189:
desired it, and capturing it would help limit the emir's power. It would please Conrad and Louis, who were interested in capturing a city which, unlike
Ascalon, was important to the history of Christianity. It was therefore determined that the crusaders should march against Damascus. William of Tyre passes over these discussions, saying only that "various opinions of diverse factions were offered and arguments pro and con presented, as is customary in matters of such importance. At last it was agreed by all that under the circumstances it would be best to besiege Damascus, a city of great menace to us."
202:
accomplishing nothing, before returning to Europe. Just as had been feared, Nur ad-Din used the opportunity to impose his power over
Damascus, and was in personal control of the city by 1154. The general historical debate now appears to view the decision to attack Damascus as somewhat inevitable. The campaign is viewed by historians, such as Martin Hoch, that the decision was the logical conclusion of Damascene foreign policy shifting into alignment with the Zengid dynasty. King Baldwin III had previously launched a campaign with the sole objective of capturing the city. This aided in shifting the
214:
the city would allow for a campaign to be assembled directly into the heartland of
Jerusalem. The Byzantine-Antioch treaty of 1137, which outlined the rights of the Byzantine Emperor to former Byzantine lands captured by the crusading armies, would also persuade many not to campaign in the North. Despite this, an attack on a neutral territory for the benefit of Jerusalem would compromise security in the North, particularly with the growing strength of the Zengid dynasty in the territory around
141:, was in captivity and there was no hope of retrieving him or the city, so the matter, so important to the original call for the crusade, was apparently not even discussed. In Antioch, Raymond of Poitiers had tried to convince Louis to attack Aleppo, Nur ad-Din's capital and the greatest threat to that city, but Raymond and Louis had quarrelled (partly over rumours of an incestual relationship between Eleanor and the prince) and Raymond was not present at the council. The
323:
125:. Conrad arrived at Acre in April, and Louis marched south from Antioch. The nobility of Jerusalem welcomed the arrival of troops from Europe, and it was announced that a council should meet in Acre; as William of Tyre says, "together with the nobles of the realm who possessed an accurate knowledge of affairs and places, they entered into a careful consideration as to what plan was most expedient."
17:
342:, and Arnold of Wied, Conrad's chancellor, "and other counts and illustrious men and nobles"; however, he passes over the council and the siege completely, saying "what issue and event this expedition to Damascus also experienced must be related elsewhere, and possibly by others." From the French, participants included:
157:, his cousin, and when Alfonso was poisoned on the way to the council, Raymond was implicated in his murder. Conrad and Louis were, in any case, unconcerned with matters in northern Syria; for them, pilgrimage to Jerusalem was an inherent part of the crusading vow, and defense of Jerusalem was of utmost importance.
213:
and would therefore be reluctant to campaign in the North. This was echoed by the general consensus of the nobility of
Jerusalem, who wished to strike out the threat of increasing Zengid influence in Damascus. If the city fell to the army of an enemy, which it did in 1154, the strategic importance of
112:
began their separate journeys to the east; after passing through
Constantinople, Conrad suffered a heavy defeat in Anatolia, and retreated to meet Louis at Nicaea. Conrad then spent the winter in Constantinople while Louis continued south to the Mediterranean coast, harassed by the Turks along the
188:
and
Ascalon would have been added to his territory. Ascalon had also been contained by a number of castles built during the reign of Fulk and was not an immediate threat. The capture of Damascus, on the other hand, would benefit Baldwin; despite being a sometime-ally of Jerusalem, Nur ad-Din also
201:
were, the results were disastrous for the crusaders. The combined forces besieged the city in July, but the campaign was a terrible blunder and failed after only four days. The crusaders blamed each other and there were rumours of bribery. Conrad and Louis lingered in
Jerusalem for some time,
70:
The nobility of
Jerusalem welcomed the arrival of troops from Europe, and it was announced that a council should meet. After much discussion, it was determined that the crusaders would march against
338:, a history of Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, who himself attended the council while still only Duke of Swabia. He lists Conrad, Henry of Bavaria, Welf, and Frederick, as well as Ortlieb,
209:
The original target of the crusade, Edessa, was an unfeasible target in any case. King
Baldwin III was locked in a family dispute with his mother Queen Melisende over territory in
180:
in 1143, when
Baldwin was only 13 years old; but Baldwin was now 18 and wished to assert his authority. The option of Ascalon did not suit Baldwin, since his brother
397:"Many other important nobles of high rank were also present...but since it would take too long to record them here, their names are intentionally omitted." From the
472:
887:
785:
230:
William of Tyre lists numerous participants at the council. The Germans and others allied to the Holy Roman Empire included:
463:
722:
700:
313:
133:
There were a number of choices for the target of the crusade. In northern Syria, Edessa was firmly in the control of
892:
445:
145:
was also not represented, although an attack on Aleppo would have benefitted Tripoli as well; however, the rule of
439:
294:
433:
351:
63:
began their separate journeys to the east. Conrad arrived at Acre in April 1148, and Louis marched south from
897:
882:
303:
415:
381:
822:
756:
468:
391:
386:
78:
were, the results were disastrous for the crusaders. As a result, Antioch was to become vulnerable.
405:
263:
198:
169:
75:
43:
met with recently arrived crusaders from Europe, to decide on the best target for the crusade. The
308:
114:
40:
427:
421:
410:
181:
173:
97:
48:
877:
819:
A History of the Crusades, vol. II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East, 1100–1187
234:
146:
138:
105:
56:
850:
510:
398:
276:
122:
36:
8:
773:
732:
477:
454:
346:
330:
There were also "other noted men of high rank, whose names and titles we do not recall."
284:
118:
109:
60:
495:
243:
168:. The crusade had coincidentally arrived during a political crisis in Jerusalem: King
844:
781:
718:
696:
689:
505:
376:
364:
360:
355:
177:
154:
142:
101:
52:
748:
710:
515:
500:
482:
331:
239:
134:
814:
795:
459:
339:
280:
267:
79:
737:
490:
298:
258:
252:
248:
185:
150:
91:
44:
871:
826:
370:
203:
271:
222:, which lay closer than Damascus to Jerusalem, was to become vulnerable.
743:. Translated by John Gillingham (1st ed.). Oxford University Press.
802:. Translated by E. A. Babcock; A. C. Krey. Columbia University Press.
322:
165:
161:
71:
218:
and, from 1144, Edessa. By deciding against a campaign at Aleppo,
289:
219:
64:
33:
160:
In the south, the most immediate threats to Jerusalem came from
215:
210:
16:
29:
862:
The Second Crusade: Extending the Frontiers of Christendom
839:
M. W. Baldwin, ed. "The first hundred years," vol. 1 of
847:. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1969.
836:. Milwaukee, WI: Marquette University Press, 1962.
736:
688:
869:
747:
656:
794:
687:Hoch, Martin; Phillips, Jonathan, eds. (2002).
671:
644:
597:
549:
82:recorded numerous participants at the council.
326:King Louis VII of France attended the council.
20:13th century depiction of the Council of Acre.
96:The Second Crusade had been called after the
686:
621:
206:'s relations with the Kingdom of Jerusalem.
192:
691:The Second Crusade: Scope and Consequences
667:
665:
184:, who supported their mother, was already
128:
778:God's War: a New History of the Crusades
321:
15:
772:
715:The New Concise History of the Crusades
662:
609:
573:
561:
473:Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller
870:
800:A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea
709:
537:
763:
731:
633:
585:
137:, the successor of Zengi; its count,
369:Guy of Florence, cardinal priest of
834:The Crusades: A Documentary History
464:Grand Master of the Knights Templar
13:
808:
172:had ruled jointly with his mother
14:
909:
753:The Deeds of Frederick Barbarossa
552:, vol. 2, bk. 16, ch. 29, pg. 183
314:William V, Marquess of Montferrat
857:. New York: Facts on File, 1991.
647:, vol. 2, bk. 17, ch. 1, pg. 185
600:, vol. 2, bk. 17, ch. 2, pg. 186
104:in 1144. In 1147, armies led by
55:in 1144. In 1147, armies led by
695:. Manchester University Press.
679:
650:
638:
225:
74:. Whatever the reasons for the
864:. Yale University Press, 2007.
627:
615:
603:
591:
579:
567:
555:
543:
531:
1:
525:
304:Herman III, Margrave of Baden
197:Whatever the reasons for the
85:
888:12th-century church councils
766:Crusading Warfare, 1097–1193
759:. Columbia University Press.
717:. Rowman & Littlefield.
7:
416:Patriarch Fulk of Jerusalem
382:Henry I, Count of Champagne
352:Godefroy de la Rochetaillée
257:Heinrich I von Lothringen,
113:way, and finally sailed to
10:
914:
823:Cambridge University Press
757:Charles Christopher Mierow
622:Hoch & Phillips (2002)
469:Raymond du Puy de Provence
387:Thierry, Count of Flanders
89:
47:had been called after the
841:A History of the Crusades
318:Guido, Count of Biandrate
406:Baldwin III of Jerusalem
193:Aftermath of the council
176:since the death of King
893:History of Acre, Israel
657:Otto of Freising (1953)
309:Berthold III of Andechs
129:Target of the crusaders
41:Haute Cour of Jerusalem
39:, on 24 June 1148. The
672:William of Tyre (1943)
645:William of Tyre (1943)
598:William of Tyre (1943)
550:William of Tyre (1943)
522:"...and many others."
450:Adam, Bishop of Banyas
428:Archbishop of Nazareth
422:Archbishop of Caesarea
411:Melisende of Jerusalem
401:, attendees included:
334:would later write the
327:
32:, a major city of the
28:met at Palmarea, near
21:
855:Atlas of the Crusades
768:. Barnes & Noble.
764:Smail, R. C. (1956).
325:
235:Conrad III of Germany
147:Raymond II of Tripoli
106:Conrad III of Germany
57:Conrad III of Germany
19:
898:Frederick Barbarossa
883:Kingdom of Jerusalem
851:Jonathan Riley-Smith
774:Tyerman, Christopher
733:Mayer, Hans Eberhard
511:Humphrey II of Toron
399:Kingdom of Jerusalem
277:Henry II Jasomirgott
123:Eleanor of Aquitaine
121:, uncle of his wife
37:Kingdom of Jerusalem
860:Jonathan Phillips,
487:Elinand of Tiberias
478:Manasses of Hierges
455:Bishop of Bethlehem
347:Louis VII of France
285:Margrave of Austria
119:Raymond of Poitiers
110:Louis VII of France
61:Louis VII of France
659:, pp. 102–103
564:, pp. 330–331
496:Walter of Caesarea
328:
244:Bishop of Freising
149:was challenged by
22:
845:Kenneth M. Setton
787:978-0-14-026980-2
780:. Penguin Books.
506:Barisan of Ibelin
377:Robert I of Dreux
365:Bishop of Lisieux
356:Bishop of Langres
199:Siege of Damascus
178:Fulk of Jerusalem
155:Count of Toulouse
143:County of Tripoli
76:Siege of Damascus
905:
832:James Brundage,
803:
791:
769:
760:
755:. Translated by
749:Otto of Freising
744:
742:
728:
706:
694:
674:
669:
660:
654:
648:
642:
636:
631:
625:
619:
613:
607:
601:
595:
589:
583:
577:
571:
565:
559:
553:
547:
541:
540:, pp. 58–60
535:
516:Guy I Brisebarre
501:Pagan the Butler
483:Philip of Nablus
446:Bishop of Beirut
332:Otto of Freising
117:, then ruled by
913:
912:
908:
907:
906:
904:
903:
902:
868:
867:
815:Steven Runciman
811:
809:Further reading
806:
796:William of Tyre
788:
725:
703:
682:
677:
670:
663:
655:
651:
643:
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632:
628:
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616:
608:
604:
596:
592:
584:
580:
572:
568:
560:
556:
548:
544:
536:
532:
528:
460:Robert of Craon
440:Bishop of Sidon
340:Bishop of Basel
336:Gesta Friderici
281:Duke of Bavaria
268:Bishop of Porto
228:
195:
131:
94:
88:
80:William of Tyre
26:Council of Acre
12:
11:
5:
911:
901:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
866:
865:
858:
848:
837:
830:
825:, 1952; repr.
810:
807:
805:
804:
792:
786:
770:
761:
745:
729:
723:
711:Madden, Thomas
707:
701:
683:
681:
678:
676:
675:
661:
649:
637:
626:
614:
610:Tyerman (2006)
602:
590:
578:
574:Tyerman (2006)
566:
562:Tyerman (2006)
554:
542:
529:
527:
524:
520:
519:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
491:Gerard Grenier
488:
485:
480:
475:
466:
457:
451:
448:
442:
436:
434:Bishop of Acre
430:
424:
418:
413:
408:
395:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
373:, papal legate
367:
358:
349:
320:
319:
316:
311:
306:
301:
299:Duke of Swabia
292:
287:
274:
261:
259:Bishop of Toul
255:
253:Bishop of Metz
249:Stephan of Bar
246:
237:
227:
224:
194:
191:
186:Count of Jaffa
151:Alfonso Jordan
130:
127:
98:fall of Edessa
92:Second Crusade
90:Main article:
87:
84:
49:fall of Edessa
45:Second Crusade
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
910:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
875:
873:
863:
859:
856:
852:
849:
846:
842:
838:
835:
831:
828:
827:Folio Society
824:
820:
816:
813:
812:
801:
797:
793:
789:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
741:
740:
734:
730:
726:
724:9780742538238
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
702:9780719057113
698:
693:
692:
685:
684:
673:
668:
666:
658:
653:
646:
641:
635:
630:
624:, p. 191
623:
618:
612:, p. 333
611:
606:
599:
594:
588:, p. 103
587:
582:
576:, p. 332
575:
570:
563:
558:
551:
546:
539:
538:Madden (2005)
534:
530:
523:
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404:
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393:
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385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
372:
371:San Crisogono
368:
366:
362:
359:
357:
353:
350:
348:
345:
344:
343:
341:
337:
333:
324:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
296:
295:Frederick III
293:
291:
288:
286:
282:
278:
275:
273:
269:
265:
262:
260:
256:
254:
250:
247:
245:
241:
238:
236:
233:
232:
231:
223:
221:
217:
212:
207:
205:
204:Burid dynasty
200:
190:
187:
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167:
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158:
156:
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140:
136:
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99:
93:
83:
81:
77:
73:
68:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
35:
31:
27:
18:
878:1148 in Asia
861:
854:
840:
833:
818:
799:
777:
765:
752:
739:The Crusades
738:
714:
690:
680:Bibliography
652:
640:
634:Smail (1956)
629:
617:
605:
593:
586:Mayer (1972)
581:
569:
557:
545:
533:
521:
396:
392:Ivo de Nesle
335:
329:
290:Duke Welf VI
272:papal legate
229:
226:Participants
208:
196:
159:
132:
95:
69:
25:
23:
170:Baldwin III
139:Joscelin II
872:Categories
526:References
135:Nur ad-Din
86:Background
518:of Beirut
444:William,
438:Bernard,
420:Baldwin,
174:Melisende
798:(1943).
776:(2006).
751:(1953).
735:(1972).
713:(2005).
453:Gerald,
426:Robert,
264:Theodwin
166:Damascus
72:Damascus
34:crusader
829:, 1994.
432:Rorgo,
220:Antioch
182:Amalric
162:Ascalon
115:Antioch
65:Antioch
843:, ed.
784:
721:
699:
361:Arnulf
216:Aleppo
211:Nablus
102:Zengi
53:Zengi
782:ISBN
719:ISBN
697:ISBN
283:and
240:Otto
164:and
108:and
59:and
30:Acre
24:The
100:to
51:to
874::
853:,
821:.
817:,
664:^
471:,
462:,
363:,
354:,
297:,
279:,
270:,
266:,
251:,
242:,
153:,
67:.
790:.
727:.
705:.
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