475:
70:
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706:, which demonstrates the reflection of cold, by supposing that all bodies emit invisible rays, undulations in the ethereal fluid. He did experiments to support his theories of calorific and frigorific radiation and said the communication of heat was the net effect of calorific (hot) rays and frigorific (cold) rays and the rays emitted by the object. When an object absorbs radiation from a warmer object (calorific rays) its temperature rises, and when it absorbs radiation from a colder object (frigorific rays) its temperature falls. See note 8, "An enquiry concerning the nature of heat and the mode of its communication" Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, starting at page 112.
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laying out of kitchens in hospitals and institutions ... He taught his contemporaries to recognise the fire built on an open hearth, the only means of domestic heating and cooking with which they were acquainted, for the ineffective and wasteful contrivance it really was. He held the most enlightened views, ... far in advance of his time, on the waste of fuel and the evils of atmospheric pollution in cities. ... Rumford's constant preoccupation ... was the application of scientific principles to the improvement of the lot of the poor and the working classes, and it was in the subject of heat and its utilization that he found the greatest outlet for his endeavours.
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683:. Rumford had observed the frictional heat generated by boring cannon at the arsenal in Munich. Rumford immersed a cannon barrel in water and arranged for a specially blunted boring tool. He showed that the water could be boiled within roughly two and a half hours and that the supply of frictional heat was seemingly inexhaustible. Rumford confirmed that no physical change had taken place in the material of the cannon by comparing the specific heats of the material machined away and that remaining.
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and added a choke to the chimney to increase the speed of air going up the flue. The effect was to produce a streamlined air flow, so all the smoke would go up into the chimney rather than lingering and entering the room. It also had the effect of increasing the efficiency of the fire, and gave extra control of the rate of combustion of the fuel, whether wood or
386:. This earned him the enmity of the popular party, and a mob attacked Thompson's house. He fled to the British lines, abandoning his wife, as it turned out, permanently. Thompson was welcomed by the British to whom he gave valuable information concerning American forces, and became an advisor to both General
737:
created a sensation in London when he introduced the idea of restricting the chimney opening to increase the updraught, which was a much more efficient way to heat a room than earlier fireplaces. He and his workers modified fireplaces by inserting bricks into the hearth to make the side walls angled,
641:
making particularly forthright attacks. Instrumentation far exceeding anything available in terms of accuracy and precision would have been needed to verify
Thompson's claim. Again, he seems to have been influenced by his theological beliefs and it is likely that he wished to grant water a privileged
565:
Benjamin
Thompson ... has many claims on the interest of the historian of science. ... He founded the Royal Institution ... His methods of conservation of heat and economy of fuel, his designs of stoves, fireplaces and cooking utensils were widely used during his lifetime. He was consulted on the
810:. His standard candle was made from the oil of a sperm whale, to rigid specifications. He also published studies of "illusory" or subjective complementary colours, induced by the shadows created by two lights, one white and one coloured; these observations were cited and generalized by
715:
1425:
Benjamin Count of
Rumford, "Essay X: On the construction of kitchen fire-places and kitchen utensils together with remarks and observations relating to the various processes of cookery; and proposals for improving that most useful art",
1981:
670:
658:
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were soon being constructed throughout Europe. The key innovation involved separating the burning fuel from the limestone, so that the lime produced by the heat of the furnace was not contaminated by ash from the fire.
689:
Rumford made no attempt to further quantify the heat generated or to measure the mechanical equivalent of heat. Though this work met with a hostile reception, it was subsequently important in establishing the laws of
318:
and began to correspond with Loammi
Baldwin and others about them. Later that year he worked for a few months for a Boston shopkeeper and then apprenticed himself briefly, and unsuccessfully, to a doctor in Woburn.
854:, established the Institution as a premier research laboratory, and also justly famous for its series of public lectures popularizing science. That tradition continues to the present, and the Royal Institution
1022:
An Essay on
Chimney Fire-Places; With Proposals for Improving Them, to Save Fuel, to Render Dwelling-Houses More Comfortable and Salubrious, and Effectually to Prevent Chimnies from Smoking. Illustrated with
1995:
745:
Thompson became a celebrity when news of his success spread. His work was also very profitable, and much imitated when he published his analysis of the way chimneys worked. In many ways, he was similar to
1859:
The
Forgotten Art of Building a Good Fireplace: The Story of Sir Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford, an American Genius & His Principles of Fireplace Design Which Have Remained Unchanged for 174 Years
2010:
990:
Rumford Street (and the nearby
Rumford Place) in Liverpool, England, are so named due to a soup kitchen established to Count Rumford's plan which formerly stood on land adjacent to Rumford Street.
911:. (His American wife, Sarah—whom he had abandoned at the outbreak of the American Revolution—had died in 1792.) Thompson separated from his second wife after three years, but he settled in
830:
showing a Royal
Institution lecture on pneumatics with Davy holding the bellows and Count Rumford looking on at extreme right. Dr Garnett is the lecturer holding the victim's nose.
2481:
686:
Rumford argued that the seemingly indefinite generation of heat was incompatible with the caloric theory. He contended that the only thing communicated to the barrel was motion.
310:. Thompson excelled at his trade, and coming in contact with refined and well educated people for the first time, adopted many of their characteristics including an interest in
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Thompson's prospects were dim in 1772 but in that year they changed abruptly. He met, charmed and married a rich and well-connected widow, an heiress named Sarah Rolfe (
474:
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2102:
1174:
730:. He invented a percolating coffee pot following his pioneering work with the Bavarian Army, where he improved the diet of the soldiers as well as their clothes.
722:
Thompson was an active and prolific inventor, developing improvements for chimneys, fireplaces and industrial furnaces, as well as inventing the double boiler, a
1095:"Sir Benjamin Thompson, count von Rumford". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2014. Web. 01 Jul. 2014 <
401:- which primarily served on Long Island in 1782 and early 1783, where they earned local notoriety for destroying a church and burial ground in order to erect
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1948:
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in 1789; it remains today and is known as one of the largest urban public parks in the world. He was elected a
Foreign Honorary Member of the
2095:
633:
In 1797, he extended his claim about non-conductivity to liquids. The idea raised considerable objections from the scientific establishment,
1939:
207:(March 26, 1753 – August 21, 1814) was an American-born British military officer, scientist, inventor and nobleman. Born in
1561:
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1217:. The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. Original 9th Ed. in 25 Vols. Werner. p. 673
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as the first lecturer. The institution flourished and became world-famous as a result of Davy's pioneering research. His assistant,
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1236:
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1631:"When Ben met Mary: The Letters of Benjamin Thompson, Reichsgraf von Rumford, to Mary Temple, Viscountess Palmerston, 1793–1804"
2030:
614:. He correctly appreciated that the insulating properties of these natural materials arise from the fact that they inhibit the
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began
Thompson was a man of property and standing in New England and was opposed to the uprising. He was active in recruiting
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538:
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Rumford's most important scientific work took place in Munich, and centred on the nature of heat, which he contended in "
286:
is preserved as a museum. He was educated mainly at the village school, although he sometimes walked almost ten miles to
618:
of air. He then made the somewhat reckless, and incorrect, inference that air and, in fact, all gases, were perfect non-
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1904:
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food preparation method owing to his experiment with a mutton shoulder. He described this method in one of his essays.
39:
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in Bavaria. He studied methods of cooking, heating, and lighting, including the relative costs and efficiencies of
2000:
1630:
924:
351:
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and continued his scientific work until his death on August 21, 1814. Thompson is buried in the small cemetery of
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69:
2015:
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894:
379:
314:. While recuperating in Woburn in 1769 from an injury, Thompson conducted experiments concerning the nature of
212:
970:(patented 1859) is named after him, having been invented by a former Rumford professor at Harvard University,
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17:
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His experiments on gunnery and explosives led to an interest in heat. He devised a method for measuring the
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2336:
900:
After several affairs and a close friendship with Mary Temple, Viscountess Palmerston, in 1804, he married
1958:
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60:
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1312:
1285:
The History of Concord: From Its First Grant in 1725 to the Organization of the City Government in 1853
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375:
216:
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The retention of heat was a recurring theme in his work, as he is also credited with the invention of
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1927:
An article not only detailing the Rumford fireplace, but also Rumford's life and other achievements.
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1920:
882:
552:. He took the name "Rumford" after the town of Rumford, New Hampshire, which was an older name for
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287:
197:
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While working with the British armies in America he conducted experiments to measure the force of
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1986:
1791:
Count Rumford: The Extraordinary Life of a Scientific Genius – Scientist, Soldier, Statesman, Spy
1542:
638:
283:
188:
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478:
Bavarian uniforms designed by Benjamin Thompson, also known in Bavaria as Reichsgraf von Rumford
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Rumford (1804) "An enquiry concerning the nature of heat and the mode of its communication"
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1505:
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742:. Many fashionable London houses were modified to his instructions, and became smoke-free.
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406:
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8:
1913:
1878:
Knight of the White Eagle: A biography of Sir Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford, 1753-1814
795:
703:
362:
116:
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1509:
1283:
1170:"New Experiments upon Gun-Powder, with Occasional Observations and Practical Inferences"
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http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/592945/Sir-Benjamin-Thompson-count-von-Rumford
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Walker). Her father was a minister, and her late husband left her property at Rumford,
671:
An Experimental Enquiry Concerning the Source of the Heat which is Excited by Friction
659:
An Experimental Enquiry Concerning the Source of the Heat which is Excited by Friction
346:, and through his wife's influence with the governor, he was appointed a major in the
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1934:
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1110:
The Scientists: A History of Science Told Through the Lives of Its Greatest Inventors
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The most powerful idea in the world : a story of steam, industry, and invention
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and entered into the employ of the Bavarian government, heavily reorganising the
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had arranged for fur on animals in such a way as to guarantee their comfort.
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1930:
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Thomas Martin, The Experimental Researches of Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford
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1953:
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From Watt to Clausius: The Rise of Thermodynamics in the Early Industrial Age
967:
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870:
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Memoir of Sir Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford, with Notices of his Daughter
974:(1818–1893), cofounder of the Rumford Chemical Works of East Providence, RI.
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2180:
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2111:
1654:
1188:
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1039:
Collected Works of Count Rumford, Volume II, Practical Applications of Heat
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835:
592:
499:. He spent eleven years in Bavaria, reorganizing the army and establishing
488:
416:, the results of which were widely acclaimed when published in 1781 in the
144:
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2196:
2156:
2124:
799:
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Thompson also significantly improved the design of kilns used to produce
634:
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387:
1923:
The Contribution of Count Rumford to Domestic Life in Jane Austen’s Time
227:, where he was recognised for his administrative talents and received a
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1885:
1849:
1781:
1753:
1729:
615:
232:
1963:
1517:
1329:
1197:
865:
A bust of Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford, in Rumford, Rhode Island.
834:
After 1799, he divided his time between France and England. With Sir
798:, the measurement of light. He made a photometer and introduced the
778:
646:
500:
413:
238:
A prolific scientist and inventor, Thompson also created several new
1470:"Pictet's experiment: The apparent radiation and reflection of cold"
1047:
Collected Works of Count Rumford, Volume III, Devices and Techniques
223:
during the conflict. After the war ended in 1783, Thompson moved to
1842:
An American in Europe: The life of Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford
1489:
526:
303:
1970:
1730:"The Experimental Researches of Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford"
1538:
Prof. Michael Fowler of the University of Virginia, lecture notes
1430:, vol. 3 (London, England: T. Cadell jun. and W. Davies, 1802),
905:
803:
611:
515:
311:
239:
171:
1586:
714:
357:
1899:
1384:
An Experimental Enquiry into the Nature and Propagation of Heat
1243:. Vol. 16. Encyclopedia Americana Corp. 1919. p. 681.
1063:
Collected Works of Count Rumford, Volume V, Public Institutions
1055:
Collected Works of Count Rumford, Volume IV, Light and Armament
943:
765:
534:
522:
519:
508:
468:
427:
228:
224:
1031:
Collected Works of Count Rumford, Volume I, The Nature of Heat
507:, a soup for the poor, and established the cultivation of the
331:
912:
255:
112:
1547:
1214:
The Encyclopædia Britannica: New American supplement. A-ZUY
960:
739:
607:
315:
1734:
Bulletin of the British Society for the History of Science
1563:
International Encyclopedia of Ergonomics and Human Factors
1467:
302:. At the age of 13 he was apprenticed to John Appleton, a
1175:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
642:
and providential status in the regulation of human life.
603:
512:
250:. Thompson was rewarded for his efforts by being made an
987:
A street in the inner city of Munich is named after him.
923:. Upon his death, his daughter from his first marriage,
430:
at the end of the war with a reputation as a scientist.
2482:
Loyalists in the American Revolution from New Hampshire
1347:
Rumford (1797) "On the propagation of heat in fluids"
814:
as his "law of simultaneous colour contrast" in 1839.
1949:
A Biography of Benjamin Thompson, Jr. Written in 1868
858:
attract large audiences through their TV broadcasts.
709:
697:
2502:
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
1292:
27:
American-born British military officer and scientist
2567:
Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland)
326:
Statue of Benjamin Thompson in Woburn Massachusetts
1818:
1769:
1559:
1210:
993:
889:. In 1803, he was elected a foreign member of the
677:of then-current scientific thinking but a form of
2110:
1278:
1211:Kellogg, D.O.; Baynes, T.S.; Smith, W.R. (1903).
750:, who also invented a new kind of heating stove.
2512:Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
2463:
1708:
1428:Essays, Political, Economical, and Philosophical
652:
622:of heat. He further saw this as evidence of the
1667:
1398:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
1333:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
1313:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
728:coffee percolator roughly between 1810 and 1814
591:of a solid substance but was disappointed when
397:In 1781 founded a loyalist military unit - The
1310:Rumford (1786) "New experiments upon heat"
544:For his efforts, in 1791 Thompson was made an
463:The beer garden "Am chinesischen Turm" in the
38:For other people named Benjamin Thompson, see
2096:
1875:
369:
1672:. London: Macmillan and Company. p. 43.
1982:Sketch of Benjamin Thompson (Count Rumford)
1816:
1807:
1788:
1767:
1590:The Complete Works of Count Rumford, Vol. 5
1484:
1482:
927:, inherited his title as Countess Rumford.
529:. On Prince Charles' behalf he created the
2103:
2089:
1839:
1381:
600:insulating properties of various materials
559:
68:
2059:Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies
1856:
1587:Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford (1876).
1187:
1593:. American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
1488:
1479:
1475:. Am. J. Phys. 53 (8). pp. 737–753.
1167:
1112:. New York, Random House, 2002. p. 301.
860:
821:
764:
713:
595:published his parallel discovery first.
473:
458:
444:
432:
426:. On the strength of this he arrived in
356:
321:
265:
1546:, first transmitted December 16, 2005,
1447:. New York: Random House. p. 274.
1260:. American Academy of Arts and Sciences
1255:"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter T"
789:
338:, which is today in the modern city of
14:
2464:
1959:Count Rumford's Birth Place and Museum
1810:Count Rumford: Physicist Extraordinary
1727:
1713:. London: Heinemann. pp. 95–107.
1298:
1153:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
760:
576:
242:designs. He subsequently moved to the
2084:
1628:
1442:
879:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
539:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
1911:Eric Weisstein's World of Science. "
645:He is considered the founder of the
440:
201:Sir Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford
57:Sir Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford
1940:Works by or about Benjamin Thompson
1468:James Evans and Brian Popp (1985).
1247:
773:, with the fuel chamber at the left
24:
2532:People from colonial New Hampshire
2527:People from colonial Massachusetts
1761:
710:Inventions and design improvements
698:Calorific and frigorific radiation
40:Benjamin Thompson (disambiguation)
25:
2583:
2537:People from Woburn, Massachusetts
2011:Rumford, Benjamin Thompson, Count
1893:
891:Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
270:Coat of Arms of Benjamin Thompson
2547:18th-century American scientists
2522:People from the Duchy of Bavaria
2031:The New Student's Reference Work
2001:Dictionary of National Biography
1969:
1964:Count Rumford Fireplaces website
1898:
1861:. Alan C. Hood and Company Inc.
1821:Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford
995:
904:, the widow of the great French
294:to attend lectures by Professor
187:
2497:Counts of the Holy Roman Empire
1676:
1661:
1622:
1597:
1580:
1553:
1531:
1461:
1436:
1419:
1406:
1390:
1375:
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1341:
1322:
1304:
1014:
598:Thompson next investigated the
503:for the poor. He also invented
2542:Recipients of the Copley Medal
2016:New International Encyclopedia
1996:Thompson, Benjamin (1754-1814)
1629:James, Frank A. J. L. (2023).
1288:. Concord: Benning W. Sanford.
1272:
1229:
1204:
1161:
1115:
1102:
1089:
950:Count of the Holy Roman Empire
895:American Philosophical Society
261:
13:
1:
1702:
1647:10.1080/00026980.2023.2234717
817:
665:Mechanical equivalent of heat
653:Mechanical equivalent of heat
280:Province of Massachusetts Bay
2552:19th-century American people
2507:Fellows of the Royal Society
1825:. Cambridge USA: MIT Press.
1082:
846:in 1799. The pair chose Sir
718:Section of Rumford fireplace
583:Heat transfer § History
217:American War of Independence
7:
2562:19th-century British people
2557:18th-century British people
1566:. CRC Press. p. 1478.
1560:Waldemar Karwowski (2006).
1168:Thompson, Benjamin (1781).
1070:
919:in Paris, just across from
694:later in the 19th century.
556:where he had been married.
350:. Their child (also named
274:Thompson was born in rural
10:
2588:
1931:Works by Benjamin Thompson
1914:Rumford, Benjamin Thompson
1241:The Encyclopedia Americana
930:
662:
656:
580:
419:Philosophical Transactions
376:American Revolutionary War
370:American Revolutionary War
29:
2517:Harvard University people
2119:
2069:
2056:
2048:
2043:
1746:10.1017/S0950563600000567
1709:Cardwell, D.S.L. (1971).
1494:"About Benjamin Thompson"
1077:History of thermodynamics
893:, and as a member of the
802:, the predecessor of the
336:Province of New Hampshire
282:, on March 26, 1753; his
186:
181:
177:
167:
160:
137:
127:
101:
76:
67:
50:
2429:George Shuckburgh-Evelyn
1688:liverpoolpictorial.co.uk
1684:"Liverpool Street Names"
1668:George E. Ellis (1875).
1008:Order of the White Eagle
938:King's American Dragoons
883:Rumford Chair of Physics
399:King's American Dragoons
254:in 1792 before dying in
221:King's American Dragoons
31:Not to be confused with
1987:Popular Science Monthly
1921:Dr. Hugh C. Rowlinson "
1543:Have I Got News For You
1443:Rosen, William (2010).
1330:"Experiments upon heat"
982:World's Fair in Chicago
560:Science and engineering
1954:Escutcheons of Science
1876:Sparrow, W.J. (1964).
1189:10.1098/rstl.1781.0039
866:
831:
812:Michel-Eugène Chevreul
774:
719:
692:conservation of energy
574:
550:Reichsgraf von Rumford
479:
471:
456:
437:
366:
327:
271:
2449:Edward Charles Howard
1974:Texts on Wikisource:
1907:at Wikimedia Commons
1812:. Doubleday & Co.
1793:. Sutton Publishing.
921:Adrien-Marie Legendre
869:Thompson endowed the
864:
838:, he established the
826:Satirical cartoon by
825:
768:
717:
673:" (1798) was not the
563:
482:In 1785, he moved to
477:
462:
448:
436:
360:
348:New Hampshire Militia
325:
269:
244:Electorate of Bavaria
209:Woburn, Massachusetts
91:Woburn, Massachusetts
1990:, Vol. 9, June 1876.
1817:Brown, S.C. (1981).
1808:Brown, S.C. (1962).
1789:Brown, G.I. (2001).
1768:Bradley, D. (1967).
1609:search.amphilsoc.org
1605:"APS Member History"
1492:(1 September 1992).
972:Eben Norton Horsford
902:Marie-Anne Lavoisier
790:Light and photometry
624:argument from design
354:) was born in 1774.
2487:American physicists
1840:Larsen, E. (1953).
1728:Martin, T. (1951).
1510:1992PhT....45i...9K
1382:Leslie, J. (1804).
1350:Nicholson's Journal
963:is named after him.
769:Cross section of a
761:Industrial furnaces
704:Pictet's experiment
577:Experiments on heat
486:where he became an
449:Thompson's arms as
363:Thomas Gainsborough
211:, he supported the
117:Bourbon Restoration
2492:British physicists
2044:Political offices
1857:Orton, V. (2000).
887:Harvard University
881:, and endowed the
867:
856:Christmas lectures
832:
808:luminous intensity
794:Rumford worked in
775:
720:
626:, contending that
480:
472:
457:
438:
367:
328:
272:
2572:Thermodynamicists
2459:
2458:
2397:Benjamin Thompson
2205:William Brownrigg
2165:Charles Cavendish
2141:Benjamin Franklin
2112:Copley Medallists
2079:
2078:
2070:Succeeded by
2064:
1935:Project Gutenberg
1905:Benjamin Thompson
1903:Media related to
1694:on 1 August 2001.
1573:978-0-415-30430-6
1518:10.1063/1.2809791
1280:Bouton, Nathaniel
909:Antoine Lavoisier
840:Royal Institution
755:thermal underwear
748:Benjamin Franklin
735:Rumford fireplace
628:divine providence
531:Englischer Garten
465:Englischer Garten
441:Bavarian maturity
342:. They moved to
219:, commanding the
195:
194:
162:Scientific career
16:(Redirected from
2579:
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2444:
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2433:Charles Hatchett
2424:
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1944:Internet Archive
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1135:on 29 April 2011
1134:
1128:. Archived from
1127:
1119:
1113:
1108:Gribbin, John.
1106:
1100:
1093:
1005:
1003:Poland–Lithuania
1001:
999:
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783:Rumford furnaces
572:
497:Charles Theodore
191:
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108:
86:
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72:
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33:Benjamin Tompson
21:
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2008:
1993:
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1764:
1762:Further reading
1740:(6): 144–158).
1721:
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1123:"Archived copy"
1121:
1120:
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1107:
1103:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1073:
1017:
996:
994:
978:Rumford Kitchen
933:
852:Michael Faraday
820:
806:, as a unit of
800:standard candle
792:
771:Rumford furnace
763:
712:
700:
667:
661:
655:
585:
579:
573:
570:
562:
443:
372:
300:Harvard College
290:with the older
264:
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105:August 21, 1814
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95:British America
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2301:Charles Hutton
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1917:". (1753–1814)
1895:
1894:External links
1892:
1891:
1890:
1880:. Hutchinson.
1873:
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1641:(3): 207–328.
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657:Main article:
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505:Rumford's Soup
494:Prince-elector
442:
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392:George Germain
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292:Loammi Baldwin
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252:Imperial Count
213:Loyalist cause
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132:Thermodynamics
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2026:Count Rumford
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1832:0-262-02138-2
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1800:0-262-02138-2
1796:
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968:baking powder
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841:
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724:kitchen range
716:
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702:He explained
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589:specific heat
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424:Royal Society
421:
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382:to fight the
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151:Rumford Medal
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54:
53:Gracious Lord
49:
46:
41:
34:
19:
18:Count Rumford
2441:John Hellins
2396:
2309:Samuel Vince
2229:Peter Woulfe
2181:John Smeaton
2173:John Dollond
2133:John Pringle
2063:with W. Knox
2057:
2029:
2014:
2004:. 1885–1900.
1999:
1985:
1968:
1922:
1912:
1897:
1877:
1858:
1841:
1820:
1809:
1790:
1771:
1737:
1733:
1710:
1692:the original
1687:
1678:
1669:
1663:
1638:
1634:
1624:
1612:. Retrieved
1608:
1599:
1589:
1582:
1562:
1555:
1541:
1533:
1521:. Retrieved
1501:
1497:
1463:
1444:
1438:
1427:
1421:
1413:
1408:
1400:
1397:
1392:
1383:
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1348:
1343:
1335:
1332:
1324:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1294:
1284:
1274:
1262:. Retrieved
1249:
1240:
1231:
1219:. Retrieved
1213:
1206:
1179:
1173:
1163:
1137:. Retrieved
1130:the original
1117:
1109:
1104:
1091:
1062:
1054:
1046:
1038:
1030:
1021:
1015:Bibliography
899:
868:
848:Humphry Davy
836:Joseph Banks
833:
793:
776:
752:
744:
732:
721:
701:
688:
685:
678:
668:
644:
632:
602:, including
597:
593:Johan Wilcke
586:
564:
549:
543:
489:aide-de-camp
487:
481:
450:
417:
411:
396:
373:
361:Painting by
329:
273:
237:
200:
196:
161:
145:Copley Medal
107:(1814-08-21)
45:
2477:1814 deaths
2472:1753 births
2361:John Hunter
2353:William Roy
2197:John Canton
2157:John Huxham
2125:John Canton
2114:(1751–1800)
1504:(9): 9–11.
1299:Martin 1951
1182:: 229–328.
1139:16 December
955:The crater
639:John Leslie
635:John Dalton
548:, becoming
454:von Rumford
388:Thomas Gage
262:Early years
215:during the
121:(1st reign)
2466:Categories
2293:John Mudge
2285:James Cook
2269:John Walsh
2221:John Ellis
2067:1780–1781
2053:T. De Grey
1886:B0000CM48T
1850:B0000CII01
1782:B0000CM48T
1703:References
1432:pp. 18–20.
1221:24 January
1023:Engravings
818:Later life
796:photometry
663:See also:
620:conductors
616:convection
581:See also:
501:workhouses
452:Reichsgraf
407:Huntington
344:Portsmouth
306:of nearby
284:birthplace
258:in 1814.
235:in 1784.
233:George III
229:knighthood
83:1753-03-26
2074:J. Fisher
1844:. Rider.
1386:. London.
1083:Citations
1066:, (1970).
1058:, (1970).
1050:, (1969).
1042:, (1969).
1034:, (1968).
1026:, (1796).
936:Colonel,
779:quicklime
647:sous-vide
541:in 1789.
527:oil lamps
414:gunpowder
390:and Lord
380:loyalists
374:When the
288:Cambridge
278:, in the
182:Signature
1655:37615065
1282:(1857).
1149:cite web
1071:See also
966:Rumford
944:Knighted
877:and the
726:, and a
612:feathers
569:—
304:merchant
2072:W. Knox
2051:W. Knox
2034:. 1914.
2019:. 1905.
1942:at the
1754:4024834
1614:1 April
1506:Bibcode
1359:298–341
1264:7 April
1010:(1789).
984:, 1893.
980:at the
959:on the
957:Rumford
952:, 1791.
946:, 1784.
931:Honours
917:Auteuil
906:chemist
873:of the
804:candela
675:caloric
554:Concord
523:candles
516:candles
492:to the
484:Bavaria
422:of the
340:Concord
312:science
240:warship
198:Colonel
172:Physics
2451:(1800)
2443:(1799)
2435:(1798)
2423:(1796)
2415:(1795)
2407:(1794)
2399:(1792)
2391:(1791)
2379:(1789)
2371:(1788)
2363:(1787)
2355:(1785)
2347:(1784)
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