259:
415:, relies on existing GSM networks in that country to provide pharmaceutical consumers and patients with the means to verify whether their purchased medicines are from the original source through a free two-way SMS message, provided the manufacturer of the relevant medication has subscribed to a special scheme. Still in trial stages, the implementers of the platform announced in 2009 that they are in partnership with Ghana's Ministry of Health and the country's specialized agency responsible for drug safety, the Food and Drugs Board, to move the platform from pilot to full-deployment stage. A similar service is being rolled out in India.
547:
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status, lacking U.S. citizenship, traveling to developing countries, lacking health insurance, managing high family out-of-pocket medical costs, having trouble finding a healthcare provider, self-reporting fair or poor health status, filling a prescription on the
Internet, and using online chat groups to learn about health. Recent evidence suggests that provision of health insurance coverage may effectively reduce importation and the subsequent risk of exposure to counterfeit medicines, especially among particular subpopulations.
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391:(Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency) are responsible for the regulation of prescription medication in the UK. Trafficking of counterfeit medication into the UK has become a growing problem, with ever increasing numbers of illicit drugs confiscated at the UK border. A large portion of the medication coming into the UK constitutes erectile dysfunction medication smuggled from abroad, one of the most popular of which is Kamagra (
2077:
214:(CDSCO), the drug regulatory authority of India conducted a nationwide survey, and announced that of "24,000 samples were collected from all over India and tested. It was found that only 11 samples or 0.046% were spurious." In 2017 a similar survey found 3.16% of the medicines sampled were substandard and 0.0245% were fake. Those more commonly prescribed are probably more often faked.
222:
will cross US$ 10 billion mark by 2017. Trade in fake drugs is driven caused by lack of adequate regulations, shortage of drug inspectors and a lack of lab facilities to check the purity of drugs. Other key factors include storage of spurious drugs by chemists, weaknesses in drug distribution system, lack of awareness among consumers and lack of law enforcement.
290:
manufactured in South
America and smuggled into the US, where it sold after commingling with the genuine foreign Lipitor. Participants conspired to buy, sell and traffic almost eight million dollars worth of stolen Glaxo Smith Kline and Roche drugs, using fake pedigrees to launder the drugs and thereby concealing that they were stolen.
477:, as in cases where lactose powder is sold as heroin, or dried herbs such as oregano are sold as cannabis, to cases where the active ingredients are "cut" with a diluent (as in cases where cocaine is mixed with lactose powder), and cases where the claimed active ingredients are substituted by something cheaper (
346:
In 2015, the U.S. residents determined to be at the greatest risk of exposure to counterfeit products through personal prescription drug importation, are aged greater than 45 years, reside in the south or west regions of the U.S., are of
Hispanic ethnicity, college educated, poor or near poor poverty
178:
is not responsible for regulating pharmaceutical ingredients manufactured and exported by chemical companies. This regulatory lack, which has resulted in considerable international news coverage unfavorable to China, has been known for a decade, but failure of
Chinese regulatory agencies to cooperate
285:
In August 2005, the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the
Western District of Missouri issued a press release announcing that three businesses and eleven individuals were indicted for their involvement in a $ 42 million conspiracy to sell counterfeit, smuggled and misbranded Lipitor and other drugs and for
289:
Participants in this scheme conspired to purchase and sell counterfeit, misbranded and illegally imported drugs. Foreign versions of
Lipitor and Celebrex were smuggled into the U.S. from South America and resold after being repackaged to conceal the true origin of the drugs. Counterfeit Lipitor was
362:
Other medicines have been documented to be of dangerously poor quality. In
October 2022, the deaths of at least 70 children in Gambia were linked to cough syrups manufactured in India, which had high levels of diethylene glycol and ethylene glycol. There were delays in government response, despite
402:
directive on false medicines was published in
January 2013. This came into effect in February 2019 and requires UK licensed medicine to have a unique identifier (UI) and an anti tamper device on each pack of medication. Every Pharmacy dispensing the medication is required to check the anti tamper
378:
One response has been attempts to bolster domestic production of medicines, but challenges include insecurity and unstable electricity. There have been investments in technologies to increase detection and verification of poor-quality medicines. In 2018, Tramadol, a powerful and addictive opioid,
274:
were found to contain no active ingredients. The vials were sourced in Turkey, shipped to
Switzerland, then Denmark, finally to the United Kingdom from which they were exported to U.S. wholesale distributors. The Wall Street Journal reported that the U.S. wholesale distributor was hired by Canada
221:
wrote in the paper “Fake and
Counterfeit Drugs In India –Booming Biz” that fake drugs constitute US$ 4.25 billion of the total US$ 14–17 billion of domestic drug market. Around 25% of India's drugs are fake, counterfeit or substandard. If the fake drugs market grows at the current rate of 25%, it
501:
the drug. Diluents which can easily form a solution with water for injecting heroin can be problematic for users who are sniffing the powder. When cocaine is mixed with diluents for the purpose of injection, the "...diluents can produce serious abscesses and pain if the user misses the vein and
136:
in surviving bacteria. Courses of antibiotic treatment which are not completed can be dangerous or even life-threatening. If a low-potency counterfeit drug is involved, completion of a course of treatment cannot be fully effective. Counterfeit drugs have even been known to have been involved in
97:
Counterfeit medicinal drugs include those with less or none of the stated active ingredients, with added, sometimes hazardous, adulterants, substituted ingredients, completely misrepresented, or sold with a false brand name. Otherwise, legitimate drugs that have passed their date of expiry are
225:
In 2022, Indian made cough syrups caused the deaths of more than 60 children in Gambia and 20 in Uzbekistan. In July 2023, an Indian-made bottle of Cold Out purchased at a pharmacy in Baghdad contained 2.1 per cent ethylene glycol, according to Valisure LLC, which is about 21 times the widely
73:
are not counterfeit or fake, although they can be counterfeited much as brand name drugs can be, but can be caught up in anticounterfeiting enforcement measures. In that respect, a debate is raging as to whether "counterfeit products first and foremost a threat to human health and safety or
492:
The use of diluents in illegal drugs reduces the potency of the drugs and makes it hard for users to determine the appropriate dosage level. Diluents include "foodstuffs (flour and baby milk formula), sugars (glucose, lactose, maltose, and mannitol), and inorganic materials such as powder."
577:, can be valued parts of an entire security system. They help verify that enclosed drugs are what the package says they are. Drug counterfeiters, however, often work with package counterfeiters, some of whom can be sophisticated. No packaging system is completely secure.
465:
Illegal drugs can be counterfeited easily because no standards or regulations govern them or their packaging though some examples of illegal drugs are sold under "brand names" to indicate certain standards or dosage levels were being adhered to, as in the case of 1960s-era
434:
also adopted text message-based anticounterfeiting systems and endorsed the Sproxil solution. In early 2012 it was announced that more than one million people in Africa had checked their medicines using the text-message based verification service developed by Sproxil.
42:
or pharmaceutical item which is produced and sold with the intent to deceptively represent its origin, authenticity, or effectiveness. A counterfeit drug may contain inappropriate quantities of active ingredients, or none, may be improperly processed within the body
509:," because "there is no way of knowing just what a heroin dealer has slipped into the packets." In some cases, if a dealer does not take the time to dilute the drug with lactose or other fillers, a "very potent blend of heroin" is sold, which can lead to overdoses.
374:
drugs were fake. By 2023, the problem of substandard and falsified medicines had lessened somewhat since the peak. Nigeria is Africa's largest drugs market, and over 70% of its drugs are imported from India and China, considered the "biggest source of fakes."
505:"Diluents and adulterants are often added to No. 3 heroin", including sugar, quinine, barbital and caffeine, some of which "can cause serious side effects." Dr. Hirsch, the New York Medical Examiner, claimed that buying illegal drugs is "... like playing
286:
participating in a conspiracy to sell stolen drugs. As part of this investigation, the FDA initiated a recall of more than 18 million Lipitor tablets, which ranks as the largest recall in the history of criminal investigations of counterfeit medications.
156:(ePedigree) system to track drugs from factory to pharmacy. This technology may prevent the diversion or counterfeiting of drugs by allowing wholesalers and pharmacists to determine the identity and dosage of individual products. Some techniques, such as
442:
is another important system for the automatic detection of counterfeit drugs. States such as California are increasingly requiring pharmaceutical companies to generate and store ePedigrees for each product they handle. In January 2007
335:
held a Congressional hearing to review the situation. The U.S. is an especially attractive market for counterfeiters, because 40% of worldwide annual prescription drug sales were made in the United States in 2007. In 2011, a
496:
The diluents used, often depend on the way drug purchasers consume particular drugs. Drug dealers selling heroin to users who inject, dilute the drug with different products from dealers selling to users who smoke, or
430:. That system was also adopted by GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) in February 2011. In April 2011, CNN published a video highlighting Sproxil's solution in the fight against counterfeit drugs in Nigeria. In July 2011, Kenya's
293:
There also were charges related to the sale of counterfeit Procrit, as well as counterfeit and misbranded Serostim and Neupogen. Procrit is an injectable drug used in the treatment of anemia, Serostim is
203:
G. N. Singh, India's top drug regulator, said in a 2014 interview: "If I have to follow U.S. standards in inspecting facilities supplying to the Indian market, we will have to shut almost all of those."
470:, which was sold with patterns or logos printed on blotter paper. These illegal "brands" can also be counterfeited by drug dealers who want to be able to sell their products at higher prices.
58:. Drug manufacturers and distributors are increasingly investing in countermeasures, such as traceability and authentication technologies, to try to minimise the impact of counterfeit drugs.
1020:
250:. Pakistan did not have any regulatory enforcement on production of medicines until this crisis occurred. In response to the crisis, a regulatory body was finally set up in February 2012.
282:
that was legally imported into the United States. Investigated by the FDA Office of Criminal Investigations, the Albers Medical investigation is the most prolific example to date.
1755:
230:
said cough syrups of Indian origin contained unsafe levels of diethylene glycol. Consequently, 12 children died in Cameroon as a result of ingesting the tainted syrup.
512:
Claims that illegal drugs are routinely cut with substances such as rat poison and crushed glass, often cited in antidrug pamphlets, are largely unsubstantiated.
343:
Between 2002 and 2010, drug imports to the U.S. more than doubled, with 80% of drugs' active ingredients imported, now accounting for 40% of finished medicines.
328:, and Neupogen is an injectable drug used by cancer patients to stimulate the production of white blood cells in order to decrease the incidence of infections.
1737:
207:
According to Outsourcing Pharma in 2012, 75% of counterfeit drugs supplied worldwide had some origins in India, followed by 7% from Egypt and 6% from China.
1137:
275:
Drugs, which also owns CanadaDrugs.com, a retail pharmacy website that sells prescription medication internationally, with a focus on the American market.
47:, absorption by the body), may contain ingredients that are not on the label (which may or may not be harmful), or may be supplied with inaccurate or fake
1540:
749:
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2018:
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The considerable difference between the cost of manufacturing counterfeit medication and price counterfeiters charge is a lucrative incentive. Fake
1024:
2043:
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In 2007, the world's first free-to-access anticounterfeit platform was established in the West African country of Ghana. The platform, dubbed
1878:
1094:
195:-based system for tracking the activities of drug counterfeiters, in light of the increasing severity of the problem of counterfeit drugs.
149:
900:
211:
1565:
1224:
981:
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is difficult to detect, investigate, quantify, or stop, the quantity of counterfeit medication is difficult to determine. In 2003, the
1616:
825:
1198:
2081:
1991:
1700:
617:
1903:
1759:
1701:"Ghana News :: Technology to detect counterfeit drugs on trial, ::: Breaking News | News in Ghana | health"
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and energy-dispersive X-Ray diffraction (EDXRD) can be used to discover counterfeit drugs while still inside their packaging.
1929:
1833:
927:
1852:
2579:
2398:
1280:"Development and validation of an index to predict personal prescription drug importation by adults in the United States"
949:
262:
US FDA official inspects package suspected of containing counterfeit drugs at an international mail facility in New York
239:
175:
1673:
995:
144:, which uses electronic devices to track and identify items, such as pharmaceutical products, by assigning individual
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332:
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17:
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with a low concentration of the active ingredients can do damage worldwide by stimulating the development of drug
2569:
2109:
632:
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has been threatening efforts to control malaria in Africa, including the development of antimalarial resistance.
258:
2182:
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became a major problem. A huge black market has emerged, and an increasing number of addicts overdose and die.
247:
1590:
74:
provoking anxiety just a clever way for wealthy nations to create sympathy for increased protection of their
180:
1738:"Detect counterfeit drugs through cloud services technology, system evolved from HP's pilot African project"
1072:
78:
rights". Generic drugs are subject to normal regulations in countries where they are manufactured and sold.
1174:
597:
98:
sometimes remarked with false dates. Low-quality counterfeit medication may cause any of several dangerous
1459:
753:
637:
766:
Bassat, Quique; Tanner, Marcel; Guerin, Philippe J.; Stricker, Kirstin; Hamed, Kamal (January 1, 2016).
110:, in addition to their obvious lack of efficacy due to having less or none of their active ingredients.
592:
431:
1980:
Office of National Drug Control Policy - Publications - Pulse Check: Trends in Drug Abuse, Summer 1997
884:
article reported by Walt Bogdanich, Jake Hooker and Andrew W. Lehren and written by Mr. Bogdanich in
850:
Williams, J: "Healthcare Distributor", page 81. E.L.F. Publications, Inc., December 2006/January 2007
367:
270:
killed 11 people near Boston and sickened another 100. In another case, vials of the cancer medicine
188:
118:
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668:
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1808:
1959:
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140:
Several technologies may prove helpful in combating the counterfeit drug problem. An example is
2584:
2538:
2342:
2239:
48:
2510:
2486:
133:
121:
cited estimates that the annual earnings from substandard and/or counterfeit drugs were over
103:
75:
63:
829:
86:
2152:
1202:
1193:
1191:
1189:
627:
519:
services in order to improve the ability of users to make a more accurate risk assessment.
8:
2481:
2249:
2102:
1257:"IMS Health Reports Global Prescription Sales Grew 6.4 Percent in 2007, to $ 712 Billion"
451:
description of the life history of a product across an arbitrarily complex supply chain.
153:
1186:
473:
Counterfeit illegal and recreational drugs range from products which do not contain any
2525:
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1521:
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1353:
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905:
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1704:
1377:
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1513:
1505:
1445:
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1425:
1358:
1329:"Estimating the Effect of Health Insurance on Personal Prescription Drug Importation"
1309:
1218:
975:
807:
789:
712:
643:
612:
574:
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1907:
1179:
640:— American pharmacist who dispensed diluted cancer drugs between 1991 and 2001
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1995:
1497:
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797:
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1937:
1782:
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The United States has a growing problem with counterfeit drugs. In 2012, tainted
860:
246:. Over 100 heart patients died after administration of adulterated drugs by the
2548:
2476:
2434:
2408:
2362:
2229:
2202:
2187:
2177:
2095:
1677:
1420:
1403:
729:
669:"Pharmaceutical Anti-Counterfeiting: Combating the Real Danger from Fake Drugs"
587:
566:
399:
337:
313:
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192:
114:
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ratified the Pedigree Standard as an international standard that specifies an
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Coverage Of Anti-Counterfeit Policy Debate Varies Widely Across Global Media
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2234:
2172:
1517:
1437:
1362:
1313:
1021:"Fake drugs constitute 25% of domestic medicines market in India: ASSOCHAM"
811:
716:
403:
device and update the FMD online system every time a pack has been issued.
371:
70:
62:
with insufficient quantities of an active ingredient add to the problem of
55:
1726:
allAfrica.com: Ghana: Country to Use SMS to Fight Fake Drugs (Page 1 of 1)
2520:
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In 2007-08, 149 Americans died from a contaminated blood thinner called
2503:
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1295:
607:
392:
129:
59:
39:
2377:
1992:"Opium and Heroin production in Burma-Part1 |GlobalHangoverGuide"
1501:
1095:"DRA details: President issues ordinance to form drug regulatory body"
1073:"About 100 people have died from spurious antihypertensives in Lahore"
683:"Anti-Counterfeit Technologies: A Pharmaceutical Industry Perspective"
2192:
2047:
1786:
444:
439:
412:
1460:"As African kids died, doctors fought for ban on toxic Indian syrup"
2222:
570:
325:
321:
267:
243:
218:
1853:"Kenya plans national roll-out of mobile anti-counterfeiting tech"
1404:"Fighting the fakes: tackling substandard and falsified medicines"
1239:"Serostim® (somatropin) For Injection | Website For Patients"
768:"Combating poor-quality anti-malarial medicines: a call to action"
2515:
2461:
2087:
1879:"Sproxil claims milestone with 1 millionth medicine verification"
1783:"Nigeria: NAFDAC Introduces New Anti Counterfeiting Technologies"
1047:"Indian-made cold syrup sent to Iraq contains poison, test shows"
486:
427:
279:
271:
107:
2076:
1135:
419:
295:
242:
revealed the scale of production of counterfeit medications in
99:
91:
1960:"NCJRS Abstract - National Criminal Justice Reference Service"
1378:"Fake Antimalarial Medications Undermine Africa Malaria Drive"
552:
Selective UV wavelength identifies counterfeit package on left
2119:
1780:
2493:
2471:
1486:"Nigeria's marathon struggle against counterfeit medicines"
996:"Fake drugs: the global industry putting your life at risk"
648:
141:
1402:
Pyzik, Oksana Zirka; Abubakar, Ibrahim (August 18, 2022).
1278:
Zullo, Andrew R.; Dore, David D.; Galárraga, Omar (2015).
765:
81:
733:
467:
448:
426:-based anticounterfeiting platform using technology from
423:
227:
122:
2019:"Potent New Blend of Heroin Ends 8 Very Different Lives"
1238:
538:
Two drug packages appear to be identical in normal light
1170:"Hearing on Counterfeit Drugs within the United States"
882:"Chinese Chemicals Flow Unchecked to World Drug Market"
680:
1327:
Zullo, AR; Howe, CJ; Galárraga, O (February 2, 2016).
191:
had established Rapid Alert System, the world's first
1484:
Adeshokan, Oluwatosin; Ro, Christine (May 12, 2023).
681:
Bansal D, Malla S, Gudala K, Tiwari P (March 2013).
1136:Christopher Weaver; Jeanne Whalen (July 20, 2012).
928:"New counterfeit report highlights worrying trends"
398:To help combat the issue of counterfeit drugs, the
1326:
1284:Journal of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research
1277:
826:"WHO | Substandard and counterfeit medicines"
1591:"Kamagra- The Fake Medication Used Across The UK"
1167:
861:"Health | Fake drugs caught inside the pack"
2561:
1781:Chioma Obinna; Gabriel Olawale (June 12, 2010).
901:"Medicines Made in India Set Off Safety Worries"
515:Some countries, cities and organizations deploy
1904:"Board of Pharmacy - Information on E-Pedigree"
756:, August 2, 2010. Consulted on August 11, 2010.
730:Counterfeit drugs: 'People are dying every day'
2103:
1538:
1401:
1989:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1104:
406:
179:has prevented improvement. In May 2005, the
148:to the containers holding each product. The
1483:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
212:Central Drug Standards Control Organisation
2110:
2096:
930:. Outsourcing-pharma.com. November 7, 2007
828:. Who.int. August 25, 2004. Archived from
1774:
1756:"Sproxil fight against counterfeit drugs"
1419:
1376:Nordqvist, Christian (January 17, 2012).
1375:
1352:
1303:
1131:
1129:
1101:
1097:. The Express Tribune. February 17, 2012.
801:
783:
706:
1154:
744:
742:
257:
85:
69:Legitimate, correctly labeled, low-cost
1850:
674:
618:Lists about the pharmaceutical industry
82:Prescription and over-the-counter drugs
14:
2562:
1624:Official Journal of The European Union
1223:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1168:Randall W. Lutter (November 1, 2005).
1126:
1087:
980:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2091:
1668:
1666:
1646:"Falsified Medicines Directive (FMD)"
1617:"European Union Directive 2011/62/EC"
1015:
1013:
739:
340:" was proposed to deter advertising.
1855:. Securingpharma.com. Archived from
1806:
1138:"How fake cancer drugs entered U.S."
2017:Tr, Joseph B. (September 4, 1994).
1994:. Hangoverguide.com. Archived from
1539:Assane Diagne (November 23, 2018).
1369:
1065:
316:formed using laboratory methods of
24:
2117:
2016:
1663:
1075:. Thenews.com.pk. January 24, 2012
1010:
240:2012 Pakistan fake medicine crisis
226:accepted limit. In July 2023, the
176:State Food and Drug Administration
25:
2596:
2069:
2044:"Ecstasy - common misconceptions"
1990:changnoi.com (November 9, 1973).
1758:. Tech.233.com.gh. Archived from
382:
370:(WHO), 64% of Nigeria's imported
150:U.S. Food and Drug Administration
54:Counterfeit drugs are related to
2544:
2543:
2075:
1643:
1545:D+C, development and cooperation
1333:Medical Care Research and Review
545:
531:
461:Counterfeit illegal drug selling
454:
253:
170:Pharmaceutical industry in China
2036:
2010:
1983:
1974:
1952:
1922:
1896:
1871:
1844:
1826:
1809:"How to identify fake Ampiclox"
1800:
1748:
1730:
1719:
1692:
1637:
1608:
1583:
1558:
1532:
1477:
1452:
1395:
1320:
1271:
1249:
1231:
1039:
988:
942:
920:
893:
633:Regulation of therapeutic goods
1408:Nature Reviews Disease Primers
875:
853:
844:
818:
759:
723:
661:
502:injects into muscle tissue."
248:Punjab Institute of Cardiology
142:radio frequency identification
13:
1:
1614:
655:
1175:Food and Drug Administration
863:. BBC News. January 31, 2007
598:Counterfeit medicines online
522:
152:(FDA) is working towards an
7:
1676:. mPedigree. Archived from
754:Intellectual Property Watch
580:
363:doctors pressing for this.
233:
10:
2601:
2580:Counterfeit consumer goods
1541:"Epicenter of fake pharma"
1421:10.1038/s41572-022-00387-1
998:. Mosaic. October 30, 2018
593:Counterfeit consumer goods
558:
458:
432:Pharmacy and Poisons Board
366:In 2011, cccording to the
167:
2534:
2427:
2391:
2294:
2268:
2126:
1698:Sample news report here:
785:10.1186/s12936-016-1357-8
407:Anticounterfeit platforms
368:World Health Organization
350:
189:World Health Organization
119:World Health Organization
2575:Drug marketing and sales
1345:10.1177/1077558716629039
699:10.3797/scipharm.1202-03
561:Pharmaceutical packaging
198:
163:
102:consequences, including
90:Bulk bag of counterfeit
2082:Counterfeit medications
1141:The Wall Street Journal
422:in Nigeria launched an
357:antimalarial medication
217:In 2017, industry body
2570:Pharmaceuticals policy
565:Custom package seals,
263:
137:clinical drug trials.
94:
49:packaging and labeling
32:counterfeit medication
2183:Intellectual property
1859:on September 10, 2012
1744:. September 29, 2011.
1707:on September 27, 2008
318:genetic recombination
261:
168:Further information:
89:
76:intellectual property
64:antibiotic resistance
2084:at Wikimedia Commons
2054:on February 16, 2012
1934:www.epcglobalinc.org
1182:on January 18, 2009.
832:on December 12, 2003
671:, Wiley, 2011, 426pp
628:Pharmaceutical fraud
314:human growth hormone
1930:"Pedigree Standard"
1813:Daily Times Nigeria
1680:on January 20, 2012
1259:. us: Imshealth.com
154:electronic pedigree
2526:White-collar crime
2392:Government-related
2023:The New York Times
1940:on August 17, 2010
1742:The Times Of India
1382:Medical News Today
1296:10.1111/jphs.12088
906:The New York Times
887:The New York Times
475:active ingredients
393:Sildenafil Citrate
264:
187:reported that the
158:Raman spectroscopy
108:allergic reactions
95:
2557:
2556:
2295:Financial-related
2080:Media related to
1807:Ifedigbo, Sylva.
1762:on March 23, 2012
1502:10.1136/bmj.p1082
1205:on August 9, 2011
962:on April 15, 2012
644:Security printing
613:Health care fraud
575:security printing
16:(Redirected from
2592:
2547:
2546:
2127:Business-related
2112:
2105:
2098:
2089:
2088:
2079:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2050:. Archived from
2040:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2014:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1998:on March 5, 2012
1987:
1981:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1936:. Archived from
1926:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1910:on July 19, 2008
1906:. Archived from
1900:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1848:
1842:
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1767:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1734:
1728:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1703:. Archived from
1696:
1690:
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1687:
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1670:
1661:
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1641:
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1264:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1222:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1201:. Archived from
1195:
1184:
1183:
1178:. Archived from
1165:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1133:
1124:
1114:
1099:
1098:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1023:. Archived from
1017:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1003:
992:
986:
985:
979:
971:
969:
967:
961:
955:. Archived from
954:
946:
940:
939:
937:
935:
924:
918:
917:
915:
913:
897:
891:
890:October 31, 2007
879:
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848:
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841:
839:
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763:
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746:
737:
727:
721:
720:
710:
678:
672:
665:
549:
535:
507:Russian roulette
320:) marketed for
301:
36:counterfeit drug
27:False medication
21:
18:Counterfeit drug
2600:
2599:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2589:
2560:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2530:
2487:honest services
2423:
2387:
2290:
2264:
2122:
2116:
2072:
2067:
2057:
2055:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2027:
2025:
2015:
2011:
2001:
1999:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1975:
1965:
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1943:
1941:
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1901:
1897:
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1877:
1876:
1872:
1862:
1860:
1849:
1845:
1834:"CNN.com Video"
1832:
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1791:
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1260:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1237:
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1232:
1216:
1215:
1208:
1206:
1199:"Archived copy"
1197:
1196:
1187:
1166:
1155:
1145:
1143:
1134:
1127:
1123:, Oct. 13, 2012
1115:
1102:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1078:
1076:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1056:
1054:
1053:. July 28, 2023
1045:
1044:
1040:
1030:
1028:
1027:on May 23, 2020
1019:
1018:
1011:
1001:
999:
994:
993:
989:
973:
972:
965:
963:
959:
952:
950:"Archived copy"
948:
947:
943:
933:
931:
926:
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921:
911:
909:
899:
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894:
880:
876:
866:
864:
859:
858:
854:
849:
845:
835:
833:
824:
823:
819:
772:Malaria Journal
764:
760:
747:
740:
728:
724:
679:
675:
666:
662:
658:
653:
638:Robert Courtney
583:
563:
557:
556:
555:
554:
553:
550:
541:
540:
539:
536:
525:
483:methamphetamine
463:
457:
409:
385:
353:
299:
256:
236:
201:
172:
166:
84:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2598:
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2501:
2491:
2490:
2489:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2445:Counterfeiting
2442:
2437:
2431:
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2425:
2424:
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2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2395:
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2309:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2272:
2270:
2269:Family-related
2266:
2265:
2263:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2220:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2153:Pharmaceutical
2146:
2141:
2136:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2123:
2115:
2114:
2107:
2100:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2071:
2070:External links
2068:
2066:
2065:
2035:
2009:
1982:
1973:
1951:
1921:
1895:
1883:SecuringPharma
1870:
1843:
1825:
1799:
1773:
1747:
1729:
1718:
1691:
1662:
1650:PSNC Main site
1636:
1607:
1582:
1557:
1531:
1476:
1451:
1394:
1368:
1339:(2): 178–207.
1319:
1270:
1248:
1230:
1185:
1153:
1125:
1117:"Bad Medicine"
1100:
1086:
1064:
1038:
1009:
987:
941:
919:
892:
874:
852:
843:
817:
758:
748:Kaitlin Mara,
738:
722:
673:
667:Mark Davison,
659:
657:
654:
652:
651:
646:
641:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
588:Authentication
584:
582:
579:
567:authentication
559:Main article:
551:
544:
543:
542:
537:
530:
529:
528:
527:
526:
524:
521:
459:Main article:
456:
453:
408:
405:
400:European Union
384:
383:United Kingdom
381:
352:
349:
338:PROTECT IP Act
255:
252:
235:
232:
200:
197:
165:
162:
146:serial numbers
115:counterfeiting
83:
80:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2597:
2586:
2585:Medical crime
2583:
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2509:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2492:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2483:
2482:Mail and wire
2480:
2478:
2477:Impersonation
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2467:Fraud factory
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2451:
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2378:Shill bidding
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2250:Telemarketing
2248:
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2179:
2178:Impersonation
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2147:
2145:
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2053:
2049:
2045:
2039:
2024:
2020:
2013:
1997:
1993:
1986:
1977:
1961:
1955:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1925:
1909:
1905:
1899:
1884:
1880:
1874:
1858:
1854:
1851:Phil Taylor.
1847:
1839:
1835:
1829:
1814:
1810:
1803:
1788:
1784:
1777:
1761:
1757:
1751:
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1695:
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1234:
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1181:
1177:
1176:
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1164:
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1158:
1142:
1139:
1132:
1130:
1122:
1121:The Economist
1118:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1096:
1090:
1074:
1068:
1052:
1048:
1042:
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1016:
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983:
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831:
827:
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731:
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684:
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670:
664:
660:
650:
647:
645:
642:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
623:New Scientist
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
603:Drug checking
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
585:
578:
576:
572:
568:
562:
548:
534:
520:
518:
517:drug checking
513:
510:
508:
503:
500:
494:
490:
488:
484:
480:
476:
471:
469:
462:
455:Illicit drugs
452:
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436:
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429:
425:
421:
416:
414:
404:
401:
396:
394:
390:
380:
376:
373:
369:
364:
360:
358:
348:
344:
341:
339:
334:
331:In 2005, the
329:
327:
323:
319:
315:
312:
308:
305:
302:name form of
297:
291:
287:
283:
281:
276:
273:
269:
260:
254:United States
251:
249:
245:
241:
231:
229:
223:
220:
215:
213:
210:In 2009, the
208:
205:
196:
194:
190:
186:
183:press agency
182:
177:
171:
161:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
138:
135:
131:
126:
124:
120:
116:
111:
109:
105:
101:
93:
88:
79:
77:
72:
71:generic drugs
67:
65:
61:
57:
52:
50:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
2307:lottery scam
2240:Tech support
2230:Racketeering
2056:. Retrieved
2052:the original
2038:
2026:. Retrieved
2022:
2012:
2000:. Retrieved
1996:the original
1985:
1976:
1964:. Retrieved
1954:
1942:. Retrieved
1938:the original
1933:
1924:
1912:. Retrieved
1908:the original
1898:
1888:February 14,
1886:. Retrieved
1882:
1873:
1861:. Retrieved
1857:the original
1846:
1837:
1828:
1818:February 14,
1816:. Retrieved
1812:
1802:
1790:. Retrieved
1776:
1764:. Retrieved
1760:the original
1750:
1741:
1732:
1721:
1709:. Retrieved
1705:the original
1694:
1682:. Retrieved
1678:the original
1655:September 1,
1653:. Retrieved
1649:
1639:
1627:. Retrieved
1623:
1610:
1600:September 1,
1598:. Retrieved
1594:
1585:
1575:September 1,
1573:. Retrieved
1569:
1560:
1548:. Retrieved
1544:
1534:
1493:
1489:
1479:
1467:. Retrieved
1463:
1454:
1411:
1407:
1397:
1385:. Retrieved
1371:
1336:
1332:
1322:
1290:(1): 33–41.
1287:
1283:
1273:
1261:. Retrieved
1251:
1242:
1233:
1207:. Retrieved
1203:the original
1180:the original
1173:
1144:. Retrieved
1120:
1089:
1079:February 22,
1077:. Retrieved
1067:
1055:. Retrieved
1051:gulfnews.com
1050:
1041:
1029:. Retrieved
1025:the original
1002:December 13,
1000:. Retrieved
990:
964:. Retrieved
957:the original
944:
932:. Retrieved
922:
912:February 12,
910:. Retrieved
904:
895:
885:
877:
865:. Retrieved
855:
846:
834:. Retrieved
830:the original
820:
775:
771:
761:
732:
725:
690:
686:
676:
663:
564:
514:
511:
504:
495:
491:
478:
472:
464:
437:
417:
410:
397:
386:
377:
372:antimalarial
365:
361:
354:
345:
342:
330:
324:-associated
310:
292:
288:
284:
277:
265:
237:
224:
216:
209:
206:
202:
173:
139:
127:
125:32 billion.
112:
104:side effects
96:
68:
56:pharma fraud
53:
44:
35:
31:
29:
2457:Faked death
2450:Superdollar
2428:Other types
2368:Overpayment
2334:Credit card
2302:Advance-fee
2213:Health care
2058:January 18,
1962:. Ncjrs.gov
1792:January 18,
1684:January 18,
1674:"Home page"
1387:January 18,
693:(1): 1–13.
485:is sold as
130:antibiotics
60:Antibiotics
2564:Categories
2511:Scientific
2373:Securities
2358:Mismarking
2324:Chargeback
2319:Bankruptcy
2163:Employment
2144:Disability
1629:August 21,
1615:J, Buzek.
1566:"About us"
778:(1): 302.
656:References
608:Drug fraud
499:insufflate
307:somatropin
134:resistance
40:medication
2404:Electoral
2348:Insurance
2286:Paternity
2276:Fertility
2218:fertility
2198:Long firm
2118:Types of
2048:DrugScope
2028:April 30,
2002:March 12,
1966:March 12,
1863:March 12,
1787:allAfrica
1766:March 12,
1595:e-Surgery
1526:258639594
1510:1756-1833
1446:251629409
1430:2056-676X
1414:(1): 55.
1263:March 12,
1146:April 19,
934:March 12,
867:March 12,
836:March 12,
794:1475-2875
687:Sci Pharm
571:holograms
523:Packaging
445:EPCglobal
440:ePedigree
418:In 2010,
413:mPedigree
304:synthetic
2549:Category
2435:Affinity
2409:Medicare
2363:Mortgage
2281:Marriage
2245:Slamming
2223:quackery
2203:Odometer
2188:Internet
2139:Cramming
1914:July 20,
1550:March 7,
1518:37172965
1496:: 1082.
1438:35982063
1363:26837427
1314:27375777
1243:Serostim
1219:cite web
1209:March 6,
1057:July 29,
976:cite web
966:July 25,
812:27251199
717:23641326
581:See also
569:labels,
298:'s brand
268:steroids
244:Pakistan
234:Pakistan
219:ASSOCHAM
2516:Spyware
2499:Romance
2462:Forgery
2440:Charity
2419:Welfare
2399:Benefit
2353:Lottery
2338:carding
2134:Billing
1944:May 21,
1711:May 17,
1469:May 13,
1464:Reuters
1354:4970983
1305:4930104
1031:June 5,
803:4888506
708:3617666
487:cocaine
481:, when
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