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483:). In multiple parts of the project, Napoleon III emphasized his role as continuator of the great French monarchs of the past, and as the one who completed their unfinished work. On both sides of the Pavillon Sully, black marble plaques bear gilded inscriptions that read, respectively: "1541. François Ier commence le Louvre. 1564. Catherine de Médicis commence les Tuileries," and "1852-1857. Napoléon III réunit les Tuileries au Louvre." Separately, Napoleon III created a
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279:
548:, itself influenced by Lemercier's. The same inspiration shaped the pavilions named after Richelieu and Denon on the Cour Napoléon's northern and southern sides. Lefuel transformed Visconti's understated original design and added a profusion of elaborate sculptural detail. Despite being criticized by a number of observers, e.g. by
225:, were swept clear. The project was swiftly executed, under the close attention of Napoleon III who visited the works on multiple occasions. The new buildings were substantially completed at the time of their inauguration by the emperor on 14 August 1857. The next day, which was the National Day as the date of "
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was in serious disrepair. Following the successful completion of the Louvre expansion, Napoleon III endorsed Lefuel's plan to entirely demolish and rebuild both the
Pavillon and the wing that connects it to the Nouveau Louvre's South Wing. The project involved the creation of a new ceremonial
377:
The
Nouveau Louvre mostly consists of two sets of buildings or wings, on the northern and southern sides of the central space that is now called the Cour Napoléon. The new buildings were structured around a sequence of pavilions that were given names of French statesmen from the
247:, worked on the Louvre as a junior architect between April 1854 and September 1855, as also did Italian architect Marco Treves from May 1854 to September 1857. Following Hunt's graduation, Lefuel made him inspector of the Louvre work and allowed him to design the façade of the
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also featuring a monumental staircase. (From 1989, the names of the three central pavilions have also been given to the entire respective wings of the Louvre museum complex. Thus, the Louvre's North Wing is now known as
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was another opportunity for Lefuel to foster a rich structural program, which was executed in 1861 after the
Nouveau Louvre's inauguration. Outside in the Cour Lefuel, four bronze groups of wild animals by
947:. This was ostensibly intended to emphasize his claim to legitimacy as the inheritor of France's two (royal and imperial) strands of monarchical development. This program, however, was not realized.
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On the eastern side of the Cour Napoléon, the project entailed no new building but rather the exterior refacing of the pre-existing palace whose interior rooms were left unchanged. For the central
213:, was appointed to replace him. Lefuel modified Visconti's project, keeping its broad architectural outlines but opting for a considerably more exuberant decoration program that came to define the
2707:. While most of the interior spaces were gutted and rebuilt, the more artistically and historically significant ones were preserved and renovated. These included three monumental staircases, the
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954:) from French history and culture, selected by Napoleon III himself, each one labelled with their name. These include, following the order of the wings from northwest to southwest:
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Nevertheless, sculptural profusion was one of the defining features of Lefuel's approach. Arguably the most salient component is the series of 86 statues of celebrated figures (
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Inside the North Wing were prestige apartments for some of the regime's principal figures, including those of the
Minister of State (long mistakenly attributed to the
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in the eyes of many observers. Old houses and other buildings that still encroached on the central space of the Louvre-Tuileries complex, between the
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architecture, subsequently adopted in numerous buildings in France as well as elsewhere in Europe and in the world. Prominent examples include the
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Below these prestige spaces was an extensive complex of stables for up to 149 horses and 34 carriages. At the center of it is the brick-and-stone
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2665:. The project was completed in 1869 as an equestrian statue of Napoleon III by Barye was placed above the arches of the Grands Guichets.
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2313:. At the top of the ramps above the entrance to the manège, a monumental group, also by Rouillard, features three surging horses that echo
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under the
Restoration), personal property of the emperor but open to the public, on the upper floor between the Pavillon Richelieu and the
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Plan of the unfinished Louvre by
Charles Vasserot, showing the jumble of buildings on the location of the present-day Cour Napoléon (1830)
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The project was initially intended for mixed ceremonial, museum, housing, military and administrative use, including the offices of the
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672:. These included, on the upper ground floor, a new entrance lobby flanked by two long stone-clad galleries, respectively named after
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further east. Between the
Pavillon de Flore and the Pavillon des Sessions, Lefuel created a monumental passageway (then called the
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in the middle, whose lavish interior decoration was completed in 1866. On the same floor, between the
Pavillon Denon and the
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on 2 December 1851, even before he would formally rebrand himself as
Emperor Napoleon III. On Napoleon III's order, Minister
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was renamed after Lefuel following the architect's death in 1880.) The stables were nominally supervised by Great
Equerry (
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to similarly emphasize the continuity of his rule with the long legacy of French monarchy and thus bolster his legitimacy.
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commissioned Visconti to design the new Louvre's plans on 30 January 1852, and the first stone was laid on 25 July 1852.
3180:"Les prémices du Ministère: Tentatives éphémères d'une administration des Beaux Arts autonome à partir du Second Empire"
2916:
Galignani's New Paris Guide, for 1870: Revised and Verified by Personal Inspection, and Arranged on an Entirely New Plan
69:
2638:. At the eastern end of the new project, Lefuel created three monumental archways for the thoroughfare connecting the
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was correspondingly cut short by about a third. The Southern façade was completely changed, as Lefuel disliked
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382:(North Wing) and the Napoleonic era (South Wing), still used to this day: from the northwest to the southwest,
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Pavillon Denon: "Napoleon III surrounded by Agriculture, Industry, Commerce and the Fine Arts", by Simart.
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Celebratory tapestry cartoon showing the expanded Louvre between a cherub holding a ribbon inscribed with
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was compelled to leave the Louvre's North Wing, in which it had been headquartered since 1871, to
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2334:. Inside, the idiosyncratic hunting-themed capitals feature heads of horses and other animals, by
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3251:"Visite interdite du Louvre #4 : la magnifique rampe en fer à cheval de la cour des Écuries"
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Lefuel created two octagonal gardens at the center of the Cour Napoléon (now replaced by the
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Histoire du Louvre: Le Château – Le Palais – Le Musée, des origines à nos jours, 1200–1928
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80:. It represented the completion of a centuries-long project, sometimes referred to as the
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540:'s new western façade, Visconti took inspiration from both its eastern side designed by
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came to its abrupt end. On 6 September 1870, days after the Emperor's capture at the
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Le Palais du Louvre: Comment l'ont terminé Louis XIV, Napoléon Ier et Napoléon III
3160:
Guy Vidal (January–February 1990). "Le Ministère des Finances de Rivoli à Bercy".
2756:. Meanwhile, the Cour Napoléon was radically transformed with the erection of the
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Engraving dedicated "to His Majesty the Emperor" showcasing Visconti's design, by
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2976:"Napoleon III's Transformation of Paris: The Origins and Development of the Idea"
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produced a draft design for completing the entire palace and presented it to the
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Pavillon Richelieu: "France distributing crowns to its worthiest children", by
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at the center of the Cour Napoléon's two octagonal gardens, and another one of
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Visconti presents the plans for the Nouveau Louvre to Emperor Napoleon III and
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37:
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One of many earlier unrealized proposals for the completion of the Louvre, by
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of the Nouveau Louvre, the pediments of the three main pavilions stand out:
353:(lower left) and two angels holding the Emperor's profile (upper right), by
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to the north, with two additional lionesses by Cain in front of the nearby
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was burned down, as was the Bibliothèque du Louvre. Lefuel, together with
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in 1861 just before demolition (left) and Lefuel's reconstruction (right)
1403:
1249:
1196:
1115:
166:, the provisional government adopted a decree on the continuation of the
3373:"Les esquisses de la décoration du Louvre au Département des sculptures"
2676:, Barye's equestrian statue was topped and destroyed. At the end of the
2999:
2975:
2624:) between 1864 and 1869, adorned with two pairs of monumental lions by
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created in early 1870; the Directorate of Telegraphs; barracks for the
2592:, with covered space for 16 carriages and 32 horse teams known as the
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932:
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The South Wing was largely devoted to a series of new spaces for the
2610:
and replacing it with a replica of the earlier design attributed to
190:
in 1849. These plans were not implemented, however, until President
3140:"Le ministère du faste : la Maison de l'Empereur Napoléon III"
3092:, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard Graduates' Magazine Association
2991:
1211:
673:
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in the North Wing's eastern half were abandoned in the late 1850s.
526:
The Louvre expansion shortly after its completion, photographed by
175:
76:
and, after Visconti's death in late 1853, modified and executed by
2741:
Museum in the same wing and opened in 1994, has been designed by
3269:"Nouveau Louvre Aile Mollien : Appartement du Grand Ecuyer"
2211:(in which the figure of France has been viewed as a likeness of
174:'s north wing, building on the steps taken to that effect under
3248:
2738:
663:
365:
138:
27:
Iconic Paris transformation project of the Second French Empire
931:
Initially, Visconti's plan was to erect equestrian statues of
153:
Imperial eagle and Napoleonic ornamentation on the ceiling of
96:
to the west. Following the Tuileries' arson at the end of the
2598:. As this structure took the full width of the building, the
2501:
photography c.1857 (left) and Lefuel's reconstruction (right)
1165:
2551:
in the southwestern wing was used from 1900 to display the
205:
After Visconti died of a heart attack on 29 December 1853,
56:
in the 1850s, known at the time and until the 1980s as the
3396:"Les terres cuites d'Olivier Gagnère valorisent Vallauris"
2785:
Second Empire architecture in the United States and Canada
3057:"Histoire mouvementée d'un fonds d'archives exceptionnel"
2218:
Pavillon Sully: "Napoleon I above History and Arts", by
30:"Cour Napoléon" redirects here. Not to be confused with
3355:
3216:
577:), served by a monumental staircase later known as the
297:
Design of the Louvre expansion by Louis Visconti (1853)
3168:(253). Paris: Presses Universitaires de France: 71–77.
2928:
2793:
was highly influential and became the exemplar of the
3236:
Louvre & Tuileries : Architectures de Papier
3233:
3076:
236:", the public was invited to roam the new buildings.
2858:
2409:
Rouillard's three horses above the Manège's entrance
3122:
3035:
194:was in a position to prioritize them following his
137:. Since 1993, all its spaces have been used by the
3290:. Paris: Réunion des Musées Nationaux. p. 48.
544:in the 1620s and from the central pavilion of the
3249:Frédéric Lewino; Anne-Sophie Jahn (16 May 2015).
2668:That setting, however, did not last long, as the
2289:stand at the start of the two horse ramps :
762:and lodgings for the palace's service personnel.
45:, refaced in the 1850s at the eastern end of the
3848:
3393:
3370:
3360:, New York: The Vendome Press, pp. 144, 154
3125:Les appartements Napoléon III du musée du Louvre
2970:
2567:Napoleon III's Louvre expansion surrounding the
3300:
651:), with sculpted decoration by Lefuel's friend
3303:"Quand Napoléon III bâtissait le Grand Louvre"
3288:Au Louvre : La Cour Napoléon transfigurée
3137:
2725:; the former ministerial office, rebranded as
2705:specially-built headquarters in the Bercy area
1311:François-Michel le Tellier, Marquis de Louvois
3454:
3425:
3322:
3206:. Paris: Editions Albert Morancé. p. 30.
2233:The latter group includes the depiction of a
882:Cour Lefuel with ramps to the salle du Manège
460:, its eastern square of buildings around the
418:(the project's new name for the pre-existing
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2986:(2). University of Chicago Press: 125–134.
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639:. The latter was acceded by the monumental
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3327:. Vol. II. Paris: Editions de Minuit.
2918:. Paris: A. and W. Galignani and Co. 1870.
2883:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2421:One of the capitals of the Salle du Manège
170:toward the east and the completion of the
54:expansion of the Louvre under Napoleon III
3325:Dictionnaire historique des rues de Paris
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133:which after 1871 were attributed to the
36:
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3045:. Paris: Editions des Musées Nationaux.
718:, Lefuel created a large Estates Hall (
100:in 1871 and demolition a decade later,
72:. Its design was initially produced by
14:
3849:
3127:. Paris: Réunion des Musées Nationaux.
2961:
1089:Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon
645:(known since the late 19th century as
592:ministère de l'Algérie et des Colonies
315:in 1853 at the Tuileries, painting by
243:, who had studied under Lefuel at the
144:
3413:
3394:Dominique Poiret (28 November 2012).
3223:. Paris: L'Illustration. p. 102.
3190:
3150:
3144:Parlement, Revue d'histoire politique
1595:Jean-Baptiste Claude Eugène Guillaume
84:("grand design"), to connect the old
3358:The Louvre: An Architectural History
3113:
2530:Barye's lions and Cain's lionesses,
1319:Louis de Rouvroy, duc de Saint-Simon
1265:Maximilien de BĂ©thune, Duke of Sully
1099:, by Philippe Joseph Henri Lemaire;
598:ministère de la Maison de l'Empereur
200:François-Xavier Joseph de Casabianca
130:ministère de la Maison de l'Empereur
3227:
2701:Ministry of the Economy and Finance
906:Pavillon de la Bibliothèque on the
724:) for state events and ceremonies.
68:and a centerpiece of its ambitious
24:
1745:, by Honoré-Jean-Aristide Husson;
108:became the eastern end of Paris's
25:
3873:
3816:Galerie nationale du Jeu de Paume
3039:Le Nouveau Louvre de Napoléon III
2385:Rouillard's "dog fighting a wolf"
737:(west) and Visconti (east). (The
583:; administrative offices for the
3672:Pierre-François-Léonard Fontaine
3356:Geneviève Bresc-Bautier (1995),
3217:Louis Hautecoeur, Louis (1928).
2809:, and in the United States, the
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498:
340:
324:
304:
290:
278:
262:
3556:Napoleon III's Louvre expansion
3387:
3364:
3349:
3331:
3279:
3261:
3242:
3210:
3172:
3131:
3086:The Harvard Graduates' Magazine
2933:. Paris: Hachette. p. 305.
2929:Denise Bernard-Folliot (1984).
2695:project initiated by President
1677:César-François Cassini de Thury
923:Plan of the Louvre with the 86
894:Interior of the salle du Manège
688:Nicolas François, Count Mollien
209:, by then the architect of the
64:, was an iconic project of the
3692:Edmond Jean Baptiste Guillaume
3682:Louis-Tullius-Joachim Visconti
3657:Auguste Cheval de Saint-Hubert
3617:Jacques Androuet II Du Cerceau
3234:Jean-Claude Daufresne (1987).
3106:Le Louvre et le Nouveau Louvre
3096:
3070:
3049:
2922:
2852:
2628:to the south and lionesses by
2604:Jacques II Androuet du Cerceau
1749:, by Auguste-Hyacinthe Debay;
1280:SĂ©bastien Le Prestre de Vauban
1126:, by Charles-François Lebœuf;
834:Appartements Napoléon III
822:Appartements Napoléon III
655:. Initial plans to locate the
632:bibliothèque du Cabinet du Roi
372:
13:
1:
3307:Revue du Souvenir Napoléonien
2980:The Journal of Modern History
2859:Théodore de Banville (1857).
2815:State, War, and Navy Building
2752:in a reinterpretation of the
1396:Jacques I Androuet du Cerceau
1027:Philippe Joseph Henri Lemaire
239:The young American architect
3511:Petite Galerie of the Louvre
3123:Anne Dion-Tenenbaum (1993).
3036:Christiane Aulanier (1953).
2799:Crédit Lyonnais headquarters
2763:
2397:Rouillard's "wolf and puppy"
2310:Chien combattant un sanglier
2249:Pediment, Pavillon Richelieu
1008:François de La Rochefoucauld
666:Museum that were dubbed the
607:in 1860), and (briefly) the
470:, and the South Wing is the
7:
3339:"Le Louvre et Napoléon III"
3238:. Brussels: Pierre Mardaga.
2951:"Le Louvre de Napoléon III"
2828:
2821:(built 1871-1888), and the
2653:to the north, known as the
1724:Honoré-Jean-Aristide Husson
1710:, by François Rude (copy);
1513:South Wing, northern side:
1032:North Wing, southern side:
914:
642:escalier de la Bibliothèque
350:"LE LOUVRE DE NAPOLEON III"
250:Pavillon de la Bibliothèque
10:
3878:
3862:Second Empire architecture
2861:Paris et le Nouveau Louvre
2778:
1775:South Wing, western side:
1692:Henri François d'Aguesseau
1128:Anne Robert Jacques Turgot
958:North Wing, western side:
562:Second Empire architecture
317:Jean-Baptiste-Ange Tissier
29:
3824:
3803:
3794:
3764:
3738:
3729:
3677:FĂ©lix Louis Jacques Duban
3589:
3488:
3479:
3445:
3371:Michèle Beaulieu (1946).
2737:, located outside of the
2731:appartements Napoléon III
2662:grands guichets du Louvre
1155:Joseph-Stanislas Lescorné
992:Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux
976:François Eudes de Mézeray
574:appartements Napoléon III
564:in France and elsewhere.
164:French Revolution of 1848
3647:Jacques-Germain Soufflot
3440:The Louvre and Tuileries
3301:Georges Poisson (1994),
2845:
2803:Saigon Governor's Palace
2304:Chien combattant un loup
2273:Pediment, Pavillon Denon
2261:Pediment, Pavillon Sully
1470:Antoine-Augustin Préault
1439:Théodore-Charles Gruyère
1305:. * Eastern side of the
657:Minister of the Interior
610:ministère des Beaux-Arts
32:Napoleon Square (Warsaw)
3702:Victor-Auguste Blavette
3581:Louvre Inverted Pyramid
3184:Ministère de la Culture
3162:La Revue administrative
3138:Xavier Mauduit (2008).
2813:(built 1862-1865), the
2811:Old City Hall in Boston
2344:Henri Alfred Jacquemart
2209:Francisque Joseph Duret
2201:architectural sculpture
1716:Jacques-LĂ©onard Maillet
1696:Louis-Denis Caillouette
1515:Jean Cousin the Younger
1416:Auguste-Hyacinthe Debay
1388:Jean Baptiste Massillon
1292:Jacques-LĂ©onard Maillet
1227:Jacques-BĂ©nigne Bossuet
1181:Jacques Auguste de Thou
1120:Charles-François Lebœuf
211:Palace of Fontainebleau
70:transformation of Paris
2823:Philadelphia City Hall
2776:
2773:Old City Hall (Boston)
2721:
2715:
2709:
2691:In the context of the
2661:
2655:
2642:to the south with the
2634:
2616:
2594:
2588:
2582:
2572:
2560:
2553:Marie de' Medici cycle
2547:
2532:
2493:
2340:Pierre Louis Rouillard
2325:HĂ´tel de Rohan (Paris)
2319:
2309:
2303:
2297:
2291:
2287:Pierre Louis Rouillard
2280:
1751:Philippe de Champaigne
1700:Jules Hardouin-Mansart
1603:Antoine Laurent Dantan
1185:Auguste-Louis Deligand
1105:Jean-Baptiste Farochon
1004:Jean-Marie Bonnassieux
928:
870:Pavillon Denon ceiling
743:
729:
720:
710:
704:
698:
692:
682:
669:Nouveau Musée Impérial
668:
647:
641:
631:
626:bibliothèque impériale
625:
620:Bibliothèque du Louvre
619:
609:
603:
597:
591:
585:
579:
573:
472:
466:
456:
446:
437:
424:
411:
402:
393:
384:
349:
249:
196:successful coup d'Ă©tat
159:
155:
129:
123:
62:Louvre de Napoléon III
49:
3756:Théâtre des Tuileries
3531:Pavillon de l'Horloge
3109:, Paris: Calmann-LĂ©vy
3082:"Richard Morris Hunt"
3078:William Roscoe Thayer
2771:
2686:Eugène Viollet-le-Duc
2656:guichets du Carrousel
2617:Guichet de l'Empereur
2589:Pavillon des Sessions
2566:
2559:, here shown in 1929.
2544:
2494:Guichets du Carrousel
2292:Chienne et ses petits
2224:Pierre-Charles Simart
1642:Jean-François Soitoux
1474:Jean-Balthazar Keller
1451:Enguerrand de Marigny
1435:Jean-François Regnard
1354:Eugène-Louis Lequesne
1254:Jean-François Soitoux
1101:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
1073:Jean-Baptiste Colbert
1069:Pierre-Jules Cavelier
922:
571:and now known as the
558:Horace de Viel-Castel
538:pavillon de l'Horloge
420:pavillon de l'Horloge
152:
43:pavillon de l'Horloge
40:
3811:Musée de l'Orangerie
3796:Jardin des Tuileries
3731:Palais des Tuileries
3687:Hector-Martin Lefuel
3642:Ange-Jacques Gabriel
3467:The Louvre Abu Dhabi
3202:Henri Verne (1923).
2716:escalier du ministre
2680:on 23 May 1871, the
1665:Jacques Ange Cordier
1561:Ange-Jacques Gabriel
1350:Philippe de Commines
1235:Marquis de Condorcet
1143:Bernard of Clairvaux
1061:Jean-Jules Allasseur
1057:François de Malherbe
996:Charles Émile Seurre
786:Escalier du Ministre
760:Cent-gardes Squadron
601:(separated from the
580:escalier du ministre
485:Musée des Souverains
271:Percier and Fontaine
245:École des Beaux-Arts
207:Hector-Martin Lefuel
188:Legislative Assembly
78:Hector-Martin Lefuel
66:Second French Empire
3772:Philibert de l'Orme
3662:Jean-Arnaud Raymond
3607:Pierre II Chambiges
3576:Carrousel du Louvre
3377:Bulletin Monumental
3323:Jacques Hillairet.
3064:Archives nationales
2825:(built 1871-1901).
2795:Second Empire style
2754:Second Empire style
2697:François Mitterrand
2626:Antoine-Louis Barye
2298:Loup et petit chien
2220:Antoine-Louis Barye
2199:Among the abundant
1831:Philibert de l'Orme
1704:Jean-Joseph Perraud
1653:Jean-Antoine Houdon
1638:Michel de Montaigne
1591:Michel de l'HĂ´pital
1300:Jean-Joseph Perraud
1093:Eugène André Oudiné
980:Louis-Joseph Daumas
960:Jean de La Fontaine
629:under Napoleon and
433:eponymous staircase
364:(1857); now at the
241:Richard Morris Hunt
145:Project development
3804:Sections in detail
3751:Pavillon de Marsan
3739:Sections in detail
3652:Maximilien Brebion
3546:Pavillon de Marsan
3489:Sections in detail
3345:. 14 January 2014.
3286:Guy Nicot (1993).
2955:Fondation Napoléon
2949:Karine Huguenaud.
2781:Napoleon III style
2777:
2699:in the 1980s, the
2573:
2561:
2548:Salle des Sessions
2373:in the Cour Lefuel
2357:, and Houguenade.
1835:Jean-Pierre Dantan
1812:Jules-Antoine Droz
1755:Louis-Adolphe Eude
1681:Hippolyte Maindron
1634:Jean-Auguste Barre
1630:Cardinal Richelieu
1534:Jean-Auguste Barre
1500:Jules-Antoine Droz
1151:Jean de La Bruyère
929:
749:Émile Félix Fleury
653:Marie-Noémi Cadiot
589:, the short-lived
223:place du Carrousel
160:
50:
3844:
3843:
3840:
3839:
3790:
3789:
3746:Pavillon de Flore
3725:
3724:
3622:Jacques Lemercier
3597:Raymond du Temple
3536:Galerie d'Apollon
3521:Pavillon de Flore
3475:
3474:
3103:L. Vitet (1882),
2640:Pont du Carrousel
2577:Pavillon de Flore
2456:pavillon de Flore
2320:chevaux du soleil
2315:Robert Le Lorrain
2278:The South Wing's
1804:Jean-Claude Petit
1781:Henri de Triqueti
1743:Eustache Le Sueur
1599:Jacques Lemercier
1580:Bosio the Younger
1392:François Jouffroy
1327:Jean de Joinville
1288:Antoine Lavoisier
1216:Antoine Desboeufs
1147:François Jouffroy
1049:François Rabelais
1012:Noël-Jules Girard
739:cour Caulaincourt
595:(1858-1860), the
542:Jacques Lemercier
182:and his disciple
16:(Redirected from
3869:
3801:
3800:
3736:
3735:
3632:François d'Orbay
3551:Louvre Colonnade
3486:
3485:
3481:Palais du Louvre
3452:
3451:
3434:
3427:
3420:
3411:
3410:
3404:
3403:
3391:
3385:
3384:
3368:
3362:
3361:
3353:
3347:
3346:
3335:
3329:
3328:
3320:
3311:
3310:
3298:
3292:
3291:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3265:
3259:
3258:
3246:
3240:
3239:
3231:
3225:
3224:
3214:
3208:
3207:
3199:
3188:
3187:
3176:
3170:
3169:
3157:
3148:
3147:
3135:
3129:
3128:
3120:
3111:
3110:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3074:
3068:
3067:
3061:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3033:
3012:
3011:
2972:David H. Pinkney
2968:
2959:
2958:
2946:
2935:
2934:
2931:Guide Bleu Paris
2926:
2920:
2919:
2912:
2889:
2888:
2882:
2874:
2856:
2807:French Indochina
2751:
2724:
2722:escalier Colbert
2718:
2712:
2682:Tuileries Palace
2664:
2658:
2652:
2637:
2619:
2597:
2595:cour de l'en-cas
2591:
2585:
2550:
2535:
2524:
2515:
2496:
2485:
2476:
2458:photographed by
2448:
2439:
2418:
2406:
2394:
2382:
2366:
2356:
2336:Emmanuel Frémiet
2333:
2322:
2312:
2306:
2300:
2294:
2283:
2270:
2258:
2246:
2235:steam locomotive
2194:
2185:
2176:
2167:
2158:
2149:
2140:
2131:
2122:
2113:
2104:
2095:
2086:
2077:
2068:
2059:
2050:
2041:
2032:
2023:
2014:
2005:
1996:
1987:
1978:
1969:
1960:
1951:
1942:
1933:
1924:
1915:
1906:
1897:
1888:
1879:
1870:
1859:
1847:Hyacinthe Rigaud
1827:Armand Toussaint
1820:
1808:Pierre Chambiges
1797:
1763:
1740:
1732:Augustin Courtet
1689:
1650:
1627:
1588:
1573:
1565:Augustin Courtet
1550:
1527:
1519:Napoléon Jacques
1508:
1496:Antoine Coysevox
1493:
1482:
1463:
1432:
1385:
1370:
1339:
1277:
1262:
1247:
1224:
1209:
1189:Louis Bourdaloue
1178:
1163:
1140:
1113:
1081:Cardinal Mazarin
1046:
1034:Gregory of Tours
1023:Pierre Corneille
1020:
1000:François Fénelon
964:Jean-Louis Jaley
952:hommes illustres
925:hommes illustres
903:
891:
879:
867:
855:
843:
831:
819:
810:Escalier Colbert
807:
795:
783:
771:
757:
746:
732:
723:
713:
707:
701:
695:
685:
671:
650:
644:
634:
628:
622:
612:
606:
604:ministère d'Etat
600:
594:
588:
586:ministère d'Etat
582:
576:
546:Tuileries Palace
520:
511:
502:
487:in the Louvre's
475:
469:
459:
452:
443:
430:
417:
408:
399:
390:
363:
352:
344:
328:
308:
294:
282:
266:
252:
235:
158:
156:Escalier Mollien
135:Finance Ministry
132:
126:
124:ministère d’Etat
114:centered on the
94:Tuileries Palace
21:
3877:
3876:
3872:
3871:
3870:
3868:
3867:
3866:
3847:
3846:
3845:
3836:
3820:
3786:
3760:
3721:
3707:Camille Lefèvre
3667:Charles Percier
3637:Claude Perrault
3585:
3506:Pavillon du Roi
3471:
3462:The Louvre-Lens
3447:Musée du Louvre
3441:
3438:
3408:
3407:
3392:
3388:
3369:
3365:
3354:
3350:
3343:Paris Autrement
3337:
3336:
3332:
3321:
3314:
3299:
3295:
3284:
3280:
3273:France Archives
3267:
3266:
3262:
3247:
3243:
3232:
3228:
3215:
3211:
3200:
3191:
3178:
3177:
3173:
3158:
3151:
3136:
3132:
3121:
3114:
3101:
3097:
3075:
3071:
3059:
3055:
3054:
3050:
3042:
3034:
3015:
2969:
2962:
2947:
2938:
2927:
2923:
2914:
2913:
2892:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2857:
2853:
2848:
2831:
2787:
2766:
2745:
2743:Olivier Gagnère
2710:escalier Lefuel
2674:Battle of Sedan
2646:
2622:Porte des Lions
2583:salle des Etats
2539:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2533:porte des Lions
2527:
2526:
2525:
2517:
2516:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2502:
2488:
2487:
2486:
2478:
2477:
2466:
2465:
2464:
2463:
2451:
2450:
2449:
2441:
2440:
2429:
2422:
2419:
2410:
2407:
2398:
2395:
2386:
2383:
2374:
2367:
2350:
2327:
2281:salle du Manège
2274:
2271:
2262:
2259:
2250:
2247:
2213:Empress Eugénie
2195:
2186:
2177:
2168:
2159:
2150:
2141:
2132:
2123:
2114:
2105:
2096:
2087:
2078:
2069:
2060:
2051:
2042:
2033:
2024:
2015:
2006:
1997:
1988:
1979:
1970:
1961:
1952:
1943:
1934:
1925:
1916:
1907:
1898:
1889:
1880:
1871:
1853:
1851:Victor Thérasse
1843:Victor Huguenin
1839:Bernard Palissy
1814:
1800:Charles Le Brun
1791:
1757:
1747:Claude Perrault
1734:
1728:Nicolas Coustou
1720:Jacques Sarazin
1708:Nicolas Poussin
1683:
1661:Étienne Dupérac
1644:
1621:
1611:Gabriel Garraud
1582:
1567:
1544:
1521:
1502:
1487:
1476:
1457:
1426:
1400:Georges Diebolt
1379:
1364:
1342:Esprit Fléchier
1333:
1271:
1256:
1241:
1218:
1203:
1172:
1157:
1134:
1107:
1077:Raymond Gayrard
1040:
1014:
917:
910:
904:
895:
892:
883:
880:
871:
868:
859:
856:
847:
844:
835:
832:
823:
820:
811:
808:
799:
798:Escalier Lefuel
796:
787:
784:
775:
772:
751:
730:salle du Manège
721:Salle des États
693:Galerie Mollien
648:escalier Lefuel
554:Prosper Mérimée
534:
533:
532:
531:
523:
522:
521:
513:
512:
504:
503:
375:
368:
357:
345:
336:
329:
320:
313:Empress Eugénie
309:
298:
295:
286:
283:
274:
267:
229:
147:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3875:
3865:
3864:
3859:
3842:
3841:
3838:
3837:
3835:
3834:
3832:André Le Nôtre
3828:
3826:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3818:
3813:
3807:
3805:
3798:
3792:
3791:
3788:
3787:
3785:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3768:
3766:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3742:
3740:
3733:
3727:
3726:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3612:Louis MĂ©tezeau
3609:
3604:
3599:
3593:
3591:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3571:Louvre Pyramid
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3516:Grande Galerie
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3492:
3490:
3483:
3477:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3469:
3464:
3458:
3456:
3455:Branch museums
3449:
3443:
3442:
3437:
3436:
3429:
3422:
3414:
3406:
3405:
3386:
3363:
3348:
3330:
3312:
3293:
3278:
3260:
3241:
3226:
3209:
3189:
3171:
3149:
3130:
3112:
3095:
3080:, ed. (1893),
3069:
3048:
3013:
2992:10.1086/237781
2960:
2936:
2921:
2890:
2869:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2842:
2837:
2835:Palais Garnier
2830:
2827:
2801:in Paris, the
2791:nouveau Louvre
2765:
2762:
2758:Louvre Pyramid
2727:Café Richelieu
2612:Louis MĂ©tezeau
2608:colossal order
2600:Grande Galerie
2569:Louvre Pyramid
2529:
2528:
2519:
2518:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2506:
2490:
2489:
2480:
2479:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2468:
2467:
2453:
2452:
2443:
2442:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2420:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2377:
2375:
2368:
2361:
2276:
2275:
2272:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2241:
2231:
2230:
2227:
2216:
2197:
2196:
2189:
2187:
2180:
2178:
2171:
2169:
2162:
2160:
2153:
2151:
2144:
2142:
2135:
2133:
2126:
2124:
2117:
2115:
2108:
2106:
2099:
2097:
2090:
2088:
2081:
2079:
2072:
2070:
2063:
2061:
2054:
2052:
2045:
2043:
2036:
2034:
2027:
2025:
2018:
2016:
2009:
2007:
2000:
1998:
1991:
1989:
1982:
1980:
1973:
1971:
1964:
1962:
1955:
1953:
1946:
1944:
1937:
1935:
1928:
1926:
1919:
1917:
1910:
1908:
1901:
1899:
1892:
1890:
1883:
1881:
1874:
1872:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1823:Libéral Bruand
1789:Pierre Robinet
1773:
1669:Jean de Brosse
1607:René Descartes
1576:Jean Le Pautre
1530:André Le Nôtre
1485:Pierre Robinet
1412:Claude Lorrain
1408:Bernard Seurre
1373:Pierre Mignard
1362:Pierre Travaux
1346:François Lanno
1331:Jean Marcellin
1303:
1302:
1296:JĂ©rĂ´me Lalande
1284:Gustave Crauck
1132:Pierre Travaux
1097:Jean Froissart
1055:(now a copy);
1038:Jean Marcellin
1030:
988:Bernard Seurre
972:François Lanno
916:
913:
912:
911:
905:
898:
896:
893:
886:
884:
881:
874:
872:
869:
862:
860:
857:
850:
848:
845:
838:
836:
833:
826:
824:
821:
814:
812:
809:
802:
800:
797:
790:
788:
785:
778:
776:
773:
766:
716:Grande Galerie
711:Pavillon Denon
615:Imperial Guard
528:Édouard Baldus
525:
524:
515:
514:
506:
505:
497:
496:
495:
494:
493:
489:Colonnade Wing
481:Louvre Pyramid
457:aile Richelieu
374:
371:
370:
369:
346:
339:
337:
330:
323:
321:
310:
303:
300:
299:
296:
289:
287:
284:
277:
275:
273:(1807 or 1808)
268:
261:
227:Saint-Napoléon
215:nouveau Louvre
192:Louis-Napoleon
180:Louis Visconti
162:Following the
146:
143:
116:Champs-Élysées
111:axe historique
106:nouveau Louvre
74:Louis Visconti
58:Nouveau Louvre
47:Nouveau Louvre
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3874:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3857:Louvre Palace
3855:
3854:
3852:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3823:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3793:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3763:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3728:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3712:Albert Ferran
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3602:Pierre Lescot
3600:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3588:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3561:Escalier Daru
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3496:Louvre Castle
3494:
3493:
3491:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3478:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3444:
3435:
3430:
3428:
3423:
3421:
3416:
3415:
3412:
3401:
3397:
3390:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3367:
3359:
3352:
3344:
3340:
3334:
3326:
3319:
3317:
3308:
3304:
3297:
3289:
3282:
3274:
3270:
3264:
3256:
3252:
3245:
3237:
3230:
3222:
3221:
3213:
3205:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3185:
3181:
3175:
3167:
3163:
3156:
3154:
3145:
3141:
3134:
3126:
3119:
3117:
3108:
3107:
3099:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3073:
3065:
3058:
3052:
3041:
3040:
3032:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2974:(June 1955).
2973:
2967:
2965:
2956:
2952:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2932:
2925:
2917:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2886:
2880:
2872:
2866:
2862:
2855:
2851:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2826:
2824:
2820:
2819:Washington DC
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2786:
2782:
2774:
2770:
2761:
2759:
2755:
2749:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2723:
2717:
2711:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2689:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2678:Paris Commune
2675:
2671:
2670:Second Empire
2666:
2663:
2657:
2650:
2645:
2641:
2636:
2635:porte Jaujard
2631:
2627:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2596:
2590:
2584:
2578:
2575:In 1861, the
2570:
2565:
2558:
2554:
2549:
2543:
2534:
2523:
2514:
2500:
2495:
2484:
2475:
2461:
2457:
2447:
2438:
2427:Later history
2417:
2412:
2405:
2400:
2393:
2388:
2381:
2376:
2372:
2365:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2349:
2348:Germain Demay
2345:
2341:
2337:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2305:
2299:
2293:
2288:
2282:
2269:
2264:
2257:
2252:
2245:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2228:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2193:
2188:
2184:
2179:
2175:
2170:
2166:
2161:
2157:
2152:
2148:
2143:
2139:
2134:
2130:
2125:
2121:
2116:
2112:
2107:
2103:
2098:
2094:
2089:
2085:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2067:
2062:
2058:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2017:
2013:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1986:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1941:
1936:
1932:
1927:
1923:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1905:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1869:
1864:
1863:
1857:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1818:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1795:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1777:Pierre Lescot
1774:
1771:
1767:
1761:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1738:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1712:GĂ©rard Audran
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1687:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1673:Auguste Ottin
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1657:François Rude
1654:
1648:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1625:
1620:
1619:Michel-Pascal
1616:
1615:Ambroise Paré
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1586:
1581:
1577:
1571:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1557:Louis Desprez
1554:
1553:Germain Pilon
1548:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1525:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1486:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1466:André Chénier
1461:
1456:
1455:Nicolas Raggi
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1430:
1425:
1424:Victor Vilain
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1383:
1378:
1374:
1368:
1363:
1359:
1358:Jacques Amyot
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1337:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1323:Pierre HĂ©bert
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1307:Cour Napoléon
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1275:
1270:
1266:
1260:
1255:
1251:
1245:
1240:
1239:Pierre Loison
1236:
1232:
1231:Louis Desprez
1228:
1222:
1217:
1213:
1207:
1202:
1201:Michel-Pascal
1198:
1194:
1193:Louis Desprez
1190:
1186:
1182:
1176:
1171:
1170:Nicolas Raggi
1167:
1161:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1138:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1111:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1085:Pierre HĂ©bert
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1065:Peter Abelard
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1044:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1028:
1024:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
968:Blaise Pascal
965:
961:
957:
956:
955:
953:
948:
946:
942:
938:
934:
927:marked in red
926:
921:
909:
908:rue de Rivoli
902:
897:
890:
885:
878:
873:
866:
861:
854:
849:
842:
837:
830:
825:
818:
813:
806:
801:
794:
789:
782:
777:
770:
765:
764:
763:
761:
755:
750:
745:
740:
736:
731:
725:
722:
717:
712:
706:
705:salle Mollien
700:
694:
689:
684:
679:
676:'s ministers
675:
670:
665:
660:
658:
654:
649:
643:
638:
637:rue de Rivoli
633:
627:
621:
616:
611:
605:
599:
593:
587:
581:
575:
570:
569:Duke of Morny
565:
563:
559:
555:
551:
550:Ludovic Vitet
547:
543:
539:
529:
519:
510:
501:
492:
490:
486:
482:
477:
474:
468:
463:
458:
451:
450:
442:
441:
434:
429:
428:
421:
416:
415:
407:
406:
398:
397:
389:
388:
381:
380:Ancien RĂ©gime
367:
361:
356:
355:Victor Chavet
351:
343:
338:
334:
327:
322:
318:
314:
307:
302:
301:
293:
288:
281:
276:
272:
265:
260:
259:
258:
256:
255:rue de Rivoli
251:
246:
242:
237:
233:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
203:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
172:Louvre Palace
169:
168:rue de Rivoli
165:
157:
151:
142:
140:
136:
131:
125:
119:
117:
113:
112:
107:
103:
99:
98:Paris Commune
95:
91:
87:
86:Louvre Palace
83:
82:grand dessein
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
48:
44:
41:The Louvre's
39:
33:
19:
18:Cour Napoléon
3782:Louis Le Vau
3777:Jean Bullant
3697:Gaston Redon
3627:Louis Le Vau
3566:Grand Louvre
3555:
3399:
3389:
3380:
3376:
3366:
3357:
3351:
3342:
3333:
3324:
3306:
3296:
3287:
3281:
3272:
3263:
3254:
3244:
3235:
3229:
3219:
3212:
3203:
3183:
3174:
3165:
3161:
3143:
3133:
3124:
3105:
3098:
3089:
3085:
3072:
3063:
3051:
3038:
2983:
2979:
2954:
2930:
2924:
2915:
2860:
2854:
2840:Grand Louvre
2790:
2788:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2693:Grand Louvre
2690:
2667:
2644:rue de Rohan
2630:Auguste Cain
2574:
2371:wild animals
2370:
2369:Rouillard's
2277:
2232:
2198:
1785:Jean Bullant
1770:Antoine Étex
1766:Pierre Puget
1542:Vital-Dubray
1447:Élias Robert
1443:Jacques CĹ“ur
1420:André Grétry
1306:
1304:
1269:Vital-Dubray
1124:Mathieu Molé
1053:Élias Robert
951:
949:
930:
924:
846:Galerie Daru
744:grand Ă©cuyer
738:
735:Caulaincourt
726:
683:Galerie Daru
661:
566:
535:
530:(late 1850s)
478:
431:topping the
376:
333:Rudolf Pfnor
238:
214:
204:
184:Émile Trélat
178:. Architect
161:
120:
109:
105:
102:Napoleon III
81:
61:
57:
53:
51:
46:
3541:Salon Carré
3526:Cour Carrée
3501:Lescot Wing
2746: [
2647: [
2351: [
2328: [
1854: [
1815: [
1792: [
1758: [
1735: [
1684: [
1645: [
1622: [
1583: [
1568: [
1545: [
1522: [
1503: [
1488: [
1477: [
1458: [
1427: [
1404:Jean Goujon
1380: [
1365: [
1334: [
1315:Aimé Millet
1272: [
1257: [
1250:Denis Papin
1242: [
1219: [
1204: [
1197:Jean Racine
1173: [
1158: [
1135: [
1116:Montesquieu
1108: [
1041: [
1015: [
945:Cour Carrée
752: [
708:, with the
678:Pierre Daru
462:Cour Carrée
373:Description
358: [
253:facing the
230: [
219:Cour Carrée
90:Cour Carrée
88:around the
3851:Categories
3825:Architects
3765:Architects
3590:Architects
3400:Libération
2870:1167342747
2779:See also:
2735:Café Marly
1377:Debay fils
937:Napoleon I
858:Salle Daru
774:North Wing
699:Salle Daru
623:(formerly
617:; and the
473:aile Denon
467:aile Sully
3717:I. M. Pei
3008:144533244
2879:cite book
2863:. Paris.
2764:Influence
2545:Lefuel's
941:Francis I
933:Louis XIV
447:pavillon
438:pavillon
425:pavillon
412:pavillon
403:pavillon
396:Richelieu
394:pavillon
385:pavillon
92:with the
3255:Le Point
2829:See also
1659:(copy);
1278:(copy);
1212:Voltaire
1079:(copy);
915:Statuary
674:Napoleon
221:and the
176:Napoleon
141:Museum.
3309:: 22–27
3000:1874987
2323:at the
1538:Clodion
984:Molière
943:in the
464:is the
449:Mollien
405:Colbert
3006:
2998:
2867:
2775:, 1865
2739:Louvre
2733:. The
2620:, now
2571:, 2014
2557:Rubens
2499:Baldus
2460:Baldus
2307:, and
1845:; and
1764:; and
1494:; and
1294:; and
1021:; and
686:) and
664:Louvre
444:, and
387:Turgot
366:Louvre
335:(1853)
319:(1865)
139:Louvre
3060:(PDF)
3043:(PDF)
3004:S2CID
2996:JSTOR
2846:Notes
2750:]
2651:]
2355:]
2332:]
1858:]
1849:, by
1841:, by
1833:, by
1825:, by
1819:]
1810:, by
1802:, by
1796:]
1787:, by
1779:, by
1768:, by
1762:]
1753:, by
1739:]
1730:, by
1722:, by
1714:, by
1702:, by
1694:, by
1688:]
1679:, by
1671:, by
1663:, by
1655:, by
1649:]
1640:, by
1632:, by
1626:]
1617:, by
1609:, by
1601:, by
1593:, by
1587:]
1578:, by
1572:]
1563:, by
1555:, by
1549:]
1540:, by
1532:, by
1526:]
1517:, by
1507:]
1498:, by
1492:]
1483:, by
1481:]
1468:, by
1462:]
1453:, by
1445:, by
1437:, by
1431:]
1422:, by
1414:, by
1406:, by
1398:, by
1390:, by
1384:]
1375:, by
1369:]
1360:, by
1352:, by
1344:, by
1338:]
1329:, by
1321:, by
1313:, by
1298:, by
1290:, by
1282:, by
1276:]
1267:, by
1261:]
1252:, by
1246:]
1237:, by
1229:, by
1223:]
1214:, by
1208:]
1199:, by
1191:, by
1183:, by
1177:]
1168:, by
1166:Suger
1162:]
1153:, by
1145:, by
1139:]
1130:, by
1118:, by
1112:]
1103:, by
1091:, by
1083:, by
1075:, by
1067:, by
1059:, by
1051:, by
1045:]
1036:, by
1025:, by
1019:]
1010:, by
1002:, by
994:, by
986:, by
978:, by
970:, by
962:, by
756:]
440:Denon
414:Sully
362:]
234:]
2885:link
2865:ISBN
2789:The
2783:and
2719:and
2491:The
2454:The
2222:and
935:and
702:and
556:and
427:Daru
127:and
52:The
3381:104
2988:doi
2817:in
2805:in
2760:.
2659:or
2606:'s
2555:by
2317:'s
1509:.
476:.)
422:),
104:'s
60:or
3853::
3398:.
3379:.
3375:.
3341:.
3315:^
3305:,
3271:.
3253:.
3192:^
3182:.
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