Council of Pisa - Knowledge

328:, were then given audience. The Bishop of Verden, Ulrich von Albeck, made a strong statement against the pretensions of the Council itself, listing twenty-four objections of various kinds that the Germans wished to propound; most involved minutiae of Canon Law. Finally, the German delegation proposed a meeting between the Pisans and Pope Gregory at a mutually agreeable place, a proposition which was old and which had already failed several times. The speech was not well-received, but a response was promised for the next general session, which was scheduled for April 24. In the meantime, a Sunday sermon by the Dominican Bishop of Digne attacked nearly all the German criticisms, and, seeing nothing to be gained, the German embassy departed Pisa, appealing their grievances to a future council, to be called by Gregory XII. The Council, wishing to proceed through generosity rather than rigor, and since some personages were understood to be en route, announced a continuation of the cases. Throughout the month of May testimonies were heard against the claimants, but the formal declaration of contumacy did not take place until the fourteenth session. 128:, he signed and ratified those capitulations. But in May 1408, without need, he insisted on creating four new cardinals, two of whom were his nephews. The current cardinals objected loudly, citing the Electoral Capitulations, and they actually refused to attend the Consistory to elevate the four new cardinals. On May 11 one of the cardinals, Jean Gilles, left Lucca, where Pope Gregory was staying at the time, and withdrew to Pisa. The Pope's nephew Paolo Correr (Corrario) was sent with troops to fetch him back by force. The papal action was so shocking that seven more cardinals deserted the same evening, and another who had just arrived in Lucca followed along without delay. On 29 June 1408, thirteen cardinals (who held the proxies of two additional cardinals) met in the port city of Livorno, where they prepared a manifesto which looked toward the holding of a general council to bring the schism to an end. Four more cardinals joined in the agreement in writing on 30 August, another on 14 September, another on 5 October, and yet another on 11 October. 437:, in which the magistrates of the host city of a conclave are required to provide security and safety for the participants. The Captain and magistrates of Pisa then took their oaths. Patriarch Simon de Cramaud then informed the Council that, while this was going on, the cardinals had met behind the high altar and had emerged with an agreement to elect only with a unanimous vote, or at least a two-thirds vote of each of the two colleges. Then the three patriarchs read out a conciliar decree, authorizing the cardinals, without regard to obedience, in the name of the Council and by virtue of Canon Law to proceed to an election. A vote of approval was demanded, and despite some grumbling from a French minority, the decree was accepted. And finally a solemn procession and prayers was ordered for the next day, looking forward to the opening of the conclave. 235:", i.e. that the welfare of the church superseded any legal considerations. The behaviour of the two papal claimants seemed to justify the council. It was felt that the schism would not end while these two obstinate men were at the head of the opposing parties. There was no undisputed pope who could summon a general council, therefore the Holy See must be considered vacant. There was a mandate to elect an undisputed pope. Famous universities upheld the cardinals' conclusion. However, it was also argued that, if Gregory and Benedict were doubtful, so were the cardinals whom they had created. If the source of their authority was uncertain, so was their competence to convoke the universal church and to elect a pope. 382:

petition was presented to send an embassy to Genoa to engage in negotiations. The two contending parties, Benedict and Gregory, were summoned once again at the doors of the cathedral by two cardinals. A petition was presented to certify that the two cardinals had carried out the summons. A Notary began to read the articles which were being proffered against the two popes, first in general terms and then in detail, citing witnesses and documents. These were produced by the Bishop of Pisa, Alamanno Adimari. Twenty articles were read and accepted before the time for the day's sitting elapsed. The reading and the presentation of witnesses and proofs continued at the eleventh session on 23 May.

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qui erant extra scire poterant quod intus fiebat.... Qua responsione per concilium facta, dum surgeremus, supervenerunt nova de conclavi, quod dominus cardinalis Mediolanensis, frater Minor, olim nominatus magister Petrus de Candia ... electus erat in papam. Quibus auditis, omnes arcesserunt ad impendendum reverentia. Pulsatae sunt campanae per totam civitatem, et fuit portatus ad ecclesiam cathedralem, et ibi inthronizatus, et omnes domini cardinales recesserunt ad domos suas, ipso reverente ad domum archiepiscopi, qua utitur pro papatio, et fuerunt in electione omnes domini cardinales utriusque collegii concordes, nemine discrepante.

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observandum praecise decretalem Ubi majus, ut videlicet post octavam diem non haberent nisi panem unum et aquam; vel utrum servaretur quaedam extravagans moderativa illius constitutionis Ubi majus edita per Clementem VI. qua cavetur, quod etiam lapsa octava die, uti possint uno ferculo, in quo fructus non computantur, licet unus cardinalis alteri suum ferculum communicare non possit. Et finaliter in hoc debato fuit conclusum multis rationibus, praesertim per dominos Florentinos, quia juraverant dictam decretalem Ubi majus facere observari cum moderatione Clementis VI, videlicet quod illa extravagans servaretur. Et ita fuit factum.

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status regularized. At session sixteen, on 10 June, Cardinal Challant appeared in the Cathedral, and the question of what to do with him suddenly became critical. Cardinal Niccolò Brancaccio (Avignon Obedience) spoke in his favor, and he was allowed to take his seat with the other cardinals. Then, the Archbishop of Pisa read out a document containing Electoral Capitulations, signed and sealed by each of the cardinals, promising that whoever was elected pope would carry out a reform of the Church, and would not allow the Council to dissolve until that goal had been achieved.

378:, made the fatuous objection that the cardinals of Gregory XII had formally withdrawn their obedience, whereas the cardinals of Benedict XIII had not done so, placing the two colleges on a different footing. Then it was proposed that a decree be issued that it was lawful, as well as the duty, for everyone to withdraw from both popes. Several cardinals objected to that proposal, but the Council voted in favor anyway. Then Simon de Cramaud, who was in the Chair, had the original proposal for the amalgamation of the two colleges to be read out. As demanded, it was confirmed. 414:, guilty of perjury and violation of solemn promises, and openly scandalising the universal Church. In consequence, they are declared unworthy of the Supreme Pontificate, and are ipso facto deposed from their functions and dignities, and even driven out of the Church. It is forbidden to them henceforward to consider themselves to be Supreme Pontiffs, and all proceedings and promotions made by them are annulled. The Holy See is declared vacant and the faithful are set free from their promise of obedience." This grave sentence was greeted with joyful applause, the 770:

of election, which carried the signatures and seals of each of the cardinals. Pope Alexander then gave a sermon on the trinities of virtues appropriate to a pope, to a prelate, and to subjects. Then Cardinal Cossa ascended the pulpit and read out a decree of the Pope, in which he gave his approval to all acts conducted by the cardinals between 3 May 1408 and the beginning of the Council on 25 Marcy 1409, as well as to all acts of the Council itself down to that present moment, supplying whatever might have been lacking in any of those acts.

31: 466:, receiving expressions of support for himself and for the position of the Church. The ambassadors of Florence and of Siena appeared at the council session of 10 July, and offered their congratulations and support to the new pope. The ambassadors of the King of France, who were present at the Council, offered their congratulations as well. He presided over the last four sessions of the Council, confirmed all the ordinances made by the cardinals after their refusal of obedience to the 244: 2823: 2088: 2834: 823: 794:

Pisa and sent representatives to Pisa. On 19 December 1408 Pope Gregory fixed the town of Cividale as the site of his council. His council held its inaugural session on 6 June 1409, the day after he had been formally deposed by the Council of Pisa. The attendance was so embarrassingly small that he had to issue new letters of convocation on 20 June 1409, with a date of 22 July for the second session. He authorized his friend

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remitting a wide range of monies owed to the Apostolic Camera, including death duties on deceased prelates, annates, and arrears owed to the Treasury. The members of the General Council responded, Placet! Then the case of Cardinal Fieschi was revisited. He was given two months to appear in person at the Papal Court and swear his obedience. The next meeting was announced for 2 August, though it was postponed until 7 August.

928:. The position of the church became even more precarious; instead of two heads there were three popes. Yet, because Alexander was not elected in opposition to a generally recognized pontiff, nor by schismatic methods, his position was better than that of Clement VII and Benedict XIII, the popes of Avignon. In fact the Pisan pope was acknowledged by the majority of the Church, i.e. by France, 430:

many people were already saying that the College of Cardinals was full of Frenchmen, and that a French pope was sure to be elected; only if everyone participated could a convincing election be achieved. Others wanted to stick with the decree issued by Simon de Cramand on 10 May, assigning the task to the cardinals, in accordance with Canon Law. The meeting ended, however, without a decision.

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council, at which the matter would be dealt with in detail. Before the next council, provincial and diocesan synods should be held, as well as Chapters of the various monastic organizations, to determine which issues needed to be dealt with. No one was to be ejected from office unless there was good reason, and the action had been approved by a majority of the College of Cardinals.

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to convoke the universal church and to elect a pope. How then could Alexander V, elected by them, have indisputable rights to the recognition of the whole of Christendom? That may or may not have been the case, but there was one cardinal whose cardinalate preceded the Schism, Guy de Malsec, who had helped summon the Council and who voted in the papal election.

315:. This ceremony was repeated on 27 March, 30 March, 15 April and 24 April. It was announced that on Monday 15 April, the day after Whitsunday, the Council would address the contumacy of Cardinal Antonio de Calvis (Gregorian Obedience), Cardinal Jean Flandrini, Cardinal Lucovico Fieschi, and Cardinal Antoine de Chalant (Benedictine Obedience). 769:

The nineteenth session of the council took place on Monday 1 July 1409, with Pope Alexander presiding, and Cardinal de Thureyo singing the Solemn High Mass. Cardinal Antoine de Challant, the junior Cardinal-Deacon, ascended the pulpit and, at the command of the Pope, read out and published the decree

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On the same evening as the election, the new Pope, Alexander V, announced that he would retain Jean de Brogny as the Vice-Chancellor of the Holy Roman Church, and Pierre Girard de Podio as Major Penitentiarius. He also confirmed Archbishop François de Conzié (Conzieu) as Chamberlain of the Holy Roman

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That same afternoon many prelates and others from the French faction met at the Convent of the Carmelites, and discussed the question of how a new pope would be elected. Representatives of the University of Paris were eager that the entire Council should participate in the election, pointing out that

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The ninth session was held on Friday, 17 May, at which it was decreed that anyone could leave the Obedience of Gregory or the Obedience of Benedict without penalty, but that those who positively refused to leave would be permanently punished. The tenth session took place on Tuesday 22 May, at which a

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At the fifth session on 24 April, a lengthy document, prepared by the Cardinals, was read out. It took more than three hours. It rehearsed all of the charges against the two popes from the point of view of the cardinals, of which there were thirty-eight, going lightly over their participation in the

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Post sententiam autem lata praedicti domini cardd. decem diebus prout a sacris canonibus constitutum est, expectatis, et interim his, quae disponenda et providenda erant, dispositis atque provisis, tandem die sabbati proxime praeterita (die 15 Junii) Conclave pro electione facienda ex auctoritate et

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The cardinals considered it their indisputable right to convene a general council to put an end to the schism. However, it was also argued that, if Gregory and Benedict were doubtful, so were the cardinals whom they had created. If the source of their authority was uncertain, so was their competence

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Pope Gregory had responded to the call of the cardinals at Livorno in June 1408 with an announcement that he would hold a council, somewhere in the territory of Aquileia or the territory of Rimini. Aquileia ceased to be an attractive venue when its Patriarch announced his adherence to the Council of

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fuerunt in electione omnes domini cardinales utriusque collegii concordes, nemine discrepante. Et revera fuit electio multum libere facta, et conclave die ac nocte fuit strenuissime custoditum et sine tumultu: ita quod nec nutu, nec verbo domini cardinales poterant scire quod extra fiebat, nec illi

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Trapped in Friuli, Gregory XII had to be rescued by ships which had been sent by Ladislaus of Naples. Disguised as a merchant he fled on 6 September, bringing his council to a sudden end. He made first for Ortona on the Adriatic, and then Gaeta in central Italy. His chamberlain, who was playing the

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The next session of the council took place on 10 July, with the Pope again presiding. The embassies of Florence and Siena presented their congratulations and announced their adherence. Through Cardinal de Challant the Pope announced that all penal sentences which had been levelled against anyone by

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The conclave itself lasted eleven days. Few obstacles intervened from outside to cause delay. Within the Council, it is said, there were intrigues, proposing that if the Cardinals failed to elect a pope after a reasonable time, the Council should intervene and make an election, but the proposal did

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Gregorovius, p. 612: "The theory of the celebrated Gerson, that the Church was Church even without the pope, and that the pope was subject to the Council, obtained recognition at the Council of Pisa. This was the first real step towards the deliverance of the world from the papal hierarchy; it was

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On 15 June 1409 the cardinals met in the archiepiscopal palace of Pisa to elect a new pope. They had decided to observe the requirement of Canon Law that a conclave could not begin until the tenth day after the death of a pope, even though no pope had died. It was sufficient that the Papal See was

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Benedict refused to attend the council in person, but his delegates arrived very late (14 June), and their claims aroused the protests and laughter of the assembly. The people of Pisa threatened and insulted them. The Chancellor of Aragon was listened to with little favour, while the Archbishop of

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At the session of 27 July Pope Alexander confirmed the validity of all of the appointments, ordinations and consecrations made by any of the popes during the Schism. He announced through the Archbishop of Pisa, Alamanno Adimari, that, considering the poor financial condition of the Church, he was

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not find favour. There was also a discussion of the cardinals' food allotment, whether the rules of Gregory X or those of Innocent VI should be followed; it was decided, though it did not need to be applied, that the more recent ones of Innocent VI would be used. Instead, through the influence of

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In the meantime, it became known at Pisa that two of the cardinals of the Obedience of Benedict XIII had abandoned his cause. Cardinal Ludovico Fieschi and Cardinal Antoine de Challant had been declared contumacious in the fourth session of the council, and they were now negotiating to have their

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In conclavi autem domini cardinales steterunt per decem vel undecim dies, videlicet usque ad diem Mercurii de mane, qui fuit XXVI. Junii. Pendente autem deliberatione conclavis, inter dominos praelatos de concilio generali fuit magna altercatio, utrum videlicet domini cardinales deberent cogi ad

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In that second session, Gregory XII declared that his little assembly was a general council of the entire Church. He then declared all the popes of the Roman Obedience back to Urban VI to be canonical, and he anathematized all the popes of the Avignon Obedience, and included Alexander V for good

159:, openly approved the action of the revolted cardinals, and sent delegations to the Council. The princes on the other hand were divided, but most of them no longer relied on the good will of the rival popes and were determined to act without them, despite them, and, if needs were, against them. 405:

and Angelo Corrario, the Fathers of Pisa returned a sentence until then unexampled in the history of the Church. All were stirred when the Patriarch of Alexandria, Simon de Cramaud, addressed the meeting: "Benedict XIII and Gregory XII are recognised as schismatics, the approvers and makers of

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The twenty-second session (or, in Hefele's numbering the 23rd), and its last, took place on 7 August, with the Pope again in the chair. Cardinal Challant again read out a set of decrees. It was forbidden to alienate any immovable property of the Church or of any of the Churches until the next

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At the eighth session, which took place on Friday 10 May, a proposal was introduced to ratify the amalgamation of the two colleges of cardinals. This had been the intention of the cardinals who had met at Livorno in June 1408, and was expressed in their manifesto. The Bishop of Salisbury,

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205. Gregorio XII, Veneto, Correr (c. 1406, cessò a. 1409, m. 1417) – Pont. a. 2, m. 6. g. 4. 206. Alessandro V, dell'Isola di Candia, Filargo (c. 1409, m. 1410). – Pont. m. 10, g. 8. 207. Giovanni XXII o XXIII o XXIV, Napoletano, Cossa (c. 1410, cessò dal pontificare 29 mag.

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On 16 June, Cardinal Antonio Calvi, who had finally repudiated Gregory XII, arrived and was admitted to the conclave. He became the twenty-fourth elector. The Council was doing nothing to impede the conclave, or to cast a shadow over any of its prerogatives or proceedings.

798:(Ruprecht) to depose any prelate in his domains who refused to obey the summons to his council. He received a severe blow when the Venetians decided to support the Council of Pisa, since Venice controlled both the land and sea routes between Rimini and Cividale. 923:

It was also feared that some would make use of this temporary expedient to proclaim the general superiority of the sacred college and of the council to the pope, and to legalize appeals to a future council, a tactic which had already been tried by King

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where they arranged an interview with those of Rome, and where they were soon joined by others. The two bodies thus united were resolved to seek the reunion of the Church in spite of everything, and thenceforth to adhere to neither of the competitors.

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either Gregory XII or Benedict XIII were declared null and void. Another session was scheduled for Monday 15 July, but it was postponed until the 27th at the Pope's request, due to the arrival of Louis of Anjou, the pretender to the throne of Naples.

147:, or perhaps that of Rimini. But instead he fled from Lucca with his one remaining loyal cardinal in November 1408, and ended up the guest of the Malatesta family in Rimini. He never made it to Aquileia. The Universities of Paris, Oxford, and 398:, arrived in Pisa. Contrary to common belief, the French element did not prevail either in numbers or influence. There was a unanimity among the 500 members during the month of June, especially noticeable at the fifteenth general session. 1596:

The statement of L. Salembier in the Catholic Encyclopedia's article is misleading: "Within the council, it is said, there were intrigues for the election of a French pope, but, through the influence of the energetic and ingenious

283:, the senior cardinal bishop in both Obediences. He had been named a cardinal by Pope Gregory XI on 20 December 1375, before the Schism had even begun. Among the clergy were the representatives of 100 absent bishops, 87 478:

Twenty four cardinals participated in the election of Alexander V, including 14 cardinals of the obedience of Rome and 10 of the obedience of Avignon. It must be emphasized that, although the conclave took place

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to appear. No one replied. "Has anyone been appointed to represent them?" they added. Again there was silence. The delegates returned to their places and requested that Gregory and Benedict be declared guilty of

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asserts that the council destroyed the schism as far as it could. Bossuet says: "If the schism that devastated the Church of God was not exterminated at Pisa, at any rate it received there a mortal blow and the

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He was a cardinal, plain and simple, created before there came to be Obediences. He had participated in the two elections of 1378, and, along with his colleagues, had followed the Obedience of Clement VII.

1601:, on 26 June 1409, the votes were unanimously cast in the favour of Cardinal Peter Philarghi, who took the name of Alexander V." He makes nearly the same statement in his book of 1907 on the Great Schism. 323:

Session IV took place on Monday 15 April. Angelo Correr (Corrario) and Pedro de Luna (Benedict) were again summoned to appear in person or by proxy, as were the four absent cardinals. The ambassadors of

346:, but was still unsuccessful. He returned to Rimini on April 26, and made his report to Gregory XII and his cardinals. Gregory threatened to call his council at once, but was dissuaded by Malatesta. 295:. The ambassadors of all the Christian kingdoms completed the assembly. The opening ceremonies followed the Mass of the Holy Spirit, which was sung by Cardinal Pierre de Thuryeo, Cardinal Priest of 361:

The sixth session took place on Tuesday, 30 April 1409. At the seventh session on 4 May, Piero d'Anchorano, a professor of law at Bologna, read a refutation of the case presented by the embassy of

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measure. Another session was held on 5 September 1409, at which he demanded that Peter of Candia (Alexander V) renounce the position to which he had been elected by an uncanonical conclave.

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Creighton, p. 244: "We see, as we look through the objections of Rupert's ambassadors and the answers of d'Anchorano, that the controversy on legal grounds might be protracted endlessly."

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At session II, on 26 March, the necessary legal procedure began. Two cardinal deacons, two bishops, and two notaries approached the church doors, opened them, and in a loud voice, in the

299:, the senior Cardinal Priest. At the conclusion of a sermon, preached by a master of theology, it was announced that the first general session would take place the next day, 26 March. 642: 552: 131:

Then, on 2 and 5 July 1408, the cardinals at Livorno addressed an encyclical letter to the princes and prelates of the Christian world, summoning them to a general council at

182:(Robert of Geneva) instead, without dissent. King Charles, on his deathbed, again expressed the same wish (1380), though he and France solidly supported Clement over Urban. 1957: 1946: 1370:

nos provideri taliter, quod per canonicam electionem a nobis ambobus collegiis in unum convenientibus faciendam, provideatur ecclesiae de unico vero et indubitato pastore.

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Auctoritas et infaillibilitas S. pontificum in fidei et morum quaestionibus definiandis stabilita et adversus... Benignum Bossuet... vindicata... Le P. Gallus Cartier

124:, that if elected Pope, he would not create new cardinals except to keep the college of the Roman Obedience on a par with the Avignon Obedience. When he was elected 332:

events; it demanded that the two should be judged to be heretics and should be deprived of their offices. The Council appointed commissioners to examine witnesses.

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applaud the council unreservedly, seeing in it "the first step to the deliverance of the world from the papal hierarchy", and greet it as the dawn of the

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Bellarmine points out that the naming of Alexander VI indicated that Alexander V was a true pope, and that John XXIII was considered a true pope as well.

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Even though the Council was moved to Ferrara in 1438 and later to Florence, some bishops refused to move and remained in a parallel Council at Basel.

2135: 3389: 2098: 983: 702: 1057:(1958–1963) chose to reuse the ordinal XXIII, citing "twenty-two Johns of indisputable legitimacy." This is reflected in modern editions of the 3394: 1799: 1509:

Edmundus Martène et Ursinus Durand, Veterum Scriptorum et Monumentorum Amplissima Collectio Tomus VII (Parisiis: apud Montalant 1733), p. 1113.

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The cardinals considered it their indisputable right to convene a general council to put an end to the schism. The principle behind this was "

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Letter of Robert de Eschan (Robert of Sauxillanges) to the Abbot of Cluny (Pisa, June 28, 1409), in: Martène and Durand, columns 1113–1119:

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has historically regarded the Roman line of popes as legitimate until 1409, followed by the Pisan popes. Until the mid-20th century, the

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Showing his stubbornness, Pope Gregory created nine new cardinals on 18 September 1408, including yet another nephew. Eubel, pp. 31–32.

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all cast doubt on its authority. On the other hand, the Gallican school either approves of it or pleads extenuating circumstances.

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In the fifteenth session on 5 June 1409, when the usual formality was completed with the request for a definite condemnation of

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Mansi, pp. 395–397. Adimari: Eubel, p. 400. He had been promoted by Innocent VII, and was later named a cardinal by John XXIII.

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At the seventeenth session, on Thursday 13 June, there was a reading of the relevant sections of Pope Gregory X's constitution

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During the conclave of November 1406, Cardinal Angelo Correr had promised, along with all the other cardinals who signed the

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of Gregory XII and the obstinacy and bad will of Benedict XIII, resolved to make use of a more efficacious means, namely a

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The idea of a general council had been upheld by several regional councils, by the cities of Ghent and Florence, by the

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Girgensohn, Dieter (1998), "Materialsammlungen zum Pisaner Konzil von 1409: Erler, Finke, Schmitz-Kallenberg, Vincke."

866: 2864: 2001: 1929: 1921:

Konzil und Papst: Historische Beiträge zur Frage der höchsten Gewalt in der Kirche ; Festgabe für Hermann Tüchle

1061:, which extend Gregory XII's reign to 1415. Alexander V and the first John XXIII are now considered to be antipopes. 906: 174:, had recommended this, at the beginning of the schism, to the cardinals assembled at Anagni, who had anathematized 104:

and the Roman Obedience, who were recognized by each other and by the Council, then elected a third papal claimant,

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Erster Band: Akten zur Vorgeschichte des Konstanzer Konzils (1410–1414). Münster i. W. 1896. (in Latin and German)

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Die Papstwahlen in der Zeit des grossen Schismas: Entwicklung und Verfassungskämpfe des Kardinalates von 1378–1417

458:, on 26 June 1409, the votes were unanimously cast in the favour of Cardinal Pietro Filargo, who took the name of 3384: 3374: 3210: 3155: 3123: 3104: 2968: 2937: 2905: 2888: 2739: 873: 1752:, p. 263. Salembier was a partisan of Gregory XII, and by no means a neutral and balanced historian. See also: 844: 806:

part of the pope in order to distract his pursuers, was captured by the soldiers of the Patriarch of Aquileia.

680: 342:, adopted a different approach, defending Gregory's cause as a man of letters, an orator, a politician, and a 213:, who wrote of himself: "A principio schismatis materiam concilii generalis … instanter prosequi non timui" ( 3218: 3007: 2991: 995: 629: 498: 231: 2749: 855: 3055: 2999: 2983: 2957: 2857: 2418: 144: 2804: 2715: 674: 608: 533: 470:, united the two sacred colleges, and subsequently declared that he would work energetically for reform. 3253: 3138: 2540: 684: 362: 325: 202: 46:; this breakdown is accurate until the Council of Pisa (1409), which created a third line of claimants. 1813: 3321: 3305: 3171: 2763: 2732: 2610: 1623:

Mélanges Julien Havet: recueil de travaux d'érudition dédiés à la mémoire de Julien Havet (1853–1893)

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Gregory XII's friend the German king Rupert died on 18 May 1410, leaving Gregory even more isolated.

625: 511: 256: 975:, however, said that the assembly was a general council which was neither approved nor disapproved. 3404: 3179: 2945: 1496:, editio novissima, Tomus vicesimus-septimus (Venetiis: Apud Antonium Zatta 1784) columns 406–407: 529: 162:

The cardinals of the reigning pontiffs being greatly dissatisfied, both with the pusillanimity and

1982: 1080:"Magnum oecumenicum Constantiense concilium de universali ecclesiae reformatione, unione, et fide" 422:. All the members appended their signatures to the decree, and the schism seemed to be at an end. 3399: 3379: 3202: 3147: 3094: 2897: 2514: 2411: 1938: 1218: 833: 795: 419: 395: 76:, "secret meeting", by those who considered it illegitimate) was a controversial council held in 2065: 3079: 3023: 2669: 2625: 2509: 2227: 1232:

A complete list of those attending the Council of Pisa is provided by Lenfant, II, pp. 167–188.

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Many Catholic theologians and canonists are severe on the Council of Pisa. The Jesuit Cardinal

665: 288: 264: 136: 85: 20: 1755: 982:, the abbot of the Chartreuse of Saragossa, called it "a conventicle of demons". A Saxon monk 3277: 3071: 3015: 2679: 2674: 2630: 2605: 2600: 2595: 2590: 2550: 2103: 1967:

Veterum scriptorum et monumentorum historicorum, dogmaticorum, moralium, amplissima collectio

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Leinweber, Josef (1975). "Ein neues Verzeichnis der Teilnehmer am Konzil von Pisa 1409," in:

1907: 1173:

See the remarks of Brian Tierney on the doctrine of the deposition of an heretical pope, in:

987: 880: 148: 121: 24: 2012: 1846: 1372: 1289:. Ulrich is mentioned by name in: H. Sauerland, "Epistola e et de concilio Pisano scripta," 1116: 507: 3329: 3281: 3265: 3249: 3039: 2921: 2776: 2697: 2664: 2620: 2575: 2570: 2545: 2289: 2218: 2203: 2176: 1046: 1008: 693: 459: 280: 218: 198: 194: 186: 179: 140: 97: 8: 3226: 3047: 2799: 2702: 2635: 2565: 2560: 2494: 2305: 1896: 1598: 1212: 1050: 1033: 925: 731: 661: 586: 190: 171: 109: 1976: 986:, a supporter of Gregory XII, doubted the motives for the gathering at Pisa. Archbishop 3193: 3163: 2913: 2880: 2838: 2580: 2535: 2499: 2473: 2463: 2453: 1793: 999: 721: 633: 537: 167: 1869:

Graziano di S. Teresa (1965), "Un nuovo elenco dei participanti al concilio di Pisa,"

221:

and of the University of Paris, four members of the Sacred College of Avignon went to

3289: 3031: 2585: 2555: 2504: 2478: 2468: 2448: 2260: 1997: 1925: 972: 616: 590: 407: 355: 272: 248: 210: 206: 152: 101: 1003: 143:; while Gregory XII announced that he would hold a general council in the territory 3063: 2269: 2251: 1042: 945: 748: 706: 637: 391: 350:

Tarragona made a rash declaration of war. Intimidated, the ambassadors, among them

276: 125: 105: 89: 63: 2023: 1996:(in German). Vol. Zweiter Band. Braunschweig: Benno Goeritz. pp. 41–75. 1887:. Vol. VI, Part II (second revised ed.). London: Bell. pp. 598–611. 483:

the Council of Pisa, the Council did not participate in the election of the pope.

2754: 2519: 2161: 2041: 1991: 1965: 1919: 1882: 1835: 1732: 1621: 1440: 1291: 1217:. Vol. Tomus 1 (second ed.). Münster: Libreria Regensbergiana. p. 1054: 979: 669: 604: 542: 351: 335: 1970:(in Latin). Vol. Tomus VII. Paris: Apud Montalant. pp. esp. 1068–1124. 1442:

Römische Quartalschrift für christliche Altertumskunde und für Kirchengeschichte

1293:

Römische Quartalschrift für christliche Altertumskunde und für Kirchengeschichte

3297: 2826: 2656: 2647: 2379: 1619:

L.-H. Labande, "Un légiste du XIVe siècle: Jean Allarmet, Cardinal de Brogny,"

991: 688: 581: 558: 516: 455: 217:, in Paul Tschackert). Encouraged by such men and by the known dispositions of 81: 55: 43: 2057: 1912:(in French and Latin). Vol. Tome premier. Amsterdam: chez Pierre Humbert. 3368: 2786: 2771: 2744: 2278: 2242: 2092: 1012: 744: 656: 589:(9 May 1404) – Cardinal-Deacon of S. Maria in Via Lata; administrator of the 494: 402: 375: 296: 77: 1737:(in Latin). Vol. Tomus secundus. Ingolstadt: Sartorius. pp. 45–46. 1636:

Leonce Celier, "Sur quelques opuscules du camerlingue François de Conzié,"

696:(12 June 1405) – Cardinal-Priest of SS. XII Apostoli; administrator of the 3261: 2794: 1095:"Livorno Dalla Sua Origine Sino Ai Nostri Tempi: Opera Storica Popolare. I" 697: 577: 30: 2113: 1277:

Eubel, p. 522. He was not John, Archbishop of Riga, as the author of the

1146:

Mansi, p. 359. Tudertinus, Cardinal Antonio de Calvi. Eubel, p. 26, no. 8.

243: 1676:

Hefele, pp. 67–69. Mansi, Volume XXVI, pp. 1237–1239 (called Sessio XXI).

1483:

Martène & Durand, p. 1100. Hefele, pp. 50–51. Creighton, pp. 247–248.

1283:

dominus episcopus Berdensis, collega praedicti Conradi ascendit cathedram

1020: 715: 646: 562: 546: 463: 156: 2014:

Die Organisation und Geschäftsordnung des Pisaner und Konstanzer Konzils

2064: 1658:

Hefele, p. 60. Mansi, Volume XXVI, pp. 1233–1234 (labelled Sessio XIX).

1174: 847: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 714:(21 December 1381) – Cardinal-Deacon of S. Nicola in Carcere Tulliano; 655:(12 June 1405) – Cardinal-Priest of S. Crisogono; administrator of the 580:(21 December 1397) – Cardinal-Deacon of S. Agata; administrator of the 2849: 1840:. Vol. I. London: Longmans, Green, and Company. pp. 199–255. 3313: 773:

The Coronation of Pope Alexander V took place on Sunday 7 July 1409.

677:(12 June 1405) – Cardinal-Priest of SS. Silvestro e Martino ai Monti 312: 292: 260: 1445:(in Latin). Vol. 11. Herder. 1897. pp. 449–452, at p. 451. 1296:(in Latin). Vol. 11. Herder. 1897. pp. 449–452, at p. 450. 822: 705:(12 June 1405) – Cardinal-Priest of S. Prassede; archpriest of the 2833: 2458: 2434: 2091: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the 2017:(in German). Schwerin: Druck der Bärensprungschen Hofbuchdruckerei. 965: 933: 467: 411: 175: 163: 1848:

Zur geschichte des pisanischen konzils, abhandlung des oberlehrers

1760:. Augusta Vindelicorum: Franciscus Antonius Strotter. p. 170. 3342:* Ecumenical status disputed within the Eastern Orthodox Church. 1837:

A History of the Papacy from the Great Schism to the Sack of Rome

957: 941: 937: 929: 739: 735: 415: 291:

and generals of religious orders, and 300 doctors of theology or

222: 734:(27 February 1402) – Cardinal-Deacon of S. Eustachio; legate in 953: 949: 788: 462:. The new pope announced his election to all the sovereigns of 343: 339: 268: 193:, and by some most prominent doctors of the time, for example: 135:, which was to begin on 25 March 1409. To oppose this project, 93: 1522:, Zweiter Band (Braunschweig: Benno Goeritz 1899), pp. 62, 65. 1053:(1410–1415). However, the Great Schism was reinterpreted when 574:(24 December 1395) – Cardinal-Deacon of S. Angelo in Pescheria 961: 303: 284: 2403: 724:

17 (December 1384) – Cardinal-Deacon of SS. Vito e Modesto;

418:

was sung, and a solemn procession was ordered next day, the

358:. They secretly left the city and returned to their master. 205:(Sermo coram Anglicis); and especially the latter's master, 1456:

Mansi, Volume XXVII, p. 405. Martène & Durand, p. 1099.

1082:. in officina Christiani Genschii – via Google Books. 747:(12 June 1405) – Cardinal-Deacon of S. Giorgio in Velabro; 307: 197:("Epistola pacis", 1379, "Epistola concilii pacis", 1381); 132: 1438:

H. Sauerland, "Epistola e et de concilio Pisano scripta,"

756:(12 June 1405) – Cardinal-Deacon of S. Angelo in Pescheria 151:, many prelates, and the most distinguished doctors, like 287:

with the proxies of those who could not come to Pisa, 41

3050:(Basel/Lausanne: 1431–1449; Ferrara/Florence: 1438–1445) 1553:

Robert of Sauxillanges, in Martène et Durand VII, 1115:

561:(23 December 1383) – Cardinal-Deacon of S. Maria Nuova; 645:(17 December 1384) – Cardinal-priest of S. Pudenziana; 1626:(in French). Paris: E. Leroux. 1895. pp. 487–497. 1924:(in German). Paderborn: Schöningh. pp. 207–246. 1694:

Hefele, pp. 61–64. Mansi, Volume XXVI, pp. 1085–1096.

1667:

Hefele, pp. 65–66. Mansi, Volume XXVI, pp. 1235–1237.

1287:

per reverendum in Christo patrem et dominum Verdensem

960:, and part of Germany continued to obey Gregory, and 812: 718:

of the Sacred College of Cardinals; legate in Perugia

108:, who lived only a few months. He was succeeded by 1954:Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio. 1943:Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio. 1175:"Ockham, the Conciliar Theory, and the Canonists," 555:(23 January 1394) – Cardinal-Priest of S. Prassede 473: 2032:Vincke, Johannes (1938), "Acta Concilii Pisani," 1981:. London: Kegan, Paul, Trench, Trübner. pp. 1494:Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima Collectio 3366: 1917: 1734:Disputationes De Controversiis Christianae Fidei 1520:Die Papstwahlen in der Zeit des Grossen Schismas 545:(12 July 1385) – Cardinal-Priest of S. Susanna; 178:as an Intruder on the papal throne, and elected 2096: 23:. For the council that took place in 1511, see 2060:concerning the conclave of June, 1409, in Pisa 1960:(Venice: Antonius Zatta 1784), pp. 1–503. 1884:History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages 16:1409 ecumenical council of the Catholic Church 2865: 2419: 2129: 1963: 1306:Hefele, pp. 13–16, summarizes the objections. 1041:listed the last three popes of the schism as 621:Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals 567:Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals 71: 1753: 1731:Bellarminus, Robertus (1605). "Caput viii". 1078:Hardt, Hermannus von der (January 6, 1697). 789:Gregory XII's Council at Cividale del Friuli 2143: 2025:La France et le grand schisme d'Occident... 2021: 1964:Martène, Edmundus; Durand, Ursinus (1733). 1880: 1730: 1465:Hefele, p. 49. Mansi, Volume XXVI, p. 1228. 368: 2872: 2858: 2426: 2412: 2136: 2122: 1798:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1429:Creighton, pp. 246–247. Hefele, pp. 45–48. 1974: 1833: 1685:Hefele, p. 55. Mansi, Vol. XXVI, p. 1242. 944:, a few parts of Germany, Italy, and the 907:Learn how and when to remove this message 238: 19:For the council of Pope Innocent II, see 3246:Ancient church councils (pre-ecumenical) 1499:approbatione sacri Concilii intraverunt. 1097:. S. Seraglini – via Google Books. 525:Vice-Chancellor of the Holy Roman Church 390:On 26 April, the French embassy, led by 242: 29: 3346: 2879: 1989: 1905: 1610:Souchon II, p. 44, n. 3; 45; and p. 51. 1565: 1563: 613:Dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals 3390:Catholic Church councils held in Italy 3367: 2046:(in German and Latin). Bonn: Hanstein. 2039: 1638:Mélanges d' archéologie et d' histoire 1026: 3395:15th-century Catholic Church councils 2853: 2407: 2117: 2010: 1844: 1649:Mansi, p. 411–412. Hefele, pp. 58–59. 1384:Creighton, p. 245. Hefele, pp. 39–40. 1373:Agreement of the Cardinals at Livorno 1210: 1199:Et erat primus in Ordine Penestrinus. 1117:Agreement of the Cardinals at Livorno 1077: 683:(12 June 1405) – Cardinal-Priest of 664:(12 June 1405) – Cardinal-Priest of 488:Cardinals of the obedience of Avignon 2107:. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1560: 1092: 845:adding citations to reliable sources 816: 764: 503:"Erat primus in ordine Penestrinus." 100:, composed of members from both the 1782:Annuario pontificio per l'anno 1942 1375:, retrieved: 2017-09-14 (in Latin). 521:Cardinal-Bishop of Ostia e Velletri 13: 2179:election begins the Western Schism 1315:The Responsio: Mansi, pp. 367–394. 813:Later views of the Council of Pisa 649:of the Sacred College of Cardinals 549:of the Sacred College of Cardinals 14: 3416: 2101:". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). 2051: 318: 275:under the presidency of Cardinal 3274:State church of the Roman Empire 2832: 2822: 2821: 2086: 821: 607:(created on 18 December 1389) – 598:Cardinals of the Roman obedience 497:(created on 20 December 1375) – 115: 34:Map showing support for Avignon 3105:First seven ecumenical councils 2969:First seven ecumenical councils 2889:First seven ecumenical councils 1881:Gregorovius, Ferdinand (1906). 1864:Annuarium Historiae Conciliorum 1827: 1819:. 10 November 1958. p. 91. 1806: 1774: 1764: 1742: 1724: 1715: 1706: 1697: 1688: 1679: 1670: 1661: 1652: 1643: 1630: 1613: 1604: 1590: 1581: 1572: 1547: 1538: 1525: 1512: 1503: 1486: 1477: 1468: 1459: 1450: 1432: 1423: 1414: 1405: 1396: 1387: 1378: 1363: 1354: 1345: 1336: 1327: 1318: 1309: 1300: 1271: 1262: 1253: 1244: 1235: 1226: 1214:Hierarchia catholica medii aevi 1204: 1192: 1183: 1178:Journal of the History of Ideas 1167: 1093:Tesi, Carlo (January 6, 1865). 832:needs additional citations for 474:List of participating cardinals 92:(Rome) for schism and manifest 1918:Schwaiger, Georg, ed. (1975). 1851:(in German). Leipzig: O. Dürr. 1474:Martène & Durand, p. 1099. 1158: 1149: 1140: 1131: 1122: 1110: 1101: 1086: 1071: 968:remained subject to Benedict. 306:tongue, called upon the rival 201:("Epistola Concordiæ", 1380); 1: 2787:Conclavist/post-Sedevacantist 2433: 1949:(Venice: Antonius Zatta 1783) 1857:Acta Concilii Constanciensis. 1211:Eubel, Conradus, ed. (1913). 1064: 630:Cardinal-Bishop of Palestrina 499:Cardinal-Bishop of Palestrina 385: 232:salus populi suprema lex esto 1978:The Great Schism of the West 1891:Hefele, Carl Joseph (1916). 1750:The Great Schism of the West 1285:; and in the Reply, p. 367: 7: 2036:46 (1938), pp. 81–331. 1909:Histoire du concile de Pise 1834:Creighton, Mandell (1907). 1703:Mansi, XXVI, pp. 1088–1090. 1281:states. See Mansi, p. 362: 609:Cardinal-Bishop of Frascati 534:Cardinal-Bishop of Frascati 440: 10: 3421: 1897:Tome VII, première partie. 1784:. Rome. 1942. p. 21. 643:Angelo d'Anna de Sommariva 326:Rupert, King of the Romans 203:Jean de Charlier de Gerson 80:. It attempted to end the 18: 3340: 3322:Conference of Addis Ababa 3237: 3190: 3135: 3090: 2956: 2887: 2817: 2785: 2764:Apostles of Infinite Love 2762: 2731: 2724: 2688: 2655: 2644: 2528: 2487: 2441: 2314: 2149: 2097:Louis Salembier (1913). " 2043:Briefe zum Pisaner Konzil 2040:Vincke, Johannes (1940). 2011:Stuhr, Friedrich (1891). 1975:Salembier, Louis (1907). 1906:Lenfant, Jacques (1724). 1771:already the Reformation." 1599:Cardinal Baldassare Cossa 1492:Joannes Dominicus Mansi, 728:of S. Maria in Trastevere 626:Antonio Caetani (seniore) 512:Cardinal-Bishop of Albano 257:Feast of the Annunciation 3139:Oriental Orthodox Church 2645:Late Middle Ages / 2066:"Pisa, Council of" 1990:Souchon, Martin (1899). 1877:16 (1965), pp. 384–411. 1875:Ephemerides Carmeliticae 1855:Finke, Heinrich (1896). 1119:, retrieved: 2017-09-12. 978:A partisan of Benedict, 553:Pedro Fernández de Frías 394:, who held the title of 369:One College of Cardinals 215:Apologia Concilii Pisani 3314:Synod of Constantinople 3095:Eastern Orthodox Church 2206:ends the Western Schism 2144:Western Schism timeline 2072:Encyclopædia Britannica 2034:Römische Quartalschrift 1420:Lenfant, II, pp. 80–82. 1324:Creighton, pp. 243–244. 1180:, 15. 1 (1954), 40–70 . 1128:Creighton, pp. 218–223. 687:; administrator of the 685:S. Croce in Gerusalemme 668:; administrator of the 420:Feast of Corpus Christi 396:Patriarch of Alexandria 122:electoral capitulations 3385:15th century in Europe 3375:15th-century elections 2839:Catholicism portal 2075:(11th ed.). 1911. 1899:Paris: Letouzey 1916. 1250:Hefele, p. 11, note 3. 255:On 25 March 1409, the 252: 239:Meeting of the council 72: 67: 59: 47: 21:Council of Pisa (1135) 2616:Victor IV (1159–1164) 2104:Catholic Encyclopedia 1893:Histoire des Conciles 1845:Erler, Georg (1884). 1754:Gall Cartier (1738). 1712:Mansi, pp. 1090–1091. 1587:Eubel, p. 32, note 3. 1279:Catholic Encyclopedia 988:Antoninus of Florence 628:(27 February 1402) – 510:(18 December 1378) – 446:vacant for ten days. 246: 70:, also nicknamed the 33: 25:Conciliabulum of Pisa 3330:Pan-Orthodox Council 2204:Council of Constance 2022:Noël Valois (1902). 1952:Mansi, J.-D. (ed.), 1009:Council of Constance 841:improve this article 666:SS. Quattro Coronati 636:; archpriest of the 615:; archpriest of the 532:(17 October 1390) – 281:Bishop of Palestrina 199:Conrad of Gelnhausen 195:Henry of Langenstein 187:University of Oxford 141:Council of Perpignan 98:College of Cardinals 3227:Synod of Beth Lapat 2881:Ecumenical councils 1895:(ed. H. Leclercq). 1866:30 (1998): 456–519. 1814:"I Choose John ..." 1578:Lenfant, II, p. 96. 1393:Mansi, pp. 394–395. 1333:Mansi, pp. 239–313. 1137:Mansi, pp. 163–167. 1059:Annuario Pontificio 1039:Annuario Pontificio 1034:Annuario Pontificio 1027:Current papal views 946:County of Venaissin 926:Philip IV of France 681:Giovanni Migliorati 662:Francesco Uguccione 587:Antoine de Challant 435:ubi majus periculum 191:University of Paris 170:. The French king, 3306:Synod of Jerusalem 3219:Seleucia-Ctesiphon 3194:Church of the East 2938:Constantinople III 1956:editio novissima. 1945:editio novissima. 1640:26 (1906), 91–108. 1544:Hefele, pp. 57–58. 1411:Hefele, pp. 29–30. 1268:Creighton, p. 242. 1155:Creighton, p. 223. 1000:Odericus Raynaldus 996:Juan de Torquemada 754:Pietro Stefaneschi 722:Rinaldo Brancaccio 712:Landolfo Maramaldo 653:Corrado Caraccioli 634:Grand penitentiary 538:Grand penitentiary 508:Niccolò Brancaccio 253: 48: 3362: 3361: 3290:Quinisext Council 3191:Recognized by the 3136:Recognized by the 3113:Constantinople IV 3091:Recognized by the 2976:Constantinople IV 2958:Recognized by the 2930:Constantinople II 2847: 2846: 2813: 2812: 2711: 2710: 2488:Early Middle Ages 2401: 2400: 2164:move back to Rome 2058:List of Documents 1241:Hefele, pp. 6–11. 1049:(1409–1410), and 1011:consummated it." 973:Robert Bellarmine 917: 916: 909: 891: 856:"Council of Pisa" 765:Council continued 617:Liberian Basilica 591:see of Tarentaise 519:(12 July 1385) – 356:Grande Chartreuse 273:Cathedral of Pisa 271:assembled in the 249:Cathedral of Pisa 211:Bishop of Cambrai 102:Avignon Obedience 84:by deposing both 60:Concilium Pisarum 3412: 3353: 3350: 3333: 3325: 3317: 3309: 3301: 3293: 3285: 3269: 3257: 3230: 3222: 3214: 3211:Constantinople I 3206: 3183: 3175: 3167: 3159: 3156:Constantinople I 3151: 3128: 3124:Constantinople V 3118: 3107: 3097: 3083: 3075: 3067: 3059: 3051: 3043: 3035: 3027: 3019: 3011: 3003: 2995: 2987: 2979: 2971: 2949: 2941: 2933: 2925: 2917: 2909: 2906:Constantinople I 2901: 2874: 2867: 2860: 2851: 2850: 2837: 2836: 2825: 2824: 2729: 2728: 2653: 2652: 2611:Victor IV (1138) 2529:High Middle Ages 2428: 2421: 2414: 2405: 2404: 2392: 2386: 2377: 2208: 2207: 2200: 2193: 2188: 2181: 2180: 2173: 2166: 2165: 2158: 2138: 2131: 2124: 2115: 2114: 2108: 2090: 2089: 2076: 2068: 2047: 2029: 2018: 2007: 1986: 1971: 1935: 1913: 1902: 1888: 1872: 1852: 1841: 1821: 1820: 1810: 1804: 1803: 1797: 1789: 1778: 1772: 1768: 1762: 1761: 1746: 1740: 1738: 1728: 1722: 1719: 1713: 1710: 1704: 1701: 1695: 1692: 1686: 1683: 1677: 1674: 1668: 1665: 1659: 1656: 1650: 1647: 1641: 1634: 1628: 1627: 1617: 1611: 1608: 1602: 1594: 1588: 1585: 1579: 1576: 1570: 1567: 1558: 1551: 1545: 1542: 1536: 1529: 1523: 1518:Martin Souchon, 1516: 1510: 1507: 1501: 1490: 1484: 1481: 1475: 1472: 1466: 1463: 1457: 1454: 1448: 1446: 1436: 1430: 1427: 1421: 1418: 1412: 1409: 1403: 1400: 1394: 1391: 1385: 1382: 1376: 1367: 1361: 1358: 1352: 1349: 1343: 1340: 1334: 1331: 1325: 1322: 1316: 1313: 1307: 1304: 1298: 1297: 1275: 1269: 1266: 1260: 1257: 1251: 1248: 1242: 1239: 1233: 1230: 1224: 1222: 1208: 1202: 1196: 1190: 1187: 1181: 1171: 1165: 1162: 1156: 1153: 1147: 1144: 1138: 1135: 1129: 1126: 1120: 1114: 1108: 1105: 1099: 1098: 1090: 1084: 1083: 1075: 912: 905: 901: 898: 892: 890: 849: 825: 817: 749:bishop of Urbino 732:Baldassare Cossa 707:Vatican Basilica 638:Lateran Basilica 392:Simon de Cramaud 180:Pope Clement VII 126:Pope Gregory XII 75: 68:Concilio di Pisa 3420: 3419: 3415: 3414: 3413: 3411: 3410: 3409: 3405:History of Pisa 3365: 3364: 3363: 3358: 3357: 3356: 3351: 3347: 3336: 3328: 3320: 3312: 3304: 3296: 3288: 3272: 3260: 3244: 3233: 3225: 3217: 3209: 3201: 3192: 3186: 3178: 3170: 3162: 3154: 3146: 3137: 3131: 3121: 3110: 3103: 3093: 3092: 3086: 3078: 3070: 3062: 3054: 3046: 3038: 3030: 3022: 3014: 3006: 2998: 2990: 2982: 2974: 2967: 2960:Catholic Church 2959: 2952: 2944: 2936: 2928: 2920: 2912: 2904: 2896: 2883: 2878: 2848: 2843: 2831: 2809: 2781: 2758: 2720: 2707: 2684: 2646: 2640: 2524: 2483: 2437: 2432: 2402: 2397: 2396: 2390: 2384: 2375: 2371: 2370: 2369: 2368: 2367: 2362: 2361: 2356: 2355: 2350: 2349: 2344: 2343: 2338: 2337: 2332: 2331: 2326: 2325: 2320: 2319: 2313: 2312: 2310: 2309: 2308: 2301: 2299: 2298: 2297: 2296: 2295: 2284: 2283: 2282: 2281: 2274: 2273: 2272: 2265: 2264: 2263: 2256: 2255: 2254: 2247: 2246: 2245: 2238: 2235: 2234: 2232: 2231: 2230: 2223: 2222: 2221: 2214: 2211: 2210: 2209: 2202: 2201: 2198: 2195: 2194: 2191:Council of Pisa 2189: 2186: 2183: 2182: 2175: 2174: 2171: 2168: 2167: 2160: 2159: 2156: 2145: 2142: 2099:Council of Pisa 2087: 2063: 2054: 2004: 1932: 1900: 1870: 1830: 1825: 1824: 1812: 1811: 1807: 1791: 1790: 1780: 1779: 1775: 1769: 1765: 1747: 1743: 1729: 1725: 1720: 1716: 1711: 1707: 1702: 1698: 1693: 1689: 1684: 1680: 1675: 1671: 1666: 1662: 1657: 1653: 1648: 1644: 1635: 1631: 1620: 1618: 1614: 1609: 1605: 1595: 1591: 1586: 1582: 1577: 1573: 1568: 1561: 1552: 1548: 1543: 1539: 1530: 1526: 1517: 1513: 1508: 1504: 1491: 1487: 1482: 1478: 1473: 1469: 1464: 1460: 1455: 1451: 1439: 1437: 1433: 1428: 1424: 1419: 1415: 1410: 1406: 1401: 1397: 1392: 1388: 1383: 1379: 1368: 1364: 1359: 1355: 1350: 1346: 1341: 1337: 1332: 1328: 1323: 1319: 1314: 1310: 1305: 1301: 1290: 1276: 1272: 1267: 1263: 1258: 1254: 1249: 1245: 1240: 1236: 1231: 1227: 1209: 1205: 1197: 1193: 1188: 1184: 1172: 1168: 1163: 1159: 1154: 1150: 1145: 1141: 1136: 1132: 1127: 1123: 1115: 1111: 1106: 1102: 1091: 1087: 1076: 1072: 1067: 1055:Pope John XXIII 1029: 980:Boniface Ferrer 913: 902: 896: 893: 850: 848: 838: 826: 815: 791: 767: 675:Giordano Orsini 670:see of Bordeaux 605:Enrico Minutoli 543:Pierre de Thury 476: 443: 388: 371: 354:, Prior of the 352:Boniface Ferrer 336:Carlo Malatesta 321: 277:Gui de Malesset 241: 219:King Charles VI 168:general council 118: 88:(Avignon) and 52:Council of Pisa 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3418: 3408: 3407: 3402: 3400:Western Schism 3397: 3392: 3387: 3382: 3380:1409 in Europe 3377: 3360: 3359: 3355: 3354: 3344: 3343: 3341: 3338: 3337: 3335: 3334: 3326: 3318: 3310: 3302: 3298:Synod of Jassy 3294: 3286: 3270: 3258: 3241: 3239: 3235: 3234: 3232: 3231: 3223: 3215: 3207: 3198: 3196: 3188: 3187: 3185: 3184: 3176: 3168: 3160: 3152: 3143: 3141: 3133: 3132: 3130: 3129: 3119: 3108: 3100: 3098: 3088: 3087: 3085: 3084: 3076: 3068: 3060: 3052: 3048:Basel-Florence 3044: 3036: 3028: 3020: 3012: 3004: 2996: 2988: 2980: 2972: 2964: 2962: 2954: 2953: 2951: 2950: 2942: 2934: 2926: 2918: 2910: 2902: 2893: 2891: 2885: 2884: 2877: 2876: 2869: 2862: 2854: 2845: 2844: 2842: 2841: 2829: 2818: 2815: 2814: 2811: 2810: 2808: 2807: 2802: 2797: 2791: 2789: 2783: 2782: 2780: 2779: 2774: 2768: 2766: 2760: 2759: 2757: 2752: 2747: 2742: 2737: 2735: 2726: 2722: 2721: 2719: 2718: 2712: 2709: 2708: 2706: 2705: 2700: 2694: 2692: 2686: 2685: 2683: 2682: 2677: 2672: 2667: 2661: 2659: 2650: 2648:Western Schism 2642: 2641: 2639: 2638: 2633: 2628: 2623: 2618: 2613: 2608: 2603: 2598: 2593: 2588: 2583: 2578: 2573: 2568: 2563: 2558: 2553: 2548: 2543: 2541:Anastasius III 2538: 2532: 2530: 2526: 2525: 2523: 2522: 2517: 2515:Constantine II 2512: 2507: 2502: 2497: 2491: 2489: 2485: 2484: 2482: 2481: 2476: 2471: 2466: 2461: 2456: 2451: 2445: 2443: 2442:Late Antiquity 2439: 2438: 2431: 2430: 2423: 2416: 2408: 2399: 2398: 2395: 2394: 2388: 2382: 2372: 2365: 2363: 2359: 2357: 2353: 2351: 2347: 2345: 2341: 2339: 2335: 2333: 2329: 2327: 2323: 2321: 2317: 2315: 2311: 2304: 2303: 2302: 2300: 2293: 2292: 2288: 2287: 2286: 2285: 2277: 2276: 2275: 2268: 2267: 2266: 2259: 2258: 2257: 2250: 2249: 2248: 2241: 2240: 2239: 2237: 2236: 2233: 2226: 2225: 2224: 2217: 2216: 2215: 2213: 2212: 2197: 2196: 2185: 2184: 2170: 2169: 2155: 2154: 2153: 2152: 2151: 2150: 2147: 2146: 2141: 2140: 2133: 2126: 2118: 2112: 2111: 2110: 2109: 2082: 2081:Acknowledgment 2078: 2077: 2061: 2053: 2052:External links 2050: 2049: 2048: 2037: 2030: 2019: 2008: 2002: 1987: 1972: 1961: 1950: 1936: 1930: 1914: 1903: 1889: 1878: 1867: 1860: 1853: 1842: 1829: 1826: 1823: 1822: 1805: 1773: 1763: 1741: 1723: 1721:Hefele, p. 64. 1714: 1705: 1696: 1687: 1678: 1669: 1660: 1651: 1642: 1629: 1612: 1603: 1589: 1580: 1571: 1569:Hefele, p. 60. 1559: 1546: 1537: 1524: 1511: 1502: 1485: 1476: 1467: 1458: 1449: 1447:Hefele, p. 49. 1431: 1422: 1413: 1404: 1395: 1386: 1377: 1362: 1353: 1351:Mansi, p. 125. 1344: 1342:Hefele, p. 21, 1335: 1326: 1317: 1308: 1299: 1270: 1261: 1259:Mansi, p. 359. 1252: 1243: 1234: 1225: 1203: 1201:Mansi, p. 116. 1191: 1189:Mansi, p. 115. 1182: 1166: 1164:Hefele, p. 12. 1157: 1148: 1139: 1130: 1121: 1109: 1100: 1085: 1069: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1028: 1025: 1004:Noël Alexandre 992:Thomas Cajetan 915: 914: 829: 827: 820: 814: 811: 790: 787: 766: 763: 758: 757: 751: 745:Oddone Colonna 742: 729: 719: 709: 700: 694:Pietro Filargo 691: 689:see of Ravenna 678: 672: 659: 650: 640: 623: 601: 600: 594: 593: 584: 582:see of Langres 575: 569: 559:Amedeo Saluzzo 556: 550: 540: 527: 517:Jean de Brogny 514: 505: 491: 490: 475: 472: 456:Cardinal Cossa 442: 439: 387: 384: 370: 367: 320: 319:German embassy 317: 240: 237: 207:Pierre d'Ailly 153:Pierre d'Ailly 117: 114: 82:Western Schism 44:Western Schism 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3417: 3406: 3403: 3401: 3398: 3396: 3393: 3391: 3388: 3386: 3383: 3381: 3378: 3376: 3373: 3372: 3370: 3349: 3345: 3339: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3242: 3240: 3236: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3189: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3144: 3142: 3140: 3134: 3126: 3125: 3120: 3116: 3114: 3109: 3106: 3102: 3101: 3099: 3096: 3089: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2970: 2966: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2955: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2875: 2870: 2868: 2863: 2861: 2856: 2855: 2852: 2840: 2835: 2830: 2828: 2820: 2819: 2816: 2806: 2803: 2801: 2798: 2796: 2793: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2784: 2778: 2775: 2773: 2770: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2761: 2756: 2753: 2751: 2750:Gregory XVIII 2748: 2746: 2743: 2741: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2730: 2727: 2723: 2717: 2714: 2713: 2704: 2701: 2699: 2696: 2695: 2693: 2691: 2687: 2681: 2678: 2676: 2673: 2671: 2670:Benedict XIII 2668: 2666: 2663: 2662: 2660: 2658: 2654: 2651: 2649: 2643: 2637: 2634: 2632: 2629: 2627: 2626:Callixtus III 2624: 2622: 2619: 2617: 2614: 2612: 2609: 2607: 2604: 2602: 2599: 2597: 2594: 2592: 2589: 2587: 2584: 2582: 2579: 2577: 2574: 2572: 2569: 2567: 2564: 2562: 2559: 2557: 2554: 2552: 2549: 2547: 2544: 2542: 2539: 2537: 2534: 2533: 2531: 2527: 2521: 2518: 2516: 2513: 2511: 2508: 2506: 2503: 2501: 2498: 2496: 2493: 2492: 2490: 2486: 2480: 2477: 2475: 2472: 2470: 2467: 2465: 2462: 2460: 2457: 2455: 2452: 2450: 2447: 2446: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2429: 2424: 2422: 2417: 2415: 2410: 2409: 2406: 2389: 2383: 2381: 2374: 2373: 2307: 2291: 2280: 2271: 2262: 2253: 2244: 2229: 2228:Benedict XIII 2220: 2205: 2192: 2178: 2177:Clement VII's 2163: 2148: 2139: 2134: 2132: 2127: 2125: 2120: 2119: 2116: 2106: 2105: 2100: 2094: 2093:public domain 2085: 2084: 2083: 2080: 2079: 2074: 2073: 2067: 2062: 2059: 2056: 2055: 2045: 2044: 2038: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2026: 2020: 2016: 2015: 2009: 2005: 2003:9780837083841 1999: 1995: 1994: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1979: 1973: 1969: 1968: 1962: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1937: 1933: 1931:9783506747853 1927: 1923: 1922: 1915: 1911: 1910: 1904: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1885: 1879: 1876: 1868: 1865: 1861: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1849: 1843: 1839: 1838: 1832: 1831: 1818: 1815: 1809: 1801: 1795: 1788: 1783: 1777: 1767: 1759: 1758: 1751: 1745: 1736: 1735: 1727: 1718: 1709: 1700: 1691: 1682: 1673: 1664: 1655: 1646: 1639: 1633: 1625: 1624: 1616: 1607: 1600: 1593: 1584: 1575: 1566: 1564: 1557: 1550: 1541: 1535: 1528: 1521: 1515: 1506: 1500: 1495: 1489: 1480: 1471: 1462: 1453: 1444: 1443: 1435: 1426: 1417: 1408: 1399: 1390: 1381: 1374: 1371: 1366: 1357: 1348: 1339: 1330: 1321: 1312: 1303: 1295: 1294: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1274: 1265: 1256: 1247: 1238: 1229: 1220: 1216: 1215: 1207: 1200: 1195: 1186: 1179: 1176: 1170: 1161: 1152: 1143: 1134: 1125: 1118: 1113: 1104: 1096: 1089: 1081: 1074: 1070: 1062: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1045:(1406–1409), 1044: 1040: 1036: 1035: 1024: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 984:Theodore Urie 981: 976: 974: 969: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 921: 911: 908: 900: 889: 886: 882: 879: 875: 872: 868: 865: 861: 858: – 857: 853: 852:Find sources: 846: 842: 836: 835: 830:This section 828: 824: 819: 818: 810: 807: 803: 799: 797: 786: 782: 778: 774: 771: 762: 755: 752: 750: 746: 743: 741: 737: 733: 730: 727: 726:commendatario 723: 720: 717: 713: 710: 708: 704: 703:Antonio Calvi 701: 699: 695: 692: 690: 686: 682: 679: 676: 673: 671: 667: 663: 660: 658: 657:see of Mileto 654: 651: 648: 644: 641: 639: 635: 631: 627: 624: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 603: 602: 599: 596: 595: 592: 588: 585: 583: 579: 576: 573: 570: 568: 564: 560: 557: 554: 551: 548: 544: 541: 539: 535: 531: 530:Pierre Girard 528: 526: 522: 518: 515: 513: 509: 506: 504: 500: 496: 495:Gui de Malsec 493: 492: 489: 486: 485: 484: 482: 471: 469: 465: 461: 457: 451: 447: 438: 436: 431: 427: 423: 421: 417: 413: 409: 404: 403:Pedro de Luna 399: 397: 393: 383: 379: 377: 376:Robert Hallam 366: 364: 359: 357: 353: 347: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 327: 316: 314: 309: 305: 300: 298: 297:Santa Susanna 294: 290: 286: 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 250: 245: 236: 234: 233: 227: 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 192: 188: 183: 181: 177: 173: 169: 165: 160: 158: 154: 150: 146: 142: 139:convoked the 138: 137:Benedict XIII 134: 129: 127: 123: 116:Preliminaries 113: 111: 107: 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 86:Benedict XIII 83: 79: 74: 69: 65: 61: 57: 53: 45: 41: 37: 32: 26: 22: 3348: 3262:Great Church 3127:(1341–1351)* 3122: 3112: 2777:Gregory XVII 2740:Gregory XVII 2689: 2680:Benedict XIV 2675:Clement VIII 2631:Innocent III 2606:Anacletus II 2601:Celestine II 2596:Gregory VIII 2591:Sylvester IV 2551:Boniface VII 2261:Innocent VII 2190: 2102: 2070: 2042: 2033: 2024: 2013: 1992: 1977: 1966: 1953: 1942: 1939:Mansi, J.-D. 1920: 1908: 1892: 1883: 1874: 1871:(in Italian) 1863: 1856: 1847: 1836: 1828:Bibliography 1816: 1808: 1785: 1781: 1776: 1766: 1756: 1749: 1744: 1733: 1726: 1717: 1708: 1699: 1690: 1681: 1672: 1663: 1654: 1645: 1637: 1632: 1622: 1615: 1606: 1592: 1583: 1574: 1554: 1549: 1540: 1532: 1527: 1519: 1514: 1505: 1497: 1493: 1488: 1479: 1470: 1461: 1452: 1441: 1434: 1425: 1416: 1407: 1398: 1389: 1380: 1369: 1365: 1356: 1347: 1338: 1329: 1320: 1311: 1302: 1292: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1273: 1264: 1255: 1246: 1237: 1228: 1213: 1206: 1198: 1194: 1185: 1177: 1169: 1160: 1151: 1142: 1133: 1124: 1112: 1103: 1088: 1073: 1058: 1038: 1032: 1030: 977: 970: 922: 918: 903: 894: 884: 877: 870: 863: 851: 839:Please help 834:verification 831: 808: 804: 800: 792: 783: 779: 775: 772: 768: 759: 725: 698:see of Milan 597: 578:Louis de Bar 572:Pierre Blavi 487: 480: 477: 452: 448: 444: 434: 432: 428: 424: 410:, notorious 400: 389: 380: 372: 360: 348: 338:, Prince of 334: 330: 322: 301: 254: 230: 228: 214: 184: 161: 130: 119: 73:conciliabolo 51: 49: 39: 35: 3180:Ephesus III 3082:(1962–1965) 3074:(1869–1870) 3066:(1545–1563) 3058:(1512–1517) 3042:(1414–1418) 3034:(1311–1312) 3000:Lateran III 2698:Alexander V 2665:Clement VII 2621:Paschal III 2576:Clement III 2571:Honorius II 2546:Christopher 2290:Alexander V 2270:Gregory XII 2252:Boniface IX 2219:Clement VII 1958:Tomus XXVII 1901:(in French) 1748:Salembier, 1047:Alexander V 1043:Gregory XII 1021:Gregorovius 1017:Reformation 1013:Protestants 796:King Rupert 716:Protodeacon 647:Protopriest 563:Protodeacon 547:Protopriest 464:Christendom 460:Alexander V 363:King Rupert 157:Jean Gerson 106:Alexander V 90:Gregory XII 42:during the 3369:Categories 3172:Ephesus II 3080:Vatican II 3008:Lateran IV 2992:Lateran II 2805:Michael II 2772:Clement XV 2725:Modern era 2703:John XXIII 2636:Nicholas V 2566:Benedict X 2561:Gregory VI 2495:Laurentius 2454:Hippolytus 2306:John XXIII 2162:Gregory XI 2028:A. Picard. 1947:Tomus XXVI 1065:References 1051:John XXIII 897:March 2018 867:newspapers 386:Deposition 261:patriarchs 110:John XXIII 3115:(879–880) 3072:Vatican I 3056:Lateran V 3040:Constance 2984:Lateran I 2978:(869–870) 2946:Nicaea II 2940:(680–681) 2922:Chalcedon 2800:Pius XIII 2795:Michael I 2755:Peter III 2733:Palmarian 2581:Theodoric 2536:John VIII 2500:Dioscorus 2474:Ursicinus 2464:Heraclius 2435:Antipopes 1794:cite book 468:antipopes 313:contumacy 293:canon law 265:cardinals 251:at sunset 172:Charles V 38:and Rome 3238:See also 3203:Nicaea I 3148:Nicaea I 2898:Nicaea I 2827:Category 2745:Peter II 2586:Adalbert 2556:John XVI 2505:Theodore 2479:Eulalius 2469:Felix II 2459:Novatian 2449:Natalius 2279:Martin V 2243:Urban VI 966:Scotland 948:, while 934:Portugal 761:Church. 441:Conclave 412:heretics 308:pontiffs 176:Urban VI 164:nepotism 145:Aquileia 3164:Ephesus 3024:Lyon II 2914:Ephesus 2716:Felix V 2657:Avignon 2510:Paschal 2380:Avignon 2095:: 1941:(ed.), 958:Bavaria 942:Prussia 938:Bohemia 930:England 881:scholar 740:Romagna 736:Bologna 416:Te Deum 269:bishops 267:and 80 259:, four 223:Leghorn 149:Cologne 64:Italian 3332:(2016) 3324:(1965) 3316:(1872) 3308:(1672) 3300:(1642) 3032:Vienne 3026:(1274) 3018:(1245) 3016:Lyon I 3010:(1215) 3002:(1179) 2994:(1139) 2986:(1123) 2520:Philip 2393:= Pisa 2391: 2387:= Rome 2385: 2376: 2000: 1928: 998:, and 954:Poland 950:Naples 883: 876: 869: 862: 854: 481:during 408:schism 344:knight 340:Rimini 289:priors 285:abbots 209:, the 96:. The 94:heresy 40:(blue) 3292:(692) 3264:(180– 3252:/155– 3229:(484) 3221:(410) 3213:(381) 3205:(325) 3182:(475) 3174:(449) 3166:(431) 3158:(381) 3150:(325) 3064:Trent 2948:(787) 2932:(553) 2924:(451) 2916:(431) 2908:(381) 2900:(325) 1985:–264. 962:Spain 888:JSTOR 874:books 304:Latin 263:, 22 56:Latin 36:(red) 2690:Pisa 2366:1416 2360:1411 2354:1406 2348:1401 2342:1396 2336:1391 2330:1386 2324:1381 2318:1376 1998:ISBN 1926:ISBN 1873:in: 1817:Time 1800:link 1787:1415 1031:The 964:and 860:news 738:and 565:and 247:The 189:and 155:and 133:Pisa 78:1409 50:The 3282:451 3278:380 3266:451 3254:314 1983:234 1023:). 843:by 3371:: 3250:50 2378:= 2069:. 1796:}} 1792:{{ 1562:^ 1219:22 994:, 990:, 956:, 952:, 940:, 936:, 932:, 632:; 619:; 611:; 536:; 523:; 501:; 365:. 279:, 112:. 66:: 62:; 58:: 3284:) 3280:– 3276:( 3268:) 3256:) 3248:( 3117:* 2873:e 2866:t 2859:v 2427:e 2420:t 2413:v 2364:│ 2358:│ 2352:│ 2346:│ 2340:│ 2334:│ 2328:│ 2322:│ 2316:│ 2294:→ 2199:↓ 2187:↓ 2172:↱ 2157:↓ 2137:e 2130:t 2123:v 2006:. 1934:. 1802:) 1221:. 1019:( 910:) 904:( 899:) 895:( 885:· 878:· 871:· 864:· 837:. 54:( 27:.

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