66:
621:
379:
827:
565:
thickest rolled sections and plates – from 1.5–4 in (38–102 mm) thick have yield strength of 42 ksi (290 MPa) and ultimate strength of 63 ksi (430 MPa). ASTM A242 is available in Type 1 and Type 2. Both have different applications based on the thickness. Type 1 is often used in housing structures, construction industry and freight cars. The Type 2 steel, which is also called Corten B, is used primarily in urban furnishing, passenger ships or cranes.
1958:
909:
587:
643:
849:. A subsequent order in 1979 was built to similar specs, including weathering steel bodies, by Bombardier. The cars were painted, a standard practice for weathering steel railcars. The durability of weathering steel did not live up to expectations, with rust holes appearing in the railcars. Painting may have contributed to the problem, as painted weathering steel is no more corrosion-resistant than conventional steel, because the protective
49:
602:
564:
of 70 ksi (480 MPa) for light-medium rolled shapes and plates up to 0.75 inches (19 mm) thick. It has yield strength of 46 ksi (320 MPa) and ultimate strength of 67 ksi (460 MPa) for medium weight rolled shapes and plates from 0.75–1 inch (19–25 mm) thick. The
412:
The corrosion-retarding effect of the protective layer is produced by the particular distribution and concentration of alloying elements in it. It is not yet clear how exactly the patina formation differs from usual rusting, but it's established that drying of the wetted surface is necessary and that
939:
Mayari-R weathering steel framing within the predicted time. Rainwater runoff from the slowly rusting steel stained the numerous large windows and increased maintenance costs. Corrosion without the formation of a protective layer apparently led to the need for emergency structural reinforcement and
955:
in part to showcase COR-TEN steel. The initial weathering of the material resulted in a discoloration, known as "bleeding" or "runoff", of the surrounding city sidewalks and nearby buildings. A cleanup effort was orchestrated by the corporation once weathering was complete to clean the markings. A
577:
and plate thicknesses up to 4 in (100 mm) thick. Plates from 4–5 in (102–127 mm) have yield strength at least 46 ksi (320 MPa) and ultimate tensile strength at least 67 ksi (460 MPa), and plates from 5–8 in (127–203 mm) thick have yield strength at
956:
few of the nearby sidewalks were left uncleaned, and remain a rust color. This problem has been reduced in newer formulations of weathering steel. Staining can be prevented if the structure can be designed so that water does not drain from the steel onto concrete where stains would be visible.
918:
The rate at which some weathering steels form the desired patina varies strongly with the presence of atmospheric pollutants which catalyze corrosion. While the process is generally successful in large urban centers, the weathering rate is much slower in more rural environments.
356:. The controlled corrosion for which this material is now best known was a welcome benefit discovered soon after, prompting USS to apply the trademarked name Cor-Ten. Because of its inherent toughness, this steel is still used extensively for bulk transport,
408:
refers to the chemical composition of these steels, allowing them to exhibit increased resistance to atmospheric corrosion compared to other steels. This is because the steel forms a protective layer on its surface under the influence of the weather.
901:, never stopped rusting, and eventually large holes appeared in the structure. This was a major factor in the decision to demolish it just 25 years after construction. The same thing can happen in environments laden with sea salt. Hawaii's
880:
Using weathering steel in construction presents several challenges. Ensuring that weld-points weather at the same rate as the other materials may require special welding techniques or material. Weathering steel is not
1749:
893:. Weathering steel is sensitive to humid subtropical climates, and in such environments it is possible that the protective patina may not stabilize but instead continue to corrode. For example, the former
416:
The layer protecting the surface develops and regenerates continuously when subjected to the influence of the weather. In other words, the steel is allowed to rust in order to form the protective coating.
390:
at milepost 37.02. This overpass is believed to be the first highway structure application of weathering steel. Other states including Iowa, Ohio, and
Michigan followed soon after. Those were followed by
868:
School of
Architecture was completed on its campus. The use of weathering steel helped the futuristic shapes of the facade fit in well with its much older surroundings and in 2015 it was awarded the
1617:
1329:
326:
The history of weathering steels began in the US in 1910s, when steels alloyed with different amounts of copper were exposed to the elements; the research continued into the 1920s and
1207:
65:
864:
says of the material: "While it can look suspiciously unfinished to the casual observer, it has many fans in the world of art and architecture." In 2015, a new building for the
885:
in itself: if water is allowed to accumulate on the surface of the steel, it will experience a higher corrosion rate, so provision for drainage must be made. According to the
1300:
1500:
1272:
1800:
1592:
1621:
845:
for
Illinois Central Railroad. The use of weathering steel was seen as a cost-cutting move in comparison with the contemporary railcar standard of
340:
decided to commercialize the results of their studies and patented a steel with exceptional mechanical resistance, primarily for use in railroad
52:
Texture of a sheet of Cor-Ten after being exposed to the elements for 5 years. The rust can form unevenly based on the composition of the metal.
1762:
573:
A588 has a yield strength of at least 50 ksi (340 MPa), and ultimate tensile strength of 70 ksi (480 MPa) for all rolled
1333:
2306:
882:
853:
will not form in time to prevent corrosion over a localized area of attack such as a small paint failure. These cars were retired by 2016.
305:
1472:
395:
Footbridge in the United
Kingdom in 1967. Since then, the practice of using weathering steel in bridges has expanded to many countries.
905:, built in 1975, is one example of this. Weathering steel's normal surface weathering can also lead to rust stains on nearby surfaces.
1235:
372:
315:
standards group. Newer ASTM grades are A588 (COR-TEN B) and A606 for thin sheet. All of the alloys are in common production and use.
318:
The surface oxidation generally takes six months to develop, but surface treatments can accelerate this to as little as one hour.
1793:
368:
751:
2268:
1696:
667:
Weathering steel is popularly used in outdoor sculptures for its distressed antique appearance. One example is the large
1030:
1786:
1753:
1447:
1423:
865:
831:
620:
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1361:
140:
920:
1670:
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1522:
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2342:
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17:
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2105:
747:
35:
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2327:
2301:
2153:
755:
732:
590:
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297:
1573:
578:
least 42 ksi (290 MPa) and ultimate tensile strength at least 63 ksi (430 MPa).
540:
The mechanical properties of weathering steels depend on which alloy and how thick the material is.
2244:
2042:
736:
378:
860:, made up of 12,000 pre-weathered steel panels engineered by ASI Limited & SHoP Construction.
284:
on the name COR-TEN. The name COR-TEN refers to the two distinguishing properties of this type of
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2168:
1830:
672:
890:
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2100:
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1772:
743:
42:
270:
which were developed to eliminate the need for painting by forming a stable external layer of
1925:
1922:
1448:"Corten B Steel Plate, Corrosion Resistant Plates, Weathering Steel Plates, Weathering Steel"
1424:"Corten A Steel Plate, Corrosion Resistant Plates, Weathering Steel Plates, Weathering Steel"
842:
811:
made from weathering steel using the four-letter word ahava (אהבה, "love" in Hebrew) for the
675:
Courthouse in
Chicago, which is also constructed of weathering steel. Other examples include
553:
256:
1156:
2254:
2218:
2173:
2063:
2037:
965:
762:
357:
1088:
Morcillo, Manuel; Díaz, Iván; Chico, Belén; Cano, H.; de la Fuente, Daniel (1 June 2014).
8:
2347:
2223:
2213:
2209:
2158:
2148:
2032:
2011:
1898:
1865:
990:
648:
387:
1721:
1928:
1825:
1477:
924:
869:
723:
392:
312:
82:
1013:"Weathering Steel: A Guide to Corten and the A/B Equivalents, Origins & Standards"
1942:
1247:
1190:
1175:
1120:
785:
705:
1012:
333:
it was discovered that phosphorus content also helps with the corrosion resistance.
2027:
2006:
1112:
1104:
969:
944:
932:
928:
912:
826:
805:
777:
718:
695:
632:
364:
293:
191:
31:
1355:
2337:
2234:
1987:
1891:
1412:. Chicago: American Institute of Steel Construction. p. Chapter 1, page 1–5.
1108:
936:
857:
846:
710:
668:
628:
613:
605:
311:
The original COR-TEN received the standard designation A242 (COR-TEN A) from the
186:
2138:
2120:
1996:
1992:
1938:
1089:
972:; ancient metal monuments with some characteristics similar to weathering steel
797:
792:
and Jørgen
Vesterholt, are clad in weathering steel, earning them the nickname
686:
681:
676:
549:
363:
Railroad passenger cars were also being built with Cor-Ten, albeit painted, by
237:
181:
161:
111:
73:
1090:"Weathering steels: From empirical development to scientific design. A review"
742:
It is also used in bridge and other large structural applications such as the
2321:
2082:
1871:
1251:
1124:
1036:
902:
894:
820:
812:
789:
781:
700:
653:
557:
301:
1778:
1057:
765:
as well as visible sheet piling along recently widened sections of London's
2196:
2191:
1957:
1918:
1914:
766:
242:
232:
171:
166:
2239:
2143:
2000:
1966:
908:
772:
The first use of weathering steel for architectural applications was the
586:
267:
176:
120:
1548:"Photos of the South Shore Line in the Dunes region of Northern Indiana"
1209:
Performance of
Weathering Steel in Highway Bridges: A Third Phase Report
761:
It is very widely used in marine transportation, in the construction of
642:
2128:
1971:
1881:
1383:
1116:
952:
948:
444:
421:
Weathering steel grade chemical composition (excl. iron) by weight (%)
404:
345:
341:
337:
277:
227:
201:
135:
97:
1526:
2249:
2163:
1934:
1886:
1843:
838:
816:
728:
657:
439:
289:
281:
222:
217:
92:
87:
2133:
1875:
1861:
1853:
1157:"History Of Corten Steel Sculptures - History Of Corten Sculptures"
714:
609:
464:
454:
125:
102:
27:
Steel alloys designed so that surface rust inhibits further rusting
1758:
Note: wrapping of piers was later found not to be cost-effective.
1551:
1410:
Manual of Steel
Construction, 8th Edition Second Revised Printing
1357:
COR-TEN – Weather & Corrosion
Resistant Steel: Technical Data
898:
601:
434:
130:
1574:"Barclays Center | 2012-12-16 | Architectural Record"
850:
819:, Israel. In Denmark, all masts for supporting the catenary on
801:
661:
574:
469:
459:
449:
429:
48:
1813:
594:
353:
285:
1697:"Donor Wrote Corson to Demand 'Old Rusty' Repairs Be Secret"
1301:"Weathering Steel in Bridge Replacement of Rail Overbridges"
1809:
1756:(4464 KB). Contains recommended details to avoid staining.
886:
271:
1618:"KTH arkitekturskolan – vinnare Kasper Salin-priset 2015"
1236:"Weathering Steel Bridges / A 1994 Review of Performance"
1142:
349:
30:"Corten" redirects here. For the commune in Moldova, see
940:
galvanizing in 1974, less than two years after opening.
371:
from 1936, continuing through commuter coaches for the
1073:
The Corten+ treatment products form a rust in one hour
935:, did not achieve the predicted surface finish on its
304:) in 2003, it still sells COR-TEN branded material in
1087:
1215:. American Iron and Steel Institute. 1995. p. 5
823:
are made of weathering steel for aesthetic reasons.
1470:
856:Weathering steel was used to build the exterior of
386:In 1964, the Moorestown Interchange was built over
296:. Although USS sold its discrete plate business to
1501:"Feilden Clegg Bradley's Leeds complex completed"
1274:Historic Context for Louisiana Bridges, 1971-1985
1083:
1081:
889:, lack of drainage is what ultimately led to the
830:Building for School of Architecture, part of the
2319:
784:, and completed in 1964. The main buildings of
413:copper is the most important alloying element.
1498:
1078:
1808:
1794:
1593:"Constructing a Facade Both Rugged and Rusty"
1473:"Constructing a Facade Both Rugged and Rusty"
752:Australian Centre for Contemporary Art (ACCA)
1298:
671:sculpture, which stands in the plaza of the
262:and sometimes written without the hyphen as
41:"A 606" redirects here. For other uses, see
1750:Report on Weathering Steel in TxDOT Bridges
1384:"Structural, Carbon & HSLA Steel Plate"
1801:
1787:
1299:Ticaric, Peter; Steele, John; Lie, Felix.
1280:. Mead & Hunt. October 2020. p. 8
1182:
837:Weathering steel was used in 1971 for the
1327:
1233:
780:. The building was designed by architect
1668:
1330:"Metal Building Materials and Corrosion"
1308:8 Th Australian Small Bridges Conference
907:
825:
796:(Danish for "rusty fortress"). In 1977,
641:
619:
600:
585:
377:
47:
1671:"'Old Rusty' Design Hikes Upkeep Costs"
1645:"Stadium rust to get $ 12.4M treatment"
1642:
1471:Elizabeth A. Harris (August 27, 2012).
1202:
1200:
14:
2320:
1694:
1669:Olmstead, Elizabeth (2 October 1973).
1590:
1188:“Railroad News and Editorial Comment,”
1782:
1620:. Sveriges Arkitekter. Archived from
1173:“The Sunbeams are Hustlers,” page 38
1591:Harris, Elizabeth (27 August 2012).
1499:Ruth Bloomfeld (November 11, 2009).
1364:from the original on 20 January 2010
1234:Nickerson, Robert L (October 1994).
1197:
1523:"Shipping Container Homes Globally"
1328:Armstrong, Robert (14 April 2014).
24:
1754:Texas Department of Transportation
891:Collapse of the Fern Hollow Bridge
25:
2359:
1743:
1139:"Opificium: più luce non si può!"
1035:, 31 October 2003, archived from
866:KTH Royal Institute of Technology
832:KTH Royal Institute of Technology
34:. For the village in Turkey, see
1956:
1332:. Absolute Steel. Archived from
923:, a social sciences building on
875:
750:(1980), and the creation of the
709:sculpture in Manhattan, NY; the
64:
1775:from Colorado and London (2020)
1714:
1688:
1662:
1636:
1610:
1584:
1566:
1550:. people.ku.edu. Archived from
1540:
1515:
1492:
1464:
1440:
1416:
1402:
1376:
1348:
1321:
1292:
1265:
1227:
788:(built 1971–1976), designed by
338:United States Steel Corporation
1695:Sennet, Charles (8 May 1974).
1643:Arakawa, Lynda (11 May 2007).
1167:
1149:
1131:
1050:
1023:
1005:
983:
548:The original A242 alloy has a
382:Moorestown Interchange in 2015
358:intermodal shipping containers
13:
1:
1826:History of ferrous metallurgy
1722:"Learn About Cor-Ten / F.A.Q"
976:
774:John Deere World Headquarters
699:sculpture; numerous works by
398:
352:, other mineral products and
327:
2069:Argon oxygen decarburization
1763:A Primer on Weathering Steel
1109:10.1016/j.corsci.2014.03.006
693:sculptures and his original
568:
543:
344:, for the handling of heavy
7:
2230:Differential heat treatment
1578:www.architecturalrecord.com
959:
841:electric cars built by the
255:, often referred to by the
10:
2364:
1062:Corten+ | Rust accelerator
991:"Trademarks and Ownership"
554:kilopounds per square inch
321:
210:Other iron-based materials
40:
29:
2267:
2205:
2182:
2154:Ferritic nitrocarburizing
2114:
2091:
2081:
2051:
2020:
1980:
1965:
1954:
1907:
1852:
1839:
1821:
746:, the second span of the
562:ultimate tensile strength
298:International Steel Group
2245:Post weld heat treatment
949:Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
737:Leeds Beckett University
608:by J. Sobrino, PEDELTA,
146:Widmanstätten structures
1831:List of steel producers
581:
308:plate and sheet forms.
2059:Electro-slag remelting
1194:magazine, January 1950
1179:magazine, January 1950
915:
834:
748:Newburgh–Beacon Bridge
744:New River Gorge Bridge
664:
636:
617:
598:
383:
348:including coal, metal
53:
2269:Production by country
1701:The Cornell Daily Sun
1675:The Cornell Daily Sun
1388:A new vision of steel
1161:allsteelsculpture.com
951:, was constructed by
911:
843:St. Louis Car Company
829:
763:intermodal containers
645:
623:
604:
589:
381:
257:genericised trademark
51:
2255:Superplastic forming
2174:Quench polish quench
2064:Vacuum arc remelting
2043:Basic oxygen process
2038:Electric arc furnace
1390:. Chapel Steel. 1987
966:Iron pillar of Delhi
821:electrified railways
282:registered trademark
2343:Sculpture materials
2210:Cryogenic treatment
2033:Open hearth furnace
2021:Primary (Post-1850)
2012:Cementation process
1899:Direct reduced iron
1649:Honolulu Advertiser
1452:www.csteelindia.com
1428:www.csteelindia.com
1336:on 29 November 2020
1039:on 28 December 2007
897:, built in 1972 in
646:Weathering steel –
422:
388:New Jersey Turnpike
141:Tempered martensite
1981:Primary (Pre-1850)
1597:The New York Times
1554:on 15 October 2010
1478:The New York Times
931:, a small city in
927:'s main campus in
925:Cornell University
916:
870:Kasper Salin Prize
862:The New York Times
835:
733:Broadcasting Tower
724:Angel of the North
665:
637:
618:
599:
591:Broadcasting Tower
420:
393:University of York
384:
360:and bulk storage.
313:ASTM International
54:
36:Çörten, Altınyayla
2315:
2314:
2263:
2262:
2077:
2076:
1952:
1951:
1943:Induction furnace
1624:on 1 January 2024
1097:Corrosion Science
786:Odense University
538:
537:
250:
249:
16:(Redirected from
2355:
2333:Structural steel
2328:Weathering steel
2089:
2088:
2028:Bessemer process
1978:
1977:
1960:
1850:
1849:
1803:
1796:
1789:
1780:
1779:
1773:Weathering Steel
1737:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1708:
1692:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1682:
1666:
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1657:
1655:
1640:
1634:
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1631:
1629:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1534:
1525:. Archived from
1519:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1503:. bdonline.co.uk
1496:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1468:
1462:
1461:
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1220:
1214:
1204:
1195:
1186:
1180:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1141:. Archived from
1135:
1129:
1128:
1094:
1085:
1076:
1075:
1070:
1068:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1046:
1044:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1009:
1003:
1002:
1000:
998:
987:
970:Dhar iron pillar
945:U.S. Steel Tower
933:Upstate New York
913:U.S. Steel Tower
778:Moline, Illinois
633:Louvain-la-Neuve
597:, United Kingdom
423:
419:
373:Rock Island Line
369:Southern Pacific
365:Pullman-Standard
332:
329:
294:tensile strength
278:U.S. Steel (USS)
266:, is a group of
253:Weathering steel
197:Weathering steel
192:High-speed steel
68:
56:
55:
32:Corten, Taraclia
21:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2318:
2317:
2316:
2311:
2259:
2235:Decarburization
2201:
2178:
2119:
2110:
2073:
2047:
2016:
1988:Pattern welding
1969:
1961:
1948:
1903:
1892:Anthracite iron
1841:
1840:Iron production
1835:
1817:
1807:
1769:magazine (2005)
1746:
1741:
1740:
1730:
1728:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1706:
1704:
1693:
1689:
1680:
1678:
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1663:
1653:
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1637:
1627:
1625:
1616:
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1601:
1599:
1589:
1585:
1572:
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1567:
1557:
1555:
1546:
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1541:
1532:
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1521:
1520:
1516:
1506:
1504:
1497:
1493:
1483:
1481:
1469:
1465:
1456:
1454:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1432:
1430:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1393:
1391:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1367:
1365:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1339:
1337:
1326:
1322:
1312:
1310:
1303:
1297:
1293:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1256:
1254:
1232:
1228:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1198:
1187:
1183:
1172:
1168:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1092:
1086:
1079:
1066:
1064:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1042:
1040:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1011:
1010:
1006:
996:
994:
989:
988:
984:
979:
962:
937:Bethlehem Steel
878:
858:Barclays Center
847:stainless steel
804:version of the
711:Barclays Center
669:Chicago Picasso
660:office estate,
639:
629:Mauro Staccioli
606:Abetxuko Bridge
584:
571:
546:
401:
330:
324:
292:resistance and
187:Stainless steel
112:Microstructures
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2361:
2351:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2273:
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2180:
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2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2139:Carbonitriding
2136:
2131:
2125:
2123:
2121:Case-hardening
2112:
2111:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2097:
2095:
2086:
2083:Heat treatment
2079:
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2030:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2007:Tatara furnace
2004:
1997:Damascus steel
1993:Crucible steel
1990:
1984:
1982:
1975:
1963:
1962:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1946:
1939:Cupola furnace
1932:
1911:
1909:
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1744:External links
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1145:on 2008-09-07.
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1032:Plate Products
1022:
1019:. 4 July 2016.
1004:
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978:
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874:
815:Art Garden in
798:Robert Indiana
687:Robert Indiana
682:Broken Obelisk
677:Barnett Newman
583:
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550:yield strength
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2307:United States
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2169:Precipitation
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2106:Short circuit
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1979:
1976:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1959:
1944:
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1936:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1923:Reverberatory
1920:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1900:
1897:
1893:
1890:
1888:
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1883:
1880:
1879:
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1872:Blast furnace
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1529:on 2009-05-29
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1246:(11): 49–50.
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903:Aloha Stadium
900:
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895:Omni Coliseum
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876:Disadvantages
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863:
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813:Israel Museum
810:
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799:
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790:Knud Holscher
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782:Eero Saarinen
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701:Richard Serra
698:
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688:
685:; several of
684:
683:
678:
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654:Richard Serra
651:
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302:ArcelorMittal
299:
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261:
260:COR-TEN steel
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75:
72:
71:
67:
63:
62:
58:
57:
50:
44:
37:
33:
19:
2197:Martempering
2192:Austempering
2101:Low hydrogen
1919:Finery forge
1915:Wrought iron
1766:
1757:
1729:. Retrieved
1725:
1716:
1705:. Retrieved
1703:. Ithaca, NY
1700:
1690:
1679:. Retrieved
1677:. Ithaca, NY
1674:
1664:
1654:25 September
1652:. Retrieved
1648:
1638:
1626:. Retrieved
1622:the original
1612:
1602:27 September
1600:. Retrieved
1596:
1586:
1577:
1568:
1558:24 September
1556:. Retrieved
1552:the original
1542:
1531:. Retrieved
1527:the original
1517:
1507:24 September
1505:. Retrieved
1494:
1484:10 September
1482:. Retrieved
1476:
1466:
1455:. Retrieved
1451:
1442:
1431:. Retrieved
1427:
1418:
1409:
1404:
1394:24 September
1392:. Retrieved
1387:
1378:
1366:, retrieved
1356:
1350:
1340:25 September
1338:. Retrieved
1334:the original
1323:
1311:. Retrieved
1307:
1294:
1282:. Retrieved
1273:
1267:
1255:. Retrieved
1243:
1240:Public Works
1239:
1229:
1217:. Retrieved
1208:
1189:
1184:
1174:
1169:
1160:
1151:
1143:the original
1133:
1100:
1096:
1072:
1065:. Retrieved
1061:
1058:"Corten+ US"
1052:
1041:, retrieved
1037:the original
1031:
1025:
1016:
1007:
995:. Retrieved
985:
942:
917:
879:
861:
855:
836:
806:
793:
771:
767:M25 motorway
760:
741:
722:
704:
694:
690:
680:
673:Daley Center
666:
647:
638:
624:
572:
547:
539:
415:
411:
403:
402:
385:
362:
336:In 1933 the
335:
325:
317:
310:
276:
268:steel alloys
264:corten steel
263:
259:
252:
251:
243:Wrought iron
233:Ductile iron
196:
172:Spring steel
167:Carbon steel
18:Corten steel
2240:Forming gas
2144:Carburizing
2001:Wootz steel
1967:Steelmaking
1866:sponge iron
1628:16 February
1284:1 September
1219:1 September
1117:10261/94988
1067:20 November
342:hopper cars
331: 1926
177:Alloy steel
121:Spheroidite
2348:U.S. Steel
2322:Categories
2297:Luxembourg
2277:Bangladesh
2219:Deflashing
2129:Ausforming
1972:Steel mill
1882:Cold blast
1874:(produces
1864:(produces
1816:production
1731:17 October
1726:Corten.Com
1707:2015-03-29
1681:2015-03-29
1533:2009-05-24
1457:2017-08-10
1433:2017-08-10
1368:13 January
1043:13 January
977:References
953:U.S. Steel
883:rust-proof
800:created a
794:Rustenborg
652:(1987) by
556:(340
405:Weathering
399:Properties
346:bulk loads
306:strip-mill
280:holds the
228:White iron
202:Tool steel
136:Ledeburite
98:Martensite
2250:Quenching
2224:Hardening
2214:Deburring
2184:Tempering
2164:Nitriding
2159:Induction
2149:Cryogenic
2116:Hardening
2093:Annealing
2052:Secondary
1935:Cast iron
1908:Secondary
1887:Hot blast
1844:Ironworks
1767:STRUCTURE
1752:from the
1313:31 August
1257:31 August
1252:0033-3840
1125:0010-938X
921:Uris Hall
839:Highliner
817:Jerusalem
809:sculpture
729:Gateshead
658:Broadgate
635:, Belgium
569:ASTM A588
544:ASTM A242
531:0.02–0.10
528:0.25–0.40
525:0.40–0.65
516:0.80–1.25
513:0.30–0.50
507:ASTM A588
497:0.25–0.55
494:0.50–1.25
488:0.01–0.20
485:0.20–0.50
482:0.25–0.75
476:ASTM A242
375:in 1949.
290:corrosion
223:Gray iron
218:Cast iron
93:Cementite
88:Austenite
2134:Boriding
1926:Puddling
1876:pig iron
1862:Bloomery
1854:Smelting
1362:archived
1103:: 6–31.
1017:AZoM.com
960:See also
719:New York
715:Brooklyn
610:Abetxuko
367:for the
126:Pearlite
103:Graphite
2302:Nigeria
2085:methods
1929:Furnace
997:13 June
899:Atlanta
691:Numbers
656:in the
649:Fulcrum
616:, Spain
614:Vitoria
322:History
154:Classes
131:Bainite
83:Ferrite
2338:Steels
1250:
1191:Trains
1176:Trains
1123:
929:Ithaca
851:patina
802:Hebrew
731:; and
721:; the
703:; the
662:London
625:Anneau
575:shapes
560:) and
552:of 50
74:Phases
59:Steels
2292:Italy
2287:India
2282:China
1937:(via
1917:(via
1814:steel
1765:from
1304:(PDF)
1278:(PDF)
1213:(PDF)
1093:(PDF)
993:. USS
706:Alamo
595:Leeds
534:0.40
522:0.030
519:0.030
502:0.65
491:0.030
426:Grade
354:grain
300:(now
286:steel
43:A-606
1921:or
1812:and
1810:Iron
1733:2014
1656:2014
1630:2024
1604:2013
1560:2010
1509:2010
1486:2012
1396:2010
1370:2010
1342:2014
1315:2022
1286:2022
1259:2022
1248:ISSN
1221:2022
1121:ISSN
1069:2021
1045:2010
999:2017
968:and
943:The
887:NTSB
807:Love
756:MONA
754:and
696:Love
582:Uses
510:0.16
479:0.12
350:ores
272:rust
1941:or
1244:125
1113:hdl
1105:doi
947:in
776:in
735:at
689:'s
679:'s
627:by
558:MPa
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717:,
713:,
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612:,
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470:Ni
460:Cu
455:Cr
440:Mn
435:Si
328:c.
288::
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1970:(
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