge Advocate General's Corps, Army
22329:Judge Advocate General's Corps (JAG)
19154:. New York: Henry Holt and Company.
18838:
18756:
18646:
18470:
18445:Jacobson, Louis (October 18, 2021).
18147:. The Future of Freedom Foundation.
17968:
17820:Madison, James (February 16, 1788).
17286:
16525:Pilkington, Ed (November 13, 2023).
16348:Marimow, Ann E. (December 8, 2022).
16307:
16180:from the original on August 1, 2024.
16010:
15935:
15736:from the original on October 5, 2022
15674:from the original on January 7, 2021
15314:
15202:
15116:
15024:
14612:from the original on January 1, 2016
14486:
14135:from the original on August 22, 2012
14101:from the original on August 22, 2012
14005:from the original on January 8, 2019
13497:Shelfer, Lochlan F. (October 2013).
13443:from the original on August 18, 2013
12708:
12435:
12121:
11892:"In Celebration of Armed Forces Day"
11840:from the original on August 20, 2016
11610:from the original on August 24, 2017
11458:DeMarco, Megan (February 14, 2008).
11277:
11259:from the original on October 8, 2022
11026:from the original on August 15, 2011
10728:from the original on August 27, 2009
10184:. Oxford University Press. pp.
10175:
9919:from the original on October 2, 2018
9905:Flegenheimer, Matt (April 6, 2017).
9759:from the original on August 22, 2020
9744:
9669:Greenhouse, Linda (April 18, 2008).
9500:from the original on August 24, 2021
9360:MacDougall, Ian (November 1, 2020).
9141:
9107:Greenhouse, Linda (March 22, 2005).
8980:from the original on August 24, 2017
8805:O'Connor, Karen (January 22, 2009).
8187:The Bill of Rights in modern America
8060:Ifill, Sherrilyn A. (May 27, 2009).
7919:from the original on August 14, 2020
7632:from the original on August 14, 2020
7555:
7222:from the original on August 22, 2020
7185:from the original on August 22, 2020
7141:from the original on August 22, 2020
7117:
7115:
7027:Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo
6911:Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo
6383:
6367:Kennedy v. Bremerton School District
6121:
6117:
5860:
5856:
5312:Humphrey's Executor v. United States
5253:Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009
5024:
4792:
3674:United States Supreme Court Building
3545:"Supreme Court of the United States"
3534:adding citations to reliable sources
3505:
3106:
1862:, a Republican, signed into law the
1792:
22507:Court of Military Commission Review
22492:Air Force Court of Criminal Appeals
18635:
18241:from the original on April 11, 2009
17946:from the original on April 16, 2009
17893:Madison, James (January 22, 1788).
17781:Madison, James (January 25, 1788).
17315:"The judges war: an issue of power"
16996:from the original on April 13, 2010
16789:
16435:Sherman, Mark (November 13, 2023).
16202:from the original on July 31, 2024.
15901:
15570:from the original on March 26, 2023
15436:
15411:Cahill, Petra (November 11, 2016).
15054:; Kopicki, Allison (June 7, 2012).
14919:
14832:and conservative judicial activism"
14497:. Oxford University Press. p.
14357:. Oxford University Press. p.
14162:. Florida Bar Journal. p. 63.
14045:from the original on March 31, 2021
13908:from the original on March 25, 2017
13893:
13877:, Malaysia: Beacon Press, pp. 256,
13734:
13708:
13156:from the original on April 27, 2017
13094:from the original on August 4, 2016
12935:from the original on April 27, 2017
12901:from the original on April 27, 2017
12885:Hindley, Meredith (November 2014).
12859:from the original on April 27, 2017
12640:from the original on March 22, 2010
11871:from the original on April 15, 2022
11859:Preston, Matthew (April 15, 2022).
11688:from the original on April 30, 2021
11104:from the original on March 29, 2021
10716:Appel, Jacob M. (August 22, 2009).
10667:from the original on April 29, 2022
10237:Fisher, Louis (September 5, 2001).
10061:from the original on April 15, 2010
9878:from the original on April 10, 2017
9646:from the original on April 23, 2018
9462:from the original on April 17, 2009
9255:Justice Sotomayor (July 16, 2009).
9119:from the original on March 26, 2014
9073:Greenhouse, Linda (June 12, 2005).
8817:from the original on March 26, 2009
8644:"The Law: The Retroactivity Riddle"
8162:from the original on April 24, 2012
7709:from the original on August 2, 2009
6853:New York Times Co. v. United States
6797:Abington School District v. Schempp
6780:(1954, school segregation of races)
6022:wrote in his concurring opinion in
6018:principle, in part because Justice
5806:
5779:
5595:
4670:The Court also relies on and cites
4665:
4547:State of Arizona v. Ernesto Miranda
4177:Supreme Court of the Virgin Islands
4091:original and exclusive jurisdiction
3208:
2960:United States Sentencing Commission
2738:considers himself a Catholic or an
1960:
1167:) and campaign finance regulation (
1024:Abington School District v. Schempp
762:), upheld the constitutionality of
515:
414:established the parameters for the
24:
25780:Supreme Court of the United States
25654:Supreme Court of the United States
21844:Supreme Court of the United States
21008:
20328:
20038:
20027:Supreme Court of the United States
19294:Supreme Court of the United States
19000:
18943:Supreme Court Historical Society.
18822:'s Guide to the U.S. Supreme Court
18649:"SCOTUS Is Slow-Walking for Trump"
17618:from the original on June 30, 2022
17395:from the original on March 7, 2013
17345:"What Judge Bork Should Have Said"
17104:
16984:Savage, David G. (July 13, 2008).
16280:Jouvenal, Justin (June 26, 2024).
16059:from the original on July 1, 2024.
15785:
15705:from the original on July 12, 2017
15662:Lipton, Eric (February 26, 2016).
15643:from the original on June 24, 2017
15348:Aronoff, Kate (October 14, 2020).
15068:from the original on June 16, 2019
14696:from the original on July 13, 2012
14251:from the original on June 26, 2022
14245:Supreme Court of the United States
14185:Gresko, Jessica (March 24, 2013).
14166:from the original on April 5, 2014
13689:Northwestern University Law Review
13523:from the original on June 30, 2017
13331:Supreme Court of the United States
13324:"Miscellaneous Order (09/28/2022)"
13143:
12922:
12729:from the original on June 24, 2023
12692:. October 24, 2009. Archived from
12379:(University Press of Kansas 1999)
12353:from the original on June 30, 2022
12196:Roche, Darragh (October 5, 2021).
12159:Roeder, Oliver (October 6, 2018).
11964:Annual Review of Political Science
11923:Annual Review of Political Science
11917:Hasen, Richard L. (May 11, 2019).
11807:from the original on April 2, 2017
11745:from the original on July 16, 2018
11642:"Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)"
11504:from the original on June 25, 2017
11425:Walthr, Matthew (April 21, 2014).
11406:from the original on July 21, 2011
11360:
11226:from the original on June 25, 2022
11194:from the original on June 25, 2022
10843:PS: Political Science and Politics
10783:from the original on July 10, 2024
10438:from the original on July 26, 2010
10079:
10055:Supreme Court of the United States
10031:from the original on June 22, 2022
10005:Satola, James W. (December 2017).
9845:from the original on April 7, 2019
9634:Barnes, Robert (October 1, 2009).
9050:from the original on April 2, 2015
8877:"Time to Rethink Buckley v. Valeo"
8864:principle of 'affirmative action'β¦
8795:(University Press of Kansas; 2016)
8702:can no longer be regarded as law.'
8438:from the original on March 7, 2013
7537:from the original on July 16, 2019
7454:Scott Douglas Gerber, ed. (1998).
7401:from the original on July 23, 2011
7301:Hodak, George (February 1, 2011).
7212:Heritage Guide to the Constitution
7203:
7175:Heritage Guide to the Constitution
7168:
7131:Heritage Guide to the Constitution
7121:
6788:(1962, state-sponsored prayers in
6664:Models of judicial decision making
6595:Leaks and inadvertent publications
6081:actually relied more heavily upon
6075:South Texas College of Law Houston
5764:
5515:, and Amy Coney Barrett for Judge
1147:s right to privacy to strike down
323:chief justice of the United States
252:Supreme Court of the United States
223:Chief Justice of the United States
35:Supreme Court of the United States
25:
25806:
23741:Director of National Intelligence
18549:from the original on July 5, 2010
18192:Vazquez, Maegan (June 28, 2018).
18087:from the original on May 11, 2011
18040:FDCH e-Media (January 10, 2006).
18021:from the original on May 12, 2011
17905:from the original on July 9, 2009
17793:. No. 44 (quote: 8th para).
17758:from the original on July 9, 2009
17321:from the original on May 13, 2011
16900:from the original on May 12, 2011
15826:from the original on May 29, 2024
15203:Bump, Philip (December 2, 2021).
14900:Beauchamp, Zack (June 27, 2019).
14839:University of Illinois Law Review
13556:from the original on June 2, 2009
13544:"Roberts Dips Toe into Cert Pool"
13125:from the original on June 2, 2018
12782:from the original on May 31, 2017
12289:Lazarus, Simon (March 23, 2022).
11890:Shurtleff, Kathy (May 12, 2021).
11571:. Cambridge Univ. Press. p.
11447:– via The ANNOTICO Reports.
11373:from the original on May 15, 2022
11245:Kruzel, John (December 7, 2021).
10474:from the original on May 12, 2011
10404:from the original on May 31, 2010
9986:from the original on May 17, 2022
9819:from the original on July 8, 2023
9789:from the original on July 8, 2023
9580:from the original on May 11, 2011
9195:from the original on May 11, 2011
9015:from the original on May 12, 2011
8923:from the original on May 25, 2010
8887:from the original on May 11, 2011
8725:from the original on May 11, 2011
8386:Lipsky, Seth (October 22, 2009).
8320:from the original on June 5, 2009
8225:
8038:from the original on May 11, 2011
7994:from the original on May 11, 2011
7875:. October 2, 2000. Archived from
7472:from the original on May 11, 2011
7112:
6654:List of supreme courts by country
6438:, such as constitutional scholar
6374:separating church and state, and
5992:Protestors in support of keeping
5799:Constitution of the United States
4509:
4197:Florida District Courts of Appeal
2758:. The first Catholic justice was
1260:s restrictions on abortion laws (
545:, chief justice from 1801 to 1835
25752:
25735:
25718:
25701:
25684:
25667:
25639:
25627:
25615:
23897:Government Accountability Office
22630:
22295:
21747:
21714:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
19977:
19965:
19955:
19954:
19855:Old Senate Chamber, U.S. Capitol
19331:
18931:Skifos, Catherine Hetos (1976).
18761:
18728:
18710:
18692:
18674:
18561:
18528:
18516:from the original on May 1, 2011
18498:
18464:
18438:
18412:
18383:
18357:
18270:University of Chicago Law Review
18185:
18155:
18075:Cohen, Adam (December 7, 2003).
17748:Alexander Hamilton (aka Publius)
17692:
17661:
17630:
17597:
17572:
17543:
17444:
17407:
17336:
17280:
17235:
17210:
17184:
17158:
17124:
17098:
17067:
17048:Stanton, Andrew (July 2, 2023).
17041:
16952:
16842:
16783:
16716:
16679:
16617:
16586:
16557:
16518:
16485:
16459:
16391:
16372:
16273:
16244:
16224:
16206:
16184:
16161:
16147:
16133:
16106:Hartmann, Thom (July 12, 2024).
16099:
16078:
16063:
16038:
16004:
15978:
15872:
15838:
15779:
15767:from the original on May 5, 2023
15748:
15717:
15693:O'Brien, Reity (June 20, 2014).
15686:
15624:
15582:
15551:
15520:
15482:
15456:
15430:
15404:
15375:
15341:
15308:
15282:
15230:
15196:
15167:
15135:
15080:
15044:
14951:
14893:
14864:
14749:
14708:
14515:
14480:
14457:
14451:
14421:
14391:
14375:
14340:
14313:Hartmann, Thom (June 27, 2024).
14306:
14233:
14207:
14178:
14147:
14113:
14083:
13976:
13961:
13920:
13887:
13860:
13834:
13766:
13675:
13663:from the original on May 2, 2017
13637:
13599:
13568:
13542:Mauro, Tony (October 21, 2005).
13535:
13455:
13404:
13389:
13370:
13316:
13298:
13244:
13213:
13168:
13137:
13106:
13063:
13030:
13015:
13000:
12985:
12947:
12916:
12811:
12794:
12758:
12741:
12690:Supreme Court Historical Society
12578:Journal of Supreme Court History
12558:
12478:
12429:
12389:
12369:
12339:
12313:
12282:
12251:
12220:
12152:
12122:Betz, Bradford (March 2, 2019).
12115:
12103:from the original on May 3, 2023
12073:
11951:
11919:"Polarization and the Judiciary"
11910:
11883:
11852:
11788:
11720:
11700:
11660:
11589:
11556:
11520:
11492:Burke, Daniel (March 22, 2017).
11451:
11418:
11354:
11325:
11296:
11271:
11238:
11206:
11174:
11145:
11116:
11090:
11064:
11052:from the original on May 6, 2021
11038:
11007:
10976:
10960:
10934:
10902:
10877:
10834:
10795:
10754:from the original on May 3, 2022
10679:
10652:
10606:
10559:
10539:
10522:
9085:from the original on May 5, 2011
8687:. April 16, 1965. Archived from
8263:The Supreme Court's Constitution
8237:from the original on May 1, 2011
7944:"A Brief History of Impeachment"
6523:
6126:
5865:
5784:tag has too many names (see the
5534:Vanderbilt University Law School
5345:to review petitions for writ of
5131:came in 1832, when the state of
4960:, and "L. Ed." representing the
4797:
4686:
3773:
3510:
3403:
3343:
3277:
2522:
2450:
2378:
2306:
2234:
2162:
2090:
2016:
1775:assassination of Abraham Lincoln
1616:was not subsequently confirmed.
924:internment of Japanese Americans
868:, who opposed New Deal policies.
828:. Members include Chief Justice
278:cases that turn on questions of
40:
22471:Guantanamo military commissions
22211:(federal and state, all levels)
19942:United States Solicitor General
19669:Justices who served in Congress
18933:"The Supreme Court Gets a Home"
18752:
18471:Ford, Matt (January 25, 2024).
16398:Aronoff, Kate (June 18, 2024).
15845:Pilkington, Ed (May 31, 2024).
15237:Price, Greg (October 6, 2018).
14388:(2001) by Robert Vincent Remini
13788:was given a two-hour argument.
12843:Curriden, Mark (June 2, 2009).
11528:"Religion of the Supreme Court"
10346:
10316:
10282:
10273:
10202:
10169:
10132:
10100:
10073:
10043:
9998:
9967:
9951:
9934:
9898:
9864:Brunner, Jim (March 24, 2017).
9857:
9831:
9801:
9771:
9595:
9379:
9353:
9220:"The Court's Gay Rights Legacy"
9005:"The Chief Justice on the Spot"
8849:. July 10, 1978. Archived from
8785:
8741:
8652:. June 18, 1965. Archived from
8541:. July 15, 1966. Archived from
8219:
7588:
7487:
7434:
7413:
7380:
7329:
6804:readings and recitation of the
6543:British constitutional scholar
6098:Privileges or Immunities Clause
5397:, was hired in 1948 by Justice
4968:Citations to published opinions
4308:granting permission to appeal.
3756:
3521:needs additional citations for
3496:Article III of the Constitution
3216:United States Courts of Appeals
3136:Guide to the U.S. Supreme Court
1845:At the behest of Chief Justice
1417:2005 hearings on his nomination
899:West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish
781:
687:, which helped precipitate the
329:, and the justices meet at the
25540:Separation of church and state
23756:National Reconnaissance Office
23699:President of the United States
22487:Army Court of Criminal Appeals
21552:Supreme Courts of the Americas
19871:Article III, U.S. Constitution
18568:Millhiser, Ian (May 3, 2024).
17604:Klein, Naomi (June 30, 2022).
17313:Buchanan, Pat (July 6, 2005).
17245:. June 5, 2010. Archived from
16045:Levien, Simon (July 1, 2024).
15985:Stieb, Matt (April 25, 2023).
15908:Smith, David (June 15, 2024).
15025:Gass, Henry (April 24, 2024).
14730:. p. 1749. Archived from
14241:"The Court and Its Procedures"
14091:"Supreme Court Research Guide"
13927:Amy Howe (December 12, 2022).
13814:Bobic, Igor (March 26, 2012).
10899:, retrieved September 12, 2017
10802:Yarbrough, Tinsley E. (1992).
10148:Congressional Research Service
9974:Mears, Bill (August 6, 2010).
8533:"Essay: In defense of privacy"
8505:. May 17, 1954. Archived from
8291:District of Columbia. (p. 146)
7905:Slater, Dan (April 18, 2008).
7294:
7197:
7162:
7153:
7095:
7057:
6935:District of Columbia v. Heller
6090:incorporate the Bill of Rights
5797:Article III, Section I of the
5544:, professor of history at the
5393:. The first African-American,
5122:
3158:Following the confirmation of
1804:President of the United States
1800:Article I, Section 3, Clause 6
1593:Congressional Research Service
1392:
1075:Burger, Rehnquist, and Roberts
1068:New York Times Co. v. Sullivan
412:1787 Constitutional Convention
294:, the ability to invalidate a
13:
1:
22617:Bill (United States Congress)
21076:All Supreme Court nominations
19840:Royal Exchange, New York City
19722:Judicial Circuits Act of 1866
19243:McCloskey, Robert G. (2005).
19172:. Stanford University Press.
18839:Hall, Kermit L., ed. (1992).
18647:West, Sonja (March 1, 2024).
18535:Mauro, Tony (March 9, 2010).
18329:Adam Cohen (March 21, 2004).
17969:Gold, Scott (June 14, 2005).
17287:Litt, David (July 24, 2022).
17131:Robin, Corey (July 9, 2022).
16790:Huq, Aziz Z. (January 2022).
16011:Wang, Amy B. (May 11, 2023).
15755:Jones, Dustin (May 5, 2023).
15031:The Christian Science Monitor
14756:Quinn, Colm (March 8, 2024).
14199:. pp. 2A. Archived from
10176:Hall, Kermit L., ed. (1992).
9608:The Christian Science Monitor
9325:"The Winner in Bush v. Gore?"
9289:Kamiya, Gary (July 5, 2001).
8308:"Supreme Court gets makeover"
7387:Ashmore, Anne (August 2006).
7247:"The Court as an Institution"
7051:
7039:Trump v. United States (2024)
6922:(2000, presidential election)
6563:. The Court is considering a
6467:Ruling on political questions
5745:William & Mary Law School
5330:
4909:). A more unusual example is
4043:Common good constitutionalism
3667:
3463:27 years, 331 days
3397:18 years, 263 days
3337:30 years, 163 days
2719:'s father was born in Italy.
2223:18 years, 235 days
2151:32 years, 335 days
2079:18 years, 359 days
1949:
1525:nomination of Merrick Garland
967:segregation in public schools
775:Adkins v. Children's Hospital
23902:Government Publishing Office
23370:Technological and industrial
22172:United States Virgin Islands
21461:G. H. W. Bush
21396:G. H. W. Bush
21147:G. H. W. Bush
19888:Code of Conduct for Justices
19078:The New York Review of Books
19008:Vladeck, Stephen I. (2023).
16168:Biden, Joe (July 29, 2024).
15263:Green, Jamal (May 7, 2019).
13575:Mauro, Tony (July 4, 2006).
13175:Glick, Joshua (April 2003).
12845:"A Supreme Case of Contempt"
12401:"An Invisible Chief Justice"
11022:. American Bar Association.
10885:Federal Judiciary Act (1789)
8811:U.S. News & World Report
8610:"Teach the Bible? Of course"
8503:U.S. News & World Report
8066:U.S. News & World Report
8020:; Randall K. Miller (1989).
7661:U.S. News & World Report
6856:(1971, freedom of the press)
6840:(1967, interracial marriage)
6816:(1963, right to an attorney)
6587:is of similar importance to
5499:, Brett Kavanaugh for Judge
4897:but also three other cases:
4847:. The individual volumes of
4338:District of Columbia Circuit
4298:in criminal cases, writs of
4252:Justices as circuit justices
4169:Supreme Court of Puerto Rico
3632:. Back row (left to right):
3488:age and service requirements
2587:3 years, 331 days
2511:5 years, 352 days
2439:7 years, 165 days
2367:14 years, 46 days
2295:15 years, 45 days
1913:. In April 2021, during the
508:, the court established its
7:
25374:Women's reproductive health
24340:Federally recognized tribes
24203:Public utilities commission
24107:Public Health Service Corps
24010:Code of Federal Regulations
23892:Congressional Budget Office
23746:Central Intelligence Agency
23652:Water supply and sanitation
23079:Declaration of Independence
22209:Courts of the United States
19906:Impeachment of Samuel Chase
19845:Old City Hall, Philadelphia
19707:Seventh Circuit Act of 1807
19323:Nomination and confirmation
19249:University of Chicago Press
18912:Rehnquist, William (1987).
18014:The New York Times Magazine
17414:Quinn, Colm (May 4, 2022).
17289:"A Court Without Precedent"
16893:The New York Times Magazine
15699:Center for Public Integrity
14402:. NBC Universal Media LLC.
12235:. Graphics by Elena MejΓa.
12059:. Oxford University Press.
8596:American people to recite.'
8472:(UPI). September 25, 1971.
8260:Siegan, Bernard H. (1987).
7105:. This was narrowed by the
6892:(1974, executive privilege)
6777:Brown v. Board of Education
6708:(1824, interstate commerce)
6627:
6565:Presidential immunity claim
6538:
6349:Planned Parenthood v. Casey
6312:juries in the United States
6227:Brown v. Board of Education
6213:criticized the decision in
5811:tag is missing the closing
5790:Lower courts, by contrast,
5557:Criticism and controversies
5527:Politicization of the court
5389:, hired in 1944 by Justice
5385:The first female clerk was
5243:(1970) β overturned by the
5231:(1937) β overturned by the
5219:(1875) β overturned by the
5207:(1895) β overturned by the
5191:(1857) β overturned by the
5179:(1793) β overturned by the
5155:Brown v. Board of Education
4870:As of March 2012, the
4720:
4613:, and water rights between
3937:Right to keep and bear arms
3481:
3162:in 2020 after the death of
2992:descent, and almost always
2651:2 years, 84 days
1511:to the seat left vacant by
1266:). The court's decision in
1263:Planned Parenthood v. Casey
1005:). It recognized a general
980:Brown v. Board of Education
810:U.S. Supreme Court Building
190:
10:
25811:
24552:Red states and blue states
24457:City commission government
24452:Councilβmanager government
22418:Coast Guard Legal Division
21500:Supreme Court demographics
19329:
19245:The American Supreme Court
19188:. New York: Anchor books.
18352:power, not legal analysis.
17343:Sunstein, Carl R. (1991).
17111:libguides.law.illinois.edu
14386:The Life of Andrew Jackson
14097:. Georgetown Law Library.
13291:November 16, 2023, at the
12349:. CNBC. October 22, 2018.
11764:O'Brien, David M. (2003).
10661:"Article III, Section One"
10051:"Justices 1789 to Present"
8753:"The Antitrust Revolution"
8470:United Press International
6678:
6490:
5621:
5334:
5300:Dames & Moore v. Regan
5268:restricts the jurisdiction
5117:Section 1 of Article Three
4971:
4893:actually decided not only
4747:Concurring in the judgment
4595:determine issues of fact.
4520:, commonly referred to as
4502:
4498:
4167:(through certiorari), the
4157:certiorari before judgment
3947:Criminal procedural rights
3671:
3479:
3473:
3110:
2722:At least six justices are
2684:
1953:
1903:presidency of Donald Trump
1895:Senate Judiciary Committee
1457:Senate Judiciary Committee
1425:United States Constitution
1401:
1173:). It also wavered on the
1078:
1049:right to appointed counsel
992:Green v. County School Bd.
929:Korematsu v. United States
785:
644:
519:
406:It was while debating the
375:
371:
25561:
25387:
25260:
25192:
24845:
24841:
24832:
24780:
24645:
24636:
24532:
24503:
24480:
24419:
24386:
24377:
24320:
24308:Comparison of governments
24283:
24246:
24223:
24139:
24119:
24050:
23988:
23910:
23833:
23691:
23682:
23678:
23669:
23391:
23382:
23327:
23287:Post-Cold War (1991β2008)
23128:drafting and ratification
23101:Articles of Confederation
23014:
22948:
22939:
22765:
22742:Law School Admission Test
22727:
22705:
22650:
22639:
22628:
22582:
22515:
22479:
22458:
22451:
22430:
22410:
22394:
22373:
22357:
22336:
22327:
22313:Manual for Courts-Martial
22304:
22293:
22274:
22256:
22201:
22180:
22136:
21853:
21833:
21756:
21745:
21557:
21519:
21514:Links to related articles
21493:
21430:Appointment controversies
21429:
21351:F. D. Roosevelt
21180:
21102:F. D. Roosevelt
21067:
21006:
20356:
20343:
20326:
20046:
20033:
19950:
19863:
19824:
19735:
19717:Tenth Circuit Act of 1863
19682:
19674:Burial places of justices
19610:
19495:
19467:
19397:
19340:
19300:
19027:Waldman, Michael (2023).
18770:This section needs to be
18603:Literary Review of Canada
18163:"Gamble v. United States"
17864:No. 22 (quote: 4th para)"
17826:No. 56 (quote: 6th para)"
17165:Thomas, Clarence (1989).
16808:10.1177/00027162211061124
14553:Peppers, Todd C. (2006).
13411:James, Robert A. (1998).
12576:by Clare Cushman (2008).
12445:. SUNY Press. p. 9.
11548:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
10985:"The New Deal in Decline"
10891:November 5, 2020, at the
10855:10.1017/S1049096508080542
10693:. fjc.gov. Archived from
9603:"A Bad Day for Democracy"
9218:Lindenberger, Michael A.
8841:"Bakke Wins, Quotas Lose"
8024:. Duke University Press.
7622:by James MacGregor Burns)
6992:tribal reservation rights
6978:(2020, discrimination on
6975:Bostock v. Clayton County
6970:(2015, same-sex marriage)
6954:(2013, same-sex marriage)
6518:televising Court hearings
6448:laboratories of democracy
6258:applies to corporations.
5668:
5618:Composition and selection
5368:Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.
4903:Westover v. United States
4806:This section needs to be
4530:and the non-mover is the
4258:circuit courts of appeals
4221:Martin v. Hunter's Lessee
3469:
3426:San Francisco, California
3253:
3250:
3247:
2001:
1996:
1993:
1986:
1983:
1641:
1480:, nominated by President
1217:United States v. Virginia
1205:Seminole Tribe v. Florida
1065:suits by public figures (
824:in 1937, photographed by
769:Selective Draft Law Cases
752:), grappled with the new
601:Martin v. Hunter's Lessee
238:
228:
221:
207:
196:
186:
176:
159:
120:
104:
86:
52:
48:
39:
34:
25327:Prescription drug prices
24447:Mayorβcouncil government
24437:Coterminous municipality
24427:Consolidated city-county
24193:Agriculture commissioner
23843:House of Representatives
23751:National Security Agency
23401:Contiguous United States
22576:Law of the United States
22266:Law of the United States
22162:Northern Mariana Islands
21068:Supreme Court candidates
19972:United States portal
19916:Supreme Court in fiction
19225:Toobin, Jeffrey (2007).
19184:Toobin, Jeffrey (2013).
18542:The National Law Journal
17733:– via Wikisource.
17579:Thomas, Suja A. (2016).
17550:Thomas, Suja A. (2016).
17521:Thomas, Suja A. (2016).
13844:. CNN. October 3, 2019.
13786:the Pentagon papers case
13784:lasted three hours; and
12853:American Bar Association
12010:The Supreme Court Review
11713:August 14, 2020, at the
11427:"Sam Alito: A Civil Man"
10216:Concurring in denial of
10084:. Jurist. Archived from
7444:, p. 101 (Penguin 2006).
7311:American Bar Association
6951:United States v. Windsor
6946:(2010, campaign finance)
6900:(1976, campaign finance)
6724:(1883, civil rights law)
6370:which both weakened the
6297:
5826:increasing the disparity
5708:Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez
5479:, Elena Kagan for Judge
5411:federal court of appeals
5163:(1974) to surrender the
4210:Florida Star v. B. J. F.
4201:Supreme Court of Florida
4147:federal courts of appeal
4018:Political process theory
3716:, but maintains its own
3714:Architect of the Capitol
3254:Tenure (active service)
2734:. It is unclear whether
1919:House of Representatives
1917:, some Democrats in the
1724:Alexandria Ocasia-Cortez
1711:House of Representatives
1690:Article Three, Section 1
1619:No U.S. president since
1541:Not every Supreme Court
1342:United States v. Windsor
1247:Zelman v. Simmons-Harris
1211:City of Boerne v. Flores
1157:) but divided deeply on
25795:National supreme courts
25412:Criticism of government
24757:Social welfare programs
24350:State-recognized tribes
23335:Outline of U.S. history
23047:Continental Association
22431:Non-judicial punishment
21826:Highest judicial bodies
21436:L. B. Johnson
21371:L. B. Johnson
21122:L. B. Johnson
19229:. New York: Doubleday.
19203:Greenburg, Jan Crawford
19054:Biskupic, Joan (2023).
18826:Congressional Quarterly
18820:Congressional Quarterly
18817:and Elder Witt (1997).
17828:. Independent Journal.
17754:. Independent Journal.
17727:Madison, James (1789).
17272:"Judicial activism" in
13818:. Talking Points Memo.
12660:"Visiting-Capitol-Hill"
12541:"Judicial Compensation"
11834:Smithsonian Institution
11603:Encyclopædia Britannica
10691:Federal Judicial Center
10586:. Independent Journal.
10584:"The Federalist No. 78"
10554:Carolina Academic Press
10534:Carolina Academic Press
10246:CRS Report for Congress
9755:. Heritage Foundation.
8974:The Wall Street Journal
8950:Oxford University Press
8393:The Wall Street Journal
7912:The Wall Street Journal
7561:"Don't Do It, Justices"
7336:Pigott, Robert (2014).
7216:The Heritage Foundation
7179:The Heritage Foundation
7135:The Heritage Foundation
7067:; Seidman, Guy (2001).
6959:Shelby County v. Holder
6821:Griswold v. Connecticut
6808:in U.S. public schools)
6692:(1803, judicial review)
6456:Gamble v. United States
6292:American exceptionalism
6262:Outdated and an outlier
6155:less pertinent examples
6083:Equal Protection Clause
6033:Griswold v. Connecticut
6016:substantive due process
5894:less pertinent examples
5606:ruling that overturned
5546:University of Cambridge
5303:(1981), and notably in
5233:Twenty-fourth Amendment
5033:
4856:Final bound volumes of
4603:a jury, in this case a
4304:, and applications for
4013:Substantive due process
3170:and associate justices
2331:New York City, New York
2259:New York City, New York
1931:presidential commission
1743:John Marshall Harlan II
1556:John Marshall Harlan II
1554:'s first nomination of
1470:John Marshall Harlan II
1012:Griswold v. Connecticut
971:Equal Protection Clause
915:United States v. Butler
742:some guarantees of the
709:substantive due process
398:, before moving to the
300:presidential directives
92:; 235 years ago
25474:Environmental movement
25317:Health insurance costs
25212:Educational attainment
24737:Federal Reserve System
24695:Science and technology
24198:Insurance commissioner
23736:Intelligence Community
23431:minor outlying islands
23194:Civil rights movement
21070:and nomination results
21013:
20333:
19832:Supreme Court Building
18229:(September 23, 2007).
17349:Connecticut Law Review
16767:. September 24, 2019.
15788:"Friends of the Court"
14985:10.1126/sciadv.adk9590
14794:(September 17, 2008).
14131:University Libraries.
14129:University of Maryland
13782:United States v. Nixon
13609:(September 25, 2008).
12820:United States v. Shipp
12436:Ward, Artemus (2003).
11432:The American Spectator
11126:(September 26, 2020).
11014:Hodak, George (2007).
10567:Oxford J Legal Studies
10426:(September 10, 2007).
10392:(September 26, 2007).
8970:"A Supreme Revelation"
8227:White, Edward Douglass
8126:"Liberty of Contract?"
7664:. 2003. Archived from
7169:Pushaw, Robert J. Jr.
7103:Article III, Section 2
6943:Citizens United v. FEC
6889:United States v. Nixon
6713:Dred Scott v. Sandford
6700:(1819, implied powers)
6620:Moyle v. United States
6104:. However, outside of
6100:for incorporating the
5999:
5929:under the doctrine of
5854:
5703:Trump v. United States
5586:democratic backsliding
5395:William T. Coleman Jr.
5324:United States v. Nixon
5284:United States v. Klein
5245:Twenty-sixth Amendment
5188:Dred Scott v. Sandford
5160:United States v. Nixon
5058:
4998:is the volume number,
4958:Supreme Court Reporter
4923:Supreme Court Reporter
4782:United States v. Alcoa
4762:Running of the Interns
4699:
4610:New Jersey v. Delaware
4577:United States v. Texas
4567:and deals solely with
4141:Appellate jurisdiction
4104:United States v. Shipp
4089:The Supreme Court has
4038:Strict constructionism
3942:Right to trial by jury
3932:Freedom of association
3691:
3649:
3360:Melrose, Massachusetts
3300:Sacramento, California
3155:
3024:was joined in 2009 by
2985:
1853:, Congress passed the
1759:William Henry Harrison
1686:
1603:When the Senate is in
1538:
1420:
1199:United States v. Lopez
1137:
909:United States v. Darby
869:
858:James Clark McReynolds
813:
720:Adair v. United States
684:Dred Scott v. Sandford
546:
468:for chief justice and
403:
387:
331:Supreme Court Building
268:appellate jurisdiction
25300:Immigrant health care
24815:Transportation safety
24810:Transportation policy
24800:Public transportation
23870:President pro tempore
23726:Executive departments
23495:National Park Service
23150:Territorial evolution
21704:Saint Kitts and Nevis
21220:J. Q. Adams
21183:judicial appointments
21012:
20332:
20180:Edward Douglass White
19927:United States Reports
19876:original jurisdiction
19760:Reporter of Decisions
19727:Judiciary Act of 1869
19702:Judiciary Act of 1802
19697:Judiciary Act of 1801
19692:Judiciary Act of 1789
19459:Ketanji Brown Jackson
19375:Grant, vacate, remand
19365:Cert. before judgment
19089:(January 19, 2017) .
18970:Little, Brown and Co.
18968:(3 volumes). Boston:
18807:June 5, 2017, at the
18425:www.brennancenter.org
18393:(September 1, 2021).
17897:The Federalist Papers
17858:(December 14, 1787).
17084:The Volokh Conspiracy
16765:www.brennancenter.org
16726:(November 14, 2023).
16689:(November 21, 2023).
16627:(November 14, 2023).
16567:(November 14, 2023).
15496:. September 7, 2023.
15149:(2023). "Chapter 6".
15121:. Ecco. p. 345.
14728:Vanderbilt Law Review
14680:(September 7, 2010).
14631:Chace, James (2007).
14382:The American Conflict
14032:United States Reports
13810:California v. Arizona
13473:Georgia v. Brailsford
13268:May 10, 2023, at the
13257:May 11, 2023, at the
13237:May 10, 2023, at the
13226:May 11, 2023, at the
13197:on September 25, 2018
12686:"How The Court Works"
12399:(September 9, 2010).
12083:(February 25, 2022).
11282:. Ecco. p. 352.
10910:"Judges on Horseback"
10697:on September 15, 2012
10007:"Mr. Justice Stanton"
9533:The American Prospect
9323:(December 18, 2000).
9147:"Casing John Roberts"
8883:. November 12, 1998.
8715:"Guilt and Mr. Meese"
8426:(December 14, 2004).
8090:Irons, Peter (2006).
7786:(December 13, 2000).
7741:. February 27, 1893.
7678:With his decision in
7668:on September 20, 2003
7615:"Black Robe Politics"
7309:. Chicago, Illinois:
7205:Watson, Bradley C. S.
7073:Notre Dame Law Review
7044:Presidential immunity
6962:(2013, voting rights)
6864:(1972, contraception)
6824:(1965, contraception)
6697:McCulloch v. Maryland
6491:Further information:
6487:Secretive proceedings
6399:The Federalist Papers
5991:
5945:Slaughter-House Cases
5849:
5550:Vanderbilt Law Review
5440:, Stephen Breyer for
5335:Further information:
5050:
4972:Further information:
4907:California v. Stewart
4845:Reporter of Decisions
4836:United States Reports
4694:
4597:Georgia v. Brailsford
4588:Georgia v. Brailsford
4582:Virginia v. Tennessee
4487:Chief Justice Roberts
4391:Chief Justice Roberts
4343:Chief Justice Roberts
4085:Original jurisdiction
3681:
3646:Ketanji Brown Jackson
3611:
3502:Seniority and seating
3474:Further information:
3145:
3128:Judicial Common Space
3088:(1939β1962), born in
3080:(1922β1939), born in
3056:(1793β1806), born in
3048:(1790β1799), born in
2990:Northwestern European
2983:
2954:Ketanji Brown Jackson
2792:; plus Samuel Alito,
2609:Ketanji Brown Jackson
1984:Appointed by (party)
1871:Franklin D. Roosevelt
1864:Judiciary Act of 1869
1855:Judicial Circuits Act
1823:Judiciary Act of 1802
1808:Judiciary Act of 1789
1703:judicial independence
1684:
1658:James MacGregor Burns
1568:Department of Justice
1533:
1411:
1096:
997:legislative districts
946:was soon repudiated (
890:Franklin D. Roosevelt
819:
807:
764:military conscription
635:judicial independence
607:McCulloch v. Maryland
541:
446:Judiciary Act of 1789
393:
385:
319:Judiciary Act of 1789
288:original jurisdiction
144:38.89056Β°N 77.00444Β°W
71:38.89056Β°N 77.00444Β°W
25469:Environmental issues
25134:Political ideologies
25033:Indigenous languages
24233:List of legislatures
24030:separation of powers
23731:Independent agencies
23657:World Heritage Sites
23292:September 11 attacks
23215:SpanishβAmerican War
23155:MexicanβAmerican War
23111:Confederation period
23042:Continental Congress
22752:Admission to the bar
22602:Separation of powers
22152:District of Columbia
21855:State supreme courts
21828:in the United States
21471:G. W. Bush
21406:G. W. Bush
21157:G. W. Bush
20212:Charles Evans Hughes
19753:Supreme Court Police
19318:Ideological leanings
19247:(4th ed.). Chicago:
19117:10.2139/ssrn.2463244
18945:"The Court Building"
18824:. Washington, D.C.:
18597:(November 1, 2008).
18063:place β Samuel Alito
15443:Smithsonian Magazine
15385:(February 1, 2017).
15315:Litt, David (2020).
15117:Litt, David (2020).
14221:on February 21, 2014
13747:(October 17, 2017).
13087:: 368β369, 387β390.
12955:McKusick, Vincent L.
12826:203 U.S. 563
12634:"Visiting the Court"
12545:United States Courts
11836:. October 21, 2015.
11400:www.supremecourt.gov
11306:(February 1, 2017).
11278:Litt, David (2020).
11074:. October 17, 2019.
10618:The Yale Law Journal
10496:(February 9, 2009).
10214:William H. Pryor Jr.
10088:on December 18, 2007
9813:www.supremecourt.gov
9611:. January 22, 2010.
9526:(October 10, 2016).
9337:on November 22, 2010
9321:Krauthammer, Charles
8721:. January 31, 1987.
8573:"America's Holy War"
8571:(December 9, 1991).
8132:on November 22, 2009
7956:on December 19, 2008
7836:. February 3, 1901.
7772:Ginsburg, Ruth Bader
7559:(October 24, 2004).
7214:. Washington, D.C.:
7177:. Washington, D.C.:
7133:. Washington, D.C.:
6967:Obergefell v. Hodges
6881:Miller v. California
6813:Gideon v. Wainwright
6750:forced sterilization
6550:constitutional court
6479:the presidency over
6377:West Virginia v. EPA
6372:Establishment Clause
6197:Fourteenth Amendment
6061:N.Y.U. School of Law
6052:Obergefell v. Hodges
5695:a prominent law firm
5228:Breedlove v. Suttles
5221:Nineteenth Amendment
5197:Fourteenth Amendment
5193:Thirteenth Amendment
5138:Worcester v. Georgia
5043:Institutional powers
4735:Opinion of the court
4571:. There are however
4134:writs of prohibition
4117:John Marshall Harlan
3987:Comprehensible rules
3957:Freedom from slavery
3917:Freedom of the press
3861:Government structure
3823:Separation of powers
3767:of the United States
3720:, separate from the
3718:Supreme Court Police
3530:improve this article
3245:Birthdate and place
3214:courts, usually the
3150:president and red a
1981:birthdate and place
1621:Dwight D. Eisenhower
1563:of President Trump.
1348:Obergefell v. Hodges
1332:Massachusetts v. EPA
1044:Gideon v. Wainwright
975:Fourteenth Amendment
934:Pledge of Allegiance
932:) and the mandatory
830:Charles Evans Hughes
746:against the states (
736:Fourteenth Amendment
408:separation of powers
359:opinion of the court
25312:Health care finance
24805:Rail transportation
24571:Imperial presidency
24293:State constitutions
24238:List of legislators
24188:Auditor/Comptroller
24161:Lieutenant governor
23887:Library of Congress
23778:Diplomatic Security
23421:Indian reservations
23084:American Revolution
22692:International Trade
22319:Convening authority
21724:Trinidad and Tobago
21569:Antigua and Barbuda
20196:William Howard Taft
19921:Supreme Court leaks
19387:In-chambers opinion
18333:. Opinion section.
18301:The Washington Post
18231:"Meet the Supremes"
18124:on December 4, 2010
18046:The Washington Post
17901:. New York Packet.
17866:. New York Packet.
17856:Hamilton, Alexander
17791:Independent Journal
17752:"Federalist No. 28"
17638:Gersen, Jeannie Suk
16937:on October 23, 2008
16687:Gersen, Jeannie Suk
16174:The Washington Post
15637:The Washington Post
15153:. New York: Crown.
14976:2024SciA...10K9590L
14715:William E. Nelson;
14433:The Washington Post
12719:"Calendar Info/Key"
12696:on February 3, 2014
12609:on October 30, 2009
12375:David N. Atkinson,
11830:"The Four Justices"
11673:The Washington Post
11596:Schumacher, Alvin.
10722:The Huffington Post
10614:Prakash, Saikrishna
10580:Hamilton, Alexander
10398:The Huffington Post
10295:. pp. 34, 35.
10113:The Huffington Post
9640:The Washington Post
9418:The Washington Post
8917:The Washington Post
8853:on October 14, 2010
8766:(3). Archived from
8585:on November 2, 2007
8545:on October 13, 2009
8509:on November 6, 2009
8351:The Washington Post
7873:The Washington Post
7626:The Washington Post
7566:The Washington Post
7101:U.S. Constitution,
6905:Chevron v. N.R.D.C.
6861:Eisenstadt v. Baird
6770:Japanese internment
6737:Lochner v. New York
6461:separate sovereigns
6151:improve the article
6073:, law professor at
5981:detainees, arguing
5925:(1896) that upheld
5890:improve the article
5725:wrote an op-ed for
5588:becomes entrenched
5422:Frederick M. Vinson
5405:or a member of the
5306:Goldwater v. Carter
5216:Minor v. Happersett
5209:Sixteenth Amendment
5176:Chisholm v. Georgia
5089:checks and balances
4911:The Telephone Cases
4899:Vignera v. New York
4565:the facts of a case
4551:state supreme court
4266:in-chambers opinion
4241:DeFunis v. Odegaard
4215:per curiam decision
4161:certified questions
4003:Living Constitution
3922:Freedom of assembly
3907:Freedom of religion
3706:Library of Congress
3658:order of precedence
3492:Compensation Clause
3239:
3164:Ruth Bader Ginsburg
3010:Sandra Day O'Connor
2820:Position or office
2695:justices (Justices
2187:Trenton, New Jersey
1975:
1815:Midnight Judges Act
1699:impeachment process
1599:Recess appointments
1535:Ruth Bader Ginsburg
1429:Appointments Clause
1419:to be chief justice
1316:Gonzales v. Carhart
1237:Clinton v. New York
1123:Sandra Day O'Connor
1103:Ruth Bader Ginsburg
866:Willis Van Devanter
838:Benjamin N. Cardozo
714:Lochner v. New York
566:Chisholm v. Georgia
402:in Washington, D.C.
366:writs of certiorari
280:U.S. constitutional
197:Number of positions
149:38.89056; -77.00444
140: /
76:38.89056; -77.00444
67: /
25422:affirmative action
25395:Capital punishment
25354:Poverty and health
25349:Physician shortage
25322:Health care prices
25252:Standard of living
24935:standard of living
24742:Financial position
24369:Hawaiian home land
24357:Indian reservation
24330:Tribal sovereignty
24173:Secretary of state
24042:United States Code
23958:Territorial courts
23930:Associate Justices
23815:Inspector generals
23302:War in Afghanistan
23165:Reconstruction era
23032:Stamp Act Congress
22788:Child sexual abuse
22778:Administrative law
22622:United States Code
22584:Constitutional law
22193:Philippine Islands
21634:Dominican Republic
21014:
20350:Associate justices
20334:
19683:Statutes affecting
19625:Associate justices
19419:Associate justices
19313:Court demographics
19073:Tribe, Laurence H.
18964:, Charles (1924).
18879:Harvard Law Review
18510:PublicMind.fdu.edu
18335:The New York Times
18235:The New York Times
18081:The New York Times
17938:The New York Times
17678:The New York Times
17388:The New York Times
17222:www.britannica.com
16886:(April 24, 2005).
16634:The New York Times
16320:The New York Times
16052:The New York Times
15819:The New York Times
15668:The New York Times
15598:The New York Times
15383:Stone, Geoffrey R.
15061:The New York Times
14826:(March 26, 2012).
14824:Stone, Geoffrey R.
14800:The New York Times
14689:The New York Times
14203:on March 23, 2013.
14197:Melbourne, Florida
14160:Volume LXXI, No. 2
14125:lib.guides.umd.edu
14095:law.georgetown.edu
13871:Tushnet, Mark, ed.
13656:The New York Times
13618:The New York Times
13184:Cardozo Law Review
13080:Stetson Law Review
12775:The New York Times
12768:(March 21, 2016).
12666:on August 21, 2016
12505:10.1353/dem.0.0100
12406:The New York Times
12089:The New York Times
11960:"Bias and Judging"
11738:The New York Times
11190:. April 15, 2021.
10983:Mintz, S. (2007).
10467:The New York Times
10432:The New York Times
10014:The Federal Lawyer
9912:The New York Times
9783:The Law Dictionary
9715:The New York Times
9676:The New York Times
9573:The New York Times
9494:The New York Times
9456:The New York Times
9267:on August 22, 2009
9189:The New York Times
9151:The New York Times
9143:Amar, Vikram David
9113:The New York Times
9079:The New York Times
9044:The New York Times
9009:The New York Times
8976:. April 19, 2008.
8881:The New York Times
8719:The New York Times
8620:on August 20, 2009
8466:The New York Times
8432:The New York Times
8306:(March 29, 2005).
7988:The New York Times
7982:(April 10, 1996).
7869:"The Supreme Quiz"
7834:The New York Times
7739:The New York Times
7680:Marbury v. Madison
7423:Georgia Law Review
7362:"Building History"
7107:Eleventh Amendment
7020:affirmative action
6987:McGirt v. Oklahoma
6938:(2008, gun rights)
6837:Loving v. Virginia
6829:Miranda v. Arizona
6757:Wickard v. Filburn
6729:Plessy v. Ferguson
6721:Civil Rights Cases
6689:Marbury v. Madison
6583:, argues that the
6453:More recently, in
6415:federal government
6394:Alexander Hamilton
6193:Due Process Clause
6066:Loving v. Virginia
6000:
5970:Boumediene v. Bush
5950:Reconstruction era
5939:Civil Rights Cases
5932:separate but equal
5922:Plessy v. Ferguson
5650:Federalist Society
5517:Laurence Silberman
5391:William O. Douglas
5318:Steel Seizure Case
5240:Oregon v. Mitchell
5181:Eleventh Amendment
5084:Marbury v. Madison
5075:Alexander Hamilton
5059:
5054:Marbury v. Madison
4890:Miranda v. Arizona
4878:Parents v. Seattle
4789:Published opinions
4700:
4620:Kansas v. Colorado
4555:Miranda v. Arizona
4227:Cohens v. Virginia
4203:declined to grant
4023:Judicial restraint
3982:Right to candidacy
3869:Legislative branch
3765:Constitutional law
3692:
3684:Old Senate Chamber
3650:
3356:September 17, 1939
3237:
3156:
3124:Martin-Quinn score
3096:(now in Austria).
2986:
2958:Vice Chair of the
2681:Court demographics
2617:September 14, 1970
2115:Pin Point, Georgia
2076:September 29, 2005
1999:length of service
1973:
1887:court-packing plan
1715:William O. Douglas
1687:
1670:Alexander Hamilton
1636:pro-forma sessions
1539:
1462:Harlan Fiske Stone
1437:advice and consent
1421:
1285:federal preemption
1159:affirmative action
1138:
1058:Miranda v. Arizona
955:Steel Seizure Case
903:Wickard v. Filburn
896:(most prominently
870:
814:
749:Gitlow v. New York
693:Reconstruction era
689:American Civil War
641:From Taney to Taft
591:Marbury v. Madison
571:Eleventh Amendment
547:
478:Robert H. Harrison
416:national judiciary
404:
388:
351:advice and consent
327:associate justices
272:U.S. federal court
266:. It has ultimate
243:September 29, 2005
160:Composition method
90:March 4, 1789
25603:
25602:
25597:
25596:
25557:
25556:
25553:
25552:
25523:National security
25232:Income inequality
25112:Statue of Liberty
24915:income inequality
24828:
24827:
24820:Trucking industry
24632:
24631:
24628:
24627:
24559:Foreign relations
24547:Electoral College
24528:
24527:
24316:
24315:
24268:District attorney
24115:
24114:
23942:Courts of appeals
23665:
23664:
23378:
23377:
23319:COVID-19 pandemic
23272:Feminist Movement
23118:American frontier
23037:Thirteen Colonies
22898:
22897:
22723:
22722:
22678:
22542:
22541:
22538:
22537:
22426:
22425:
22218:
22217:
22188:Panama Canal Zone
21792:
21791:
21506:
21505:
21321:T. Roosevelt
21023:
21022:
21019:
21018:
20339:
20338:
20292:William Rehnquist
19992:
19991:
19611:Lists of justices
19454:Amy Coney Barrett
19236:978-0-385-51640-2
19195:978-0-307-39071-4
19178:978-0-8047-8472-6
19161:978-0-8050-9909-6
19065:978-0-06-305278-9
19038:978-1-6680-0606-1
19019:978-1-5416-0263-2
18993:978-0-7432-7402-9
18914:The Supreme Court
18871:978-0-19-530917-1
18852:978-0-19-505835-2
18811:(2013 ed.) (PDF).
18791:
18790:
18595:Christopher Moore
18512:. March 9, 2010.
18370:Los Angeles Times
18116:(July 19, 2005).
17975:Los Angeles Times
17590:978-1-316-61803-5
17561:978-1-107-05565-0
17532:978-1-316-61803-5
17492:978-0-7432-7402-9
17465:978-1-6680-0606-1
17077:(June 28, 2022).
16990:Los Angeles Times
16931:Los Angeles Times
16254:(June 26, 2024).
16198:. July 29, 2024.
15592:(June 22, 2016).
15326:978-0-06-287936-3
15160:978-0-593-44307-1
15128:978-0-06-287936-3
14932:(June 10, 2024).
14644:978-0-684-80843-7
14605:978-0-8147-9404-3
14566:978-0-8047-5382-1
14508:978-0-19-505835-2
14368:978-0-19-505835-2
14287:978-0-19-530917-1
13894:Kessler, Robert.
13883:978-0-8070-0036-6
13728:Politico Magazine
13144:Gutman, Jeffrey.
12923:Linder, Douglas.
12452:978-0-7914-5651-4
12397:Greenhouse, Linda
12377:Leaving the Bench
11781:978-0-393-93218-8
11648:on March 20, 2017
11582:978-0-521-78971-4
11396:"Current Members"
11341:Los Angeles Times
11335:(April 4, 2019).
11312:Los Angeles Times
11289:978-0-06-287936-3
11222:. April 2, 2022.
10779:. July 10, 2024.
10582:(June 14, 1788).
10569:2015 35: 627β663.
10494:Levinson, Sanford
10458:Kakutani, Michiko
10424:Greenhouse, Linda
10255:on April 17, 2020
10210:Evans v. Stephens
10195:978-0-19-505835-2
9871:The Seattle Times
9746:McGinnis, John O.
9708:(June 26, 2008).
9706:Greenhouse, Linda
9566:(July 14, 2009).
9488:(July 24, 2010).
9448:Greenhouse, Linda
9291:"Against the Law"
9183:(April 1, 1999).
9181:Greenhouse, Linda
9145:(July 27, 2005).
8919:. June 29, 1972.
8656:on April 23, 2008
8449:federal action...
8273:978-0-88738-671-8
8197:978-0-253-35159-3
8107:978-0-14-303738-5
7980:Greenhouse, Linda
7889:According to the
7879:on April 29, 2011
7620:Packing the Court
7347:978-0-61599-283-9
7032:Chevron deference
7030:(2024, overruled
6927:Lawrence v. Texas
6884:(1973, obscenity)
6845:Lemon v. Kurtzman
6765:Korematsu v. U.S.
6740:(1905, labor law)
6512:A 2007 review of
6384:Federalism debate
6340:which overturned
6332:Amy Coney Barrett
6242:. More recently,
6176:judicial activism
6172:
6171:
6118:Judicial activism
6108:'s commentary in
6043:Lawrence v. Texas
5977:of the rights of
5961:exclusionary rule
5911:
5910:
5857:Individual rights
5833:white nationalist
5663:Amy Coney Barrett
5634:electoral college
5590:single-party rule
5538:J. Michael Luttig
5493:David B. Sentelle
5446:Thurgood Marshall
5438:Robert H. Jackson
5434:William Rehnquist
5426:John Paul Stevens
5399:Felix Frankfurter
5357:bench memorandums
5278:ex parte McCardle
5109:democratic ideals
5071:Federalist No. 78
5025:Supreme Court bar
4940:(simply known as
4843:is issued by the
4827:
4826:
4492:
4491:
4439:Justice Kavanaugh
4415:Justice Kavanaugh
4367:Justice Sotomayor
4236:advisory opinions
4130:writs of mandamus
4099:contempt of court
4079:
4078:
3927:Right to petition
3912:Freedom of speech
3899:Individual rights
3853:Tiers of scrutiny
3828:Individual rights
3634:Amy Coney Barrett
3606:
3605:
3598:
3580:
3467:
3466:
3328:February 18, 1988
3160:Amy Coney Barrett
3120:SegalβCover score
3107:Judicial leanings
3086:Felix Frankfurter
3078:George Sutherland
3016:became the first
3008:justice in 1967.
3004:became the first
3002:Thurgood Marshall
2978:
2977:
2940:Amy Coney Barrett
2802:Amy Coney Barrett
2707:justice (Justice
2660:
2659:
2535:Amy Coney Barrett
2471:February 12, 1965
2043:Buffalo, New York
1911:Amy Coney Barrett
1793:Size of the court
1779:size of the court
1752:William Rehnquist
1609:Recess appointees
1559:Neil Gorsuch, an
1552:Dwight Eisenhower
1507:'s nomination of
1493:Lyndon B. Johnson
1337:same-sex marriage
1227:Lawrence v. Texas
1180:Furman v. Georgia
1115:John Paul Stevens
1039:exclusionary rule
986:Bolling v. Sharpe
942:). Nevertheless,
862:George Sutherland
506:Independence Hall
462:George Washington
248:
247:
187:Judge term length
181:U.S. Constitution
16:(Redirected from
25802:
25765:
25757:
25756:
25755:
25748:
25740:
25739:
25738:
25731:
25723:
25722:
25721:
25714:
25706:
25705:
25704:
25697:
25689:
25688:
25687:
25680:
25672:
25671:
25670:
25660:
25644:
25643:
25642:
25632:
25631:
25620:
25619:
25611:
25577:
25570:
25457:African American
25339:Health insurance
25227:Household income
25097:National symbols
25028:American English
25001:Federal holidays
24910:household income
24843:
24842:
24839:
24838:
24643:
24642:
24581:Anti-Americanism
24505:Special district
24432:Independent city
24401:County executive
24384:
24383:
24178:Attorney general
24137:
24136:
24126:Federal District
23709:Executive Office
23689:
23688:
23680:
23679:
23676:
23675:
23436:populated places
23416:federal enclaves
23411:federal district
23389:
23388:
23252:American Century
23235:Great Depression
23230:Roaring Twenties
23190:Women's suffrage
23069:Halifax Resolves
23062:Founding Fathers
23057:military history
23022:Pre-colonial era
22946:
22945:
22925:
22918:
22911:
22902:
22901:
22798:Conflict of laws
22672:
22648:
22647:
22634:
22569:
22562:
22555:
22546:
22545:
22456:
22455:
22334:
22333:
22299:
22298:
22261:Military justice
22245:
22238:
22231:
22222:
22221:
21819:
21812:
21805:
21796:
21795:
21751:
21546:
21539:
21532:
21523:
21522:
21510:
21509:
21311:
21303:B. Harrison
21298:
21181:All presidential
21050:
21043:
21036:
21027:
21026:
21002:
20902:
20756:
20694:
20650:
20366:
20345:
20344:
20276:Warren E. Burger
20084:Oliver Ellsworth
20035:
20034:
20025:Justices of the
20019:
20012:
20005:
19996:
19995:
19982:
19981:
19970:
19969:
19968:
19958:
19957:
19934:Lawyers' Edition
19469:Retired justices
19335:
19334:
19287:
19280:
19273:
19264:
19263:
19240:
19219:978-168217-180-6
19199:
19165:
19146:
19128:
19110:
19069:
19050:
19023:
18979:Armstrong, Scott
18958:
18956:
18954:
18949:
18893:, Peter (1999).
18875:
18856:
18786:
18783:
18777:
18765:
18764:
18757:
18747:
18746:
18744:
18742:
18732:
18726:
18725:
18714:
18708:
18707:
18696:
18690:
18689:
18686:Voice of America
18678:
18672:
18671:
18669:
18667:
18644:
18633:
18632:
18625:
18619:
18618:
18616:
18614:
18591:
18585:
18584:
18582:
18580:
18565:
18559:
18558:
18556:
18554:
18532:
18526:
18525:
18523:
18521:
18502:
18496:
18495:
18493:
18491:
18477:The New Republic
18468:
18462:
18461:
18459:
18457:
18442:
18436:
18435:
18433:
18431:
18416:
18410:
18409:
18407:
18405:
18387:
18381:
18380:
18378:
18376:
18361:
18355:
18354:
18348:
18346:
18337:. Archived from
18326:
18320:
18319:
18314:
18312:
18303:. Archived from
18292:
18286:
18285:
18283:
18281:
18261:
18255:
18254:
18248:
18246:
18227:Margolick, David
18223:
18214:
18213:
18211:
18209:
18189:
18183:
18182:
18180:
18178:
18159:
18153:
18152:
18140:
18134:
18133:
18131:
18129:
18110:
18104:
18103:
18094:
18092:
18072:
18066:
18065:
18059:
18057:
18037:
18031:
18030:
18028:
18026:
18004:
17995:
17994:
17988:
17986:
17966:
17960:
17959:
17953:
17951:
17925:
17919:
17918:
17912:
17910:
17890:
17884:
17883:
17877:
17875:
17852:
17846:
17845:
17839:
17837:
17817:
17811:
17810:
17804:
17802:
17778:
17772:
17771:
17765:
17763:
17744:
17738:
17737:
17732:
17724:
17718:
17717:
17715:
17713:
17696:
17690:
17689:
17687:
17685:
17671:(July 2, 2022).
17665:
17659:
17658:
17656:
17654:
17640:(July 3, 2022).
17634:
17628:
17627:
17625:
17623:
17601:
17595:
17594:
17576:
17570:
17569:
17547:
17541:
17540:
17518:
17512:
17511:
17506:
17504:
17476:
17470:
17469:
17452:Waldman, Michael
17448:
17442:
17441:
17435:
17433:
17428:on March 2, 2024
17424:. Archived from
17411:
17405:
17404:
17402:
17400:
17381:(May 29, 1998).
17375:
17369:
17368:
17366:
17364:
17340:
17334:
17333:
17328:
17326:
17317:. Townhall.com.
17310:
17304:
17303:
17301:
17299:
17284:
17278:
17270:See for example
17268:
17262:
17261:
17256:
17254:
17239:
17233:
17232:
17230:
17228:
17214:
17208:
17207:
17205:
17203:
17197:Texas Law Review
17188:
17182:
17181:
17179:
17177:
17162:
17156:
17155:
17153:
17151:
17128:
17122:
17121:
17119:
17117:
17105:Scully, Conrad.
17102:
17096:
17095:
17093:
17091:
17071:
17065:
17064:
17062:
17060:
17045:
17039:
17038:
17036:
17034:
17019:
17010:
17009:
17003:
17001:
16981:
16975:
16974:
16972:
16970:
16956:
16950:
16949:
16944:
16942:
16933:. Archived from
16922:
16913:
16912:
16907:
16905:
16880:
16874:
16873:
16871:
16869:
16846:
16840:
16839:
16837:
16835:
16787:
16781:
16780:
16778:
16776:
16757:
16748:
16747:
16745:
16743:
16720:
16714:
16713:
16711:
16709:
16683:
16677:
16676:
16674:
16672:
16657:
16651:
16650:
16648:
16646:
16621:
16615:
16614:
16612:
16610:
16590:
16584:
16583:
16581:
16579:
16561:
16555:
16554:
16552:
16550:
16522:
16516:
16515:
16513:
16511:
16489:
16483:
16482:
16480:
16478:
16463:
16457:
16456:
16454:
16452:
16432:
16423:
16422:
16420:
16418:
16404:The New Republic
16395:
16389:
16388:
16376:
16370:
16369:
16367:
16365:
16345:
16339:
16338:
16336:
16334:
16311:
16305:
16304:
16302:
16300:
16277:
16271:
16270:
16268:
16266:
16248:
16242:
16241:
16228:
16222:
16221:
16220:. July 29, 2024.
16210:
16204:
16203:
16188:
16182:
16181:
16165:
16159:
16158:
16151:
16145:
16144:
16143:. July 26, 2024.
16137:
16131:
16130:
16128:
16126:
16112:The New Republic
16103:
16097:
16096:
16082:
16076:
16075:
16067:
16061:
16060:
16042:
16036:
16035:
16033:
16031:
16008:
16002:
16001:
15999:
15997:
15982:
15976:
15975:
15969:
15961:
15959:
15957:
15942:
15933:
15932:
15930:
15928:
15905:
15899:
15898:
15896:
15894:
15882:(May 29, 2024).
15876:
15870:
15869:
15867:
15865:
15842:
15836:
15835:
15833:
15831:
15812:(May 29, 2024).
15806:
15800:
15799:
15797:
15795:
15786:Kaplan, Joshua.
15783:
15777:
15776:
15774:
15772:
15752:
15746:
15745:
15743:
15741:
15721:
15715:
15714:
15712:
15710:
15690:
15684:
15683:
15681:
15679:
15659:
15653:
15652:
15650:
15648:
15628:
15622:
15621:
15619:
15617:
15586:
15580:
15579:
15577:
15575:
15555:
15549:
15548:
15546:
15544:
15524:
15518:
15517:
15515:
15513:
15486:
15480:
15479:
15477:
15475:
15460:
15454:
15453:
15451:
15449:
15437:Trickey, Erick.
15434:
15428:
15427:
15425:
15423:
15408:
15402:
15401:
15399:
15397:
15379:
15373:
15372:
15370:
15368:
15354:The New Republic
15345:
15339:
15338:
15312:
15306:
15305:
15303:
15301:
15286:
15280:
15279:
15274:
15272:
15260:
15254:
15253:
15251:
15249:
15234:
15228:
15227:
15225:
15223:
15200:
15194:
15193:
15191:
15189:
15171:
15165:
15164:
15143:Levitsky, Steven
15139:
15133:
15132:
15114:
15105:
15104:
15102:
15100:
15084:
15078:
15077:
15075:
15073:
15048:
15042:
15041:
15039:
15037:
15022:
15016:
15015:
15005:
14987:
14970:(10): eadk9590.
14964:Science Advances
14955:
14949:
14948:
14946:
14944:
14926:
14917:
14916:
14914:
14912:
14897:
14891:
14890:
14888:
14886:
14874:(May 23, 2024).
14868:
14862:
14861:
14859:
14857:
14851:
14836:
14820:
14811:
14810:
14808:
14806:
14788:
14779:
14778:
14772:
14770:
14753:
14747:
14746:
14744:
14742:
14737:on July 27, 2010
14736:
14725:
14712:
14706:
14705:
14703:
14701:
14685:
14674:
14661:
14660:
14658:
14656:
14628:
14622:
14621:
14619:
14617:
14589:
14583:
14582:
14580:
14578:
14550:
14535:
14534:
14532:
14530:
14519:
14513:
14512:
14484:
14478:
14477:
14475:
14473:
14464:
14455:
14449:
14448:
14446:
14444:
14425:
14419:
14418:
14413:
14411:
14395:
14389:
14379:
14373:
14372:
14344:
14338:
14337:
14335:
14333:
14319:The New Republic
14310:
14304:
14303:
14301:
14299:
14271:
14260:
14259:
14258:
14256:
14237:
14231:
14230:
14228:
14226:
14211:
14205:
14204:
14182:
14176:
14175:
14173:
14171:
14151:
14145:
14144:
14142:
14140:
14117:
14111:
14110:
14108:
14106:
14087:
14081:
14080:
14078:
14076:
14071:on April 6, 2017
14061:
14055:
14054:
14052:
14050:
14044:
14029:
14021:
14015:
14014:
14012:
14010:
13995:
13989:
13988:
13980:
13974:
13965:
13959:
13950:
13944:
13943:
13941:
13939:
13924:
13918:
13917:
13915:
13913:
13891:
13885:
13864:
13858:
13857:
13855:
13853:
13838:
13832:
13831:
13829:
13827:
13807:
13805:
13803:
13770:
13764:
13763:
13761:
13759:
13745:Gabrielson, Ryan
13741:
13732:
13731:
13719:
13706:
13705:
13679:
13673:
13672:
13670:
13668:
13652:
13641:
13635:
13634:
13632:
13630:
13614:
13603:
13597:
13596:
13594:
13592:
13572:
13566:
13565:
13563:
13561:
13539:
13533:
13532:
13530:
13528:
13504:Yale Law Journal
13494:
13488:
13459:
13453:
13452:
13450:
13448:
13442:
13417:
13408:
13402:
13393:
13387:
13374:
13368:
13359:
13350:
13349:
13347:
13345:
13339:
13328:
13320:
13314:
13312:
13302:
13296:
13282:
13273:
13248:
13242:
13217:
13211:
13210:
13204:
13202:
13196:
13190:. Archived from
13181:
13172:
13166:
13165:
13163:
13161:
13141:
13135:
13134:
13132:
13130:
13110:
13104:
13103:
13101:
13099:
13093:
13076:
13067:
13061:
13052:
13043:
13034:
13028:
13019:
13013:
13004:
12998:
12989:
12983:
12982:
12980:
12978:
12963:Maine Law Review
12951:
12945:
12944:
12942:
12940:
12920:
12914:
12913:
12908:
12906:
12882:
12873:
12872:
12866:
12864:
12840:
12829:
12823:
12815:
12809:
12808:
12798:
12792:
12791:
12789:
12787:
12762:
12756:
12755:
12745:
12739:
12738:
12736:
12734:
12723:SupremeCourt.gov
12715:
12706:
12705:
12703:
12701:
12682:
12676:
12675:
12673:
12671:
12656:
12650:
12649:
12647:
12645:
12630:
12619:
12618:
12616:
12614:
12603:"Plan Your Trip"
12599:
12584:
12564:See for example
12562:
12556:
12555:
12553:
12551:
12537:
12531:
12530:
12516:
12482:
12476:
12475:
12469:
12467:
12461:
12444:
12433:
12427:
12426:
12420:
12418:
12393:
12387:
12373:
12367:
12366:
12360:
12358:
12343:
12337:
12336:
12323:(July 6, 2024).
12317:
12311:
12310:
12308:
12306:
12286:
12280:
12279:
12277:
12275:
12255:
12249:
12248:
12246:
12244:
12224:
12218:
12217:
12215:
12213:
12193:
12187:
12186:
12180:
12178:
12156:
12150:
12149:
12143:
12141:
12119:
12113:
12112:
12110:
12108:
12077:
12071:
12070:
12058:
12047:
12041:
12040:
12038:
12036:
12001:
11990:
11989:
11979:
11955:
11949:
11948:
11938:
11914:
11908:
11907:
11905:
11903:
11887:
11881:
11880:
11878:
11876:
11856:
11850:
11849:
11847:
11845:
11826:
11817:
11816:
11814:
11812:
11792:
11786:
11785:
11761:
11755:
11754:
11752:
11750:
11724:
11718:
11704:
11698:
11697:
11695:
11693:
11664:
11658:
11657:
11655:
11653:
11638:
11623:
11622:
11617:
11615:
11598:"Roger B. Taney"
11593:
11587:
11586:
11570:
11560:
11554:
11553:
11547:
11539:
11537:
11535:
11524:
11518:
11517:
11511:
11509:
11488:
11482:
11481:
11479:
11477:
11472:on July 30, 2017
11455:
11449:
11448:
11446:
11444:
11435:. Archived from
11422:
11416:
11415:
11413:
11411:
11392:
11383:
11382:
11380:
11378:
11358:
11352:
11351:
11349:
11347:
11333:Turley, Jonathan
11329:
11323:
11322:
11320:
11318:
11304:Turley, Jonathan
11300:
11294:
11293:
11275:
11269:
11268:
11266:
11264:
11242:
11236:
11235:
11233:
11231:
11210:
11204:
11203:
11201:
11199:
11178:
11172:
11171:
11169:
11167:
11155:(July 5, 2022).
11149:
11143:
11142:
11140:
11138:
11120:
11114:
11113:
11111:
11109:
11094:
11088:
11087:
11085:
11083:
11068:
11062:
11061:
11059:
11057:
11042:
11036:
11035:
11033:
11031:
11011:
11005:
11004:
11002:
11000:
10980:
10974:
10964:
10958:
10957:
10955:
10953:
10938:
10932:
10931:
10929:
10927:
10921:
10914:
10906:
10900:
10881:
10875:
10874:
10838:
10832:
10831:
10829:
10827:
10799:
10793:
10792:
10790:
10788:
10773:
10764:
10763:
10761:
10759:
10744:
10738:
10737:
10735:
10733:
10713:
10707:
10706:
10704:
10702:
10683:
10677:
10676:
10674:
10672:
10656:
10650:
10649:
10630:10.2307/20455716
10610:
10604:
10603:
10597:
10595:
10576:
10570:
10563:
10557:
10556:, 2006), p. 415.
10543:
10537:
10536:, 2006), p. 291.
10526:
10520:
10519:
10517:
10515:
10490:
10484:
10483:
10481:
10479:
10460:(July 6, 2009).
10454:
10448:
10447:
10445:
10443:
10420:
10414:
10413:
10411:
10409:
10386:
10375:
10374:
10372:
10370:
10350:
10344:
10343:
10341:
10339:
10320:
10314:
10311:
10309:
10307:
10301:
10294:
10286:
10280:
10277:
10271:
10270:
10262:
10260:
10254:
10243:
10234:
10225:
10206:
10200:
10199:
10173:
10167:
10166:
10164:
10162:
10156:
10145:
10136:
10130:
10129:
10127:
10125:
10104:
10098:
10097:
10095:
10093:
10080:Balkin, Jack M.
10077:
10071:
10070:
10068:
10066:
10047:
10041:
10040:
10038:
10036:
10030:
10011:
10002:
9996:
9995:
9993:
9991:
9971:
9965:
9955:
9949:
9938:
9932:
9931:
9926:
9924:
9902:
9896:
9895:
9885:
9883:
9861:
9855:
9854:
9852:
9850:
9835:
9829:
9828:
9826:
9824:
9805:
9799:
9798:
9796:
9794:
9775:
9769:
9768:
9766:
9764:
9742:
9736:
9735:
9729:
9727:
9702:
9696:
9695:
9690:
9688:
9666:
9660:
9659:
9653:
9651:
9631:
9625:
9624:
9622:
9620:
9599:
9593:
9592:
9587:
9585:
9560:
9554:
9553:
9547:
9545:
9520:
9514:
9513:
9507:
9505:
9482:
9476:
9475:
9469:
9467:
9450:(July 1, 2007).
9444:
9438:
9437:
9431:
9429:
9409:
9403:
9402:
9400:
9398:
9383:
9377:
9376:
9374:
9372:
9357:
9351:
9350:
9344:
9342:
9333:. Archived from
9317:
9311:
9310:
9305:
9303:
9286:
9280:
9279:
9274:
9272:
9263:. Archived from
9252:
9246:
9245:
9239:
9237:
9232:on June 29, 2008
9228:. Archived from
9215:
9209:
9208:
9202:
9200:
9177:
9171:
9170:
9164:
9162:
9139:
9133:
9132:
9126:
9124:
9104:
9098:
9097:
9092:
9090:
9070:
9064:
9063:
9057:
9055:
9035:
9029:
9028:
9022:
9020:
9000:
8994:
8993:
8987:
8985:
8966:
8960:
8942:
8936:
8935:
8930:
8928:
8909:
8900:
8899:
8894:
8892:
8873:
8867:
8866:
8860:
8858:
8837:
8831:
8830:
8824:
8822:
8802:
8796:
8789:
8783:
8782:
8780:
8778:
8773:on June 21, 2017
8772:
8757:
8751:(October 2008).
8749:Graglia, Lino A.
8745:
8739:
8738:
8732:
8730:
8711:
8705:
8704:
8698:
8696:
8675:
8669:
8668:
8663:
8661:
8640:
8634:
8633:
8627:
8625:
8616:. Archived from
8605:
8599:
8598:
8592:
8590:
8581:. Archived from
8565:
8559:
8558:
8552:
8550:
8529:
8523:
8522:
8516:
8514:
8495:
8489:
8488:
8483:
8481:
8458:
8452:
8451:
8445:
8443:
8420:
8414:
8413:
8407:
8405:
8383:
8377:
8376:
8367:
8365:
8359:
8348:
8339:
8333:
8332:
8327:
8325:
8300:
8294:
8293:
8287:
8285:
8257:
8251:
8250:
8244:
8242:
8223:
8217:
8216:
8211:
8209:
8181:
8175:
8174:
8169:
8167:
8152:
8146:
8145:
8139:
8137:
8122:
8116:
8115:
8087:
8081:
8080:
8074:
8072:
8057:
8051:
8050:
8045:
8043:
8014:
8008:
8007:
8001:
7999:
7976:
7970:
7969:
7963:
7961:
7952:. Archived from
7939:
7933:
7932:
7926:
7924:
7902:
7896:
7895:
7886:
7884:
7865:
7856:
7855:
7850:
7848:
7842:
7831:
7823:
7814:
7813:
7807:
7805:
7796:. Archived from
7776:Stevens, John P.
7768:
7762:
7761:
7755:
7753:
7747:
7736:
7728:
7722:
7721:
7716:
7714:
7691:
7685:
7684:
7675:
7673:
7652:
7646:
7645:
7639:
7637:
7623:
7618:(book review of
7613:(July 5, 2009).
7607:
7601:
7592:
7586:
7585:
7580:
7578:
7553:
7547:
7546:
7544:
7542:
7509:(8): 1663β1750.
7503:Yale Law Journal
7495:Manning, John F.
7491:
7485:
7484:
7479:
7477:
7451:
7445:
7438:
7432:
7431:
7417:
7411:
7410:
7408:
7406:
7400:
7393:
7384:
7378:
7377:
7375:
7373:
7358:
7352:
7351:
7333:
7327:
7326:
7324:
7322:
7298:
7292:
7291:
7289:
7287:
7272:
7263:
7262:
7260:
7258:
7243:
7232:
7231:
7229:
7227:
7201:
7195:
7194:
7192:
7190:
7166:
7160:
7157:
7151:
7150:
7148:
7146:
7123:Turley, Jonathan
7119:
7110:
7099:
7093:
7092:
7090:
7088:
7061:
7010:(2022, firearms)
7002:(2022, abortion)
6897:Buckley v. Valeo
6705:Gibbons v. Ogden
6254:(1978) that the
6224:The decision in
6206:Dobbs v. Jackson
6167:
6164:
6158:
6130:
6129:
6122:
6111:Timbs v. Indiana
5906:
5903:
5897:
5869:
5868:
5861:
5820:
5814:
5810:
5789:
5783:
5780:Cite error: The
5596:Approval ratings
5575:Dobbs v. Jackson
5570:campaign finance
5501:Walter Stapleton
5473:Leonard I. Garth
5102:Thomas Jefferson
5067:Founding Fathers
4962:Lawyers' Edition
4952:is presented as
4944:), published by
4942:Lawyers' Edition
4822:
4819:
4813:
4801:
4800:
4793:
4666:Written evidence
4470:Eleventh Circuit
4326:
4325:
4313:Court of Appeals
4285:
4071:
4064:
4057:
3967:Equal protection
3952:Right to privacy
3891:Local government
3886:State government
3874:Executive branch
3777:
3761:
3760:
3751:
3746:
3742:
3734:
3730:
3620:, Chief Justice
3601:
3594:
3590:
3587:
3581:
3579:
3538:
3514:
3506:
3460:
3455:
3438:
3437:
3436:
3423:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3408:
3407:
3394:
3389:
3372:
3371:
3370:
3357:
3348:
3347:
3334:
3329:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3297:
3293:
3292:
3291:
3282:
3281:
3240:
3236:
3209:Retired justices
3054:William Paterson
3018:Italian-American
3006:African-American
2814:
2813:
2693:African American
2649:
2621:Washington, D.C.
2618:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2601:
2585:
2584:October 27, 2020
2563:
2562:
2561:
2544:
2543:January 28, 1972
2539:
2538:
2537:
2527:
2526:
2509:
2487:
2486:
2485:
2475:Washington, D.C.
2472:
2467:
2466:
2465:
2455:
2454:
2437:
2415:
2414:
2413:
2403:Denver, Colorado
2400:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2383:
2382:
2365:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2328:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2311:
2310:
2293:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2256:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2239:
2238:
2221:
2220:January 31, 2006
2199:
2198:
2197:
2184:
2179:
2178:
2177:
2167:
2166:
2149:
2148:October 23, 1991
2127:
2126:
2125:
2112:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2095:
2094:
2077:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2040:
2039:January 27, 1955
2035:
2034:
2033:
2021:
2020:
1991:
1976:
1972:
1961:Current justices
1891:Democratic Party
1880:
1876:
1860:Ulysses S. Grant
1828:ride the circuit
1771:Millard Fillmore
1750:to the death of
1668:, among others.
1654:Sanford Levinson
1577:Ulysses S. Grant
1573:Edwin M. Stanton
1387:Eighth Amendment
1377:Second Amendment
1259:
1220:), laws against
1186:Gregg v. Georgia
1170:Buckley v. Valeo
1146:
1007:right to privacy
1002:Reynolds v. Sims
613:Gibbons v. Ogden
596:balance of power
516:Early beginnings
450:nation's capital
429:Eventually, the
426:or revise laws.
400:Capitol Building
335:Washington, D.C.
274:cases, and over
217:
214:
166:nomination with
155:
154:
152:
151:
150:
145:
141:
138:
137:
136:
133:
114:Washington, D.C.
108:1 First Street,
100:
98:
93:
82:
81:
79:
78:
77:
72:
68:
65:
64:
63:
60:
44:
32:
31:
21:
25810:
25809:
25805:
25804:
25803:
25801:
25800:
25799:
25770:
25769:
25768:
25758:
25753:
25751:
25747:from Wikisource
25741:
25736:
25734:
25724:
25719:
25717:
25707:
25702:
25700:
25690:
25685:
25683:
25679:from Wiktionary
25673:
25668:
25666:
25663:
25659:sister projects
25656:at Knowledge's
25650:
25640:
25638:
25626:
25614:
25606:
25604:
25599:
25598:
25593:
25580:
25573:
25566:
25549:
25535:Opioid epidemic
25452:Native American
25432:intersex rights
25383:
25379:Life expectancy
25369:Medical deserts
25359:Race and health
25256:
25242:Personal income
25188:
25092:National anthem
24925:personal income
24890:Economic issues
24824:
24776:
24624:
24524:
24513:School district
24499:
24482:Minor divisions
24476:
24415:
24373:
24312:
24298:Statutory codes
24279:
24242:
24219:
24129:
24124:
24111:
24046:
24003:civil liberties
23984:
23975:Other tribunals
23954:District courts
23906:
23865:current members
23848:current members
23829:
23763:Law enforcement
23661:
23374:
23323:
23314:Great Recession
23185:Progressive Era
23175:Native genocide
23106:Perpetual Union
23094:Treaty of Paris
23052:United Colonies
23010:
22935:
22929:
22899:
22894:
22793:Civil procedure
22761:
22719:
22701:
22642:
22635:
22626:
22612:Act of Congress
22586:
22578:
22573:
22543:
22534:
22517:
22511:
22475:
22447:
22438:UCMJ Article 15
22422:
22406:
22390:
22369:
22353:
22323:
22300:
22296:
22291:
22270:
22252:
22249:
22219:
22214:
22197:
22176:
22132:
21849:
21829:
21823:
21793:
21788:
21766:Central America
21752:
21743:
21560:
21553:
21550:
21515:
21507:
21502:
21489:
21425:
21309:
21308:Cleveland
21296:
21295:Cleveland
21270:A. Johnson
21182:
21176:
21069:
21063:
21054:
21024:
21015:
21004:
21003:
20997:
20995:
20897:
20838:J. M. Harlan II
20751:
20689:
20645:
20361:
20352:
20335:
20324:
20323:
20228:Harlan F. Stone
20164:Melville Fuller
20132:Salmon P. Chase
20042:
20029:
20023:
19993:
19988:
19976:
19966:
19964:
19960:Other countries
19946:
19859:
19820:
19731:
19684:
19678:
19657:All nominations
19612:
19606:
19595:Rehnquist Court
19517:Ellsworth Court
19491:
19477:Anthony Kennedy
19463:
19449:Brett Kavanaugh
19434:Sonia Sotomayor
19424:Clarence Thomas
19398:Current members
19393:
19336:
19332:
19327:
19296:
19291:
19261:
19237:
19196:
19162:
19066:
19039:
19020:
19003:
19001:Further reading
18998:
18952:
18950:
18947:
18918:Alfred A. Knopf
18872:
18853:
18809:Wayback Machine
18787:
18781:
18778:
18775:
18766:
18762:
18755:
18750:
18740:
18738:
18734:
18733:
18729:
18716:
18715:
18711:
18698:
18697:
18693:
18680:
18679:
18675:
18665:
18663:
18645:
18636:
18626:
18622:
18612:
18610:
18592:
18588:
18578:
18576:
18566:
18562:
18552:
18550:
18533:
18529:
18519:
18517:
18504:
18503:
18499:
18489:
18487:
18469:
18465:
18455:
18453:
18443:
18439:
18429:
18427:
18417:
18413:
18403:
18401:
18388:
18384:
18374:
18372:
18362:
18358:
18344:
18342:
18341:on May 11, 2011
18327:
18323:
18310:
18308:
18307:on May 13, 2011
18293:
18289:
18279:
18277:
18262:
18258:
18244:
18242:
18224:
18217:
18207:
18205:
18190:
18186:
18176:
18174:
18161:
18160:
18156:
18141:
18137:
18127:
18125:
18111:
18107:
18090:
18088:
18073:
18069:
18055:
18053:
18038:
18034:
18024:
18022:
18005:
17998:
17984:
17982:
17967:
17963:
17949:
17947:
17929:Akhil Reed Amar
17926:
17922:
17908:
17906:
17891:
17887:
17873:
17871:
17853:
17849:
17835:
17833:
17818:
17814:
17800:
17798:
17779:
17775:
17761:
17759:
17745:
17741:
17725:
17721:
17711:
17709:
17697:
17693:
17683:
17681:
17666:
17662:
17652:
17650:
17635:
17631:
17621:
17619:
17602:
17598:
17591:
17577:
17573:
17562:
17548:
17544:
17533:
17519:
17515:
17502:
17500:
17493:
17477:
17473:
17466:
17449:
17445:
17431:
17429:
17412:
17408:
17398:
17396:
17376:
17372:
17362:
17360:
17341:
17337:
17324:
17322:
17311:
17307:
17297:
17295:
17285:
17281:
17269:
17265:
17252:
17250:
17249:on June 5, 2010
17241:
17240:
17236:
17226:
17224:
17216:
17215:
17211:
17201:
17199:
17189:
17185:
17175:
17173:
17163:
17159:
17149:
17147:
17129:
17125:
17115:
17113:
17103:
17099:
17089:
17087:
17072:
17068:
17058:
17056:
17046:
17042:
17032:
17030:
17029:. June 26, 2022
17021:
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16901:
16884:Safire, William
16881:
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16666:Washington Post
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16467:"DocumentCloud"
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16240:. July 2, 2024.
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15147:Ziblatt, Daniel
15140:
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15094:FiveThirtyEight
15085:
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14830:Citizens United
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14782:
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14717:Harvey Rishikof
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14516:
14509:
14489:Hall, Kermit L.
14485:
14481:
14471:
14469:
14462:
14456:
14452:
14442:
14440:
14429:"Nixon Resigns"
14427:
14426:
14422:
14409:
14407:
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14376:
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14349:Hall, Kermit L.
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13999:"Bound Volumes"
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13709:
13696:(3): 995β1032.
13680:
13676:
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13664:
13647:(May 1, 2017).
13642:
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13293:Wayback Machine
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12345:
12344:
12340:
12321:Totenberg, Nina
12318:
12314:
12304:
12302:
12287:
12283:
12273:
12271:
12256:
12252:
12242:
12240:
12233:FiveThirtyEight
12225:
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12194:
12190:
12176:
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12166:FiveThirtyEight
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11715:Wayback Machine
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11473:
11456:
11452:
11442:
11440:
11439:on May 22, 2017
11423:
11419:
11409:
11407:
11394:
11393:
11386:
11376:
11374:
11361:Cathey, Libby.
11359:
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11153:Totenberg, Nina
11150:
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10989:Digital History
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10564:
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10546:Richard Epstein
10544:
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9703:
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9667:
9663:
9649:
9647:
9632:
9628:
9618:
9616:
9601:
9600:
9596:
9583:
9581:
9564:Savage, Charlie
9561:
9557:
9543:
9541:
9524:Caplan, Lincoln
9521:
9517:
9503:
9501:
9483:
9479:
9465:
9463:
9445:
9441:
9427:
9425:
9410:
9406:
9396:
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9384:
9380:
9370:
9368:
9358:
9354:
9340:
9338:
9318:
9314:
9301:
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9287:
9283:
9270:
9268:
9253:
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9216:
9212:
9198:
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9174:
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9122:
9120:
9105:
9101:
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9071:
9067:
9053:
9051:
9036:
9032:
9018:
9016:
9001:
8997:
8983:
8981:
8968:
8967:
8963:
8943:
8939:
8926:
8924:
8911:
8910:
8903:
8890:
8888:
8875:
8874:
8870:
8856:
8854:
8839:
8838:
8834:
8820:
8818:
8803:
8799:
8791:Earl M. Maltz,
8790:
8786:
8776:
8774:
8770:
8755:
8746:
8742:
8728:
8726:
8713:
8712:
8708:
8694:
8692:
8691:on May 28, 2010
8677:
8676:
8672:
8659:
8657:
8642:
8641:
8637:
8623:
8621:
8606:
8602:
8588:
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8460:
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8439:
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8417:
8403:
8401:
8384:
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8363:
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8340:
8336:
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8301:
8297:
8283:
8281:
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8254:
8240:
8238:
8224:
8220:
8207:
8205:
8198:
8182:
8178:
8165:
8163:
8154:
8153:
8149:
8135:
8133:
8124:
8123:
8119:
8108:
8088:
8084:
8070:
8068:
8058:
8054:
8041:
8039:
8032:
8015:
8011:
7997:
7995:
7977:
7973:
7959:
7957:
7940:
7936:
7922:
7920:
7903:
7899:
7882:
7880:
7867:
7866:
7859:
7846:
7844:
7840:
7829:
7825:
7824:
7817:
7803:
7801:
7800:on May 25, 2010
7784:Breyer, Stephen
7769:
7765:
7751:
7749:
7745:
7734:
7730:
7729:
7725:
7712:
7710:
7692:
7688:
7671:
7669:
7654:
7653:
7649:
7635:
7633:
7617:
7608:
7604:
7593:
7589:
7576:
7574:
7554:
7550:
7540:
7538:
7515:10.2307/4135780
7492:
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7473:
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7452:
7448:
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7414:
7404:
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7385:
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7371:
7369:
7360:
7359:
7355:
7348:
7334:
7330:
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7318:
7299:
7295:
7285:
7283:
7274:
7273:
7266:
7256:
7254:
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7244:
7235:
7225:
7223:
7202:
7198:
7188:
7186:
7167:
7163:
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7154:
7144:
7142:
7120:
7113:
7100:
7096:
7086:
7084:
7062:
7058:
7054:
7049:
6785:Engel v. Vitale
6716:(1857, slavery)
6683:
6677:
6630:
6597:
6567:as part of the
6541:
6526:
6499:
6489:
6469:
6429:Robert B. Reich
6419:Commerce Clause
6386:
6361:Carson v. Makin
6328:Brett Kavanaugh
6303:Michael Waldman
6300:
6264:
6256:First Amendment
6240:Barry Goldwater
6168:
6162:
6159:
6148:
6131:
6127:
6120:
6094:Clarence Thomas
6020:Clarence Thomas
5959:criticized the
5907:
5901:
5898:
5887:
5870:
5866:
5859:
5845:Dahlia Lithwick
5812:
5808:
5781:
5767:
5765:Code of Conduct
5723:Akhil Reed Amar
5683:Clarence Thomas
5671:
5659:Mitch McConnell
5630:
5622:Main articles:
5620:
5598:
5566:lifetime tenure
5559:
5542:David J. Garrow
5529:
5450:Anthony Kennedy
5442:Arthur Goldberg
5339:
5333:
5195:(1865) and the
5165:Watergate tapes
5129:nonacquiescence
5125:
5063:judicial review
5045:
5036:
5027:
5009:
5005:
5001:
4997:
4993:
4989:
4985:
4981:
4976:
4970:
4932:Thomson Reuters
4930:(now a part of
4926:, published by
4823:
4817:
4814:
4811:
4802:
4798:
4791:
4723:
4689:
4668:
4512:
4507:
4501:
4482:Federal Circuit
4463:Justice Gorsuch
4427:Justice Barrett
4422:Seventh Circuit
4355:Justice Jackson
4318:Federal Circuit
4277:
4254:
4143:
4087:
4075:
3881:Judicial branch
3807:Judicial review
3766:
3759:
3749:
3744:
3740:
3732:
3728:
3676:
3670:
3642:Brett Kavanaugh
3618:Clarence Thomas
3614:Sonia Sotomayor
3602:
3591:
3585:
3582:
3539:
3537:
3527:
3515:
3504:
3484:
3478:
3472:
3439:
3432:
3431:
3424:
3422:August 15, 1938
3420:
3413:
3412:
3388:October 9, 1990
3373:
3366:
3365:
3358:
3354:
3313:
3306:
3305:
3298:
3294:
3289:Anthony Kennedy
3287:
3286:
3244:
3211:
3202:FiveThirtyEight
3115:
3109:
3094:Austria-Hungary
3084:, England; and
3082:Buckinghamshire
3026:Sonia Sotomayor
2969:
2963:
2926:Brett Kavanaugh
2888:
2879:Sonia Sotomayor
2868:
2849:
2840:Clarence Thomas
2794:Brett Kavanaugh
2724:Roman Catholics
2689:
2683:
2678:
2676:
2650:
2628:
2619:
2615:
2607:
2606:
2586:
2564:
2557:
2556:
2545:
2541:
2533:
2532:
2510:
2508:October 6, 2018
2488:
2481:
2480:
2473:
2469:
2463:Brett Kavanaugh
2461:
2460:
2438:
2416:
2409:
2408:
2401:
2399:August 29, 1967
2397:
2389:
2388:
2366:
2344:
2337:
2336:
2329:
2325:
2317:
2316:
2294:
2272:
2265:
2264:
2257:
2253:
2247:Sonia Sotomayor
2245:
2244:
2222:
2200:
2193:
2192:
2185:
2181:
2173:
2172:
2150:
2128:
2121:
2120:
2113:
2109:
2103:Clarence Thomas
2101:
2100:
2078:
2056:
2049:
2048:
2041:
2037:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2024:(Chief Justice)
1998:
1980:
1963:
1958:
1952:
1939:Jonathan Turley
1878:
1874:
1795:
1728:Clarence Thomas
1709:, in 1804. The
1666:Richard Epstein
1644:
1601:
1431:, empowers the
1427:, known as the
1406:
1400:
1395:
1359:First Amendment
1295:civil procedure
1290:Wyeth v. Levine
1257:
1242:school vouchers
1144:
1131:Clarence Thomas
1127:Anthony Kennedy
1091:
1085:Rehnquist Court
1079:Main articles:
1077:
1018:Engel v. Vitale
965:. It held that
963:civil liberties
802:
786:Main articles:
784:
678:Sheldon v. Sill
669:
645:Main articles:
643:
582:judicial review
536:
530:Ellsworth Court
520:Main articles:
518:
474:William Cushing
380:
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292:judicial review
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20992:(2022βpresent)
20987:
20986:(2020βpresent)
20981:
20980:(2018βpresent)
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20974:(2017βpresent)
20969:
20968:(2010βpresent)
20963:
20962:(2009βpresent)
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20956:(2006βpresent)
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20938:(1991βpresent)
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20244:Fred M. Vinson
20241:
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20148:Morrison Waite
20145:
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20116:Roger B. Taney
20113:
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19650:time in office
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19620:Chief justices
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19603:(2005βpresent)
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19568:
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19556:
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19520:
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19511:Rutledge Court
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19487:Stephen Breyer
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19087:Blackman, Josh
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18888:
18881:Assn. (2000).
18876:
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18857:
18851:
18836:
18815:Biskupic, Joan
18812:
18799:
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18754:
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18727:
18709:
18706:. May 3, 2022.
18691:
18688:. May 4, 2022.
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18560:
18527:
18497:
18463:
18437:
18411:
18391:Biskupic, Joan
18382:
18356:
18321:
18287:
18256:
18215:
18184:
18154:
18135:
18105:
18067:
18032:
17996:
17961:
17920:
17885:
17862:The Federalist
17847:
17824:The Federalist
17812:
17785:The Federalist
17773:
17739:
17719:
17691:
17660:
17629:
17596:
17589:
17571:
17560:
17542:
17531:
17513:
17491:
17471:
17464:
17443:
17421:Foreign Policy
17406:
17370:
17335:
17305:
17279:
17263:
17234:
17209:
17183:
17157:
17137:The New Yorker
17123:
17097:
17075:Blackman, Josh
17066:
17040:
17011:
16976:
16951:
16914:
16875:
16841:
16782:
16749:
16724:Millhiser, Ian
16715:
16695:The New Yorker
16678:
16652:
16616:
16585:
16565:Biskupic, Joan
16556:
16517:
16484:
16458:
16424:
16390:
16371:
16340:
16306:
16272:
16252:Millhiser, Ian
16243:
16223:
16218:Whitehouse.gov
16205:
16183:
16160:
16146:
16132:
16098:
16077:
16062:
16037:
16003:
15977:
15934:
15900:
15880:Millhiser, Ian
15871:
15837:
15801:
15778:
15747:
15716:
15685:
15654:
15623:
15581:
15550:
15519:
15481:
15455:
15429:
15403:
15374:
15340:
15325:
15307:
15281:
15255:
15229:
15195:
15166:
15159:
15134:
15127:
15106:
15079:
15043:
15017:
14950:
14930:Millhiser, Ian
14918:
14892:
14872:Millhiser, Ian
14863:
14845:(2): 485β500.
14812:
14780:
14763:Foreign Policy
14748:
14707:
14662:
14643:
14623:
14604:
14584:
14565:
14536:
14514:
14507:
14479:
14458:Orth, John V.
14450:
14420:
14390:
14374:
14367:
14339:
14305:
14286:
14261:
14232:
14206:
14177:
14146:
14112:
14082:
14056:
14016:
13990:
13975:
13968:28 U.S.C.
13960:
13953:28 U.S.C.
13945:
13919:
13886:
13859:
13833:
13765:
13733:
13707:
13674:
13636:
13598:
13567:
13534:
13511:(1): 208β252.
13489:
13462:28 U.S.C.
13454:
13403:
13396:28 U.S.C.
13388:
13377:28 U.S.C.
13369:
13362:28 U.S.C.
13351:
13315:
13297:
13284:Daniel Gonen,
13274:
13243:
13212:
13167:
13136:
13105:
13062:
13055:28 U.S.C.
13044:
13037:28 U.S.C.
13029:
13022:28 U.S.C.
13014:
13007:28 U.S.C.
12999:
12992:28 U.S.C.
12984:
12946:
12915:
12874:
12830:
12810:
12806:Β§ 1251(b)
12793:
12757:
12753:Β§ 1251(a)
12740:
12707:
12677:
12651:
12620:
12585:
12557:
12532:
12499:(2): 269β298.
12477:
12451:
12428:
12388:
12368:
12338:
12312:
12281:
12250:
12219:
12188:
12151:
12114:
12072:
12066:978-0190278052
12065:
12042:
12022:10.1086/691096
11991:
11970:(1): 241β259.
11950:
11929:(1): 261β276.
11909:
11882:
11851:
11818:
11787:
11780:
11756:
11741:. p. A1.
11719:
11717:(May 1, 2010).
11706:Mark Sherman,
11699:
11659:
11624:
11588:
11581:
11555:
11519:
11483:
11450:
11417:
11384:
11353:
11324:
11295:
11288:
11270:
11237:
11205:
11173:
11144:
11124:Biskupic, Joan
11115:
11089:
11063:
11037:
11020:ABAjournal.com
11006:
10995:on May 5, 2008
10975:
10959:
10933:
10901:
10876:
10849:(2): 355β358.
10833:
10814:
10794:
10765:
10739:
10708:
10678:
10651:
10624:(1): 159β169.
10605:
10571:
10558:
10538:
10521:
10506:. Manchester.
10485:
10449:
10415:
10376:
10345:
10315:
10281:
10272:
10226:
10201:
10194:
10178:"Appendix Two"
10168:
10131:
10099:
10072:
10042:
9997:
9966:
9958:28 U.S.C.
9950:
9933:
9897:
9856:
9830:
9800:
9770:
9737:
9697:
9661:
9626:
9594:
9555:
9515:
9477:
9439:
9404:
9378:
9352:
9312:
9281:
9247:
9210:
9172:
9134:
9099:
9065:
9030:
8995:
8961:
8937:
8901:
8868:
8832:
8797:
8784:
8740:
8706:
8670:
8635:
8600:
8560:
8524:
8490:
8453:
8415:
8378:
8334:
8304:Biskupic, Joan
8295:
8272:
8252:
8218:
8196:
8176:
8147:
8117:
8106:
8082:
8052:
8030:
8009:
7971:
7934:
7897:
7857:
7815:
7763:
7723:
7686:
7647:
7611:Rosen, Jeffrey
7602:
7597:Ware v. Hylton
7587:
7548:
7486:
7464:
7446:
7440:Irons, Peter.
7433:
7412:
7379:
7353:
7346:
7328:
7307:abajournal.com
7293:
7264:
7233:
7196:
7161:
7152:
7111:
7094:
7055:
7053:
7050:
7048:
7047:
7035:
7023:
7011:
7003:
6995:
6983:
6971:
6963:
6955:
6947:
6939:
6931:
6930:(2003, sodomy)
6923:
6915:
6901:
6893:
6885:
6877:
6865:
6857:
6849:
6841:
6833:
6825:
6817:
6809:
6793:
6790:public schools
6781:
6773:
6761:
6753:
6748:(1927, upheld
6741:
6733:
6725:
6717:
6709:
6701:
6693:
6684:
6676:
6673:
6672:
6671:
6666:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6646:
6641:
6636:
6629:
6626:
6596:
6593:
6540:
6537:
6525:
6522:
6514:Jeffrey Toobin
6488:
6485:
6477:George W. Bush
6468:
6465:
6436:states' rights
6385:
6382:
6299:
6296:
6285:
6284:
6281:
6278:
6275:
6267:Foreign Policy
6263:
6260:
6170:
6169:
6134:
6132:
6125:
6119:
6116:
6102:Bill of Rights
6077:, argued that
6057:
6056:
6047:
6038:
5975:too protective
5963:, and Justice
5909:
5908:
5873:
5871:
5864:
5858:
5855:
5807:Cite error: A
5766:
5763:
5670:
5667:
5648:Moreover, the
5619:
5616:
5597:
5594:
5558:
5555:
5528:
5525:
5481:Abner J. Mikva
5461:Henry Friendly
5454:Antonin Scalia
5430:Wiley Rutledge
5372:Louis Brandeis
5355:them, prepare
5332:
5329:
5249:
5248:
5236:
5224:
5212:
5200:
5184:
5143:Andrew Jackson
5124:
5121:
5113:egalitarianism
5044:
5041:
5035:
5032:
5026:
5023:
5007:
5003:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4983:
4979:
4969:
4966:
4868:
4867:
4861:
4825:
4824:
4805:
4803:
4796:
4790:
4787:
4757:
4756:
4750:
4744:
4738:
4722:
4719:
4696:Seth P. Waxman
4688:
4685:
4667:
4664:
4651:
4650:
4647:
4644:
4511:
4510:Case selection
4508:
4503:Main article:
4500:
4497:
4490:
4489:
4484:
4478:
4477:
4475:Justice Thomas
4472:
4466:
4465:
4460:
4454:
4453:
4448:
4442:
4441:
4436:
4434:Eighth Circuit
4430:
4429:
4424:
4418:
4417:
4412:
4406:
4405:
4400:
4394:
4393:
4388:
4386:Fourth Circuit
4382:
4381:
4376:
4370:
4369:
4364:
4362:Second Circuit
4358:
4357:
4352:
4346:
4345:
4340:
4334:
4333:
4330:
4306:writs of error
4283:Β§ 2101(f)
4253:
4250:
4142:
4139:
4122:special master
4086:
4083:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4073:
4066:
4059:
4051:
4048:
4047:
4046:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
3997:
3996:
3992:
3991:
3990:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3901:
3900:
3896:
3895:
3894:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3877:
3876:
3871:
3863:
3862:
3858:
3857:
3856:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3817:
3816:
3812:
3811:
3810:
3809:
3804:
3798:
3797:
3792:
3784:
3783:
3779:
3778:
3770:
3769:
3758:
3755:
3722:Capitol Police
3672:Main article:
3669:
3666:
3604:
3603:
3518:
3516:
3509:
3503:
3500:
3471:
3468:
3465:
3464:
3461:
3456:
3454:August 3, 1994
3451:
3448:
3445:
3428:
3415:Stephen Breyer
3409:
3399:
3398:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3382:
3379:
3362:
3349:
3339:
3338:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3322:
3319:
3302:
3283:
3273:
3272:
3269:
3266:
3263:
3260:
3256:
3255:
3252:
3249:
3246:
3210:
3207:
3111:Main article:
3108:
3105:
3070:Ottoman Empire
3014:Antonin Scalia
2976:
2975:
2956:
2950:
2949:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2928:
2922:
2921:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2901:
2895:
2894:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2818:
2764:Louis Brandeis
2685:Main article:
2682:
2679:
2665:
2658:
2657:
2652:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2634:
2623:
2602:
2594:
2593:
2588:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2570:
2553:
2528:
2518:
2517:
2512:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2494:
2477:
2456:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2436:April 10, 2017
2433:
2430:
2427:
2422:
2405:
2384:
2374:
2373:
2368:
2364:August 7, 2010
2361:
2358:
2355:
2350:
2333:
2327:April 28, 1960
2312:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2292:August 8, 2009
2289:
2286:
2283:
2278:
2261:
2240:
2230:
2229:
2224:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2206:
2189:
2168:
2158:
2157:
2152:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2134:
2117:
2096:
2086:
2085:
2080:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2062:
2045:
2022:
2012:
2011:
2008:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1995:
1992:
1985:
1982:
1962:
1959:
1951:
1948:
1929:established a
1915:117th Congress
1851:Andrew Johnson
1794:
1791:
1767:Zachary Taylor
1748:Harry Blackmun
1643:
1640:
1600:
1597:
1513:Antonin Scalia
1402:Main article:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1327:climate change
1232:line-item veto
1135:Stephen Breyer
1111:Antonin Scalia
1099:George W. Bush
1076:
1073:
834:Louis Brandeis
783:
780:
744:Bill of Rights
642:
639:
556:West v. Barnes
534:Marshall Court
526:Rutledge Court
517:
514:
512:at City Hall.
497:Royal Exchange
492:in his place.
486:John Blair Jr.
376:Main article:
373:
370:
337:Justices have
286:. It also has
246:
245:
240:
236:
235:
230:
226:
225:
219:
218:
209:
205:
204:
198:
194:
193:
188:
184:
183:
178:
174:
173:
161:
157:
156:
124:
118:
117:
106:
102:
101:
88:
84:
83:
50:
49:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
25807:
25796:
25793:
25791:
25788:
25786:
25783:
25781:
25778:
25777:
25775:
25764:from Wikidata
25763:
25762:
25750:
25746:
25745:
25733:
25729:
25728:
25716:
25713:from Wikinews
25712:
25711:
25699:
25695:
25694:
25682:
25678:
25677:
25665:
25664:
25661:
25655:
25647:
25646:United States
25637:
25635:
25630:
25625:
25623:
25618:
25613:
25612:
25609:
25590:
25587:
25585:
25582:
25581:
25576:
25572:
25569:
25565:
25564:
25560:
25546:
25543:
25541:
25538:
25536:
25533:
25529:
25526:
25525:
25524:
25521:
25517:
25514:
25513:
25512:
25509:
25507:
25504:
25502:
25499:
25497:
25494:
25492:
25489:
25487:
25484:
25480:
25477:
25475:
25472:
25471:
25470:
25467:
25465:
25464:Energy policy
25462:
25458:
25455:
25453:
25450:
25448:
25445:
25443:
25440:
25438:
25435:
25433:
25430:
25428:
25425:
25423:
25420:
25419:
25418:
25415:
25413:
25410:
25406:
25405:incarceration
25403:
25402:
25401:
25398:
25396:
25393:
25392:
25390:
25386:
25380:
25377:
25375:
25372:
25370:
25367:
25365:
25362:
25360:
25357:
25355:
25352:
25350:
25347:
25345:
25342:
25340:
25337:
25335:
25332:
25328:
25325:
25323:
25320:
25318:
25315:
25314:
25313:
25310:
25306:
25303:
25301:
25298:
25296:
25293:
25291:
25290:Prenatal care
25288:
25286:
25285:Birth control
25283:
25281:
25278:
25277:
25276:
25273:
25271:
25268:
25267:
25265:
25263:
25259:
25253:
25250:
25248:
25245:
25243:
25240:
25238:
25235:
25233:
25230:
25228:
25225:
25223:
25222:Homeownership
25220:
25218:
25215:
25213:
25210:
25208:
25205:
25203:
25200:
25199:
25197:
25195:
25191:
25185:
25182:
25180:
25177:
25175:
25172:
25170:
25167:
25165:
25162:
25160:
25157:
25155:
25152:
25150:
25147:
25145:
25142:
25140:
25137:
25135:
25132:
25130:
25127:
25125:
25122:
25118:
25115:
25113:
25110:
25108:
25105:
25103:
25100:
25099:
25098:
25095:
25093:
25090:
25088:
25085:
25083:
25080:
25076:
25073:
25071:
25068:
25066:
25063:
25061:
25058:
25056:
25053:
25052:
25051:
25048:
25046:
25043:
25039:
25036:
25034:
25031:
25029:
25026:
25025:
25024:
25021:
25019:
25016:
25014:
25011:
25009:
25006:
25002:
24999:
24998:
24997:
24994:
24992:
24989:
24985:
24982:
24981:
24980:
24977:
24975:
24972:
24970:
24967:
24963:
24960:
24958:
24955:
24954:
24953:
24950:
24946:
24945:working class
24943:
24941:
24938:
24936:
24933:
24931:
24928:
24926:
24923:
24921:
24918:
24916:
24913:
24911:
24908:
24906:
24905:homeownership
24903:
24901:
24898:
24896:
24893:
24892:
24891:
24888:
24886:
24883:
24881:
24878:
24876:
24873:
24871:
24868:
24866:
24863:
24861:
24858:
24856:
24853:
24852:
24850:
24848:
24844:
24840:
24837:
24835:
24831:
24821:
24818:
24816:
24813:
24811:
24808:
24806:
24803:
24801:
24798:
24796:
24793:
24791:
24788:
24787:
24785:
24783:
24779:
24773:
24770:
24768:
24765:
24763:
24760:
24758:
24755:
24753:
24750:
24748:
24745:
24743:
24740:
24738:
24735:
24733:
24730:
24728:
24725:
24723:
24720:
24718:
24715:
24711:
24708:
24706:
24703:
24701:
24698:
24696:
24693:
24691:
24688:
24686:
24685:Manufacturing
24683:
24681:
24678:
24676:
24673:
24671:
24668:
24666:
24663:
24661:
24658:
24656:
24653:
24652:
24651:
24648:
24647:
24644:
24641:
24639:
24635:
24621:
24618:
24614:
24613:Third parties
24611:
24609:
24606:
24604:
24601:
24600:
24599:
24596:
24592:
24589:
24587:
24584:
24582:
24579:
24578:
24577:
24574:
24572:
24569:
24565:
24562:
24561:
24560:
24557:
24553:
24550:
24548:
24545:
24544:
24543:
24540:
24538:
24535:
24534:
24531:
24519:
24516:
24515:
24514:
24511:
24510:
24508:
24506:
24502:
24496:
24493:
24491:
24488:
24487:
24485:
24483:
24479:
24473:
24470:
24468:
24465:
24463:
24460:
24458:
24455:
24453:
24450:
24448:
24445:
24443:
24440:
24438:
24435:
24433:
24430:
24428:
24425:
24424:
24422:
24418:
24412:
24409:
24407:
24404:
24402:
24399:
24397:
24394:
24393:
24391:
24389:
24385:
24382:
24380:
24376:
24370:
24367:
24363:
24360:
24359:
24358:
24355:
24351:
24348:
24346:
24343:
24341:
24338:
24337:
24336:
24333:
24331:
24328:
24327:
24325:
24323:
24319:
24309:
24306:
24304:
24301:
24299:
24296:
24294:
24291:
24290:
24288:
24286:
24282:
24274:
24271:
24270:
24269:
24266:
24262:
24259:
24258:
24257:
24254:
24253:
24251:
24249:
24245:
24239:
24236:
24234:
24231:
24230:
24228:
24226:
24222:
24214:
24211:
24210:
24209:
24206:
24204:
24201:
24199:
24196:
24194:
24191:
24189:
24186:
24184:
24181:
24179:
24176:
24174:
24171:
24167:
24164:
24163:
24162:
24159:
24155:
24152:
24151:
24150:
24147:
24146:
24144:
24142:
24138:
24135:
24133:
24127:
24122:
24118:
24108:
24105:
24103:
24100:
24096:
24093:
24091:
24088:
24086:
24083:
24081:
24078:
24076:
24073:
24071:
24068:
24066:
24063:
24062:
24061:
24058:
24057:
24055:
24053:
24049:
24043:
24040:
24036:
24033:
24031:
24028:
24026:
24023:
24021:
24018:
24017:
24016:
24013:
24011:
24008:
24004:
24001:
24000:
23999:
23996:
23995:
23993:
23991:
23987:
23981:
23980:U.S. attorney
23978:
23976:
23973:
23969:
23966:
23964:
23961:
23960:
23959:
23955:
23952:
23948:
23945:
23944:
23943:
23940:
23936:
23933:
23931:
23928:
23926:
23925:Chief Justice
23923:
23922:
23921:
23920:Supreme Court
23918:
23917:
23915:
23913:
23909:
23903:
23900:
23898:
23895:
23893:
23890:
23888:
23885:
23883:
23880:
23876:
23873:
23871:
23868:
23866:
23863:
23862:
23861:
23858:
23854:
23851:
23849:
23846:
23845:
23844:
23841:
23840:
23838:
23836:
23832:
23826:
23825:Public policy
23823:
23821:
23820:Civil service
23818:
23816:
23813:
23809:
23806:
23804:
23801:
23799:
23796:
23794:
23791:
23789:
23786:
23784:
23781:
23779:
23776:
23774:
23771:
23769:
23766:
23765:
23764:
23761:
23757:
23754:
23752:
23749:
23747:
23744:
23742:
23739:
23738:
23737:
23734:
23732:
23729:
23727:
23724:
23722:
23719:
23717:
23714:
23710:
23707:
23705:
23702:
23701:
23700:
23697:
23696:
23694:
23690:
23687:
23685:
23681:
23677:
23674:
23672:
23668:
23658:
23655:
23653:
23650:
23648:
23645:
23641:
23638:
23636:
23633:
23631:
23628:
23626:
23623:
23621:
23618:
23616:
23613:
23611:
23608:
23606:
23603:
23602:
23601:
23597:
23593:
23590:
23588:
23585:
23583:
23580:
23578:
23575:
23573:
23570:
23568:
23565:
23563:
23560:
23558:
23555:
23553:
23550:
23548:
23545:
23543:
23540:
23538:
23535:
23533:
23530:
23528:
23525:
23523:
23520:
23518:
23515:
23513:
23510:
23509:
23508:
23505:
23501:
23498:
23497:
23496:
23493:
23489:
23488:Sierra Nevada
23486:
23484:
23481:
23479:
23476:
23474:
23471:
23469:
23466:
23465:
23464:
23461:
23459:
23456:
23454:
23451:
23449:
23446:
23442:
23439:
23437:
23434:
23432:
23429:
23427:
23426:insular zones
23424:
23422:
23419:
23417:
23414:
23412:
23409:
23407:
23404:
23402:
23399:
23398:
23397:
23394:
23393:
23390:
23387:
23385:
23381:
23371:
23368:
23366:
23363:
23361:
23358:
23356:
23353:
23351:
23348:
23346:
23343:
23341:
23338:
23336:
23333:
23332:
23330:
23326:
23320:
23317:
23315:
23312:
23308:
23305:
23303:
23300:
23299:
23298:
23297:War on Terror
23295:
23293:
23290:
23288:
23285:
23283:
23280:
23278:
23277:LGBT Movement
23275:
23273:
23270:
23268:
23265:
23263:
23260:
23258:
23255:
23253:
23250:
23246:
23243:
23242:
23241:
23238:
23236:
23233:
23231:
23228:
23226:
23223:
23221:
23218:
23216:
23213:
23209:
23206:
23204:
23201:
23199:
23196:
23195:
23193:
23191:
23188:
23186:
23183:
23181:
23178:
23176:
23173:
23171:
23168:
23166:
23163:
23161:
23158:
23156:
23153:
23151:
23148:
23146:
23143:
23141:
23138:
23134:
23131:
23129:
23126:
23125:
23124:
23121:
23119:
23116:
23112:
23109:
23107:
23104:
23103:
23102:
23099:
23095:
23092:
23090:
23087:
23086:
23085:
23082:
23080:
23077:
23075:
23072:
23070:
23067:
23063:
23060:
23058:
23055:
23053:
23050:
23048:
23045:
23043:
23040:
23038:
23035:
23033:
23030:
23029:
23028:
23025:
23023:
23020:
23019:
23017:
23013:
23007:
23004:
23002:
22999:
22997:
22994:
22992:
22989:
22987:
22984:
22982:
22979:
22977:
22974:
22972:
22969:
22967:
22964:
22962:
22959:
22957:
22954:
22953:
22951:
22947:
22944:
22942:
22938:
22933:
22932:United States
22926:
22921:
22919:
22914:
22912:
22907:
22906:
22903:
22891:
22888:
22886:
22883:
22881:
22878:
22876:
22873:
22871:
22868:
22865:
22861:
22858:
22856:
22853:
22851:
22848:
22846:
22843:
22841:
22838:
22836:
22833:
22829:
22826:
22825:
22824:
22821:
22819:
22816:
22814:
22811:
22809:
22806:
22804:
22801:
22799:
22796:
22794:
22791:
22789:
22786:
22784:
22783:Child custody
22781:
22779:
22776:
22774:
22771:
22770:
22768:
22764:
22758:
22755:
22753:
22750:
22748:
22745:
22743:
22740:
22738:
22735:
22734:
22732:
22730:
22726:
22716:
22715:State supreme
22713:
22712:
22710:
22708:
22704:
22698:
22695:
22693:
22690:
22688:
22685:
22683:
22680:
22676:
22671:
22668:
22666:
22663:
22661:
22658:
22657:
22655:
22653:
22649:
22646:
22644:
22643:United States
22641:Courts of the
22638:
22633:
22623:
22620:
22618:
22615:
22613:
22610:
22608:
22605:
22603:
22600:
22598:
22595:
22594:
22592:
22590:
22585:
22581:
22577:
22570:
22565:
22563:
22558:
22556:
22551:
22550:
22547:
22531:
22530:Supreme Court
22528:
22526:
22523:
22522:
22520:
22516:Discretionary
22514:
22508:
22505:
22503:
22500:
22498:
22495:
22493:
22490:
22488:
22485:
22484:
22482:
22478:
22472:
22469:
22467:
22464:
22463:
22461:
22457:
22454:
22452:Court systems
22450:
22444:
22441:
22439:
22436:
22435:
22433:
22429:
22419:
22416:
22415:
22413:
22409:
22403:
22400:
22399:
22397:
22393:
22386:
22382:
22379:
22378:
22376:
22372:
22366:
22363:
22362:
22360:
22356:
22349:
22345:
22342:
22341:
22339:
22335:
22332:
22330:
22326:
22320:
22317:
22315:
22314:
22310:
22309:
22307:
22303:
22288:
22285:
22283:
22280:
22279:
22277:
22273:
22267:
22264:
22262:
22259:
22258:
22255:
22246:
22241:
22239:
22234:
22232:
22227:
22226:
22223:
22210:
22207:
22206:
22204:
22202:Complete list
22200:
22194:
22191:
22189:
22186:
22185:
22183:
22179:
22173:
22170:
22168:
22165:
22163:
22160:
22158:
22155:
22153:
22150:
22148:
22145:
22144:
22142:
22139:
22135:
22129:
22126:
22124:
22121:
22119:
22118:West Virginia
22116:
22114:
22111:
22109:
22106:
22104:
22101:
22099:
22096:
22092:
22089:
22087:
22084:
22083:
22081:
22079:
22076:
22074:
22071:
22069:
22066:
22064:
22061:
22059:
22056:
22054:
22051:
22047:
22044:
22042:
22039:
22038:
22036:
22034:
22031:
22029:
22026:
22024:
22021:
22019:
22016:
22014:
22011:
22009:
22006:
22004:
22003:New Hampshire
22001:
21999:
21996:
21994:
21991:
21989:
21986:
21984:
21981:
21979:
21976:
21974:
21971:
21969:
21966:
21964:
21963:Massachusetts
21961:
21959:
21956:
21954:
21951:
21949:
21946:
21944:
21941:
21939:
21936:
21934:
21931:
21929:
21926:
21924:
21921:
21919:
21916:
21914:
21911:
21909:
21906:
21904:
21901:
21899:
21896:
21894:
21891:
21889:
21886:
21884:
21881:
21879:
21876:
21874:
21871:
21869:
21866:
21864:
21861:
21860:
21858:
21856:
21852:
21846:
21845:
21841:
21840:
21838:
21836:
21832:
21827:
21820:
21815:
21813:
21808:
21806:
21801:
21800:
21797:
21785:
21784:
21783:South America
21780:
21778:
21776:
21774:
21772:
21769:
21767:
21764:
21762:
21761:North America
21759:
21758:
21755:
21750:
21740:
21737:
21735:
21732:
21730:
21729:United States
21727:
21725:
21722:
21720:
21717:
21715:
21712:
21710:
21707:
21705:
21702:
21700:
21697:
21695:
21692:
21690:
21687:
21685:
21682:
21680:
21677:
21675:
21672:
21670:
21667:
21665:
21662:
21660:
21657:
21655:
21652:
21650:
21647:
21645:
21642:
21640:
21637:
21635:
21632:
21630:
21627:
21625:
21622:
21620:
21617:
21615:
21612:
21610:
21607:
21605:
21602:
21600:
21597:
21595:
21592:
21590:
21587:
21585:
21582:
21580:
21577:
21575:
21572:
21570:
21567:
21566:
21564:
21562:
21556:
21547:
21542:
21540:
21535:
21533:
21528:
21527:
21524:
21518:
21511:
21501:
21497:
21492:
21487:
21484:
21482:
21479:
21477:
21474:
21472:
21469:
21467:
21464:
21462:
21459:
21457:
21454:
21452:
21449:
21447:
21444:
21442:
21439:
21437:
21434:
21432:
21428:
21422:
21419:
21417:
21414:
21412:
21409:
21407:
21404:
21402:
21399:
21397:
21394:
21392:
21389:
21387:
21384:
21382:
21379:
21377:
21374:
21372:
21369:
21367:
21364:
21362:
21359:
21357:
21354:
21352:
21349:
21347:
21344:
21342:
21339:
21337:
21334:
21332:
21329:
21327:
21324:
21322:
21319:
21317:
21314:
21312:
21306:
21304:
21301:
21299:
21293:
21291:
21288:
21286:
21283:
21281:
21278:
21276:
21273:
21271:
21268:
21266:
21263:
21261:
21258:
21256:
21253:
21251:
21248:
21246:
21243:
21241:
21238:
21236:
21233:
21231:
21228:
21226:
21223:
21221:
21218:
21216:
21213:
21211:
21208:
21206:
21203:
21201:
21200:J. Adams
21198:
21196:
21193:
21192:
21191:
21190:
21185:
21179:
21173:
21170:
21168:
21165:
21163:
21160:
21158:
21155:
21153:
21150:
21148:
21145:
21143:
21140:
21138:
21135:
21133:
21130:
21128:
21125:
21123:
21120:
21118:
21115:
21113:
21110:
21108:
21105:
21103:
21100:
21098:
21095:
21093:
21090:
21088:
21085:
21083:
21080:
21079:
21078:
21077:
21072:
21066:
21062:
21058:
21051:
21046:
21044:
21039:
21037:
21032:
21031:
21028:
21011:
21001:
20991:
20988:
20985:
20982:
20979:
20976:
20973:
20970:
20967:
20964:
20961:
20958:
20955:
20952:
20949:
20946:
20943:
20940:
20937:
20934:
20931:
20928:
20925:
20922:
20919:
20916:
20913:
20910:
20907:
20904:
20901:* (1972β1986)
20900:
20896:
20893:
20890:
20887:
20884:
20881:
20878:
20875:
20872:
20869:
20866:
20863:
20860:
20857:
20854:
20851:
20848:
20845:
20842:
20839:
20836:
20833:
20830:
20827:
20824:
20821:
20818:
20815:
20812:
20809:
20806:
20803:
20800:
20797:
20794:
20791:
20788:
20785:
20782:
20779:
20776:
20773:
20770:
20767:
20764:
20761:
20758:
20755:* (1925β1941)
20754:
20750:
20747:
20744:
20741:
20738:
20735:
20732:
20729:
20726:
20723:
20720:
20717:
20714:
20711:
20708:
20705:
20702:
20699:
20696:
20693:* (1910β1916)
20692:
20688:
20685:
20682:
20679:
20676:
20673:
20670:
20667:
20664:
20661:
20658:
20655:
20652:
20649:* (1894β1910)
20648:
20644:
20641:
20638:
20635:
20632:
20629:
20626:
20623:
20620:
20617:
20614:
20611:
20608:
20605:
20602:
20599:
20596:
20593:
20590:
20587:
20584:
20581:
20578:
20575:
20572:
20569:
20566:
20563:
20560:
20557:
20554:
20551:
20548:
20545:
20542:
20539:
20536:
20533:
20530:
20527:
20524:
20521:
20518:
20515:
20512:
20509:
20506:
20503:
20500:
20497:
20494:
20491:
20488:
20485:
20482:
20479:
20476:
20473:
20470:
20467:
20464:
20461:
20458:
20455:
20452:
20449:
20446:
20443:
20440:
20437:
20434:
20431:
20428:
20425:
20422:
20419:
20416:
20413:
20410:
20407:
20404:
20401:
20398:
20395:
20392:
20389:
20386:
20383:
20380:
20377:
20374:
20371:
20368:
20365:* (1790β1791)
20364:
20360:
20359:
20355:
20351:
20346:
20342:
20331:
20319:
20318:
20313:
20309:
20306:
20303:
20302:
20297:
20293:
20290:
20287:
20286:
20281:
20277:
20274:
20271:
20270:
20265:
20261:
20258:
20255:
20254:
20249:
20245:
20242:
20239:
20238:
20233:
20229:
20226:
20223:
20222:
20217:
20213:
20210:
20207:
20206:
20201:
20197:
20194:
20191:
20190:
20185:
20181:
20178:
20175:
20174:
20169:
20165:
20162:
20159:
20158:
20153:
20149:
20146:
20143:
20142:
20137:
20133:
20130:
20127:
20126:
20121:
20117:
20114:
20111:
20110:
20105:
20101:
20100:John Marshall
20098:
20095:
20094:
20089:
20085:
20082:
20079:
20078:
20073:
20069:
20068:John Rutledge
20066:
20063:
20062:
20057:
20053:
20050:
20049:
20045:
20041:
20036:
20032:
20028:
20020:
20015:
20013:
20008:
20006:
20001:
20000:
19997:
19985:
19980:
19975:
19973:
19963:
19961:
19953:
19952:
19949:
19943:
19940:
19936:
19935:
19931:
19930:
19929:
19928:
19924:
19922:
19919:
19917:
19914:
19912:
19909:
19907:
19904:
19902:
19900:
19896:
19894:
19891:
19889:
19886:
19884:
19883:Camera policy
19881:
19877:
19874:
19873:
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19774:Chief Justice
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19736:Functionaries
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19601:Roberts Court
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19406:Chief justice
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19382:Shadow docket
19380:
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19351:Amicus curiae
19348:
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19265:
19258:
19257:0-226-55682-4
19254:
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19232:
19228:
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19211:Penguin Press
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18975:Woodward, Bob
18973:
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18941:
18938:
18934:
18930:
18927:
18926:0-375-40943-2
18923:
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18908:
18907:0-670-87006-4
18904:
18900:
18896:
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18877:
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18782:February 2024
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18208:September 28,
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18177:September 28,
18172:
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18114:Graglia, Lino
18109:
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17611:The Intercept
17607:
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16894:
16889:
16888:"Dog Whistle"
16885:
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16497:The Economist
16494:
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16007:
15992:
15991:Intelligencer
15988:
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15852:
15848:
15841:
15825:
15821:
15820:
15815:
15811:
15810:Raskin, Jamie
15805:
15789:
15782:
15766:
15762:
15758:
15751:
15735:
15731:
15727:
15720:
15704:
15700:
15696:
15689:
15678:September 15,
15673:
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15634:
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15599:
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15591:
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15561:
15554:
15538:
15534:
15530:
15523:
15512:September 21,
15507:
15503:
15499:
15495:
15494:The Economist
15491:
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15459:
15444:
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15392:
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15336:
15332:
15328:
15322:
15318:
15311:
15296:
15292:
15285:
15278:
15266:
15259:
15248:September 21,
15244:
15240:
15233:
15222:September 22,
15218:
15214:
15210:
15206:
15199:
15188:September 20,
15184:
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14607:
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14598:. NYU Press.
14597:
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14568:
14562:
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14193:
14192:Florida Today
14188:
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14150:
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14130:
14126:
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13994:
13986:
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13958:
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13930:
13923:
13907:
13903:
13902:
13897:
13890:
13884:
13880:
13876:
13872:
13868:
13867:See generally
13863:
13847:
13843:
13837:
13821:
13817:
13811:
13797:
13793:
13787:
13783:
13779:
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13703:
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13691:
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13608:
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13586:
13582:
13578:
13571:
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13550:
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13538:
13522:
13518:
13514:
13510:
13506:
13505:
13500:
13493:
13486:
13483:
13479:
13475:
13474:
13470:
13467:
13463:
13458:
13439:
13435:
13431:
13427:
13423:
13422:
13421:The Green Bag
13414:
13407:
13401:
13397:
13392:
13386:
13382:
13378:
13373:
13367:
13363:
13358:
13356:
13344:September 28,
13336:
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13307:
13301:
13294:
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13279:
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13264:
13260:
13256:
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13247:
13240:
13236:
13233:
13229:
13225:
13222:
13216:
13209:
13201:September 24,
13193:
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12950:
12934:
12930:
12929:Famous Trials
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12598:
12596:
12594:
12592:
12590:
12583:(3): 282β296.
12582:
12579:
12575:
12571:
12570:Joan Biskupic
12567:
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12398:
12392:
12386:
12385:0-7006-0946-6
12382:
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12365:
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11998:
11996:
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10994:
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10872:
10868:
10864:
10860:
10856:
10852:
10848:
10844:
10837:
10821:
10817:
10815:0-19-506090-3
10811:
10807:
10806:
10798:
10782:
10778:
10772:
10770:
10753:
10749:
10743:
10727:
10723:
10719:
10712:
10696:
10692:
10688:
10682:
10666:
10662:
10655:
10647:
10643:
10639:
10635:
10631:
10627:
10623:
10619:
10615:
10609:
10602:
10589:
10585:
10581:
10575:
10568:
10562:
10555:
10551:
10547:
10542:
10535:
10531:
10525:
10509:
10505:
10504:
10499:
10495:
10489:
10473:
10469:
10468:
10463:
10459:
10453:
10437:
10433:
10429:
10425:
10419:
10403:
10399:
10395:
10391:
10390:Sabato, Larry
10385:
10383:
10381:
10369:September 20,
10364:
10360:
10356:
10349:
10333:
10329:
10325:
10319:
10298:
10291:
10285:
10276:
10269:
10267:
10251:
10247:
10240:
10233:
10231:
10223:
10219:
10215:
10211:
10205:
10197:
10191:
10187:
10183:
10179:
10172:
10153:
10149:
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10115:
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10103:
10087:
10083:
10076:
10060:
10056:
10052:
10046:
10027:
10023:
10019:
10015:
10008:
10001:
9985:
9981:
9977:
9970:
9963:
9959:
9954:
9947:
9943:
9942:5 U.S.C.
9937:
9930:
9918:
9914:
9913:
9908:
9901:
9894:
9892:
9877:
9873:
9872:
9867:
9860:
9844:
9840:
9834:
9818:
9814:
9810:
9804:
9788:
9784:
9780:
9774:
9758:
9754:
9750:
9747:
9741:
9734:
9721:
9717:
9716:
9711:
9707:
9701:
9694:
9682:
9678:
9677:
9672:
9665:
9658:
9645:
9641:
9637:
9630:
9614:
9610:
9609:
9604:
9598:
9591:
9579:
9575:
9574:
9569:
9565:
9559:
9552:
9539:
9535:
9534:
9529:
9525:
9519:
9512:
9499:
9495:
9491:
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9481:
9474:
9461:
9457:
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9449:
9443:
9436:
9423:
9419:
9415:
9408:
9393:
9389:
9382:
9367:
9363:
9356:
9349:
9336:
9332:
9331:
9326:
9322:
9316:
9309:
9298:
9297:
9292:
9285:
9278:
9266:
9262:
9258:
9251:
9244:
9231:
9227:
9226:
9221:
9214:
9207:
9194:
9190:
9186:
9182:
9176:
9169:
9156:
9152:
9148:
9144:
9138:
9131:
9118:
9114:
9110:
9103:
9096:
9084:
9080:
9076:
9069:
9062:
9049:
9045:
9041:
9034:
9027:
9014:
9010:
9006:
8999:
8992:
8979:
8975:
8971:
8965:
8959:
8958:0-19-505835-6
8955:
8951:
8947:
8941:
8934:
8922:
8918:
8914:
8908:
8906:
8898:
8886:
8882:
8878:
8872:
8865:
8852:
8848:
8847:
8842:
8836:
8829:
8816:
8812:
8808:
8801:
8794:
8788:
8769:
8765:
8761:
8754:
8750:
8744:
8737:
8724:
8720:
8716:
8710:
8703:
8690:
8686:
8685:
8680:
8674:
8667:
8655:
8651:
8650:
8645:
8639:
8632:
8619:
8615:
8611:
8604:
8597:
8584:
8580:
8579:
8574:
8570:
8564:
8557:
8544:
8540:
8539:
8534:
8528:
8521:
8508:
8504:
8500:
8494:
8487:
8475:
8471:
8467:
8463:
8457:
8450:
8437:
8433:
8429:
8425:
8419:
8412:
8399:
8395:
8394:
8389:
8382:
8375:
8373:
8356:
8352:
8345:
8338:
8331:
8319:
8315:
8314:
8309:
8305:
8299:
8292:
8279:
8275:
8269:
8265:
8264:
8256:
8249:
8236:
8232:
8228:
8222:
8215:
8203:
8199:
8193:
8189:
8188:
8180:
8173:
8161:
8157:
8151:
8144:
8131:
8127:
8121:
8114:
8109:
8103:
8099:
8095:
8094:
8086:
8079:
8067:
8063:
8056:
8049:
8037:
8033:
8031:0-8223-0968-8
8027:
8023:
8019:
8018:Edward Keynes
8013:
8006:
7993:
7989:
7985:
7981:
7975:
7968:
7955:
7951:
7950:
7945:
7938:
7931:
7918:
7914:
7913:
7908:
7901:
7894:
7892:
7878:
7874:
7870:
7864:
7862:
7854:
7839:
7835:
7828:
7822:
7820:
7812:
7799:
7795:
7794:
7789:
7785:
7781:
7780:Souter, David
7777:
7773:
7767:
7760:
7744:
7740:
7733:
7727:
7720:
7708:
7704:
7700:
7696:
7690:
7683:
7681:
7667:
7663:
7662:
7657:
7651:
7644:
7631:
7627:
7621:
7616:
7612:
7606:
7599:
7598:
7591:
7584:
7572:
7568:
7567:
7562:
7558:
7557:Epps, Garrett
7552:
7536:
7532:
7528:
7524:
7520:
7516:
7512:
7508:
7504:
7500:
7496:
7490:
7483:
7471:
7467:
7465:0-8147-3114-7
7461:
7457:
7450:
7443:
7437:
7429:
7425:
7424:
7416:
7397:
7390:
7383:
7367:
7363:
7357:
7349:
7343:
7339:
7332:
7316:
7312:
7308:
7304:
7297:
7281:
7277:
7271:
7269:
7252:
7248:
7242:
7240:
7238:
7221:
7217:
7213:
7209:
7206:
7200:
7184:
7180:
7176:
7172:
7165:
7156:
7140:
7136:
7132:
7128:
7124:
7118:
7116:
7108:
7104:
7098:
7082:
7078:
7074:
7070:
7066:
7060:
7056:
7045:
7041:
7040:
7036:
7033:
7029:
7028:
7024:
7021:
7017:
7016:
7012:
7009:
7008:
7004:
7001:
7000:
6996:
6993:
6989:
6988:
6984:
6981:
6977:
6976:
6972:
6969:
6968:
6964:
6961:
6960:
6956:
6953:
6952:
6948:
6945:
6944:
6940:
6937:
6936:
6932:
6929:
6928:
6924:
6921:
6920:
6916:
6913:
6912:
6907:
6906:
6902:
6899:
6898:
6894:
6891:
6890:
6886:
6883:
6882:
6878:
6875:
6871:
6870:
6866:
6863:
6862:
6858:
6855:
6854:
6850:
6847:
6846:
6842:
6839:
6838:
6834:
6831:
6830:
6826:
6823:
6822:
6818:
6815:
6814:
6810:
6807:
6806:Lord's Prayer
6803:
6799:
6798:
6794:
6791:
6787:
6786:
6782:
6779:
6778:
6774:
6771:
6767:
6766:
6762:
6759:
6758:
6754:
6751:
6747:
6746:
6742:
6739:
6738:
6734:
6731:
6730:
6726:
6723:
6722:
6718:
6715:
6714:
6710:
6707:
6706:
6702:
6699:
6698:
6694:
6691:
6690:
6686:
6685:
6682:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6632:
6631:
6625:
6622:
6621:
6615:
6613:
6612:
6606:
6602:
6592:
6590:
6586:
6582:
6581:
6576:
6575:
6570:
6566:
6562:
6557:
6555:
6551:
6546:
6536:
6534:
6530:
6529:Ian Millhiser
6524:Too few cases
6521:
6519:
6515:
6510:
6508:
6504:
6503:shadow docket
6498:
6494:
6493:Shadow docket
6484:
6482:
6478:
6474:
6464:
6462:
6458:
6457:
6451:
6449:
6445:
6441:
6440:Kevin Gutzman
6437:
6434:Advocates of
6432:
6430:
6425:
6424:John Marshall
6420:
6416:
6411:
6409:
6405:
6404:federal power
6401:
6400:
6395:
6391:
6390:James Madison
6381:
6379:
6378:
6373:
6369:
6368:
6363:
6362:
6357:
6356:
6351:
6350:
6345:
6344:
6339:
6338:
6333:
6329:
6325:
6321:
6315:
6313:
6309:
6304:
6295:
6293:
6289:
6282:
6279:
6276:
6273:
6272:
6271:
6268:
6259:
6257:
6253:
6252:
6247:
6246:
6241:
6237:
6233:
6229:
6228:
6222:
6220:
6219:Stare decisis
6216:
6212:
6208:
6207:
6202:
6198:
6194:
6190:
6189:
6183:
6181:
6177:
6166:
6156:
6152:
6146:
6144:
6140:
6135:This section
6133:
6124:
6123:
6115:
6113:
6112:
6107:
6103:
6099:
6095:
6091:
6086:
6084:
6080:
6076:
6072:
6071:Josh Blackman
6068:
6067:
6062:
6054:
6053:
6048:
6045:
6044:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6029:
6028:
6027:
6025:
6021:
6017:
6013:
6012:
6007:
6006:
5997:
5996:
5990:
5986:
5984:
5983:habeas corpus
5980:
5976:
5972:
5971:
5966:
5962:
5958:
5957:Warren Burger
5953:
5951:
5947:
5946:
5941:
5940:
5935:
5933:
5928:
5924:
5923:
5918:
5917:
5905:
5895:
5891:
5885:
5883:
5879:
5874:This section
5872:
5863:
5862:
5853:
5848:
5846:
5842:
5841:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5830:authoritarian
5827:
5823:
5818:
5804:
5800:
5795:
5793:
5787:
5775:
5772:
5762:
5760:
5755:
5752:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5734:
5730:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5709:
5705:
5704:
5698:
5696:
5692:
5688:
5684:
5680:
5676:
5666:
5664:
5660:
5654:
5651:
5646:
5644:
5643:minority rule
5639:
5635:
5629:
5625:
5615:
5612:
5609:
5605:
5604:
5593:
5591:
5587:
5583:
5582:
5577:
5576:
5571:
5567:
5562:
5554:
5551:
5547:
5543:
5539:
5535:
5524:
5522:
5518:
5514:
5510:
5509:Alex Kozinski
5506:
5502:
5498:
5494:
5490:
5486:
5482:
5478:
5474:
5470:
5466:
5462:
5457:
5455:
5451:
5447:
5443:
5439:
5435:
5431:
5427:
5423:
5419:
5414:
5412:
5408:
5404:
5400:
5396:
5392:
5388:
5383:
5381:
5377:
5373:
5369:
5365:
5360:
5358:
5354:
5350:
5349:
5344:
5338:
5328:
5326:
5325:
5320:
5319:
5314:
5313:
5308:
5307:
5302:
5301:
5296:
5295:
5288:
5286:
5285:
5280:
5279:
5273:
5269:
5263:
5260:
5259:
5254:
5246:
5242:
5241:
5237:
5234:
5230:
5229:
5225:
5222:
5218:
5217:
5213:
5210:
5206:
5205:
5201:
5198:
5194:
5190:
5189:
5185:
5182:
5178:
5177:
5173:
5172:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5162:
5161:
5156:
5152:
5148:
5147:John Marshall
5144:
5140:
5139:
5134:
5130:
5120:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5105:
5103:
5098:
5094:
5093:John Marshall
5090:
5086:
5085:
5079:
5076:
5072:
5068:
5064:
5056:
5055:
5049:
5040:
5031:
5022:
5021:
5017:
5013:
4975:
4965:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4943:
4939:
4938:
4933:
4929:
4925:
4924:
4918:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4904:
4900:
4896:
4892:
4891:
4886:
4885:
4880:
4879:
4873:
4865:
4864:Slip opinions
4862:
4859:
4855:
4854:
4853:
4850:
4846:
4842:
4838:
4837:
4832:
4821:
4809:
4804:
4795:
4794:
4786:
4784:
4783:
4778:
4774:
4772:
4765:
4763:
4754:
4751:
4748:
4745:
4742:
4739:
4736:
4733:
4732:
4731:
4727:
4718:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4707:
4697:
4693:
4687:Oral argument
4684:
4682:
4677:
4673:
4672:amicus briefs
4663:
4661:
4657:
4656:circuit split
4648:
4645:
4642:
4641:
4640:
4637:
4636:death penalty
4633:
4629:
4624:
4622:
4621:
4616:
4612:
4611:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4589:
4584:
4583:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4566:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4535:
4533:
4529:
4528:
4523:
4519:
4518:
4506:
4496:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4479:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4467:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4458:Tenth Circuit
4456:
4455:
4452:
4451:Justice Kagan
4449:
4447:
4446:Ninth Circuit
4444:
4443:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4431:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4419:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4410:Sixth Circuit
4408:
4407:
4404:
4403:Justice Alito
4401:
4399:
4398:Fifth Circuit
4396:
4395:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4383:
4380:
4379:Justice Alito
4377:
4375:
4374:Third Circuit
4372:
4371:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4359:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4350:First Circuit
4348:
4347:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4335:
4331:
4328:
4327:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4307:
4303:
4302:
4301:habeas corpus
4297:
4293:
4292:All Writs Act
4287:
4284:
4280:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4261:
4259:
4249:
4247:
4243:
4242:
4237:
4231:
4229:
4228:
4223:
4222:
4216:
4212:
4211:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4153:
4148:
4138:
4135:
4131:
4126:
4123:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4092:
4082:
4072:
4067:
4065:
4060:
4058:
4053:
4052:
4050:
4049:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3999:
3998:
3994:
3993:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3977:Voting rights
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3903:
3902:
3898:
3897:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3878:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3866:
3865:
3864:
3860:
3859:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3848:Equal footing
3846:
3844:
3843:Republicanism
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3820:
3819:
3818:
3814:
3813:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3787:
3786:
3785:
3781:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3771:
3768:
3763:
3762:
3754:
3738:
3725:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3698:
3697:Old City Hall
3689:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3665:
3661:
3659:
3655:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3610:
3600:
3597:
3589:
3578:
3575:
3571:
3568:
3564:
3561:
3557:
3554:
3550:
3547: β
3546:
3542:
3541:Find sources:
3535:
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3519:This section
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18:Court-packing
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25708:
25696:from Commons
25691:
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25653:
25506:Human rights
25486:Gun politics
25437:Islamophobia
25427:antisemitism
25295:Hospice care
25237:Middle class
25217:Homelessness
25194:Social class
25154:Social class
25018:Human rights
25008:Homelessness
24920:middle class
24885:Demographics
24860:Architecture
24767:Unemployment
24747:Labor unions
24495:Town meeting
24472:City council
24467:City manager
24208:State police
24070:Marine Corps
24060:Armed Forces
24035:civil rights
24015:Constitution
23919:
23587:Southwestern
23582:Southeastern
23572:Northwestern
23567:Northeastern
23532:Mid-Atlantic
23522:Great Plains
23240:World War II
23123:Constitution
23027:Colonial era
23006:2008βpresent
22845:Human rights
22766:Types of law
22707:State courts
22659:
22607:Civil rights
22529:
22358:Marine Corps
22311:
22073:South Dakota
22063:Rhode Island
22058:Pennsylvania
22028:North Dakota
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21074:
20999:
20698:Van Devanter
20586:J. M. Harlan
20315:
20312:2005βpresent
20308:John Roberts
20299:
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20203:
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19925:
19898:
19662:unsuccessful
19630:All justices
19613:and nominees
19589:Burger Court
19583:Warren Court
19577:Vinson Court
19565:Hughes Court
19547:Fuller Court
19482:David Souter
19444:Neil Gorsuch
19429:Samuel Alito
19417:
19411:John Roberts
19404:
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19244:
19226:
19209:. New York:
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18965:
18953:February 13,
18951:. Retrieved
18936:
18916:. New York:
18913:
18899:Viking Press
18897:. New York:
18894:
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18795:
18779:
18771:
18753:Bibliography
18739:. Retrieved
18730:
18721:
18712:
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18694:
18685:
18676:
18664:. Retrieved
18652:
18630:Bush v. Gore
18629:
18623:
18611:. Retrieved
18602:
18589:
18577:. Retrieved
18573:
18563:
18553:December 18,
18551:. Retrieved
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18520:December 14,
18518:. Retrieved
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18490:February 17,
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18428:. Retrieved
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18404:February 21,
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18343:. Retrieved
18339:the original
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18305:the original
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18290:
18280:February 16,
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18197:
18187:
18175:. Retrieved
18166:
18157:
18148:
18138:
18126:. Retrieved
18122:the original
18108:
18101:of democracy
18099:laboratories
18098:
18096:
18089:. Retrieved
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18054:. Retrieved
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17682:. Retrieved
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17669:Liptak, Adam
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17651:. Retrieved
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17430:. Retrieved
17426:the original
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17379:Clymer, Adam
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17361:. Retrieved
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17323:. Retrieved
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17296:. Retrieved
17293:The Atlantic
17292:
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17247:the original
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17027:PBS NewsHour
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16967:. Retrieved
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16939:. Retrieved
16935:the original
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16902:. Retrieved
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16832:. Retrieved
16802:(1): 50β65.
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16795:
16785:
16775:December 22,
16773:. Retrieved
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16742:November 15,
16740:. Retrieved
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16708:November 23,
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16681:
16671:November 14,
16669:. Retrieved
16665:
16655:
16645:November 14,
16643:. Retrieved
16632:
16625:Liptak, Adam
16619:
16609:November 14,
16607:. Retrieved
16598:
16588:
16578:November 16,
16576:. Retrieved
16572:
16559:
16549:November 13,
16547:. Retrieved
16531:The Guardian
16530:
16520:
16508:. Retrieved
16496:
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16477:November 13,
16475:. Retrieved
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16449:. Retrieved
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16333:December 31,
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16237:The Atlantic
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15925:. Retrieved
15914:The Guardian
15913:
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15851:The Guardian
15850:
15840:
15828:. Retrieved
15817:
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15794:February 11,
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15790:. ProPublica
15781:
15769:. Retrieved
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15616:February 13,
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15590:Liptak, Adam
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15543:November 13,
15541:. Retrieved
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15099:February 25,
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14767:. Retrieved
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14739:. Retrieved
14732:the original
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14678:Liptak, Adam
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14410:February 20,
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14318:
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14219:the original
14209:
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14159:
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14124:
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14069:the original
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7076:
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7065:Lawson, Gary
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6589:Bush v. Gore
6579:
6574:Bush v. Gore
6572:
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6545:Adam Tomkins
6542:
6527:
6511:
6507:Kremlinology
6500:
6473:Bush v. Gore
6472:
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6335:
6324:Neil Gorsuch
6320:Donald Trump
6316:
6308:Larry Sabato
6301:
6286:
6265:
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6243:
6232:Pat Buchanan
6225:
6223:
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6160:
6149:Please help
6137:may contain
6136:
6109:
6106:Neil Gorsuch
6087:
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5876:may contain
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5813:</ref>
5803:Samuel Chase
5796:
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5728:The Atlantic
5726:
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5679:Samuel Alito
5672:
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5607:
5601:
5599:
5581:Bush v. Gore
5579:
5574:
5563:
5560:
5549:
5530:
5489:Neil Gorsuch
5469:Samuel Alito
5458:
5415:
5387:Lucile Lomen
5384:
5380:stenographer
5361:
5346:
5340:
5322:
5321:(1952), and
5316:
5315:(1935), the
5310:
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5141:. President
5136:
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5016:U.S. Reports
5015:
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4915:U.S. Reports
4914:
4906:
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4872:U.S. Reports
4871:
4869:
4858:U.S. Reports
4857:
4849:U.S. Reports
4848:
4841:U.S. Reports
4840:
4834:
4831:slip opinion
4828:
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4807:
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4715:Amici curiae
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4625:
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4080:
3880:
3757:Jurisdiction
3726:
3702:Cass Gilbert
3693:
3688:U.S. Capitol
3662:
3651:
3638:Neil Gorsuch
3626:Samuel Alito
3622:John Roberts
3592:
3586:January 2019
3583:
3573:
3566:
3559:
3552:
3540:
3528:Please help
3523:verification
3520:
3485:
3352:David Souter
3232:
3212:
3200:
3157:
3135:
3132:
3116:
3098:
3062:David Brewer
3044:, Scotland;
3039:
3028:, the first
2987:
2974:(2021β2022)
2948:(2017β2020)
2934:(2006β2018)
2920:(2006β2017)
2912:Neil Gorsuch
2906:(2009β2010)
2893:(1998β2009)
2873:(1990β2006)
2860:Samuel Alito
2854:(1990β1991)
2834:(2003β2005)
2826:John Roberts
2810:
2786:John Roberts
2771:Juris Doctor
2768:
2740:Episcopalian
2736:Neil Gorsuch
2721:
2690:
2661:
2604:
2530:
2458:
2391:Neil Gorsuch
2386:
2314:
2242:
2175:Samuel Alito
2170:
2098:
2031:John Roberts
2026:
1997:Start date /
1967:John Roberts
1964:
1935:
1923:Nancy Pelosi
1900:
1868:
1844:
1836:nine in 1837
1812:
1796:
1787:James Monroe
1783:Jimmy Carter
1756:
1736:
1732:Samuel Alito
1707:Samuel Chase
1688:
1673:
1649:Larry Sabato
1645:
1628:
1626:
1618:
1602:
1581:
1565:
1540:
1521:Barack Obama
1509:Neil Gorsuch
1505:Donald Trump
1486:
1450:
1422:
1413:John Roberts
1382:Baze v. Rees
1380:
1362:
1352:
1346:
1340:
1330:
1320:
1314:
1308:
1298:
1288:
1278:
1269:Bush v. Gore
1267:
1261:
1254:
1245:
1235:
1225:
1215:
1209:
1203:
1197:
1191:
1184:
1178:
1168:
1162:
1152:
1141:
1139:
1119:John Roberts
1107:David Souter
1081:Burger Court
1066:
1056:
1042:
1034:Mapp v. Ohio
1032:
1029:incorporated
1022:
1016:
1010:
1000:
990:
984:
978:
960:
953:
947:
943:
937:
927:
920:World War II
913:
907:
897:
871:
846:Owen Roberts
842:Harlan Stone
822:Hughes Court
800:Warren Court
796:Vinson Court
788:Hughes Court
782:New Deal era
773:
767:
757:
747:
740:incorporated
725:
718:
712:
682:
676:
670:
659:Fuller Court
631:Samuel Chase
620:
618:
611:
605:
599:
589:
586:Constitution
575:
564:
554:
548:
502:Philadelphia
494:
482:James Wilson
459:
444:through the
439:
428:
405:
363:
317:through the
315:1st Congress
308:
255:
251:
249:
233:John Roberts
213:supremecourt
171:confirmation
164:Presidential
29:
25676:Definitions
25511:Immigration
25442:LGBT rights
25344:Food safety
25179:Video games
24772:Wall Street
24752:Public debt
24655:Agriculture
24591:nationalism
24303:Uniform act
24225:Legislative
24132:Territorial
24090:Coast Guard
24085:Space Force
23835:Legislative
23630:Red (South)
23620:Mississippi
23542:New England
23478:Appalachian
23448:Earthquakes
23345:Discoveries
23340:Demographic
23282:Vietnam War
23225:World War I
23220:Imperialism
23170:Indian Wars
23145:War of 1812
22757:Reading law
22589:legislation
22411:Coast Guard
22167:Puerto Rico
22138:Territorial
21978:Mississippi
21893:Connecticut
21709:Saint Lucia
21644:El Salvador
20950:(1994β2022)
20944:(1993β2020)
20932:(1990β2009)
20926:(1988β2018)
20920:(1986β2016)
20914:(1981β2006)
20908:(1975β2010)
20894:(1972β1987)
20888:(1970β1994)
20882:(1967β1991)
20880:T. Marshall
20876:(1965β1969)
20870:(1962β1965)
20864:(1962β1993)
20858:(1958β1981)
20852:(1957β1962)
20846:(1956β1990)
20840:(1955β1971)
20834:(1949β1956)
20828:(1949β1967)
20822:(1945β1958)
20816:(1943β1949)
20814:W. Rutledge
20810:(1941β1954)
20804:(1941β1942)
20798:(1940β1949)
20792:(1939β1975)
20786:(1939β1962)
20784:Frankfurter
20780:(1938β1957)
20774:(1937β1971)
20768:(1932β1938)
20762:(1930β1945)
20748:(1923β1930)
20742:(1923β1939)
20736:(1922β1938)
20730:(1916β1922)
20724:(1916β1939)
20718:(1914β1941)
20712:(1912β1922)
20706:(1911β1916)
20700:(1911β1937)
20686:(1910β1914)
20680:(1906β1910)
20674:(1903β1922)
20668:(1902β1932)
20662:(1898β1925)
20656:(1896β1909)
20642:(1893β1895)
20636:(1892β1903)
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20624:(1890β1910)
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20612:(1882β1893)
20606:(1882β1902)
20600:(1881β1889)
20594:(1881β1887)
20588:(1877β1911)
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20576:(1870β1892)
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20474:(1830β1844)
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20456:(1823β1843)
20450:(1812β1845)
20444:(1811β1835)
20438:(1807β1826)
20432:(1807β1823)
20426:(1804β1834)
20420:(1800β1804)
20414:(1798β1829)
20408:(1796β1811)
20402:(1793β1806)
20396:(1792β1793)
20390:(1790β1799)
20384:(1790β1795)
20378:(1789β1798)
20372:(1790β1810)
20363:J. Rutledge
20260:Earl Warren
19597:(1986β2005)
19591:(1969β1986)
19585:(1953β1969)
19579:(1946β1953)
19573:(1941β1946)
19571:Stone Court
19567:(1930β1941)
19561:(1921β1930)
19555:(1910β1921)
19553:White Court
19549:(1888β1910)
19543:(1874β1888)
19541:Waite Court
19537:(1864β1873)
19535:Chase Court
19531:(1836β1864)
19529:Taney Court
19525:(1801β1835)
19519:(1796β1800)
19507:(1789β1795)
19439:Elena Kagan
18887:, 17th ed.
18613:October 23,
18456:February 8,
18451:@politifact
18430:February 8,
18345:October 23,
18311:October 23,
18245:October 23,
18128:October 23,
18091:October 30,
18056:October 30,
18025:October 27,
17950:October 24,
17909:October 27,
17874:October 27,
17836:October 27,
17808:discretion.
17801:October 27,
17769:Government.
17762:October 24,
17503:October 29,
17399:October 22,
17363:November 8,
17325:October 23,
17000:October 30,
16964:www.nps.gov
16941:October 23,
16904:October 22,
16834:January 30,
16510:December 2,
15300:October 20,
15271:February 5,
14911:January 30,
14655:October 29,
14577:October 29,
14298:October 29,
14225:February 3,
14170:February 3,
14065:"Sliplists"
13972:Β§ 2109
13826:January 31,
13629:October 17,
13591:October 31,
13581:Legal Times
13560:October 31,
13549:Legal Times
13466:Β§ 1872
13447:February 5,
13400:Β§ 1253
13383:; see also
13381:Β§ 1257
13366:Β§ 1254
13129:October 31,
13059:Β§ 1257
13041:Β§ 1260
13026:Β§ 1258
13011:Β§ 1259
12996:Β§ 1254
12849:ABA Journal
12700:January 31,
12670:October 24,
12613:October 24,
12466:January 31,
12334:impartial.'
12305:February 8,
12274:February 8,
12243:February 8,
12212:October 30,
11902:October 12,
11875:October 12,
11410:October 21,
11030:January 29,
10999:October 27,
10594:October 28,
10514:October 10,
10478:October 27,
10442:October 10,
10408:October 23,
10338:January 25,
9946:Β§ 2902
9891:Roe v. Wade
9726:November 1,
9687:November 1,
9650:November 1,
9619:January 22,
9584:November 1,
9544:February 1,
9504:February 1,
9466:November 1,
9428:November 1,
9341:October 31,
9271:October 31,
9236:October 31,
9199:October 31,
9161:October 31,
9123:October 31,
9089:October 31,
9054:October 31,
9026:amendments.
9019:October 31,
8984:October 31,
8927:October 31,
8891:October 31,
8857:October 31,
8821:October 31,
8777:February 6,
8729:October 31,
8695:October 31,
8660:October 31,
8624:October 31,
8589:October 31,
8549:October 31,
8513:October 31,
8480:October 31,
8442:October 31,
8424:Cohen, Adam
8404:October 31,
8372:Lochner era
8364:October 31,
8324:October 31,
8284:October 31,
8208:October 29,
8166:October 31,
8136:October 31,
8071:October 31,
8042:October 31,
7998:October 31,
7960:October 31,
7923:October 31,
7883:October 31,
7847:October 31,
7804:December 8,
7752:October 31,
7713:October 31,
7672:October 31,
7636:October 31,
7577:October 31,
7476:October 31,
7087:October 23,
6869:Roe v. Wade
6343:Roe v. Wade
6288:Adam Liptak
6236:Robert Bork
6201:Roe v. Wade
6188:Roe v. Wade
6011:Roe v. Wade
5995:Roe v. Wade
5967:criticized
5942:(1883) and
5927:segregation
5822:Aziz Z. Huq
5809:<ref>
5782:<ref>
5747:, wrote in
5691:January 6th
5638:U.S. Senate
5608:Roe v. Wade
5418:Byron White
5364:Horace Gray
5123:Constraints
5012:Roe v. Wade
4818:August 2021
4246:Roe v. Wade
4224:(1816) and
4028:Purposivism
4008:Originalism
3972:Citizenship
3962:Due process
3833:Rule of law
3710:law library
3630:Elena Kagan
3220:chief judge
3076:, Turkey);
3060:, Ireland;
3052:, England;
2968:(2013β2021)
2962:(2010β2014)
2899:Elena Kagan
2887:(1992β1998)
2867:(1987β1990)
2848:(1982β1990)
2782:Elena Kagan
2760:Roger Taney
2547:New Orleans
2319:Elena Kagan
1907:Republicans
1840:ten in 1863
1821:), but the
1819:life tenure
1662:term limits
1501:Earl Warren
1499:to succeed
1478:Robert Bork
1466:Wall Street
1393:Composition
1154:Roe v. Wade
995:) and that
952:), and the
872:During the
848:, and the "
792:Stone Court
663:White Court
655:Waite Court
651:Chase Court
647:Taney Court
629:of Justice
349:, with the
284:federal law
276:state court
191:Life tenure
147: /
122:Coordinates
87:Established
74: /
25774:Categories
25727:Quotations
25545:Xenophobia
25334:Disability
25275:Healthcare
25184:Visual art
25129:Philosophy
25075:television
25065:newspapers
25055:journalism
25045:Literature
24957:attainment
24608:Republican
24603:Democratic
24576:Ideologies
24537:Corruption
24102:NOAA Corps
24025:preemption
24020:federalism
23635:Rio Grande
23537:Midwestern
23517:West Coast
23512:East Coast
23355:Inventions
23267:Space Race
23262:Korean War
23245:home front
23180:Gilded Age
22737:Law school
22682:Bankruptcy
22597:Federalism
22113:Washington
22013:New Mexico
22008:New Jersey
21883:California
21619:Costa Rica
21361:Eisenhower
21195:Washington
21112:Eisenhower
21057:Presidents
20990:K. Jackson
20808:R. Jackson
20760:O. Roberts
20734:Sutherland
20716:McReynolds
20640:H. Jackson
20610:Blatchford
20430:Livingston
20424:W. Johnson
20412:Washington
20394:T. Johnson
19685:court size
19559:Taft Court
19359:Certiorari
19342:Procedures
19047:1380786442
18167:ScotusBlog
17647:New Yorker
17171:HeinOnline
16599:ProPublica
16030:August 23,
15996:August 23,
15956:August 23,
15740:October 5,
15335:1120147424
15295:ProPublica
14139:August 22,
14105:August 22,
14075:January 1,
14049:January 9,
14009:January 9,
13933:SCOTUSblog
13753:ProPublica
13527:October 2,
13428:(4): 378.
13119:Justia Law
12891:Humanities
12492:Demography
11263:October 8,
10732:August 23,
10222:certiorari
10218:certiorari
9366:ProPublica
8828:privacy...
7052:References
6679:See also:
6396:argued in
6211:David Litt
6180:Textualism
6163:March 2024
6143:irrelevant
5979:Guantanamo
5973:for being
5916:Dred Scott
5902:March 2024
5882:irrelevant
5792:discipline
5740:corruption
5713:moveon.org
5507:and Judge
5491:for Judge
5471:for Judge
5467:, Justice
5407:moot court
5403:law review
5376:law school
5348:certiorari
5343:law clerks
5331:Law clerks
4994:)", where
4946:LexisNexis
4771:status quo
4741:Concurring
4681:fact-check
4676:law review
4632:certiorari
4543:respondent
4539:petitioner
4532:respondent
4527:petitioner
4517:certiorari
4274:certiorari
4205:certiorari
4193:certiorari
4189:certiorari
4181:certiorari
4173:certiorari
4152:certiorari
4113:Ed Johnson
4033:Textualism
3838:Federalism
3815:Principles
3795:Amendments
3743:am to 3:30
3731:am to 4:30
3668:Facilities
3556:newspapers
3480:See also:
3265:Start date
3259:Retirement
3152:Republican
3148:Democratic
2994:Protestant
2806:Notre Dame
2778:law school
2775:Ivy League
2752:Methodists
2748:Unitarians
2732:Protestant
2703:) and one
2195:G. W. Bush
2051:G. W. Bush
2002:Succeeded
1954:See also:
1950:Membership
1869:President
1763:John Tyler
1739:Hugo Black
1719:Abe Fortas
1497:Abe Fortas
1489:filibuster
1252:reaffirmed
1230:) and the
1194:federalism
1063:defamation
918:). During
832:(center),
756:statutes (
726:Under the
667:Taft Court
325:and eight
202:by statute
135:77Β°00β²16β³W
132:38Β°53β²26β³N
97:1789-03-04
62:77Β°00β²16β³W
59:38Β°53β²26β³N
25528:Terrorism
25305:Rationing
25202:Affluence
25149:Sexuality
25117:Uncle Sam
25023:Languages
24952:Education
24895:affluence
24855:Americana
24782:Transport
24680:Insurance
24670:Companies
24650:By sector
24542:Elections
24183:Treasurer
24141:Executive
24080:Air Force
24052:Uniformed
23875:President
23692:Executive
23463:Mountains
23396:Territory
23384:Geography
23208:1954β1968
23203:1896β1954
23198:1865β1896
23160:Civil War
23001:1991β2008
22996:1980β1991
22991:1964β1980
22986:1945β1964
22981:1917β1945
22976:1865β1917
22971:1849β1865
22966:1815β1849
22961:1789β1815
22956:1776β1789
22949:By period
22828:Procedure
22818:Corporate
22729:Education
22395:Air Force
22305:Standards
22275:Authority
22123:Wisconsin
22078:Tennessee
22037:Oklahoma
21973:Minnesota
21948:Louisiana
21771:Caribbean
21739:Venezuela
21684:Nicaragua
21654:Guatemala
21574:Argentina
21559:Sovereign
21230:Van Buren
21205:Jefferson
20978:Kavanaugh
20960:Sotomayor
20899:Rehnquist
20850:Whittaker
20296:1986β2005
20280:1969β1986
20264:1953β1969
20248:1946β1953
20232:1941β1946
20216:1930β1941
20200:1921β1930
20184:1910β1921
20168:1888β1910
20152:1874β1888
20136:1864β1873
20120:1836β1864
20104:1801β1835
20088:1796β1800
20056:1789β1795
19765:Law clerk
19640:education
19505:Jay Court
19301:The court
19108:1407.6333
18741:March 27,
18661:1091-2339
18485:0028-6583
17985:March 24,
17298:March 18,
17253:March 25,
17227:March 20,
17202:March 27,
17176:March 27,
17150:March 27,
17145:0028-792X
17116:March 27,
17090:March 27,
17059:March 27,
17033:March 20,
17007:territory
16969:March 27,
16863:1091-2339
16824:247499952
16816:0002-7162
16703:0028-792X
16539:0261-3077
16505:0013-0613
16412:0028-6583
16328:0362-4331
16294:0190-8286
16120:0028-6583
16025:0190-8286
15922:0261-3077
15859:0261-3077
15606:0362-4331
15574:March 26,
15502:0013-0613
15474:March 27,
15448:March 28,
15422:March 28,
15396:March 28,
15362:0028-6583
15217:0190-8286
15175:Balz, Dan
15036:April 26,
14994:2375-2548
14529:April 20,
14472:April 20,
14327:0028-6583
13912:March 24,
13802:March 31,
13702:0029-3571
13517:0044-0094
13434:1095-5216
13306:28 U.S.C.
13160:April 27,
13098:April 27,
12939:April 27,
12905:April 27,
12863:April 27,
12802:28 U.S.C.
12786:April 27,
12749:28 U.S.C.
12644:March 19,
12295:Brookings
12260:"Opinion"
12177:April 20,
12147:justice."
12140:April 20,
12097:0362-4331
12030:142355294
11986:1094-2939
11945:1094-2939
11865:USA Today
11682:0190-8286
11465:The Times
11166:March 19,
11137:March 20,
10871:154590128
10826:April 12,
10758:April 29,
10701:March 18,
10671:April 29,
10601:security.
10259:August 6,
10022:1080-675X
9657:Heller...
9397:March 18,
9371:March 18,
9261:USA Today
8614:USA Today
8313:USA Today
8241:March 30,
7793:USA Today
7523:0044-0094
7405:April 26,
6427:theorist
6139:excessive
5878:excessive
5817:help page
5815:(see the
5786:help page
5778:Congress.
5366:in 1882.
5272:Section 2
4660:cert pool
4601:empaneled
4279:28 U.S.C.
4187:(through
4179:(through
4171:(through
4149:(through
3654:seniority
3188:Sotomayor
3184:Kavanaugh
3154:president
2726:, one is
2713:immigrant
2709:Sotomayor
2551:Louisiana
2083:Rehnquist
1979:Justice /
1927:Joe Biden
1561:appointee
1484:in 1987.
1441:officials
1433:president
754:antitrust
691:. In the
627:acquittal
551:Ellsworth
522:Jay Court
442:judiciary
396:City Hall
347:president
343:impeached
270:over all
258:) is the
229:Currently
25634:Politics
25584:Category
25280:Abortion
25144:Religion
25102:Columbia
25060:internet
24996:Holidays
24991:Folklore
24962:literacy
24900:eviction
24790:Aviation
24762:Taxation
24717:Currency
24710:by state
24620:Scandals
24490:Township
24248:Judicial
24149:Governor
23912:Judicial
23798:Marshals
23671:Politics
23625:Missouri
23615:Columbia
23610:Colorado
23605:Arkansas
23598:Longest
23577:Southern
23562:Northern
23406:counties
23360:Military
23350:Economic
23328:By topic
23307:Iraq War
23257:Cold War
23015:By event
22850:Juvenile
22823:Criminal
22813:Property
22808:Contract
22773:Abortion
22670:District
22385:Navy JAG
22348:Army JAG
22181:Obsolete
22108:Virginia
22091:criminal
22046:criminal
22018:New York
21993:Nebraska
21983:Missouri
21968:Michigan
21958:Maryland
21943:Kentucky
21923:Illinois
21898:Delaware
21888:Colorado
21878:Arkansas
21719:Suriname
21694:Paraguay
21669:Honduras
21629:Dominica
21614:Colombia
21584:Barbados
21341:Coolidge
21316:McKinley
21285:Garfield
21260:Buchanan
21250:Fillmore
21092:Coolidge
21059:and the
20942:Ginsburg
20912:O'Connor
20886:Blackmun
20868:Goldberg
20862:B. White
20722:Brandeis
20704:J. Lamar
20647:E. White
20616:L. Lamar
20598:Matthews
20538:Clifford
20532:Campbell
20514:Woodbury
20496:McKinley
20454:Thompson
20406:S. Chase
20400:Paterson
20052:John Jay
19838:Former:
19825:Location
19205:(2007).
19135:28403140
19095:PLOS ONE
18981:(1979).
18805:Archived
18704:PBS News
18666:June 18,
18607:Archived
18547:Archived
18514:Archived
18274:Archived
18239:Archived
18202:Archived
18171:Archived
18150:freedom.
18085:Archived
18050:Archived
18019:Archived
17979:Archived
17944:Archived
17931:(1998).
17903:Archived
17868:Archived
17830:Archived
17795:Archived
17756:Archived
17750:(1789).
17706:Politico
17622:June 30,
17616:Archived
17497:Archived
17454:(2023).
17432:March 2,
17393:Archived
17357:Archived
17319:Archived
17054:Newsweek
16994:Archived
16898:Archived
16828:Archived
16769:Archived
16736:Archived
16639:Archived
16603:Archived
16543:Archived
16471:Archived
16445:Archived
16417:June 19,
16385:Politico
16364:March 2,
16358:Archived
16200:Archived
16178:Archived
16125:July 14,
16057:Archived
15966:cite web
15927:June 15,
15824:Archived
15765:Archived
15734:Archived
15730:POLITICO
15709:July 24,
15703:Archived
15672:Archived
15647:July 24,
15641:Archived
15610:Archived
15568:Archived
15564:The Hill
15537:Archived
15506:Archived
15469:Politico
15417:NBC News
15367:June 19,
15243:Newsweek
15072:June 28,
15066:Archived
15012:38457495
15003:10923515
14943:June 19,
14847:Archived
14769:March 2,
14694:Archived
14649:Archived
14610:Archived
14571:Archived
14525:. Justia
14437:Archived
14404:Archived
14292:Archived
14255:June 27,
14249:archived
14164:Archived
14133:Archived
14099:Archived
14040:Archived
14038:. 2018.
14003:Archived
13957:Β§ 1
13938:April 2,
13906:Archived
13846:Archived
13820:Archived
13796:Archived
13661:Archived
13623:Archived
13585:Archived
13554:Archived
13521:Archived
13438:Archived
13335:Archived
13289:Archived
13266:Archived
13255:Archived
13235:Archived
13224:Archived
13154:Archived
13123:Archived
13089:Archived
12971:Archived
12957:(1993).
12933:Archived
12899:Archived
12857:Archived
12780:Archived
12727:Archived
12638:Archived
12523:20608097
12457:Archived
12411:Archived
12357:June 30,
12351:Archived
12299:Archived
12268:Archived
12264:NBC News
12237:Archived
12206:Archived
12202:Newsweek
12171:Archived
12134:Archived
12129:Fox News
12101:Archived
11896:Archived
11869:Archived
11838:Archived
11805:Archived
11749:July 16,
11743:Archived
11711:Archived
11686:Archived
11608:Archived
11544:cite web
11508:April 7,
11502:Archived
11476:June 15,
11443:June 15,
11404:Archived
11377:April 7,
11371:Archived
11367:ABC News
11257:Archived
11252:The Hill
11230:June 25,
11224:Archived
11219:NBC News
11198:June 25,
11192:Archived
11187:CBS News
11108:April 4,
11102:Archived
11082:April 4,
11076:Archived
11056:April 4,
11050:Archived
11024:Archived
10966:16
10946:Archived
10926:April 4,
10917:Archived
10889:Archived
10863:20452185
10820:Archived
10787:July 10,
10781:Archived
10752:Archived
10726:Archived
10665:Archived
10646:52212217
10638:20455716
10588:Archived
10508:Archived
10472:Archived
10436:Archived
10402:Archived
10363:Archived
10332:Archived
10306:June 27,
10297:Archived
10266:Resolved
10152:Archived
10118:Archived
10059:Archived
10026:Archived
9984:Archived
9962:Β§ 4
9923:April 7,
9917:Archived
9882:April 9,
9876:Archived
9843:Archived
9817:Archived
9787:Archived
9763:June 19,
9757:Archived
9720:Archived
9681:Archived
9644:Archived
9613:Archived
9578:Archived
9538:Archived
9498:Archived
9460:Archived
9422:Archived
9193:Archived
9155:Archived
9117:Archived
9083:Archived
9048:Archived
9013:Archived
8991:earlier.
8978:Archived
8952:, 1992,
8921:Archived
8885:Archived
8815:Archived
8723:Archived
8474:Archived
8436:Archived
8398:Archived
8355:Archived
8318:Archived
8278:Archived
8235:Archived
8202:Archived
8160:Archived
8036:Archived
7992:Archived
7917:Archived
7838:Archived
7743:Archived
7707:Archived
7703:Newsweek
7630:Archived
7571:Archived
7541:July 16,
7535:Archived
7497:(2004).
7470:Archived
7396:Archived
7366:Archived
7315:Archived
7280:Archived
7251:Archived
7220:Archived
7183:Archived
7139:Archived
7081:Archived
7079:: 1β37.
6874:abortion
6628:See also
6605:releases
6539:Too slow
6444:Brandeis
6145:examples
5884:examples
5750:Politico
5675:recusals
5353:research
5327:(1974).
5297:(1936),
5287:(1871).
4881:, where
4785:(1945).
4777:remanded
4721:Decision
4615:riparian
4332:Justice
4272:pending
4109:lynching
3790:Articles
3782:Overview
3737:holidays
3268:End date
3042:Caskardy
3030:Hispanic
3022:Ginsburg
2817:Justice
2773:from an
2756:Baptists
2754:, and 3
2715:parent:
2705:Hispanic
2591:Ginsburg
2227:O'Connor
2155:Marshall
2010:Present
1697:via the
1695:Congress
1586:through
1368:McDonald
1142:Griswold
894:New Deal
622:seriatim
578:Marshall
510:chambers
466:John Jay
105:Location
25608:Portals
25568:Outline
25516:illegal
25501:Smoking
25364:Obesity
25247:Poverty
25169:Theater
25159:Society
25013:Housing
24974:Fashion
24930:poverty
24875:Cuisine
24847:Culture
24834:Society
24795:Driving
24722:Exports
24700:Tourism
24660:Banking
24638:Economy
24598:Parties
24442:Charter
24406:Sheriff
23853:Speaker
23721:Cabinet
23684:Federal
23592:Western
23557:Eastern
23552:Central
23547:Pacific
23507:Regions
23458:Islands
22941:History
22860:Privacy
22855:Martial
22665:Appeals
22660:Supreme
22128:Wyoming
22103:Vermont
21988:Montana
21928:Indiana
21908:Georgia
21903:Florida
21873:Arizona
21863:Alabama
21734:Uruguay
21674:Jamaica
21649:Grenada
21639:Ecuador
21594:Bolivia
21579:Bahamas
21466:Clinton
21401:Clinton
21366:Kennedy
21336:Harding
21265:Lincoln
21225:Jackson
21210:Madison
21152:Clinton
21117:Kennedy
21087:Harding
20984:Barrett
20972:Gorsuch
20924:Kennedy
20906:Stevens
20856:Stewart
20844:Brennan
20790:Douglas
20766:Cardozo
20746:Sanford
20660:McKenna
20654:Peckham
20574:Bradley
20484:Barbour
20472:Baldwin
20460:Trimble
20388:Iredell
20370:Cushing
19899:Lochner
19864:Related
19814:Seat 10
19748:Marshal
19497:History
19143:2463244
19126:5389610
18772:updated
18722:npr.org
17957:rights.
17940:: Books
17712:July 3,
17684:July 3,
17653:July 3,
16868:July 5,
16441:AP News
16299:July 2,
16265:July 2,
16092:Reuters
15893:June 6,
15864:June 6,
15830:May 29,
15533:AP News
15267:. Slate
14972:Bibcode
14885:May 29,
14856:May 13,
14805:June 7,
14616:May 28,
14491:(ed.).
14351:(ed.).
14332:July 2,
13873:(2008)
13794:. NPR.
13758:July 2,
12969:: 185.
12733:July 6,
12514:3000028
11692:July 8,
11534:July 9,
10186:965β971
10065:May 17,
10035:May 17,
9990:May 17,
9823:July 8,
9793:July 8,
9733:states.
9206:states.
9168:result.
9130:states.
9061:school.
8556:itself.
8098:176β177
7531:4135780
7018:(2023,
6990:(2020,
6872:(1973,
6800:(1963,
6768:(1942,
6481:Al Gore
6195:of the
6055:(2015).
6046:(2003).
5731:titled
5519:of the
5511:of the
5503:of the
5495:of the
5483:of the
5475:of the
5463:of the
5133:Georgia
4934:), and
4895:Miranda
4808:updated
4753:Dissent
4499:Process
4329:Circuit
4207:, e.g.
4183:), the
4175:), the
4163:), the
3802:History
3686:of the
3570:scholar
3434:Clinton
3271:Length
3262:Present
3251:Age at
3243:Justice
3196:Jackson
3180:Gorsuch
3168:Roberts
3130:score.
2998:regions
2800:. Only
2790:Harvard
2701:Jackson
2515:Kennedy
2371:Stevens
1994:Age at
1877:years 6
1543:nominee
1517:cloture
1379:), and
1300:Twombly
973:of the
944:Gobitis
431:framers
372:History
353:of the
296:statute
262:in the
208:Website
95: (
25589:Portal
25496:Hunger
25447:racism
25388:Issues
25262:Health
25164:Sports
25124:People
24969:Family
24940:wealth
24865:Cinema
24690:Mining
24675:Energy
24420:Cities
24388:County
24322:Tribal
23860:Senate
23704:powers
23600:rivers
23473:ranges
23441:states
23365:Postal
22875:Sports
22835:Energy
22747:US bar
22687:Claims
22518:review
22480:Appeal
22082:Texas
22053:Oregon
21998:Nevada
21938:Kansas
21913:Hawaii
21868:Alaska
21689:Panama
21679:Mexico
21659:Guyana
21604:Canada
21599:Brazil
21589:Belize
21561:states
21456:Reagan
21451:Carter
21391:Reagan
21386:Carter
21356:Truman
21346:Hoover
21331:Wilson
21290:Arthur
21255:Pierce
21245:Taylor
21215:Monroe
21142:Reagan
21137:Carter
21107:Truman
21097:Hoover
21082:Wilson
20948:Breyer
20936:Thomas
20930:Souter
20918:Scalia
20892:Powell
20874:Fortas
20832:Minton
20820:Burton
20802:Byrnes
20796:Murphy
20740:Butler
20728:Clarke
20710:Pitney
20691:Hughes
20684:Lurton
20666:Holmes
20634:Shiras
20622:Brewer
20568:Strong
20550:Miller
20544:Swayne
20526:Curtis
20508:Nelson
20502:Daniel
20490:Catron
20466:McLean
20442:Duvall
20376:Wilson
19809:Seat 9
19804:Seat 8
19799:Seat 6
19794:Seat 4
19789:Seat 3
19784:Seat 2
19779:Seat 1
19513:(1795)
19255:
19233:
19217:
19192:
19176:
19158:
19141:
19133:
19123:
19062:
19045:
19035:
19016:
18991:
18962:Warren
18924:
18905:
18868:
18849:
18832:
18724:. npr.
18659:
18579:May 4,
18483:
17587:
17558:
17529:
17489:
17462:
17439:court.
17143:
16861:
16822:
16814:
16701:
16537:
16503:
16410:
16326:
16292:
16118:
16023:
15920:
15857:
15771:May 5,
15604:
15500:
15360:
15333:
15323:
15215:
15157:
15125:
15010:
15000:
14992:
14776:court.
14641:
14602:
14563:
14505:
14365:
14325:
14284:
13970:
13955:
13881:
13700:
13667:May 2,
13515:
13464:
13432:
13424:. 2d.
13398:
13379:
13364:
13308:
13057:
13039:
13024:
13009:
12994:
12824:,
12804:
12751:
12688:. The
12521:
12511:
12449:
12383:
12107:May 3,
12095:
12063:
12028:
11984:
11943:
11844:May 3,
11811:May 3,
11778:
11680:
11652:May 3,
11614:May 3,
11579:
11286:
10970:
10869:
10861:
10812:
10644:
10636:
10192:
10020:
9960:
9944:
9473:small.
9435:court.
8956:
8760:Engage
8270:
8194:
8104:
8028:
7967:count.
7529:
7521:
7462:
7430:: 893.
7344:
6601:leaked
6330:, and
6079:Loving
6037:1965).
6002:After
5965:Scalia
5669:Ethics
5626:, and
5540:said.
5247:(1971)
5235:(1964)
5223:(1920)
5211:(1913)
5199:(1868)
5183:(1795)
4905:, and
4281:
4159:, and
3995:Theory
3750:
3745:
3741:
3733:
3729:
3644:, and
3628:, and
3572:
3565:
3558:
3551:
3543:
3470:Salary
3308:Reagan
3194:, and
3172:Thomas
3126:, and
3090:Vienna
3066:Smyrna
3034:Latina
2728:Jewish
2697:Thomas
2655:Breyer
2443:Scalia
2299:Souter
1883:docket
1879:
1875:
1838:, and
1642:Tenure
1605:recess
1584:Truman
1474:twelve
1364:Heller
1250:) and
1222:sodomy
1133:, and
1087:, and
1053:police
1041:) and
989:, and
912:, and
882:Vinson
880:, and
874:Hughes
864:, and
798:, and
705:Fuller
703:, and
695:, the
665:, and
610:, and
561:quorum
532:, and
484:, and
355:Senate
309:Under
256:SCOTUS
168:Senate
116:, U.S.
25744:Texts
25693:Media
25575:Index
25400:Crime
25270:Aging
25087:Names
25082:Music
25070:radio
25050:Media
24880:Dance
24870:Crime
24705:Trade
24462:Mayor
24411:Clerk
24379:Local
24121:State
23640:Yukon
23483:Rocky
23468:peaks
22890:Trust
22880:State
22864:State
22459:Trial
22086:civil
22041:civil
21953:Maine
21918:Idaho
21664:Haiti
21609:Chile
21486:Biden
21481:Trump
21476:Obama
21441:Nixon
21421:Biden
21416:Trump
21411:Obama
21376:Nixon
21280:Hayes
21275:Grant
21235:Tyler
21172:Biden
21167:Trump
21162:Obama
21127:Nixon
20966:Kagan
20954:Alito
20826:Clark
20772:Black
20753:Stone
20678:Moody
20628:Brown
20592:Woods
20562:Field
20556:Davis
20520:Grier
20478:Wayne
20448:Story
20418:Moore
20382:Blair
20317:cases
20301:cases
20285:cases
20269:cases
20253:cases
20237:cases
20221:cases
20205:cases
20189:cases
20173:cases
20157:cases
20141:cases
20125:cases
20109:cases
20093:cases
20077:cases
20061:cases
19770:lists
19743:Clerk
19635:court
19353:brief
19103:arXiv
18948:(PDF)
18891:Irons
18653:Slate
17992:said.
17567:time.
17355:: 2.
16855:Slate
16820:S2CID
14850:(PDF)
14835:(PDF)
14735:(PDF)
14724:(PDF)
14463:(PDF)
14043:(PDF)
14028:(PDF)
13480:
13441:(PDF)
13416:(PDF)
13338:(PDF)
13327:(PDF)
13195:(PDF)
13180:(PDF)
13092:(PDF)
13085:XXXII
13075:(PDF)
12897:(6).
12568:, by
12460:(PDF)
12443:(PDF)
12057:(PDF)
12026:S2CID
10968:Stat.
10920:(PDF)
10913:(PDF)
10867:S2CID
10859:JSTOR
10642:S2CID
10634:JSTOR
10300:(PDF)
10293:(PDF)
10253:(PDF)
10242:(PDF)
10155:(PDF)
10144:(PDF)
10029:(PDF)
10010:(PDF)
9296:Salon
8771:(PDF)
8756:(PDF)
8411:farm.
8358:(PDF)
8347:(PDF)
7841:(PDF)
7830:(PDF)
7746:(PDF)
7735:(PDF)
7643:laws.
7527:JSTOR
7399:(PDF)
7392:(PDF)
6802:Bible
6752:laws)
6580:Slate
6298:Power
6215:Dobbs
6024:Dobbs
5840:Slate
5603:Dobbs
5151:South
4982:U.S.
4711:rebut
3577:JSTOR
3563:books
3192:Kagan
3176:Alito
3074:Δ°zmir
3072:(now
3050:Lewes
2788:from
2746:, 10
2637:53β47
2626:Biden
2573:52β48
2559:Trump
2497:50β48
2483:Trump
2425:54β45
2411:Trump
2353:63β37
2339:Obama
2281:68β31
2267:Obama
2209:58β42
2137:52β48
2065:78β22
2007:Start
1847:Chase
1588:Nixon
1453:lobby
1372:Bruen
1304:Iqbal
1258:'
1145:'
1037:(the
878:Stone
728:White
701:Waite
697:Chase
673:Taney
239:Since
25761:Data
25710:News
25139:Race
24984:list
24979:Flag
24518:list
24362:list
24273:list
24213:list
24166:list
24154:list
24130:and
24075:Navy
24065:Army
23935:list
23647:Time
23527:Gulf
22885:Tort
22870:Race
22675:list
22587:and
22374:Navy
22337:Army
22157:Guam
22098:Utah
22033:Ohio
21933:Iowa
21699:Peru
21624:Cuba
21446:Ford
21381:Ford
21326:Taft
21310:(II)
21240:Polk
21132:Ford
20778:Reed
20604:Gray
20580:Hunt
20436:Todd
20072:1795
19645:seat
19253:ISBN
19231:ISBN
19215:ISBN
19190:ISBN
19174:ISBN
19156:ISBN
19139:SSRN
19131:PMID
19060:ISBN
19043:OCLC
19033:ISBN
19014:ISBN
18989:ISBN
18977:and
18955:2008
18922:ISBN
18903:ISBN
18866:ISBN
18847:ISBN
18830:ISBN
18743:2024
18668:2024
18657:ISSN
18615:2009
18581:2024
18555:2010
18522:2010
18492:2024
18481:ISSN
18458:2023
18432:2023
18406:2023
18377:2023
18347:2009
18313:2009
18282:2016
18247:2009
18210:2018
18179:2018
18130:2009
18093:2009
18058:2009
18027:2009
17987:2012
17952:2009
17911:2009
17876:2009
17843:act.
17838:2009
17803:2009
17764:2009
17714:2022
17686:2022
17655:2022
17624:2022
17585:ISBN
17556:ISBN
17527:ISBN
17505:2020
17487:ISBN
17460:ISBN
17434:2024
17401:2009
17365:2021
17327:2009
17300:2024
17255:2024
17229:2024
17204:2024
17178:2024
17152:2024
17141:ISSN
17118:2024
17092:2024
17061:2024
17035:2024
17002:2009
16971:2024
16943:2009
16906:2009
16870:2024
16859:ISSN
16836:2023
16812:ISSN
16777:2022
16744:2023
16710:2023
16699:ISSN
16673:2023
16647:2023
16611:2023
16580:2023
16551:2023
16535:ISSN
16512:2023
16501:ISSN
16479:2023
16453:2023
16419:2024
16408:ISSN
16366:2023
16335:2022
16324:ISSN
16301:2024
16290:ISSN
16267:2024
16127:2024
16116:ISSN
16032:2024
16021:ISSN
15998:2024
15972:link
15958:2024
15929:2024
15918:ISSN
15895:2024
15866:2024
15855:ISSN
15832:2024
15796:2024
15773:2023
15742:2022
15711:2016
15680:2017
15649:2016
15618:2020
15602:ISSN
15576:2023
15545:2023
15514:2023
15498:ISSN
15476:2024
15450:2024
15424:2024
15398:2024
15391:TIME
15369:2024
15358:ISSN
15331:OCLC
15321:ISBN
15302:2023
15273:2023
15250:2023
15224:2023
15213:ISSN
15190:2023
15155:ISBN
15123:ISBN
15101:2024
15074:2019
15038:2024
15008:PMID
14990:ISSN
14945:2024
14913:2023
14887:2024
14858:2020
14843:2012
14807:2018
14771:2024
14743:2010
14702:2010
14657:2020
14639:ISBN
14618:2013
14600:ISBN
14579:2020
14561:ISBN
14531:2024
14503:ISBN
14474:2024
14445:2022
14412:2019
14363:ISBN
14334:2024
14323:ISSN
14300:2020
14282:ISBN
14257:2022
14227:2014
14172:2014
14141:2012
14107:2012
14077:2019
14051:2019
14011:2019
13940:2023
13914:2017
13879:ISBN
13854:2022
13828:2014
13804:2011
13760:2024
13698:ISSN
13669:2017
13631:2008
13593:2007
13562:2007
13529:2018
13513:ISSN
13482:U.S.
13449:2013
13430:ISSN
13346:2022
13252:1125
13221:1038
13203:2018
13162:2017
13131:2020
13100:2017
12979:2022
12941:2017
12907:2017
12865:2017
12788:2017
12735:2023
12702:2014
12672:2009
12646:2010
12615:2009
12552:2021
12519:PMID
12468:2013
12447:ISBN
12419:2010
12381:ISBN
12359:2022
12307:2023
12276:2023
12245:2023
12214:2021
12179:2019
12142:2019
12109:2023
12093:ISSN
12061:ISBN
12037:2022
12014:2016
11982:ISSN
11941:ISSN
11904:2022
11877:2022
11846:2017
11813:2017
11776:ISBN
11751:2018
11694:2022
11678:ISSN
11654:2017
11616:2017
11577:ISBN
11550:link
11536:2010
11510:2017
11478:2017
11445:2017
11412:2018
11379:2022
11348:2023
11319:2023
11284:ISBN
11265:2022
11232:2022
11200:2022
11168:2024
11139:2024
11110:2021
11084:2021
11058:2021
11032:2009
11001:2009
10954:2021
10928:2021
10828:2022
10810:ISBN
10789:2024
10760:2022
10734:2009
10703:2012
10673:2022
10596:2009
10516:2009
10480:2009
10444:2009
10410:2009
10371:2023
10340:2017
10308:2017
10261:2010
10208:See
10190:ISBN
10163:2016
10126:2016
10094:2008
10067:2022
10037:2022
10018:ISSN
9992:2022
9940:See
9925:2017
9884:2017
9851:2018
9825:2023
9795:2023
9765:2019
9728:2009
9689:2009
9652:2009
9621:2010
9586:2009
9546:2019
9506:2019
9468:2009
9430:2009
9399:2024
9373:2024
9343:2009
9330:Time
9304:2012
9273:2009
9238:2009
9225:Time
9201:2009
9163:2009
9125:2009
9091:2009
9056:2009
9021:2009
8986:2009
8954:ISBN
8929:2009
8893:2009
8859:2009
8846:Time
8823:2009
8779:2016
8731:2009
8697:2009
8684:Time
8662:2009
8649:Time
8626:2009
8591:2009
8578:Time
8551:2009
8538:Time
8515:2009
8482:2009
8444:2009
8406:2009
8366:2009
8326:2009
8286:2009
8268:ISBN
8243:2011
8210:2020
8192:ISBN
8168:2009
8138:2009
8113:177)
8102:ISBN
8073:2009
8044:2009
8026:ISBN
8005:said
8000:2009
7962:2009
7949:Time
7925:2009
7885:2009
7849:2009
7806:2019
7754:2009
7715:2009
7674:2009
7638:2009
7579:2009
7543:2019
7519:ISSN
7478:2009
7460:ISBN
7407:2009
7374:2018
7342:ISBN
7323:2018
7288:2018
7259:2018
7228:2018
7191:2018
7147:2018
7089:2017
6495:and
6392:and
6364:and
6346:and
6238:and
5936:the
5757:The
5681:and
5632:The
5578:and
5436:for
5428:for
5420:for
5370:and
5034:Term
5004:year
5000:page
4992:year
4984:page
4928:West
4773:ante
4593:jury
4522:cert
4296:bail
4270:stay
4132:and
3549:news
3032:and
2798:Yale
2784:and
2750:, 5
2699:and
1741:and
1730:and
1717:and
1345:and
1319:and
1021:and
820:The
808:The
738:had
732:Taft
730:and
671:The
424:veto
250:The
215:.gov
25622:Law
25038:ASL
24285:Law
23990:Law
23808:TSA
23793:ICE
23788:FBI
23783:DEA
23773:CBP
23768:ATF
23089:War
22840:Gun
22697:Tax
21297:(I)
20672:Day
19901:era
19121:PMC
19113:doi
18574:Vox
18399:CNN
18198:CNN
16804:doi
16800:699
16732:Vox
16573:CNN
16260:Vox
16196:NPR
15951:CNN
15888:Vox
15761:NPR
14998:PMC
14980:doi
14938:Vox
14906:Vox
14880:Vox
14499:202
14359:775
14036:569
13694:106
13509:123
13469:See
12509:PMC
12501:doi
12329:NPR
12018:doi
11972:doi
11931:doi
11801:CNN
11573:183
11498:CNN
11161:PBS
11132:CNN
10851:doi
10626:doi
10622:116
10328:NPR
9980:CNN
9392:CNN
8736:it.
7759:...
7511:doi
7507:113
6533:Vox
6531:of
6141:or
5880:or
5111:of
5020:___
5008:pin
4996:vol
4988:pin
4980:vol
4541:v.
4276:in
4111:of
4101:in
3532:by
3494:of
3450:86
3447:83
3384:85
3381:69
3324:88
3321:82
2644:54
2641:51
2580:52
2577:48
2504:59
2501:53
2432:57
2429:49
2360:64
2357:50
2288:70
2285:55
2216:74
2213:55
2144:76
2141:43
2072:69
2069:50
1989:SCV
1693:by
1672:in
1523:'s
1389:).
1361:),
1335:),
1325:),
1293:),
1255:Roe
1189:).
892:'s
778:).
333:in
282:or
200:9,
25776::
21498:β’
20314:,
20298:,
20282:,
20266:,
20250:,
20234:,
20218:,
20202:,
20186:,
20170:,
20154:,
20138:,
20122:,
20106:,
20090:,
20074:,
20058:,
19772::
19251:.
19213:.
19137:.
19129:.
19119:.
19111:.
19099:12
19097:.
19093:.
19041:.
18987:.
18939:.
18935:,
18920:.
18901:.
18828:.
18720:.
18702:.
18684:.
18655:.
18651:.
18637:^
18605:.
18601:.
18572:.
18545:.
18539:.
18508:.
18479:.
18475:.
18449:.
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