25:
210:, which prohibited papal conclaves from dealing with issues other than the election of a Pope. This papal response would be repeated for most future Capitulations, which were generally disregarded. For this reason, papal historian Frederic Baumgartner calls capitulations "an exercise in futility." Another papal historian, Van Dyke, surmises that by the election of
253:, which had already been eliminated by Pius X. He wrote: "I likewise forbid the Cardinals before the election to enter into any stipulations, committing themselves of common accord to a certain course of action should one of them be elevated to the Pontificate. These promises too, should any in fact be made, even under oath, I also declare null and void."
214:(1471), "all the Popes for forty years had signed and promptly broken" the "Capitulation of the Conclave." Jugie considers the "regular recourse to capitulation" to be "above all, an admission of weakness." Despite their ineffectiveness, Capitulations still give an insight into the thinking of the Cardinals as they prepared to vote for a pope.
154:
more frequently refers to the commitment of a sovereign state to relinquish jurisdiction within its borders over the subjects of a foreign state. Before balloting began, all cardinals present at the conclave would swear to be bound by its provisions if elected pope. Capitulations were used by the
866:
293:
Two-thirds of
College needed to approve creating, excommunicating, depriving of suffrage, or reducing the property or revenue of cardinals, or to request subsidies from sovereigns or national clergies
183:
The
College had made informal attempts to influence the actions of popes before drafting formal capitulations. The first capitulation was drafted in the conclave of 1352, which elected
122:
861:
645:
Continue the crusading war against the Turks, make peace with
Catholic monarchs, complete the construction of St. Peters (which had been ongoing for seven decades)
229:
through capitulations; although individual cardinals remained powerful, the
College as a whole never regained its power as the "senate" of the Church.
46:
39:
175:
were used on occasion from the 14th to the 17th centuries in
Northern and Central Europe to constrain an elected king, emperor, prince, or bishop.
196:
206:
89:
61:
606:
delayed negotiations on the capitulation for three days in an attempt to buy time for more French cardinals to reach the conclave
558:
Imperial
Ambassador considered the capitulation unlikely to be followed as it would make the cardinal elected only "half a Pope"
68:
236:
made the
College swear to the capitulation that had been drafted by the previous conclave before accepting his election.
75:
1147:
1125:
1103:
1088:
108:
649:
566:
226:
57:
769:
1168:
1163:
673:
569:
or authority of Popes through capitulations; College was transformed from a "senate" to a group of advisers
701:
Unique in that Pope-elect made cardinals swear to the previous capitulation before accepting his election
1173:
590:
245:
82:
683:
Reform of the clergy, independence from secular rulers, restoration of advisory role of cardinals
35:
1178:
191:
172:
775:
768:
603:
150:
536:
469:
Papal stipend of 2,400 ducats a year for cardinals with annual income less than 6,000 ducats
363:
Leave Rome only with the consent of the majority of cardinals; Italy with the consent of all
513:
474:
443:
433:
365:
351:
318:
307:
288:
278:
225:
and attempts to control it through formal treaties; never again did the
College attempt to
156:
137:
555:
Benefices of St. Peter and St. John the
Lateran could only be conferred on Roman citizens
8:
962:
542:, to confer certain ecclesiastical offices (Julius II had excommunicated four cardinals)
421:
410:
426:
Cardinals protected from retaliation by secular rulers in connection with the conclave
1143:
1121:
1099:
1084:
931:
448:
240:
1140:
The
Conclave: A Sometimes Secret and Occasionally Bloody History of Papal Elections
900:
693:
561:
283:
233:
184:
325:
Eugene IV issues a bull to put the capitulation into effect, but later withdrew it
870:
627:
595:
532:
471:
General council was to be held within two years, and every five years thereafter
429:
389:
371:
222:
217:
Although not the last Capitulations, that of the conclave of 1513 (which elected
160:
678:
659:
577:
525:
488:
399:
312:
211:
201:
141:
1157:
640:
464:
328:
622:
616:
551:
200 ducat monthly allowance to a cardinal with annual income less than 6000
545:
356:
339:
128:, the first Pope to agree to a capitulation, and the first to disregard one
344:
Welfare for the poorer cardinals; and a crusade against the Ottoman Turks
521:
190:
In 1353, Innocent VI declared these first Capitulations invalid with his
125:
495:
Cardinals to be consulted on creation of new cardinals and other matters
187:, and most conclaves for the next 300 years produced similar documents.
508:
250:
218:
497:
Agreement of a supermajority of cardinals for the pope to declare war
322:
No major issues were to be decided without the consent of the College
518:
Continue the crusading war against the Turks without taxing cardinals
164:
565:
Leo X's violation of the capitulation marked the end of attempts to
24:
1118:
The Papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571: The 13th & 14th Centuries
376:
168:
16:
Historical contracts attaching conditions to the election of a pope
384:
Most of the three-day conclave was spent drafting the capitulation
331:, which had deprived the College of control of church revenues
121:
553:
Cardinals could not be appointed legate without their consent
754:
Jugie, Pierre. Levillain, ed. 2002. "Cardinal." pp. 241-242.
145:
585:
Called "an exercise in futility as always" by Baumgartner
295:
College granted veto power of papal decisions and policies
621:
Pope prohibited from waging war on a Catholic prince (as
291:
limited to 20; no new cardinals until only 16 remained
1081:
Behind Locked Doors: A History of the Papal Elections
136:
was a compact or unilateral contract drawn up by the
608:Drafted by six cardinals elected from the College
256:
1155:
549:Secret articles conferred benefits on cardinals:
535:, to impeach or nominate a cardinal, nominate a
413:fell out of favor by rejecting the capitulation
317:Half of papal revenue was to be shared with the
770:"Episcopal and Pontifical Capitulations"
404:Continue the crusading war against the Turks
249:banned conclave capitulations as well as the
159:to assert its collective authority and limit
531:Two-thirds of College required to close the
361:Continue the crusading war against the Turks
560:Slightly unreliable copy found in diary of
493:General council to be held within two years
1113:. K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., Ltd.
790:
788:
786:
766:
762:
760:
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
963:The election of Pope Alexander VI (1492)
544:Laity mostly excluded from governing of
453:Limits on the creation of new cardinals
375:Creation of cardinals or advancement of
302:Declared invalid by Innocent VI in 1353
148:elected by the conclave. The legal term
120:
839:
837:
835:
783:
757:
750:
748:
746:
1156:
1009:
1007:
382:Similar to 1431 and 1454 capitulations
297:All papal revenue shared with College
45:Please improve this article by adding
932:The election of Pope Sixtus IV (1471)
825:
823:
804:
802:
800:
736:
734:
832:
779:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
743:
379:required the consent of the College
18:
1004:
901:The election of Pope Paul II (1464)
386:Cardinal Trevisan did not subscribe
13:
820:
797:
731:
14:
1190:
767:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
529:Roman Curia was not to leave Rome
327:Attempted to undo the reforms of
239:Though the practice was defunct,
961:Burkle-Young, Francis A. 1998. "
930:Burkle-Young, Francis A. 1998. "
899:Burkle-Young, Francis A. 1998. "
648:Little mention of privileges or
407:Fewer limitations on papal power
144:to constrain the actions of the
23:
1094:Levillain, Philippe, ed. 2002.
1079:Baumgartner, Frederic J. 2003.
1061:
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1043:
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995:
986:
977:
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846:
1135:. The Christian Literature Co.
811:
722:
713:
524:along the unfinished terms of
257:List of conclave capitulations
1:
1116:Setton, Kenneth Meyer. 1984.
794:Baumgartner, 2003, pp. 52-54.
707:
567:limit the size of the College
47:secondary or tertiary sources
1142:. Rowman & Littlefield.
912:Baumgartner, 2003, p. 78-79.
7:
1096:The Papacy: An Encyclopedia
719:Baumgartner, 2003, p. xiii.
300:First conclave capitulation
200:, citing a Constitution of
10:
1195:
1067:Baumgartner, 2003, p. 133.
1058:Baumgartner, 2003, p. 129.
1049:Baumgartner, 2003, p. 117.
1031:Baumgartner, 2003, p. 105.
843:Baumgartner, 2003, p. 162.
688:
671:
654:
635:
611:
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572:
503:
483:
459:
441:
416:
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276:
221:) was a turning point for
178:
1133:The Age of the Renascence
1013:Baumgartner, 2003, p. 92.
992:Baumgartner, 2003, p. 90.
974:Baumgartner, 2003, p. 89.
952:Baumgartner, 2003, p. 82.
943:Baumgartner, 2003, p. 79.
890:Baumgartner, 2003, p. 73.
829:Baumgartner, 2003, p. 94.
808:Baumgartner, 2003, p. 95.
740:Baumgartner, 2003, p. 68.
163:, to "make the Church an
1111:The History of the Popes
1001:Pastor, 1980, pp. 19-21.
863:Universi Dominici Gregis
600:Similar to that of 1523
428:New Pope limited to one
370:New Pope limited to one
246:Universi Dominici Gregis
817:Van Dyke, 1897, p. 198.
728:Van Dyke, 1897, p. 172.
500:Shortest conclave ever
272:
269:
266:
263:
173:electoral capitulations
58:"Conclave capitulation"
1138:Walsh, Michael. 2003.
1131:Van Dyke, Paul. 1897.
1109:Pastor, Ludwig. 1908.
1083:. Palgrave Macmillan.
461:August–September 1503
388:Paul II created three
192:Apostolic Constitution
129:
34:relies excessively on
1169:History of the papacy
1040:Setton, 1984, p. 509.
776:Catholic Encyclopedia
698:Same as that of 1670
630:was to be reconvened
456:No other terms known
409:Frontrunner Cardinal
243:'s 1996 Constitution
134:conclave capitulation
124:
1164:Election of the Pope
1022:Walsh, 2003, p. 112.
983:Walsh, 2003, p. 111.
921:Walsh, 2003, p. 109.
881:Walsh, 2003, p. 107.
869:May 6, 2007, at the
852:Walsh, 2003, p. 163.
625:had done with Spain)
514:College of Cardinals
475:College of Cardinals
434:College of Cardinals
366:College of Cardinals
319:College of Cardinals
289:College of Cardinals
232:In 1676, Pope-elect
157:College of Cardinals
138:College of Cardinals
650:number of cardinals
520:Reformation of the
604:Ippolito II d'Este
411:Basilios Bessarion
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1174:Law-related lists
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241:Pope John Paul II
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390:cardinal-nephews
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185:Pope Innocent VI
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628:Lateran Council
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533:Lateran Council
530:
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430:cardinal-nephew
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223:papal supremacy
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40:primary sources
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264:Conclave year
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227:limit its size
212:Pope Sixtus IV
202:Pope Gregory X
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142:papal conclave
117:
116:
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1179:Papal primacy
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1098:. Routledge.
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1089:0-312-29463-8
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485:October 1503
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422:Innocent VIII
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329:Pope Martin V
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267:Pope elected
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167:instead of a
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60: –
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32:This article
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623:Pope Paul IV
546:Papal States
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449:Alexander VI
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151:capitulation
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694:Innocent XI
522:Roman Curia
284:Innocent VI
234:Innocent XI
197:Sollicitudo
171:." Similar
126:Innocent VI
99:August 2018
1158:Categories
708:References
665:None known
596:Julius III
251:papal veto
219:Pope Leo X
69:newspapers
36:references
1120:. DIANE.
679:Clement X
674:1669-1670
660:Urban VII
591:1549-1550
578:Adrian VI
526:Julius II
489:Julius II
400:Sixtus IV
377:benefices
313:Eugene IV
207:Contingit
165:oligarchy
140:during a
867:Archived
641:Sixtus V
582:Unknown
539:a latere
465:Pius III
169:monarchy
1074:Sources
617:Pius IV
537:legate
357:Paul II
340:Pius II
179:History
83:scholar
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1087:
273:Notes
270:Terms
85:
78:
71:
64:
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690:1676
637:1585
613:1559
574:1522
509:Leo X
505:1513
418:1484
396:1471
336:1458
90:JSTOR
76:books
1144:ISBN
1122:ISBN
1100:ISBN
1085:ISBN
444:1492
352:1464
308:1431
279:1352
146:pope
62:news
478:not
38:to
1160::
1006:^
965:."
934:."
903:."
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733:^
204:,
194:,
132:A
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97:(
87:·
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