Copts - Knowledge

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that a significant amount of intermarriage took place between the Greek and Egyptian communities And it is known that Greek marriage contracts increasingly came to resemble Egyptian ones. In addition, even from the founding of Alexandria, small numbers of Egyptians were admitted to the privileged classes in the city to fulfill numerous civic roles. Of course, it was essential in such cases for the Egyptians to become "Hellenized," to adopt Greek habits and the Greek language. Given that the Alexandrian mathematicians mentioned here were active several hundred years after the founding of the city, it would seem at least equally possible that they were ethnically Egyptian as that they remained ethnically Greek. In any case, it is unreasonable to portray them with purely European features when no physical descriptions exist.

8035: 2973: 2895:(or occasionally vice versa) may stir social unrest, and thereby justify themselves in wrongfully detaining the subjects, insisting that they are simply taking steps to prevent likely social troubles from happening. In 2007, a Cairo administrative court denied 45 citizens the right to obtain identity papers documenting their reversion to Christianity after converting to Islam. However, in February 2008 the Supreme Administrative Court overturned the decision, allowing 12 citizens who had reverted to Christianity to re-list their religion on identity cards, but they will specify that they had adopted Islam for a brief period of time. 1459: 3023: 2380: 1374: 2098: 3267:, a close outlier to other Egyptians, Afro-Asiatic-speaking Northeast Africans and Middle East populations. The scientists suggest that this points to a common origin for the general population of Egypt, or Middle Eastern and North African populations. Copts in general shared the same main ancestral component with North African/Middle Eastern populations. They also associate the Coptic component with Ancient Egyptian ancestry, without the later Arabian influence that is present among other Egyptians. 7243: 1690: 3302: 7178:

component at k = 4 (Fig. 3). The Coptic component at k = 4 peaks highest among Copts and makes up most of their distribution while it is not predominant among Egyptians. K = 2 to K = 5 (Fig. 3) shows Egyptians distribution resemble Qatar more than Copts. Copts lack the influence found in Egyptians from Qatar, an Arabic population. It may suggest that Copts have a genetic composition that could resemble the ancestral Egyptian population, without the present strong Arab influence

1778: 2573: 82: 297: 7610: 3447: 542: 3433: 3419: 2321:, 2019). Smaller or larger figures have also been cited, in the range of "somewhere between 6% and 18% of the population," with the Egyptian government estimating lower numbers and the Coptic Orthodox Church estimating much higher numbers. A lack of definite, reliable demographic data renders all estimates uncertain. Despite challenges, Copts are well integrated in Egyptian society. The highest concentrations of Copts are in 248: 3290: 3150: 1989: 3271:

ancestry (Copts were estimated to be of 69.54% ± 2.57 European ancestry, and the Egyptians of 70.65% ± 2.47 European ancestry). The authors concluded that the Copts and the Egyptians have a common history linked to smaller population sizes, and that Sudanese Copts have remained relatively isolated since their arrival to Sudan with only low levels of admixture with local northeastern Sudanese groups.

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mummies was also compared with that of earlier Egyptian populations, and was found to be "much more closely akin" to that of ancient Egyptians than to Greeks or other European populations. Victor J. Katz notes that "research in papyri dating from the early centuries of the common era demonstrates that a significant amount of intermarriage took place between the Greek and Egyptian communities".

2927:"In December … Brotherhood leaders began fomenting anti-Christian sectarian incitement. The anti-Coptic incitement and threats continued unabated up to the demonstrations of June 30 and, with the removal of President Morsi … morphed into sectarian violence, which was sanctioned by … the continued anti-Coptic rhetoric heard from the group's leaders on the stage … throughout the sit-in." 2988:. Coptic should more correctly be used to refer to the script rather than the language itself. Even though this script was introduced as far back as the 1st century BC, it has been applied to the writing of the Egyptian language from the 1st century AD to the present day. Coptic remained the spoken language of most Egyptians until it was slowly replaced by colloquial 2213:, the radio ceased coverage of the Christian Sunday service. As the civil war raged throughout the 1990s, the government focused its religious fervor on the south. Although experiencing discrimination, the Copts and other long-established Christian groups in the north had fewer restrictions than other types of Christians in the 2797:

building mosques. Copts face ethnic and racial discrimination as they are called Adma Zarqa or blue bone and كوفت From Coptic ⲅⲩⲡⲧⲓⲟⲥ (guptios, “Copt”). Hence a doublet of قبطي (ʔibṭi) and in fact the more native form, but apparently adopted by the Arabs in a mocking manner and is still used today by racists in Egypt.

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were ethnically Greek, that their ancestors had come from Greece at some point in the past but had remained effectively isolated from the Egyptians? It is, of course, impossible to answer this question definitively. But research in papyri dating from the early centuries of the common era demonstrates

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But what we really want to know is to what extent the Alexandrian mathematicians of the period from the first to the fifth centuries C.E. were Greek. Certainly, all of them wrote in Greek and were part of the Greek intellectual community of Alexandria. And most modern studies conclude that the Greek

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Hollfelder et al. (2017) analysed various populations in Sudan and observed that Egyptians and Copts showed low levels of genetic differentiation and lower levels of genetic diversity compared to the northeast African groups. Copts and Egyptians displayed similar levels of European or Middle Eastern

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The Coptic community has been targeted by hate crimes by Islamic extremists. The most significant was the 2000–01 El Kosheh attacks, in which Muslims and Christians were involved in bloody inter-religious clashes following a dispute between a Muslim and a Christian. "Twenty Christians and one Muslim

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placed the entire population of non-Muslim Libyans at 180,000 (roughly 3% of the country's population). However, the Coptic Orthodox Church in Libya estimated that its membership alone was 300,000, including those who do not regularly attend church services. In 2011, there were three Coptic churches

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reported increasing waves of mob attacks by Muslims against Copts. Despite frantic calls for help, the police typically arrived after the violence was over. The police also coerced the Copts to accept "reconciliation" with their attackers to avoid prosecuting them, with no Muslims convicted for any

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nationalism and socialism. The Copts were severely affected by Nasser's nationalization policies, though they represented about 10 to 20 percent of the population. In addition, Nasser's pan-Arab policies undermined the Copts' strong attachment to and sense of identity about their Egyptian pre-Arab,

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ha-Mizraḥit ha-Yiśreʼelit, Ḥevrah (1988). Asian and African Studies, Volume 22. Jerusalem Academic Press. Muslim historians note the destruction of dozens of churches and the forced conversion of dozens of people to Islam under al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah in Egypt ...These events also reflect the Muslim

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reported: "The Egyptian government estimates about 5 million Copts, but the Coptic Orthodox Church says 15-18 million. Reliable numbers are hard to find but estimates suggest they make up somewhere between 6% and 18% of the population." In 2004, BBC News reported that Copts were 5–10% of the

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The Coptic year is the extension of the ancient Egyptian civil year, retaining its subdivision into the three seasons, four months each. The three seasons are commemorated by special prayers in the Coptic liturgy. This calendar is still in use all over Egypt by farmers to keep track of the various

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to Islam generally without difficulty, but Muslims who convert to Christianity face difficulties in getting new identity papers and some have been arrested for allegedly forging such documents." The Coptic community, however, takes pains to prevent conversions from Christianity to Islam due to the

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In April 2010, a bipartisan group of 17 members of the U.S. Congress expressed concern to the State Department's Trafficking in Persons Office about Coptic women who faced "physical and sexual violence, captivity ... exploitation in forced domestic servitude or commercial sexual exploitation, and

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page of the Muslim Brotherhood's Freedom and Justice Party was "rife with false accusations meant to foment hatred against Copts". The Party's page claimed that the Coptic Church had declared "war against Islam and Muslims" and that "The Pope of the Church is involved in the removal of the first

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The North African/Middle Eastern genetic component is identified especially in Copts. The Coptic population present in Sudan is an example of a recent migration from Egypt over the past two centuries. They are close to Egyptians in the PCA, but remain a differentiated cluster, showing their own

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According to Walker, early Ptolemaic Greek colonists married local women and adopted Egyptian religious beliefs, and by Roman times, their descendants were viewed as Egyptians by the Roman rulers, despite their own self-perception of being Greek. The dental morphology of the Roman-period Faiyum

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Restrictions on the Copts' rights to Sudanese nationality followed, and it became difficult for them to obtain Sudanese nationality by birth or by naturalization, resulting in problems when attempting to travel abroad. The confiscation of Christian schools and the imposition of an Arab-Islamic

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in 1898 allowed Copts greater religious and economic freedom, and they extended their original roles as artisans and merchants into trading, banking, engineering, medicine, and the civil service. Proficiency in business and administration made them a privileged minority. However, the return of

4496:"The people of Egypt before the Arab conquest in the 7th century identified themselves and their language in Greek as Aigyptios (Arabic qibt, Westernized as Copt); when Egyptian Muslims later ceased to call themselves Aigyptioi, the term became the distinctive name of the Christian minority." 2796:

were required to obtain presidential approval for even minor repairs in churches. Although the law was eased in 2005 by handing down the authority of approval to the governors, Copts continue to face many obstacles and restrictions in building new churches. These restrictions do not apply for

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is difficult to estimate because researchers are forbidden by Egyptian authorities to ask a survey participant's religion. As of 2019, "Copts are generally understood to make up approximately 10 percent of Egypt's population," with an estimated population of 9.5 million (figure cited in the

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army. Local resistance by the Egyptians however began to materialize shortly thereafter and would last until at least the 9th century. Despite the political upheaval, Egypt remained mainly Christian, but Coptic Christians lost their majority status after the 14th century, as a result of the

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The largest Christian community in the Middle East, Coptic Christians make up the majority of Egypt's roughly 9 million Christians. About 1 million more Coptic Christians are spread across Africa, Europe, the United Kingdom and the United States, according to the World Council of

3229:-speaking populations (Beja, Ethiopians, Sudanese Arabs), as well as the Nubians. E1b1b/E3b reaches its highest frequencies among North Africans, Levantine Middle Easterners, and Ethiopid East Africans. The next most common haplogroups borne by Copts in Sudan are the European-linked 2004:

Coptic Orthodox Church constitute the majority of the Egyptian Christian population. Mainly through emigration and partly through European, American, and other missionary work and conversions, the Egyptian Christian community now also includes other Christian denominations such as

2875:(January 7) was recognized as an official holiday. However, many Copts continue to complain of being minimally represented in higher positions in law enforcement, state security and public office, and of being discriminated against in the workforce on the basis of their religion. 2887:

ease with which Christians can often become Muslim. Public officials, being conservative themselves, intensify the complexity of the legal procedures required to recognize the religion change as required by law. Security agencies will sometimes claim that such conversions from

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Egyptian culture. It gives the Copts a claim to a deep heritage in Egyptian history and culture. Pharaonism was widely held by Coptic and Muslim scholars in the early 20th century, and it helped bridge the divide between those groups. Some scholars see Pharaonism as shaped by

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forming around 5 to 20 percent of the population. They pride themselves on the apostolicity of the Egyptian Church: its founder was the first in an unbroken chain of patriarchs. The main body has been out of communion with the Roman Catholic Church since the 5th century AD.

1902:, and according to scholar Lois Farag "The Copts still played the major role in managing Egypt's state finances. They held 20% of total state capital, 45% of government employment, and 45% of government salaries". According to scholar J. D. Pennington 45% of the 2923:

elected Islamist president. The Pope of the Church alleges Islamic Sharia is backwards, stubborn, and reactionary." On August 15, nine Egyptian human rights groups under the umbrella group "Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights", released a statement saying,

4633:, the author of Ecclesiastical History in the fourth century, states that St. Mark came to Egypt in the first or third year of the reign of Emperor Claudius, i.e., 41 or 43 AD. "Two Thousand years of Coptic Christianity" Otto F.A. Meinardus p. 28. 5468: 5151: 2783:

in Egypt is hampered to varying degrees by discriminatory and restrictive government policies. Coptic Christians, being the largest religious minority in Egypt, are also negatively affected. Copts have faced increasing marginalization after the 1952

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An allele frequency comparative study conducted in 2020 between the two main Egyptian ethnic groups, Muslims and Christians, supported the conclusion that Egyptian Muslims and Egyptian Christians genetically originate from the same ancestors.

732:. Historically, the Copts suffered from "waves of persecution giving way to relative tolerance in cycles that varied according to the local ruler and other political and economic circumstances". Persecution is significantly involved in the 3569:

reported that "the vast majority of Egypt's estimated 9.5 million Christians, approximately 10% of the country's population, are Orthodox Copts." In 2019, the Associated Press cited an estimate of 10 million Copts in Egypt. In 2015, the

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around 42 AD. The legacy that St. Mark left in Egypt was a considerable Christian community in Alexandria. Within half a century of St. Mark's arrival Christianity had spread throughout Egypt. This is clear from a fragment of the

2954:, between 2011 and March 2014, around 550 Coptic girls have been kidnapped, and forced to convert to Islam. According to the same survey around 40% of the girls were raped prior to their conversion to Islam and married their captors. 3158:

agricultural seasons. The Coptic calendar has 13 months, 12 of 30 days each and an intercalary month at the end of the year of 5 or 6 days, depending whether the year is a leap year or not. The year starts on 29 August in the

3131:. To distinguish it from the Ancient Egyptian calendar, which remained in use by some astronomers until medieval times, this reformed calendar is known as the Coptic calendar. Its years and months coincide with those of the 6317: 3585:

reported that figures for the population of Egyptian Copts "range between 4.7 and 7.1 million, comprising between six and nine per cent of the population, though some estimates put the proportion at as much as 10 to 20 per

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said Sudanese Copts had previously estimated their numbers at 400,000 to 500,000, about 1% of the Sudanese population, but that emigration and conversion (including forced conversion) to Islam had decreased their number.

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The Copts, who were 7 percent of the population in the nineteenth century, still played the major role in managing Egypt's state finances. They held 20 percent of total state capital, 45 percent of government employment

1261:. However, the scope of this school was not limited to theological subjects: science, mathematics and humanities were also taught there. The question-and-answer method of commentary began there, and 15 centuries before 3174:, the first month of the Egyptian year, which for AD 1901 to 2098 usually coincides with 11 September, except before a Gregorian leap year when it's September 12. Coptic years are counted from 284 AD, the year 2824:

Members of U.S. Congress have expressed concern about "human trafficking" of Coptic women and girls who are victims of abductions, forced conversion to Islam, sexual exploitation and forced marriage to Muslim men.

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Copts are the descendants of pre-Islamic Egyptians, when Egyptian Muslims later ceased to call themselves by the demonym, the term became the distinctive name of the Christian minority. Most ethnic Copts are

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law in 1983 began a new phase of oppressive treatment of Copts, among other non-Muslims. After the overthrow of Nimeiry, Coptic leaders supported a secular candidate in the 1986 elections. However, when the

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or on the 30th in the year before (Julian) Leap Years. The Coptic Leap Year follows the same rules as the Julian Calendar so that the extra month always has six days in the year before a Julian Leap Year.

7390:(I.B. Tauris, distributed by Palgrave Macmillan; 2011) 258 pages; examines historical relations between Coptic Christians and the Egyptian state and describes factionalism and activism in the community. 4621:"The Coptic church, however, is not in communion with Rome due to the fifth-century Christological maelstrom of heresies that resulted from an attempt to more fully understand the identity of Christ." 4379:

Dobon, Begoña; Hassan, Hisham Y.; Laayouni, Hafid; Luisi, Pierre; Ricaño-Ponce, Isis; Zhernakova, Alexandra; Wijmenga, Cisca; Tahir, Hanan; Comas, David; Netea, Mihai G.; Bertranpetit, Jaume (2015).

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and the anguish felt by the young women because returning to Christianity is against the law. Further allegations of organised abduction of Copts, trafficking and police collusion continue in 2017.

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were killed after violence broke out in the town of el-Kosheh, 440 kilometres (270 mi) south of Cairo". In February 2001 a new Coptic church and 35 houses belonging to Christians were burned.

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Living in countries with Muslim majorities (Egypt, Sudan, Libya), the size of the population of Copts is a continuously disputed matter, frequently for reasons of religious jealousy and animosity.

1808:, in power 1863–79, further promoted the Copts. He appointed them judges to Egyptian courts and awarded them political rights and representation in government. They flourished in business affairs. 5180:

In the mid-nineteenth century, Lane reported that many Copts were accountants, who served primarily in government bureaus. As late as 1961, Coptic Christians owned 51 percent of Egyptian banks.

6688:"Joint Press Release: Non-peaceful assembly does not justify collective punishment – Rights groups condemn lethal violence against those in sit-in and terrorist acts of the Muslim Brotherhood" 4223:

Al Hakim Bi-Amr Allah (r. 996–1021), however, who became the greatest persecutor of Copts.... within the church that also appears to coincide with a period of forced rapid conversion to Islam

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Modern immigration of Copts to Sudan peaked in the early 19th century, and they generally received a tolerant welcome there. However, this was interrupted by a decade of persecution under

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types, but limited representation in security agencies. The majority of demographic, socioeconomic and health indicators are similar among Copts and Muslims. Historically; many Copts were

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By the end of the 5th century, there were hundreds of monasteries, and thousands of cells and caves scattered throughout the Egyptian desert. Since then pilgrims have visited the Egyptian

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The Copts are descendants of pre-Islamic Egyptians. When Egyptian Muslims later ceased to call themselves by the demonym, the term became the distinctive name of the Christian minority.

6594:"Egypt's Coptic Christians report fresh attacks on churches: Christian leaders blame Muslim Brotherhood supporters for arson and other attacks, including shooting death of teenage girl" 3193:, as in the Julian calendar, so the above-mentioned new year dates apply only between AD 1900 and 2099 inclusive in the Gregorian Calendar. In the Julian Calendar, the new year is 7728: 1811:

Some Copts participated in the Egyptian national movement for independence and occupied many influential positions. Two significant cultural achievements include the founding of the

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Under Muslim rule, Christians paid special taxes, had lower access to political power, and were exempt from military service. Their position improved dramatically under the rule of

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became Roman Emperor, whose reign was marked by tortures and mass executions of Christians, especially in Egypt. Hence, the Coptic year is identified by the abbreviation A.M. (for

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was chosen as the new pope of Egypt's Coptic Christians. His name was selected from a glass bowl containing the three shortlisted candidates by a blindfolded boy at a ceremony in

4290: 1129: 7056:"Phylogeographic refinement and large scale genotyping of human Y chromosome haplogroup E provide new insights into the dispersal of early pastoralists in the African continent" 3937:

Ten-thousand or more live in the UAE, and young, bearded priest Father Markos, 12 years in Dubai, told me his flock are "more than happy – they enjoy their life, they are free."

6523: 6976: 5317: 7104: 6126: 3244:. This mtDNA clade is likewise closely associated with local Afroasiatic-speaking populations, including Berbers and Ethiopid peoples. Of the N derivatives borne by Copts, 5931: 3891: 2918:

reported that "forty churches have been looted and torched, while 23 others have been attacked and heavily damaged". More than 45 churches across Egypt were attacked. The

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Copts. A very small community representing the large Coptic Church in Egypt. Abyssinian. Also represented by a Bishop in Jerusalem. They, like the Copts, are Monophysites

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The Copts are one of the oldest Christian communities in the Middle East. Although integrated in the larger Egyptian nation state, the Copts have survived as a distinct

2821:, a Bedouin mob of Muslims tried to attack Copts, with 400 Copts having to barricade themselves in their church while the mob destroyed 18 homes, 23 shops and 16 cars. 2111:

has a native Coptic minority, although many Copts in Sudan are descended from more recent Egyptian immigrants. Copts in Sudan live mostly in northern cities, including

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Mariz Tadros (2018). "Christians in Egypt, Libya, and Palestine Responding to the Aftermaths of the Arab Revolts". In Daniel Philpott & Timothy Samuel Shah (ed.).

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A 2015 study by Dobon et al. identified an ancestral autosomal component of Western Eurasian origin that is common to many modern Afroasiatic-speaking populations in

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Conversion, Exemption, and Manipulation: Social Benefits and Conversion to Islam in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages: Forcing taxes on those who refuse to convert

803:, but limited representation in military and security agencies. The majority of demographic, socio-economic, and health indicators are similar among Christians and 787:

While Coptic Christians speak the same dialects and are culturally similar to other Egyptians, they strongly oppose Arab identity and associate it with Islam and

4817: 1205:, which date around 200 AD. In the 2nd century, Christianity began to spread to the rural areas, and scriptures were translated into Coptic (then known as 8216: 2033:", thus helping differentiate their native Egyptian congregations from churches attended by non-Egyptian immigrant communities such as Europeans or Americans. 4038: 7869: 2760: 6190: 5744:

Mohamoud, Yousra A.; Cuadros, Diego F.; Abu-Raddad, Laith J. (2013). "Characterizing the Copts in Egypt: Demographic, socioeconomic and health indicators".

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component, it peaks among Egyptian Copts who settled in Sudan over the past two centuries. In their analysis, Sudan's Copts formed a separated group in the

1276:. Worldwide Christian monasticism stems, either directly or indirectly, from the Egyptian example. The most prominent figures of the monastic movement were 2029:

remains exclusive however to the Egyptian natives, as opposed to the Christians of non-Egyptian origins. Some Protestant churches for instance are called "

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was estimated to be 10,000, although the 2001 Austrian census (the country's last to record religious affiliation) tallied just 1,633 Coptic Orthodox. In

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Coptic Christianity reached Sudan as early as the 2nd century, and there is even a tradition that St Matthew the Apostle came to the region even earlier.

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with the help of the military, discrimination against Copts returned in earnest. Hundreds of Copts were dismissed from the civil service and judiciary.

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Mohamoud YA, Cuadros DF, Abu-Raddad LJ. Characterizing the Copts in Egypt: Demographic, socioeconomic and health indicators, QScience Connect 2013:22

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estimated the family's net worth at $ 36 billion. According to scholars Maristella Botticini and Zvi Eckstein argue that Copts have relatively higher

2910:. According to at least one Egyptian scholar (Samuel Tadros), the attacks are the worst violence against the Coptic Church since the 14th century. 7411:

Copts in Egypt: A Christian Minority Under Siege : Papers Presented at the First International Coptic Symposium, Zurich, September 23–25, 2004

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and certainly non-Arab identity which resulted in permits to construct churches to be delayed along with Christian religious courts to be closed.

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Modern day Copts use predominantly Arabic and Coptic, the latter being the direct descendent of the Ancient Egyptian language. For instance, the

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and Environment Minister Magued George during former president Mubarak's rule. There also used to be one Coptic governor out of 25, that of the

5655: 4664:, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996, p. 126: "genuine Egyptians can easily be recognized among the linen-weavers by their speech." 7006: 6575: 6390: 6291: 4122: 2251:, dissolved the council and halted the democratic transition; Christians, including Copts, were subjected to intensified persecution during a 6109: 4088: 2808:, killing one person and injuring 5–16. The attacker was not linked to any organisation and described as "psychologically disturbed" by the 6020: 5096: 5353: 8439: 8128: 6465: 2498: 2421: 2197:, but he refused. Thousands attended his funeral, and the execution was taken as a warning by many Copts, who began to flee the country. 446: 6787: 6448: 3610: 2193:

was executed for illegal possession of foreign currency. Before his execution, he had been offered amnesty and money if he converted to

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every fourth year. However, this reform was opposed by the Egyptian priests, and the idea was not adopted until 25 BC, when the

6619:"Coptic churches burn amid violence in Egypt: Coptic Christians call for greater protection as wave of violence sweeps across Egypt" 6410: 6429: 5639: 3895: 3204:

To obtain the Coptic year number, subtract from the Julian year number either 283 (before the Julian new year) or 284 (after it).

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Feder, Frank (2017). "The Bashmurite Revolts in the Delta and the 'Bashmuric Dialect'". In Gabra, Gawdat; Takla, Hany N. (eds.).

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As of 2010, the Coptic Church in Sudan was officially registered with the government, and exempt from property tax. In 2005, the

570: 492: 487: 6721: 5928: 8327: 8198: 7523: 7190:

Hollfelder, Nina; Schlebusch, Carina M.; Günther, Torsten; Babiker, Hiba; Hassan, Hisham Y.; Jakobsson, Mattias (2017-08-24).

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By late 1012 the persecution had moved into high gear with demolitions of churches and the forced conversion of Christian ...

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reported a 2015 estimate that 10% of the Egyptian population is Christian (including both Copts and non-Copts). In 2017, the

2932: 2252: 5987: 3858: 8459: 8454: 8449: 8352: 8322: 7855: 5951: 5939: 3908: 1352: 1119: 6643: 6593: 6505: 6068: 4298: 2725: 2467: 1587:, recited today in most Christian churches of different denominations. One of the council's decisions was to entrust the 466: 265: 6770:"Refworld | Egypt: Situation of Coptic Christians, including treatment; state protection available (2014-May 2015)" 5969: 1559:

has contributed to the establishment of early Christian theology and dogma are attested to by fact that the first three

8494: 8188: 6946:"Icons of contention: The iconography of martyrdom and the construction of Coptic identity in post-revolutionary Egypt" 2936: 2867:, who are extremely successful businessmen and one of the world's 100 wealthiest people, are Copts. In 2002, under the 2436:

population was estimated to be more than 500,000, with more than 250 Coptic churches in the United States at the time.

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emphasis in language and history teaching were accompanied by harassment of Christian children and the introduction of

4808: 2525:; the first Coptic church in Switzerland opened in 2004, when there were approximately 1,000 Copts in the country. In 7443: 7419: 7370: 7336: 6669: 6618: 5546: 5258: 5233: 5044: 5019: 4994: 4747: 4273: 4244: 4216: 4188: 4098: 3107:. To avoid the calendar creep of the latter, a reform of the ancient Egyptian calendar was introduced at the time of 17: 7350: 6033: 4725:

Irish JD (2006). "Who were the ancient Egyptians? Dental affinities among Neolithic through postdynastic peoples.".

2855:, and is the first Coptic governor in decades due to the higher concentration of Copts in Upper Egypt. In addition, 8362: 7677: 7667: 7247: 4259:

Deighton, H. S. "The Arab Middle East and the Modern World", International Affairs, vol. xxii, no. 4 (October 1946)

4002: 3331: 2346: 2236: 2224:(GNU) named a Coptic Orthodox priest to a government position, though the ruling Islamist party remained dominant. 2150:

at the end of the 19th century. As a result of this persecution, many were forced to relinquish their faith, adopt

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During the Ottoman period, Copts were classified alongside other Oriental Orthodox and Nestorian peoples under the

1241:, the school became an important institution of religious learning, where students were taught by scholars such as 1123: 482: 472: 456: 7105:"Genetic Patterns of Y-chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Variation, with Implications to the Peopling of the Sudan" 8474: 8469: 8464: 8444: 8051: 8020: 5727: 5083:ʿUmar is depicted as having ordered that "the poll-tax should be taken from all men who would not become Muslims" 4544: 4294: 4063: 3869: 2037: 1596: 962: 880: 647: 7007:"Y-chromosome variation among Sudanese: Restricted gene flow, concordance with language, geography, and history" 3765: 2899: 2240: 1815:

in 1910 and the Higher Institute of Coptic Studies in 1954. Some prominent Coptic thinkers from this period are

42: 8489: 8479: 8133: 7672: 6489: 5859: 5395: 5371: 4851: 2683: 2041: 1572: 1237:

School of Alexandria was the oldest school of its kind in the world. Founded around 190 AD by the scholar

477: 6552: 6346: 5443: 3950:"'De Koptische kerk telt in Nederland ongeveer tienduizend leden, die grotendeels afkomstig zijn uit Egypte.'" 1437:

Glory to the Father, to the Son, and to the Holy Spirit, both now and always, and unto the ages of ages. Amen.

8484: 8140: 5419: 3949: 3798: 2221: 2071: 261: 8434: 8424: 8208: 8183: 7192:"Northeast African genomic variation shaped by the continuity of indigenous groups and Eurasian migrations" 6264: 6239: 5841: 3983: 3264: 3019:). It is taught worldwide in many prestigious institutions, but its teaching within Egypt remains limited. 2809: 2509:'s Syriac League estimated that the Coptic population in that country numbered 3,000 to 4,000. As of 2017, 2463: 2638: 1399:

in the 2nd century AD, ethnic Egyptians could be distinguished from Egyptian Greeks only by their speech.

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reflect the complex synthesis of the predominant Egyptian culture and that of the Hellenized Middle East.

913:). The Coptic word in turn represents an adaptation of the Greek term for the indigenous people of Egypt, 8166: 8123: 8083: 8059: 7966: 6051:

The Syriac Orthodox and Coptic Orthodox Churches in Austria: Inter-Church Relations and State Recognition

4566: 3692: 2673: 2478:(diocese organized in 2002). There is a single Coptic Catholic church in Australia, consecrated in 2019. 2074: 1801: 968: 563: 2972: 1804:, 1854–61, reformed the church and encouraged broader Coptic participation in Egyptian affairs. Khedive 8064: 7971: 7956: 7516: 7265:

Taha, Tarek; Elzalabany, Sagy; Fawzi, Sahar; Hisham, Ahmed; Amer, Khaled; Shaker, Olfat (August 2020).

5811: 3515: 3004:

by the end of the 17th century, although it may have survived in isolated pockets for a little longer.

2653: 1993: 1289: 888: 745: 5856:

Australia's Religious Communities: Facts and Figures from the 2011 Australian Census and Other Sources

5824: 2559: 2413:), the largest Coptic diaspora population is located within the United States, Canada, and Australia. 2391:). There are about 1–2 million Egyptian born Copts living outside of Egypt, and are known as the 7961: 7569: 7131:"The genetics of East African populations: a Nilo-Saharan component in the African genetic landscape" 4579: 4381:"The genetics of East African populations: A Nilo-Saharan component in the African genetic landscape" 3818: 3222: 2271: 2030: 1880: 1316: 886: 878: 753: 38: 6572: 3022: 7356: 6387: 6016: 4643: 3836: 3744: 2668: 2522: 2341: 2147: 2061: 1917:

and land-owning families became very wealthy and influential such as the Egyptian Coptic Christian

1734: 1718: 1604: 1580: 1015: 702: 6106: 5539:

Whose Pharaohs?: Archaeology, Museums, and Egyptian National Identity from Napoleon to World War I

4716:

Dentition helps archaeologists to assess biological and ethnic population traits and relationships

8342: 8152: 7951: 7466:

Van Doorn-Harder, Nelly. "Finding a Platform: Studying the Copts in the 19th and 20th Centuries"

3500: 3240:

Maternally, Hassan (2009) found that Copts in Sudan exclusively carry various descendants of the

2813: 2648: 2443:

was 35,000. By 2017, there were an estimated 50,000 Canadian Copts, with more than 80% living in

2429: 2354: 1600: 1588: 1568: 374: 6945: 6407: 6005: 5710:

Egyptian authorities prevent surveyors from asking a participant's religion when doing research.

1074: 8261: 7992: 7932: 7577: 7559: 7540: 5731: 5469:"Accursed, Superior Men: Ethno-Religious Minorities and Politics in the Medieval Mediterranean" 5357: 5152:"Accursed, Superior Men: Ethno-Religious Minorities and Politics in the Medieval Mediterranean" 4153:"Refworld | World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Egypt : Copts of Egypt" 3510: 3475: 3214: 3170:

marks the first day of the Coptic year. Its celebration falls on the first day of the month of

3092: 3016: 3012: 2658: 2362: 2244: 2179: 2070:

was part of the Coptic Orthodox Church until 1959 when it was granted its own patriarch by the

1932: 1872: 1856: 1579:. In addition, the most prominent figure of the council was the future Patriarch of Alexandria 1458: 1403: 1389: 933: 792: 749: 737: 613: 556: 523: 518: 513: 236: 232: 213: 6469: 6445: 5799:(eds. George Thomas Kurian & Mark A. Lamport: Rowman & Littlefield, 2016), pp. 638-39. 5534: 4955: 4925: 4313: 3217:. According to Y-DNA analysis by Hassan et al. (2008), around 45% of Copts in Sudan carry the 7509: 6791: 6088: 5073: 4982: 4910:

Robert Ousterhout, "Rebuilding the Temple: Constantine Monomachus and the Holy Sepulchre" in

4841: 4604: 4464: 3822: 3582: 3540: 3535: 3530: 3520: 3327: 3305: 3226: 3182:

or "Year of the Martyrs"). The A.M. abbreviation is also used for the unrelated Jewish year (

2844: 2828: 2688: 2592: 2587: 2513:

was home to between 6,000 and 10,000 Copts. In the 2020s, the Coptic Orthodox population of

2300: 2296: 2292: 2279: 2275: 2248: 2092: 2018: 1793: 1772: 1684: 1246: 1242: 1222: 694: 679: 671: 663: 655: 651: 643: 6809: 5318:"Naguib Sawiris: 'If God wanted women to be veiled, he would have created them with a veil'" 3153:

Coptic Orthodox Cross with traditional Coptic script reading: 'Jesus Christ, the Son of God'

772:

as a whole; they also contributed to the "social and political life and key debates such as

8203: 8145: 8101: 7997: 7878: 7805: 7763: 7142: 5904: 4762: 4630: 4392: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3218: 2883: 2643: 2633: 2542: 2459: 2448: 2266:, estimated that about 4% of Sudanese population was Christian; the majority of these were 2256: 2155: 1742: 1627:

was divided into two branches. Those who accepted the terms of the Council became known as

1624: 1620: 1497:Ϫⲉ ⲡⲉⲛⲓⲱⲧ ⲉⲧϧⲉⲛ ⲛⲓⲫⲏⲟⲩⲓ: ⲙⲁⲣⲉϥⲧⲟⲩⲃⲟ ⲛ̀ϫⲉ ⲡⲉⲕⲣⲁⲛ: ⲙⲁⲣⲉⲥⲓ ⲛ̀ϫⲉ ⲧⲉⲕⲙⲉⲧⲟⲩⲣⲟ: ⲡⲉⲧⲉϩⲛⲁⲕ ⲙⲁⲣⲉϥϣⲱⲡⲓ 1214: 729: 627: 401: 7496: 7251: 7242: 6744:"Egypt: ex-kidnapper admits 'they get paid for every Coptic Christian girl they bring in'" 5782:. Cambridge Studies in Law and Christianity. Cambridge University Press. pp. 108–113. 4876:

Christianity and Monasticism in Northern Egypt: Beni Suef, Giza, Cairo, and the Nile Delta

4562: 3684: 2521:, the first Copts arrived in the 1960s, mostly students and those fleeing Egypt after the 1925:, spanning telecommunications, construction, tourism, industries and technology. In 2008, 1576: 1038: 902: 8: 7891: 7723: 7698: 6426: 6195: 5853: 3452: 3008: 2780: 2597: 2228: 2140: 1944: 1940: 1864: 1721:

onwards, the Coptic Christians were persecuted by different Muslim regimes, such as the

1608: 1161: 1133: 910: 800: 546: 316: 7438:

The Church in history. Vol. 2. Crestwood, New York: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press.

7146: 5590: 4396: 2379: 1257:, the father of theology who was also active in the field of commentary and comparative 8297: 8118: 8088: 8002: 7895: 7815: 7758: 7753: 7652: 7587: 7453: 7302: 7226: 7191: 7163: 7130: 7080: 7055: 6528: 5867: 5621: 5488: 5299: 5171: 4830:

H. Patrick Glenn, Legal Traditions of the World. Oxford University Press, 2007, p. 219.

4421: 4380: 3577: 3132: 3096: 2879: 2789: 2612: 2602: 2455: 1899: 1831: 1717:

intermittent persecution and the destruction of the Christian churches there. From the

1560: 1426:ⲇⲟⲝⲁ ⲡⲁⲧⲣⲓ ⲕⲉ ⲩⲓⲱ: ⲕⲉ ⲁ̀ⲅⲓⲱ ⲡⲛⲉⲩⲙⲁⲧⲓ: ⲕⲉ ⲛⲩⲛ ⲕⲉ ⲁ̀ⲓ̀ ⲕⲉ ⲓⲥ ⲧⲟⲩⲥ ⲉⲱⲛⲁⲥ ⲧⲱⲛ ⲉ̀ⲱ̀ⲛⲱⲛ ⲁ̀ⲙⲏⲛ 1373: 1340: 1285: 1097:. This association may have contributed to making "Copt" the settled form of the name. 710: 462: 396: 386: 6713: 4039:"Egypt's Sisi meets world Evangelical churches delegation in Cairo – Politics – Egypt" 4019: 3630: 2947:

financial benefit to the individuals who secure the forced conversion of the victim."

1532:

Our Father Who art in heaven: hallowed be Thy name: Thy kingdom come: Thy will be done

1018:(639-646) it became restricted to those Egyptians adhering to the Christian religion. 967:(reconstructed pronunciation /ħawitˌkuʀpiˈtaħ/ → /ħajiʔˌkuʀpiˈtaħ/ → /ħəjˌkuʔpəˈtaħ/, 956:(lit. "Egyptian"; used here as a man's name). This Mycenaean form probably comes from 8383: 8193: 7784: 7768: 7743: 7551: 7439: 7415: 7366: 7332: 7306: 7294: 7286: 7231: 7213: 7168: 7085: 7029: 6982: 6867: 6815: 6805: 6220: 6148: 5757: 5542: 5492: 5339: 5254: 5229: 5175: 5130: 5102: 5040: 5015: 4990: 4961: 4931: 4847: 4743: 4610: 4470: 4426: 4408: 4319: 4240: 4212: 4184: 4128: 4094: 3666: 3495: 3355: 3345: 3104: 2985: 2967: 2678: 2546: 2439:

In the early 2010s, the Canadian Coptic Association estimates that the population of

2067: 1884: 1746: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1556: 1344: 1277: 1250: 1140: 983: 941: 848: 721: 720:

Following the Muslim conquest, the treatment of the Coptic Christians who refused to

406: 369: 356: 7609: 7282: 6318:"African Billionaire Fortunes Decline On New FORBES List Of The Continent's Richest" 5888:

First Coptic Catholic church in Australia blessed and consecrated in Western Sydney.

3111:(Decree of Canopus, in 238 BC) which consisted of the intercalation of a sixth 2785: 2139:. Many Sudanese Copts have advanced educations. They have occasionally faced forced 1100:

In the 20th century, some Egyptian nationalists and intellectuals in the context of

8156: 8073: 7662: 7657: 7278: 7221: 7203: 7158: 7150: 7075: 7067: 7021: 6957: 6548: 6363: 5749: 5515: 5480: 5291: 5163: 4447: 4416: 4400: 4269: 3256: 3234: 2997: 2878:

While freedom of religion is guaranteed by the Egyptian constitution, according to

2628: 2401:

Outside of the Coptic primary area of residence within parts of present-day Egypt (

2318: 2001: 1888: 1805: 1668: 1648: 1636: 1476: 1382: 1258: 777: 452: 442: 6687: 5691: 5098:"They Can Live in the Desert but Nowhere Else": A History of the Armenian Genocide 4983:"Introduction: Constantinople and Granada, Christian-Muslim Interaction 1350-1516" 4794: 2239:, which was convened as part of plan to transition Sudan to democracy. However, a 2097: 2022: 1432:Δόξα Πατρὶ κὲ Υἱῷ κὲ Ἁγίῳ Πνεύματι, κὲ νῦν κὲ ἀῒ κὲ ἰς τοὺς ἐῶνας τῶν ἐώνων. Ἀμήν. 208: 8161: 7836: 7820: 7789: 7738: 7708: 7644: 7457: 7433: 7429: 7409: 7362:

The Chronicle of John, Bishop of Nikiu: Translated from Zotenberg's Ethiopic Text

7360: 7326: 7208: 6861: 6579: 6559: 6509: 6452: 6433: 6394: 6113: 5991: 5935: 5563: 5506:

van der Vliet, Jacques (June 2009), "The Copts: 'Modern Sons of the Pharaohs'?",

4781:

Mawaiz wa al-'i'tibar bi dhikr al-khitat wa al-'athar (2 vols., Bulaq, 1854), by

4586: 4152: 4026: 3490: 3485: 3480: 3465: 3159: 3128: 3088: 3082: 2989: 2981: 2963: 2940: 2872: 2733: 2720: 2440: 2433: 2393: 2388: 2384: 2374: 2350: 2267: 1962: 1903: 1835: 1786: 1644: 1484: 1407: 1348: 1308: 1265:, wood-carving techniques were in use there by blind scholars to read and write. 1186: 1053: 1030: 957: 945: 894: 833: 733: 706: 604: 587: 497: 411: 361: 351: 326: 255: 219: 203: 8357: 7267:"Allele frequency comparative study between the two main Egyptian ethnic groups" 6769: 6055:

Mashriq & Mahjar: Journal of Middle East and North African Migration Studies

5955: 4497: 3834:

In the year 2003, there was an estimated 70,000 Copts in New South Wales alone:

3026:

Leaf from a Coptic manuscript, 6th-14th century, Metropolitan museum of art, NYC

1883:

around the world in 2016, found that around 26% of Egyptian Christians obtain a

1402:

Egyptian Greek is the variety of Greek spoken in Egypt from antiquity until the

8429: 8388: 8246: 7903: 7733: 7634: 7629: 7624: 6466:"Egypt: National Unity and the Coptic issue. (Arab Strategic Report 2004–2005)" 4889: 3706: 3373: 3335: 3230: 3112: 2860: 2856: 2738: 2607: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2337: 2309: 2210: 2183: 2170: 2086: 2014: 1918: 1766: 1738: 1694: 1300: 1281: 1225:. The Church of Alexandria is therefore the oldest Christian church in Africa. 1182: 996: 714: 675: 667: 659: 437: 432: 427: 346: 6502: 5484: 5295: 5167: 1509:Ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲭⲁ ⲛⲏⲉⲧⲉⲣⲟⲛ ⲛⲁⲛ ⲉ̀ⲃⲟⲗ: ⲙ̀ⲫ̀ⲣⲏϯ ϩⲱⲛ ⲛ̀ⲧⲉⲛⲭⲱ ⲉ̀ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̀ⲛⲏⲉⲧⲉ ⲟⲩⲟⲛ ⲛ̀ⲧⲁⲛ ⲉⲣⲱⲟⲩ 1315:, visited Egypt around 357 AD and his monastic rules are followed by the 8418: 8256: 8251: 8012: 7987: 7887: 7290: 7217: 6961: 6515: 6414: 6073: 5973: 5761: 5519: 4951: 4412: 3921: 3545: 3505: 3383: 3367: 3321: 3284: 2864: 2818: 2712: 2707: 2417: 2190: 1922: 1816: 1812: 1480: 1418: 1368: 1194: 816: 7266: 5753: 4451: 3301: 2466:, 2018). The first Coptic Orthodox priest in Australia arrived in 1969; the 1800:(a tax on non-Muslims) and allowed Egyptians (Copts) to enroll in the army. 1689: 8317: 8312: 8307: 8106: 8096: 8069: 8043: 7907: 7748: 7718: 7298: 7235: 7172: 7089: 7033: 6978:

Middle East Patterns, Student Economy Edition: Places, People, and Politics

6930: 6811:

Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs

4987:

Christian-Muslim Relations. A Bibliographical History, Volume 5 (1350-1500)

4466:

The Cambridge History of the Bible: Volume 1, From the Beginnings to Jerome

4430: 3438: 3424: 3403: 3397: 3351: 3116: 3070: 2892: 2493: 2010: 1895: 1824: 1698: 1664: 1656: 1652: 1640: 1628: 1584: 1564: 1411: 1356: 1320: 1269: 1234: 1202: 1173: 1153: 631: 381: 336: 6842: 1971:, which states that Coptic culture is largely derived from pre-Christian, 1894:

According to the scholar Andrea Rugh Copts tend to belong to the educated

1538:

And forgive us our trespasses: as we forgive those who trespass against us

1528:

In the Name of the Father: and the Son: and the Holy Spirit: One God: Amen

8393: 8367: 7919: 7911: 7899: 7071: 5728:

Excluded and Unequal: Copts on the Margins of the Egyptian Security State

3361: 3108: 3059: 3038: 3001: 2993: 2952:

Egyptian NGO Association of Victims of Abduction and Forced Disappearance

2907: 2848: 2836: 2518: 2502: 2358: 2322: 2232: 2214: 2006: 1977: 1907: 1868: 1777: 1304: 1273: 1218: 1198: 1190: 1094: 1011: 773: 698: 391: 6931:"Learn the History of the Copts | What is the Coptic | Coptic" 6911: 6553:

Egypt court upholds right of converted Muslims to return to Christianity

4355: 4124:

The Rowman & Littlefield Handbook of Christianity in the Middle East

2505:

district of Amman had 8,000 members, mostly Egyptians. As of 2012, the

1073:"Copt" has also been connected to the Greek name of the town of Kóptos ( 8403: 8398: 8337: 8266: 8176: 8111: 7847: 7703: 7025: 6292:"House Members Press White House to Confront Egypt on Forced Marriages" 6181: 5838:

Coptic Christians celebrate Christmas after 'sadness' of terror attacks

5303: 5279: 4957:

Heresy and the Politics of Community: The Jews of the Fatimid Caliphate

4782: 4758: 3470: 3391: 3341: 3175: 3048: 2805: 2793: 2263: 2209:

verse. In contrast with the extensive media broadcasting of the Muslim

2136: 2132: 1968: 1956: 1876: 1820: 1493:Ϧⲉⲛ ⲫ̀ⲣⲁⲛ ⲙ̀ⲫ̀ⲓⲱⲧ: ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡ̀ϣⲏⲣⲓ: ⲛⲉⲙ Ⲡⲓⲡⲛⲉⲩⲙⲁ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ: ⲟⲩⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲛ̀ⲟⲩⲱⲧ: Ⲁⲙⲏⲛ 1339:

around 400 AD, leaving details of his experiences in his letters.

1312: 1238: 1210: 1165: 1101: 1000: 769: 741: 725: 690: 624: 321: 7497:

U.S. Department of State International Religious Freedom Report: Egypt

7154: 6887: 6141: 5737: 5676:

The fears and vulnerabilities of Christians amid the conflict in Sudan

4404: 4270:"Egypt from "U.S. Department of State/Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs"" 3876: 2529:, there were approximately 1,000 Copts as of 2014, mostly residing in 81: 8347: 8287: 7713: 6233: 6231: 6229: 3773: 3525: 3315: 3294: 2914: 2530: 2471: 1713: 1660: 1396: 1336: 1293: 1233:

The Copts in Egypt contributed immensely to Christian tradition. The

1022: 914: 826: 781: 331: 7435:

Imperial unity and Christian divisions: The Church 450–680 A.D.

6388:

Copts welcome Presidential announcement on Eastern Christmas Holiday

1417:

The following is an example of Egyptian Greek language, used in the

8332: 8302: 8271: 7943: 7923: 7915: 7810: 6050: 3461: 3144: 3120: 3100: 3065: 3054: 3044: 2919: 2160: 2128: 2124: 2112: 2102: 1914: 1843: 1838:, which overthrew the Kingdom of Egypt and established a republic. 1546:

For Thine is the kingdom and the power and the glory forever. Amen.

1177: 788: 757: 7189: 6226: 5854:

Philip J. Hughes, Margaret Fraser, and Stephen Breck Reid (2012).

2902:

and clashes between the military and Morsi supporters, there were

8171: 6037: 4766: 4754: 4688: 4673: 3856:

In the year 2017, there was an estimated 45,000 Copts in France:

3446: 3377: 3289: 3225:

clade (21%). Both paternal lineages are common among other local

3197:

29 August, except before a Julian leap year when it's August 30.

3167: 3034: 2868: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2444: 2206: 2120: 1972: 1632: 1262: 804: 541: 7388:

The Copts of Egypt: The Challenges of Modernisation and Identity

7379:

Courbage, Youssef and Phillipe Fargues. Judy Mabro (Translator)

4904: 4090:

Copts in Context: Negotiating Identity, Tradition, and Modernity

2262:

In 2023, Fikiru Mehari, an researcher for the Christian charity

1193:

that can be dated to the first half of the 2nd century, and the

944:, but dates to a much earlier period, being attested already in 736:

due to historic and current conflicts. Most Copts adhere to the

7491: 7347:

Christian Egypt: Coptic Art and Monuments Through Two Millennia

5944: 5656:

Khartoum Churches Damaged as Sudan Descends Closer to Civil War

4295:

Foreign and Commonwealth Office -UK Ministry of Foreign Affairs

3201:

is reckoned by the Julian Calendar in the Old Calendarist way.

3198: 3149: 2935:

and marry Muslim men. In 2009 the Washington, D.C. based group

2526: 2488: 2482: 2475: 2205:

dress laws. A Coptic child was flogged for failing to recite a

2174: 2167:

prompted Copts to join in public opposition to religious rule.

2164: 2116: 1988: 1936: 1927: 1860: 1839: 1781:

President Nasser welcomes a delegation of Coptic bishops (1965)

1592: 1406:

in the 7th century. Egyptian Greek adopted many loanwords from

1378: 1254: 1169: 1128: 796: 296: 7486: 7481: 5825:

Who are Egypt's Coptic Christians and why are they persecuted?

4209:

The Cave Church of Paul the Hermit at the Monastery of St. Pau

3611:

Pope Francis Calls on Egypt’s Catholics to Embrace Forgiveness

2072:

Coptic Orthodox Pope of Alexandria and Patriarch of All Africa

1635:. Those who did not abide by the council's terms were labeled 1513:Ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲣⲉⲛⲧⲉⲛ ⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉ̀ⲡⲓⲣⲁⲥⲙⲟⲥ: ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ⲛⲁϩⲙⲉⲛ ⲉⲃⲟⲗϩⲁ ⲡⲓⲡⲉⲧϩⲱⲟⲩ 1147: 784:", and they have historically flourished in business affairs. 5988:"King commends Coptic Church's role in promoting coexistence" 5938:

plus another 5,000 – 10,000 Copts who are directly under the

5706:"What Egypt under Sissi is really like for Coptic Christians" 3907:

plus another 5,000 – 10,000 Copts who are directly under the

3387: 3171: 3124: 2888: 2840: 2832: 2326: 2202: 2194: 2151: 2108: 2045: 1797: 1750: 1709: 1705: 1672: 1540:

And lead us not into temptation: but deliver us from evil one

1332: 1328: 1324: 1157: 1010:

in Greek came to designate the native Egyptian population in

920: 765: 639: 635: 5929:

middle school ireland marriages family at middlekilleavy.com

3127:, keeping it forever synchronized with the newly introduced 1311:, and the founder and organiser of the monastic movement in 8292: 5780:

Under Caesar's Sword: How Christians Respond to Persecution

4682: 2852: 2330: 2163:

in the mid-1960s and subsequent demands by radicals for an

1591:

with calculating and annually announcing the exact date of

1082: 992: 979: 108:

400,000-500,000 (previously); a smaller number (as of 2018)

6814:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–2. 4253: 2536: 2154:, and intermarry with the native Sudanese population. The 7264: 5743: 5251:

The Coptic Christian Heritage: History, Faith and Culture

4555: 4513: 1754: 1014:(as distinct from Greeks, Romans, Jews, etc.). After the 7501: 5640:

Sudan's Copts See Hope in Appointment of First Christian

5565:

The American Colony Guide-book to Jerusalem and Environs

5012:

Coptic Identity and Ayyubid Politics in Egypt, 1218-1250

4636: 4378: 2420:

is St. Mark in Toronto; it was built in 1964. The first

2143:, resulting in their emigration and decrease in number. 1213:

constituted the majority of Egypt's population, and the

6490:

Egypt: Egypt Arrests 22 Muslim converts to Christianity

5591:"Bishop Tawadros new pope of Egypt's Coptic Christians" 4606:

Ecumenism of Blood: Heavenly Hope for Earthly Communion

4262: 3091:, also called the Alexandrian calendar, is used by the 5063:

attitude toward forced conversion and toward converts.

4912:

The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians

3837:"Coptic Orthodox Church (NSW) Property Trust Act 1990" 3759: 3757: 3631:

Egyptian woman fights unequal Islamic inheritance laws

3099:

as its official calendar (with different names). This

1745:

Christians included closing and demolishing churches,

1583:, who played the major role in the formulation of the 1268:

Another major contribution the Egyptian Copts made to

1059: 1050: 960: 7397:

Revised Ed. American University in Cairo Press, 1990.

6573:

Egypt allows converts to revert to Christianity on ID

6265:"United States Commission on Int'l Religious Freedom" 4878:. American University in Cairo Press. pp. 33–35. 4536: 3828: 3649:"Five Things to Know About Egypt's Coptic Christians" 2976:

Coptic and Arabic inscriptions in an Old Cairo church

2485:, the United Kingdom, France (45,000), South Africa. 7053: 6644:"Egypt's Coptic Christians – Braced for Persecution" 4923: 4526: 3749:

World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples

3414: 1521:Ϫⲉ ⲑⲱⲕ ⲧⲉ ϯⲙⲉⲧⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲛⲉⲙ ϯϫⲟⲙ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲱⲟⲩ ϣⲁ ⲉⲛⲉϩ. Ⲁⲙⲏⲛ. 1221:'s four apostolic sees, second in honor only to the 1105: 1068: 863: 852: 837: 662:

account for account for roughly 5–15 percent of the

618: 598: 7365:. Merchantville, New Jersey: Evolution Publishing. 5583: 3754: 2470:is organized into two dioceses, the first based in 2353:; during that time, Islamist militants such as the 1003:for the city of Memphis and the region around it). 6706: 6189: 4807: 4183:. Britannica Educational Publishing. p. 161. 3813: 3811: 705:in 639–646 AD. Copts have historically spoken the 7004: 5797:Encyclopedia of Christianity in the United States 4676:Papyrology and the History of Early Islamic Egypt 4020:Coptic Orthodox Church Listings for Libya, p. 136 3751:, Minority Rights Group International (June 2018) 2036:The previous head of the Coptic Orthodox Church, 1871:, and in 1961 Coptic Christians owned 51% of the 8416: 6768:Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. 6667: 4151:Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. 3922:"Free to pray – but don't try to convert anyone" 3793: 3791: 2906:on Coptic churches and institutions in Egypt by 1834:led some army officers in a coup d'état against 1228: 1209:). By the beginning of the 3rd century AD, 685:Originally referring to all Egyptians, the term 634:who have primarily inhabited the area of modern 7331:(2nd rev. ed.). Athens: Lycabettus Press. 6943: 6888:"Coptic Orthodox Calendar / Easter Calculation" 6427:Egypt: Overview of human rights issues in Egypt 6285: 6283: 6281: 5616: 5614: 5612: 4691:Varieties of Post-classical and Byzantine Greek 3852: 3850: 3808: 2804:In 2006, one person attacked three churches in 1303:to emulate their spiritual, disciplined lives. 7328:Christians in the Arab East: A Political Study 7122: 7000: 6998: 6524:"Egyptian Court Allows Return to Christianity" 5962: 5795:Stanley A. Clark, "Coptic Orthodox Church" in 5650: 5648: 4753:community coexisted So should we assume that 4348: 4312:Bailey, Betty Jane; Bailey, J. Martin (2003). 4291:"Egypt from "Foreign and Commonwealth Office"" 3605: 3603: 2474:(diocese organized in 1999) and the second in 2345:in the country. From 2011 to 2015, during the 2101:Holy Virgin Mary Coptic Orthodox Cathedral in 1947:encouraged the accumulation of human capital. 1667:branch, which led to their persecution by the 986: 768:as well as the modernization of Egypt and the 7863: 7517: 6863:Anno Domini: The Origins of the Christian Era 6670:"Coptic churches burn amid violence in Egypt" 5505: 5037:The Coptic Papacy in Islamic Egypt (641-1517) 4950: 4573: 4528:el Ittigahat el Wataneyya fil Adab el Muʻaṣir 4442: 4440: 4337: 4335: 4285: 4283: 4237:The Coptic Papacy in Islamic Egypt (641-1517) 4121:Raheb, Mitri; Lamport, Mark A. (2020-12-15). 3788: 3051:and of the medieval and modern Coptic Church. 2761: 2189:In February 1991, a Coptic pilot working for 991:), the name of the temple complex of the god 564: 7468:International Journal of Middle East Studies 7128: 6714:"Christian minority under pressure in Egypt" 6446:Human Rights Watch. World report 2007: Egypt 6347:The World's Billionaires: #396 Samih Sawiris 6278: 6257: 6021:Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor 5872:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5791: 5789: 5777: 5609: 5226:Christians in Egypt: Strategies and Survival 5039:. American Univ in Cairo Press. p. 54. 5014:. American Univ in Cairo Press. p. 76. 4917: 4892:(1972). "The Conversion of Egypt to Islam". 4689:Lennart Sundelin; Petra Sijpesteijn (2020). 4674:Lennart Sundelin; Petra Sijpesteijn (2004). 4462: 4311: 4239:. American Univ in Cairo Press. p. 54. 4120: 4086: 3847: 3233:clade (15%), as well as the archaic African 3007:Today Coptic is extinct but it is still the 1796:in the early 19th century. He abolished the 868: 857: 842: 7452: 6995: 6904: 6089:"The ethnic origin of Christians in Israel" 6069:"Orthodox Copts open church in Switzerland" 5645: 5009: 4960:. Cornell University Press. pp. 219–. 4318:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 145. 3819:Canadian Copts Ponder Future of Their Faith 3625: 3623: 3600: 2422:Coptic Orthodox church in the United States 2317:, 2017) or 10 million (figure cited in the 2274:with a "smattering" of Coptic Orthodox and 2055: 1655:as erroneous and referred to themselves as 1595:to the rest of the Christian churches. The 1410:; there was a great deal of intracommunity 1148:Foundation of the Christian Church in Egypt 791:. In Egypt, Copts have a relatively higher 23: 7870: 7856: 7524: 7510: 7470:(Aug 2010) 42#3 pp 479–482. Historiography 7428: 7054:Trombetta, Beniamino; et al. (2015). 6798: 6127:"Egypt: Church Building Regulations Eased" 5807: 5805: 5541:. U. of California Press. pp. 258ff. 5479:(4). Cambridge University Press: 844–869. 5473:Comparative Studies in Society and History 5277: 5162:(4). Cambridge University Press: 844–869. 5156:Comparative Studies in Society and History 5101:. Princeton University Press. p. 48. 5034: 4985:. In Thomas, David; Mallett, Alex (eds.). 4944: 4667: 4567:American Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) 4469:. Cambridge University Press. p. 27. 4437: 4332: 4315:Who Are the Christians in the Middle East? 4280: 4234: 4087:Doorn-Harder, Nelly van (3 October 2017). 3400:, Egyptian-British cardiothoracic surgeon. 2843:'s governmental cabinet: Finance Minister 2768: 2754: 2040:, died 17 March 2012. On 4 November 2012, 571: 557: 80: 24: 7402:Two Thousand Years of Coptic Christianity 7225: 7207: 7162: 7129:Begoña Dobon; et al. (28 May 2015). 7079: 7014:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 6835: 6694:. Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights 6680: 6012:Report on International Religious Freedom 5786: 5773: 5771: 5670: 5668: 5198:. Pew Research Center. 19 December 2011. 5193:"Religion and Education Around the World" 4740:A History of Mathematics: An Introduction 4662:Egypt after the Pharaohs, 332 BC – AD 642 4545:"How many Christians are there in Egypt?" 4456: 4420: 4178: 4064:"How many Christians are there in Egypt?" 3740: 3738: 3736: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3324:, Egyptian-American musician and academic 2458:population has been estimated at 30,000 ( 2235:) was appointed in 2019 to the 11-member 1678: 764:. The Copts played a central role in the 7877: 6968: 6944:El Gendi, Yosra; Pinfari, Marco (2020). 6859: 6191:"Coptic Christians attacked in churches" 6169:. The Free Lance–Star. November 23, 2002 5927:Copts number at least 20,000 in Britain 5722: 5720: 5718: 5248: 5120: 5118: 4914:, Vol. 48, No. 1 (March, 1989), pp.66–78 4846:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 71. 4732: 4356:"Britannica: Egyptian Christians - Copt" 4202: 4200: 4181:Middle East, Region in Transition: Egypt 4146: 4144: 3889:Copts number at least 20,000 in Britain 3734: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3716: 3659: 3620: 3300: 3288: 3248:is most frequent (28%), followed by the 3189:Every fourth Coptic year is a leap year 3148: 3021: 2971: 2939:published a study of the abductions and 2378: 2096: 2080: 1987: 1863:index, and a stronger representation in 1823:and Secretary General of the Wafd Party 1776: 1760: 1688: 1567:were headed by Egyptian patriarchs. The 1372: 1127: 32:This is an accepted version of this page 7355: 7005:Hassan, Hisham Y.; et al. (2008). 6641: 6635: 6616: 6149:"Egyptian court orders clashes retrial" 6066: 5998: 5802: 5223: 5185: 4888: 4843:A History of Christian–Muslim Relations 4839: 4542: 4174: 4172: 4061: 3799:The Americanization of an Ancient Faith 3633:, Associated Press (November 15, 2019). 3609:Francis X. Rocca & Dahlia Kholaif, 2537:Persecution and discrimination in Egypt 1855:In Egypt, Copts have relatively higher 1614: 678:similarly account for 1 percent of the 266:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 14: 8417: 7407: 6591: 6289: 5940:British Orthodox Church (1999 figures) 5768: 5703: 5665: 5561: 5508:Church History & Religious Culture 5466: 5336:"Arabian Business: The Sawiris Family" 5149: 4924:John Joseph Saunders (11 March 2002). 4206: 3919: 3909:British Orthodox Church (1999 figures) 3859:"Qui sont les coptes en France ?" 3709:. Minority Rights Group. October 2017. 3677: 3636: 3394:businessman, investor and billionaire. 3135:but have different numbers and names. 1573:St. Alexander, Patriarch of Alexandria 1550: 821:The English language adopted the word 642:since antiquity. They are the largest 7851: 7505: 7324: 6804: 6187: 5715: 5642:, Voice of America (October 9, 2019). 5124: 5115: 4980: 4873: 4603:OSB, Hugh Somerville Knapman (2018). 4463:Ackroyd, P. R.; Evans, C. F. (1963). 4197: 4141: 4116: 4114: 4112: 4110: 4013: 3713: 3370:, heir to the Sarofim family fortune. 3221:. The remainder mainly belong to the 3011:of the native Egyptian Churches (the 2931:Coptic women and girls are abducted, 2839:. Previously, only two Copts were in 2340:is uncertain. A 2013 estimate by the 2222:Sudanese government of National Unity 1272:was the creation and organization of 1049:in the Sahidic dialect; cf. Egyptian 6974: 6767: 6521: 6237: 5694:, Minority Rights Group (June 2018). 5532: 5278:Pennington, J. D. (3 October 1982). 5094: 4805: 4543:Hackett, Conrad (16 February 2011). 4169: 4150: 4003:"Who are Egypt's Coptic Christians?" 3995: 2835:'s foreign minister under President 2491:has a minor community of Copts; the 2416:The first Coptic Orthodox church in 2182:overthrew the elected government of 1120:Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria 92:Regions with significant populations 59:Ethnoreligious group in North Africa 7102: 6746:. World Watch Monitor. 2017-09-14. 6724:from the original on March 22, 2017 6668:Egyptian Streets (16 August 2013). 6067:Burnand, Frédéric (July 17, 2004). 5467:Catlos, Brian A. (3 October 2014). 5150:Catlos, Brian A. (3 October 2014). 4602: 4080: 3763: 3215:Coptic Oriental Orthodox Christians 2554:Part of a series of articles on the 2468:Coptic Orthodox Church in Australia 2432:shortly afterward. As of 2018, the 2383:St. Mark Coptic Orthodox Church in 1607:(431 AD) was presided over by 1599:(381 AD) was presided over by 1571:(325 AD) was presided over by 1347:in the 6th century on the model of 974:), literally "estate/palace of the 869: 858: 843: 799:, and a stronger representation in 608: 56: 8440:Indigenous peoples of North Africa 7400:Meinardus, Otto Friedrich August. 7395:Coptic Egypt: History and a Guide. 7317: 6315: 6133:. 13 December 2005. Archived from 5354:"The richest men in Africa – 2009" 4799: 4650:. Columbia University Press. 2011. 4107: 3667:"Egyptian Coptic protesters freed" 3278: 3123:formally reformed the calendar of 2937:Christian Solidarity International 2499:Virgin Mary Coptic Orthodox Church 1967:Many Coptic intellectuals hold to 1757:for those who refused to convert. 57: 8511: 7475: 6617:Khairat, Mohamed (Aug 16, 2013). 6522:Audi, Nadim (February 11, 2008). 6290:Abrams, Joseph (April 21, 2010). 6107:Church Building Regulations Eased 5444:"#396 Samih Sawiris - Forbes.com" 5396:"#68 Nassef Sawiris - Forbes.com" 5372:"#60 Naguib Sawiris - Forbes.com" 4809:"Do Copts have a future in Egypt" 4563:"Egypt from "The World Factbook"" 4297:. August 15, 2008. Archived from 4274:United States Department of State 3892:"Middle Killeavy Parish Web Site" 3841:New South Wales Consolidated Acts 3546:List of prominent Copts worldwide 3030:Dialects of the Coptic language: 2481:Smaller communities are found in 1983: 1555:The major contributions that the 1168:, shortly after the ascension of 126:1–2 million (estimates vary) 8500:Ethnic groups in the Middle East 8033: 7608: 7258: 7246: This article incorporates 7241: 7183: 7096: 7047: 6937: 6923: 6880: 6853: 6843:"The Coptic Calendar of Martyrs" 6780: 6761: 6736: 6661: 6610: 6585: 6565: 6542: 6495: 6483: 6458: 6439: 6419: 6400: 6380: 6356: 6340: 6309: 6221:Egypt church attacks spark anger 6213: 6159: 6119: 6099: 6081: 6060: 6043: 6027: 5980: 5952:"Come Across And Help Us Book 2" 5921: 5897: 5880: 5847: 5830: 5817: 4820:from the original on 2017-06-20. 4093:. Univ of South Carolina Press. 3920:Teller, Matthew (12 July 2015). 3445: 3431: 3417: 2984:is the most recent stage of the 2571: 2278:adherents. A 2018 report by the 2237:Transitional Sovereignty Council 1850: 1536:Give us this day our daily bread 1505:ⲡⲉⲛⲱⲓⲕ ⲛ̀ⲧⲉ ⲣⲁⲥϯ ⲙⲏⲓϥ ⲛⲁⲛ ⲙ̀ⲫⲟⲟⲩ 1501:Ⲙ̀ⲫⲣⲏϯ ϧⲉⲛ ⲧ̀ⲫⲉ ⲛⲉⲙ ϩⲓϫⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲕⲁϩⲓ 1457: 1445: 1362: 1152:According to ancient tradition, 1124:History of Christianity in Egypt 540: 295: 246: 8189:Christianization of Kievan Rus' 7981:Independent Churches/Communions 7381:Christians and Jews Under Islam 7283:10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110348 7103:Mohamed, Hisham Yousif Hassan. 6750:from the original on 2018-09-13 6592:Chulov, Martin (Aug 15, 2013). 6240:"Egypt's Persecuted Christians" 6202:from the original on 2022-01-11 6034:Germany's growing Coptic Church 5697: 5685: 5632: 5555: 5526: 5499: 5460: 5436: 5420:"#96 Onsi Sawiris - Forbes.com" 5412: 5388: 5364: 5346: 5328: 5310: 5271: 5242: 5217: 5205:from the original on 2016-12-22 5143: 5088: 5066: 5056: 5028: 5003: 4974: 4882: 4867: 4833: 4824: 4787: 4775: 4719: 4710: 4697: 4654: 4624: 4596: 4519: 4507: 4490: 4372: 4305: 4228: 4055: 4031: 3976: 3964: 3942: 3913: 3883: 2286: 2255:. Many became refugees or were 2038:Pope Shenouda III of Alexandria 1601:Patriarch Timothy of Alexandria 1351:, although in a stricter form. 1156:was introduced to present day 885:reflects the historical Coptic 644:Christian denomination in Egypt 268: instead of Coptic letters. 8213:Moscow–Constantinople schisms 7459:History of the Byzantine State 7414:. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. 7271:Forensic Science International 6847:Coptic Orthodox Church Network 6408:Egypt's Endangered Christians. 6188:Miles, Hugh (April 15, 2006). 5860:Christian Research Association 5704:Yerkes, Sarah (20 June 2016). 4593:. Retrieved 28 September 2008. 4502:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 4062:Hackett, Conrad (2011-02-16). 3699: 3559: 3138: 2898:In August 2013, following the 2349:, at least 200,000 Christians 1943:emphasis on literacy and that 1619:In 451 AD, following the 689:became synonymous with native 13: 1: 6642:Gilbert, Lela (25 May 2015). 6512:Ahram Weekly, 3 – May 9, 2007 5814:, CBC News (January 4, 2011). 5533:Reid, Donald Malcolm (2003). 5127:Minorities in the Middle East 5010:Werthmuller, Kurt J. (2010). 4609:. Paulist Press. p. 87. 3985:History of Christianity:Sudan 3593: 3406:, Egyptian-French politician. 2233:Raja Nicola Issa Abdul-Masseh 1992:Egyptian Coptic monks at the 1950: 1651:, however, rejected the term 1395:By the time of Roman emperor 1229:Contributions to Christianity 709:, a direct descendant of the 670:account for 1 percent of the 8363:Essence–energies distinction 8184:Christianization of Bulgaria 7408:Thomas, Martyn, ed. (2006). 7209:10.1371/journal.pgen.1006976 7060:Genome Biology and Evolution 6975:Held, Colbert (2018-10-03). 6788:"The Coptic Studies' Corner" 6238:Zaki, Moheb (May 18, 2010). 5842:Special Broadcasting Service 5827:, ABC News (April 10, 2017). 5095:Suny, Ronald Grigor (2015). 4981:Teule, Herman G. B. (2013). 4930:. Routledge. pp. 109–. 4179:Etheredge, Laura S. (2011). 4127:. Rowman & Littlefield. 3970: 3552: 2365:violently persecuted Copts. 2253:civil war that began in 2023 1172:and during the reign of the 1060: 1051: 987: 961: 915: 810: 599: 7: 8460:Oriental Orthodoxy in Libya 8455:Oriental Orthodoxy in Sudan 8450:Oriental Orthodoxy in Egypt 8167:Antiochian Greek Christians 8065:Christianization of Georgia 8060:Christianization of Armenia 7967:Assyrian Church of the East 7596:Evangelical Church of Egypt 6451:September 28, 2008, at the 6393:September 30, 2007, at the 5812:Coptic Christians in Canada 5280:"The Copts in Modern Egypt" 4927:A History of Medieval Islam 4527: 3693:Central Intelligence Agency 3410: 3311:Some famous Copts include: 3207: 3076: 3062:(also known as Subakhmimic) 2957: 2368: 2173:'s introduction of Islamic 1534:On earth as it is in heaven 1106: 1069: 969:Egyptological pronunciation 940:), itself derives from the 864: 853: 838: 762:Evangelical Church of Egypt 619: 10: 8516: 8217:15th–16th centuries schism 8141:Oriental Orthodox Churches 7972:Ancient Church of the East 7957:Oriental Orthodox Churches 7482:Worldwide Coptic Directory 7462:. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. 6860:Declercq, Georges (2000). 6558:November 21, 2011, at the 6105:WorldWide Religious News. 5129:. McFarland. p. 144. 4742:, p. 184. Addison Wesley, 4693:. De Gruyter. p. 447. 3516:International Coptic Union 3318:, prominent civil engineer 3282: 3142: 3080: 2961: 2933:forced to convert to Islam 2674:Alexandria and Tanta, 2017 2540: 2497:reported in 2005 that the 2372: 2338:Coptic population in Libya 2290: 2090: 2084: 2059: 1994:American Colony, Jerusalem 1960: 1954: 1910:of Egypt were Christians. 1770: 1764: 1682: 1643:and later Jacobites after 1366: 1290:Shenouda the Archimandrite 1117: 1113: 1078: 1034: 937: 928:The Greek term for Egypt, 921: 814: 591: 222:(liturgical and ancestral) 8495:Ancient peoples of Africa 8376: 8280: 8239: 8050: 8031: 8011: 7980: 7962:Eastern Catholic Churches 7942: 7931: 7885: 7829: 7798: 7777: 7691: 7643: 7617: 7606: 7586: 7568: 7550: 7539: 7531: 7325:Betts, Robert B. (1978). 6950:Media, War & Conflict 6508:October 15, 2008, at the 5934:January 21, 2009, at the 5485:10.1017/S0010417514000425 5296:10.1080/00263208208700503 5253:. Routledge. p. 83. 5168:10.1017/S0010417514000425 5125:Nisan, Mordechai (2002). 5035:N. Swanson, Mark (2010). 4235:N. Swanson, Mark (2010). 4211:. Yale University Press. 3575:Egyptian population. The 2882:, "Egyptians are able to 2831:was a Copt who served as 2272:Episcopal Church of Sudan 2031:Coptic Evangelical Church 1842:'s mainstream policy was 1597:Council of Constantinople 1483:is recited in the native 1404:Islamic conquest of Egypt 1317:Eastern Orthodox Churches 1217:was recognized as one of 1110:in the historical sense. 832:, which derives from the 825:in the 17th century from 231: 226: 199: 194: 186: 178: 170: 162: 154: 146: 138: 130: 120: 112: 104: 96: 91: 79: 71: 70: 7345:Capuani, Massimo et al. 7110:. University of Khartoum 6962:10.1177/1750635219866137 6017:U.S. Department of State 5909:U.S. Department of State 5562:Matson, G. Olaf (1925). 5520:10.1163/187124109x407934 5228:. Springer. p. 30. 5224:B. Rugh, Andrea (2016). 4806:Shea, Nina (June 2017). 4660:qtd. in Alan K. Bowman, 4207:Lyster, William (2013). 3348:actor of Coptic origins. 3103:is based on the ancient 2342:U.S. Department of State 2068:Orthodox Tewahedo Church 2062:Christianity in Ethiopia 2056:Copts in modern Ethiopia 2025:congregations. The term 1996:, between 1898 and 1914. 1719:Muslim conquest of Egypt 1542:In Christ Jesus our Lord 1016:Muslim conquest of Egypt 893:) an Arabisation of the 756:, in communion with the 746:Oriental Orthodox Church 703:Muslim conquest of Egypt 39:latest accepted revision 8199:Eastern Orthodox Church 8153:Saint Thomas Christians 7952:Eastern Orthodox Church 7351:excerpt and text search 6578:April 16, 2009, at the 6364:"Africa's Billionaires" 6244:The Wall Street Journal 6112:March 18, 2009, at the 6057:, vol. 8, no. 1 (2020). 5754:10.5339/connect.2013.22 5249:M. Farag, Lois (2013). 4894:Israel Oriental Studies 4738:Victor J. Katz (1998). 4452:10.5339/connect.2013.22 3501:Copto-Arabic literature 2814:The Wall Street Journal 2430:Jersey City, New Jersey 2156:Anglo-Egyptian invasion 1712:who faced off with the 1589:Patriarch of Alexandria 1577:Saint Hosius of Córdoba 1517:Ϧⲉⲛ Ⲡⲭ̅ⲥ̅ Ⲓⲏ̅ⲥ̅ Ⲡⲉⲛⲟ̅ⲥ̅ 760:; others belong to the 754:Eastern Catholic Church 547:Christianity portal 276:Part of a series on the 8475:Ethnic groups in Libya 8470:Ethnic groups in Sudan 8465:Ethnic groups in Egypt 8445:Coptic Orthodox Church 7998:True Orthodox churches 7993:Spiritual Christianity 7578:Coptic Catholic Church 7560:Coptic Orthodox Church 7487:Copts United Newspaper 5994:on September 26, 2011. 5732:The Century Foundation 5284:Middle Eastern Studies 4840:Goddard, Hugh (2000). 4533:. Vol. 2. Cairo, 1954. 4498:Coptic Orthodox Church 4025:July 19, 2008, at the 4005:. CNN. 10 April 2017. 3511:Coptic Orthodox Church 3476:Coptic Catholic Church 3404:Hossam Boutros Messiha 3364:, American Politician. 3308: 3298: 3154: 3093:Coptic Orthodox Church 3027: 3017:Coptic Catholic Church 3013:Coptic Orthodox Church 2977: 2929: 2398: 2308:The Coptic population 2245:Abdel Fattah al-Burhan 2180:National Islamic Front 2105: 2019:Eastern Rite Catholics 2000:Today, members of the 1997: 1935:and relatively higher 1933:educational attainment 1881:religion and education 1857:educational attainment 1782: 1701: 1679:Arab conquest of Egypt 1659:. The majority of the 1548: 1525: 1439: 1434: 1429: 1390:Faiyum mummy portraits 1385: 1359:as a rite of passage. 1294:Pachomius the Cenobite 1136: 801:white-collar job types 795:, a relatively higher 793:educational attainment 750:Coptic Catholic Church 738:Coptic Orthodox Church 734:Copts' ethnic identity 519:Coptic Catholic Church 514:Coptic Orthodox Church 254:This article contains 237:Coptic Catholic Church 233:Coptic Orthodox Church 8490:Ethnoreligious groups 8480:Christian terminology 8021:Eastern Protestantism 7894:that developed since 6720:. December 17, 2010. 6503:"Fraud, not Freedom". 5726:Michael Wahid Hanna, 5360:on 21 September 2017. 5290:(2). JSTOR: 158–179. 4989:. Brill. p. 10. 4678:. Brill. p. 165. 4648:Columbia Encyclopedia 4301:on December 12, 2012. 4276:. September 30, 2008. 3823:Religion News Service 3583:Minority Rights Group 3541:Christianity in Libya 3536:Christianity in Sudan 3531:Christianity in Egypt 3521:List of Coptic saints 3328:Boutros Boutros-Ghali 3306:Boutros Boutros-Ghali 3304: 3292: 3152: 3047:: The dialect of the 3025: 2975: 2925: 2845:Youssef Boutros Ghali 2829:Boutros Boutros-Ghali 2593:Human rights in Egypt 2588:Christianity in Egypt 2382: 2301:Christianity in Libya 2297:Christianity in Sudan 2293:Christianity in Egypt 2291:Further information: 2280:Minority Rights Group 2276:Africa Inland Mission 2249:Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo 2241:military coup in 2019 2100: 2093:Christianity in Sudan 2091:Further information: 2081:Copts in modern Sudan 1991: 1780: 1773:Christianity in Egypt 1771:Further information: 1761:Copts in modern Egypt 1743:persecution of Coptic 1708:was conquered by the 1692: 1685:Islamization of Egypt 1526: 1489: 1452:An Egyptiot centurion 1435: 1430: 1423: 1377:An Egyptiot man with 1376: 1367:Further information: 1323:, who translated the 1131: 1104:began using the term 978:("double" spirit) of 815:Further information: 724:ranged from relative 8485:North African people 8146:Council of Chalcedon 7892:Christian traditions 7879:Eastern Christianity 7250:available under the 6425:Human Rights Watch. 6413:January 7, 2003, at 6397:. December 20, 2002. 6116:. December 13, 2005. 5976:on January 31, 2011. 5568:. Vester. p. 20 4631:Eusebius of Caesarea 4569:. September 4, 2008. 4525:qtd. in M. Hussein. 3770:LookLex Encyclopedia 3655:. February 16, 2015. 2810:Ministry of Interior 2543:Persecution of Copts 2462:, 2017) to 100,000 ( 2449:Greater Toronto Area 2325:, especially around 2257:internally displaced 2165:Islamic constitution 2009:(known in Arabic as 1923:Orascom conglomerate 1859:, relatively higher 1625:Church of Alexandria 1621:Council of Chalcedon 1615:Council of Chalcedon 1215:Church of Alexandria 1021:The Coptic name for 693:in light of Egypt's 628:ethnoreligious group 179:United Arab Emirates 174:25,000–30,000 (2006) 8435:Egyptian Christians 8425:Afroasiatic peoples 7922:, and parts of the 7454:Ostrogorsky, George 7147:2015NatSR...5E9996D 6866:. Isd. p. 80. 6492:. November 03, 2003 6328:on January 10, 2017 6137:on 17 October 2007. 6131:Compass Direct News 6049:Andreas Schmoller, 5958:on October 8, 2008. 5626:www.sudanupdate.org 5324:. 11 November 2019. 4727:Am J Phys Anthropol 4549:Pew Research Center 4397:2015NatSR...5E9996D 4068:Pew Research Center 3673:. 22 December 2004. 3653:Wall Street Journal 3615:Wall Street Journal 3572:Wall Street Journal 3567:Wall Street Journal 3453:Christianity portal 3293:Halim El-Dabh at a 3009:liturgical language 2817:of the attacks. In 2598:Secularism in Egypt 2315:Wall Street Journal 2270:and members of the 2229:Sudanese revolution 2141:conversion to Islam 2050:St Mark's Cathedral 1945:Coptic Christianity 1941:Coptic Christianity 1913:A number of Coptic 1887:in institutions of 1609:Cyril of Alexandria 1561:ecumenical councils 1551:Ecumenical councils 1141:religious community 776:, good governance, 713:that was spoken in 672:Sudanese population 664:population of Egypt 67: 29:Page version status 8119:Church of the East 8089:Ecumenical council 8040:Christ Pantocrator 7896:Early Christianity 7357:Charles, Robert H. 7135:Scientific Reports 7072:10.1093/gbe/evv118 7026:10.1002/ajpa.20876 6529:The New York Times 6432:2008-11-14 at the 6167:"Copts Under Fire" 6040:(January 7, 2017). 5844:(January 7, 2018). 5660:Christianity Today 4954:(3 October 2014). 4585:2016-03-24 at the 4385:Scientific Reports 3689:The World Factbook 3578:CIA World Factbook 3309: 3299: 3155: 3133:Ethiopian calendar 3028: 2978: 2904:widespread attacks 2880:Human Rights Watch 2792:. Until recently, 2790:Gamal Abdel Nasser 2613:Terrorism in Egypt 2603:Judiciary of Egypt 2560:Modern persecution 2456:Coptic Australians 2399: 2106: 1998: 1900:upper-middle class 1832:Gamal Abdel Nasser 1783: 1702: 1605:Council of Ephesus 1563:in the history of 1386: 1335:while en route to 1305:St Basil the Great 1286:Macarius the Great 1197:writings found in 1137: 877:(where the Arabic 778:educational reform 529:Evangelical Church 65: 35: 8412: 8411: 8384:Sign of the cross 8194:Turkic Christians 8029: 8028: 7845: 7844: 7785:Egyptian language 7618:Traditional areas 7604: 7603: 7552:Oriental Orthodox 7386:Ibrahim, Vivian. 7155:10.1038/srep09996 6988:978-0-429-97307-9 6913:Britannica: Copts 6873:978-2-503-51050-7 6821:978-1-139-48635-4 6582:. February, 2008. 6223:, April 15, 2006. 5894:(March 18, 2019). 5836:Hannah Sinclair, 5682:(April 28, 2023). 5638:Mohammed Alamin, 5597:. 4 November 2012 5136:978-0-7864-1375-1 5108:978-1-4008-6558-1 4967:978-0-8014-5529-2 4937:978-1-134-93005-0 4616:978-1-58768-744-0 4476:978-0-521-09973-8 4405:10.1038/srep09996 4325:978-0-8028-1020-5 4134:978-1-5381-2418-5 3879:. March 10, 2014. 3877:"La Chiesa copta" 3825:(April 25, 2017). 3817:Shenaz Kermalli, 3797:Shira Telushkin, 3617:(April 29, 2017). 3496:Coptic literature 3356:Egyptian-Canadian 3346:Egyptian-American 3332:Secretary-General 3242:macrohaplogroup N 3191:without exception 3105:Egyptian calendar 2986:Egyptian language 2968:Egyptian language 2950:According to the 2781:Religious freedom 2778: 2777: 2644:Nag Hammadi, 2010 2621:Terrorist attacks 2565:Coptic Christians 2547:Religion in Egypt 1885:university degree 1747:forced conversion 1731:Fatimid Caliphate 1727:Abbasid Caliphate 1723:Umayyad Caliphate 1649:non-Chalcedonians 1637:non-Chalcedonians 1569:Council of Nicaea 1557:See of Alexandria 1464:An Egyptiot woman 1408:Egyptian language 1353:Coptic Christians 1345:Benedictine Order 1278:Anthony the Great 1045:and as ⲣⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲕⲏⲙⲉ 1037:), is realized in 942:Egyptian language 847:"the Copts" with 680:Libyan population 617: 597: 581: 580: 262:rendering support 242: 241: 100:10 million (2019) 47:20 September 2024 26: 18:Coptic Christians 16:(Redirected from 8507: 8204:East–West Schism 8157:Malankara Church 8074:Byzantine Empire 8042:(circa 1261) in 8037: 7940: 7939: 7872: 7865: 7858: 7849: 7848: 7612: 7570:Eastern Catholic 7548: 7547: 7526: 7519: 7512: 7503: 7502: 7463: 7449: 7430:Meyendorff, John 7425: 7376: 7342: 7311: 7310: 7262: 7256: 7245: 7239: 7229: 7211: 7187: 7181: 7180: 7166: 7126: 7120: 7119: 7117: 7115: 7109: 7100: 7094: 7093: 7083: 7066:(7): 1940–1950. 7051: 7045: 7044: 7042: 7040: 7011: 7002: 6993: 6992: 6972: 6966: 6965: 6941: 6935: 6934: 6927: 6921: 6920: 6908: 6902: 6901: 6899: 6898: 6892:copticchurch.net 6884: 6878: 6877: 6857: 6851: 6850: 6839: 6833: 6832: 6830: 6828: 6802: 6796: 6795: 6790:. Archived from 6784: 6778: 6777: 6765: 6759: 6758: 6756: 6755: 6740: 6734: 6733: 6731: 6729: 6710: 6704: 6703: 6701: 6699: 6684: 6678: 6677: 6674:Egyptian Streets 6665: 6659: 6658: 6656: 6654: 6648:Hudson Institute 6639: 6633: 6632: 6630: 6629: 6623:Egyptian Streets 6614: 6608: 6607: 6605: 6604: 6589: 6583: 6569: 6563: 6549:Associated Press 6546: 6540: 6539: 6537: 6536: 6519: 6513: 6501:Shahine, Gihan. 6499: 6493: 6487: 6481: 6480: 6478: 6477: 6468:. Archived from 6462: 6456: 6443: 6437: 6423: 6417: 6404: 6398: 6386:ArabicNews.com. 6384: 6378: 6377: 6375: 6374: 6360: 6354: 6353:. March 5, 2008. 6344: 6338: 6337: 6335: 6333: 6324:. Archived from 6313: 6307: 6306: 6304: 6302: 6287: 6276: 6275: 6269: 6261: 6255: 6254: 6252: 6250: 6235: 6224: 6217: 6211: 6210: 6208: 6207: 6193: 6185: 6179: 6178: 6176: 6174: 6163: 6157: 6156: 6155:. July 30, 2001. 6145: 6139: 6138: 6123: 6117: 6103: 6097: 6096: 6085: 6079: 6078: 6064: 6058: 6047: 6041: 6031: 6025: 6024: 6002: 5996: 5995: 5990:. Archived from 5984: 5978: 5977: 5972:. Archived from 5966: 5960: 5959: 5954:. Archived from 5948: 5942: 5925: 5919: 5918: 5916: 5915: 5901: 5895: 5892:Catholic Outlook 5884: 5878: 5877: 5871: 5863: 5851: 5845: 5834: 5828: 5821: 5815: 5809: 5800: 5793: 5784: 5783: 5775: 5766: 5765: 5746:QScience Connect 5741: 5735: 5724: 5713: 5712: 5701: 5695: 5689: 5683: 5672: 5663: 5652: 5643: 5636: 5630: 5629: 5618: 5607: 5606: 5604: 5602: 5587: 5581: 5580: 5575: 5573: 5559: 5553: 5552: 5530: 5524: 5522: 5503: 5497: 5496: 5464: 5458: 5457: 5455: 5454: 5440: 5434: 5433: 5431: 5430: 5416: 5410: 5409: 5407: 5406: 5392: 5386: 5385: 5383: 5382: 5368: 5362: 5361: 5356:. Archived from 5350: 5344: 5343: 5342:on 7 April 2010. 5338:. Archived from 5332: 5326: 5325: 5322:Arabian Business 5314: 5308: 5307: 5275: 5269: 5268: 5246: 5240: 5239: 5221: 5215: 5214: 5212: 5210: 5204: 5197: 5189: 5183: 5182: 5147: 5141: 5140: 5122: 5113: 5112: 5092: 5086: 5085: 5080: 5070: 5064: 5060: 5054: 5053: 5032: 5026: 5025: 5007: 5001: 5000: 4978: 4972: 4971: 4948: 4942: 4941: 4921: 4915: 4908: 4902: 4901: 4886: 4880: 4879: 4871: 4865: 4864: 4862: 4860: 4837: 4831: 4828: 4822: 4821: 4811: 4803: 4797: 4791: 4785: 4779: 4773: 4736: 4730: 4723: 4717: 4714: 4708: 4701: 4695: 4694: 4686: 4680: 4679: 4671: 4665: 4658: 4652: 4651: 4640: 4634: 4628: 4622: 4620: 4600: 4594: 4589:<Online>. 4577: 4571: 4570: 4559: 4553: 4552: 4540: 4534: 4530: 4523: 4517: 4511: 4505: 4494: 4488: 4487: 4485: 4483: 4460: 4454: 4444: 4435: 4434: 4424: 4376: 4370: 4369: 4368: 4366: 4352: 4346: 4339: 4330: 4329: 4309: 4303: 4302: 4287: 4278: 4277: 4266: 4260: 4257: 4251: 4250: 4232: 4226: 4225: 4204: 4195: 4194: 4176: 4167: 4166: 4164: 4163: 4148: 4139: 4138: 4118: 4105: 4104: 4084: 4078: 4077: 4075: 4074: 4059: 4053: 4052: 4050: 4049: 4035: 4029: 4017: 4011: 4010: 3999: 3993: 3992: 3980: 3974: 3968: 3962: 3961: 3959: 3957: 3946: 3940: 3939: 3934: 3932: 3917: 3911: 3906: 3904: 3903: 3894:. Archived from 3887: 3881: 3880: 3873: 3867: 3866: 3865:. 16 March 2017. 3854: 3845: 3844: 3832: 3826: 3815: 3806: 3795: 3786: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3772:. Archived from 3761: 3752: 3742: 3711: 3710: 3707:"Copts in Egypt" 3703: 3697: 3696: 3695:. 10 April 2023. 3681: 3675: 3674: 3663: 3657: 3656: 3645: 3634: 3629:Noha Elhennawy, 3627: 3618: 3607: 3587: 3563: 3455: 3450: 3449: 3441: 3436: 3435: 3434: 3427: 3422: 3421: 3420: 3297:festival in 2009 3257:Northeast Africa 2941:forced marriages 2900:3 July 2013 coup 2873:Coptic Christmas 2770: 2763: 2756: 2649:Alexandria, 2011 2639:Saint Fana, 2008 2634:Alexandria, 2005 2575: 2574: 2551: 2550: 2347:Libyan civil war 2319:Associated Press 2066:In Ethiopia the 2002:non-Chalcedonian 1889:higher education 1865:white collar job 1735:Mamluk Sultanate 1704:In 641 AD, 1663:belonged to the 1523: 1461: 1449: 1383:Ptolemaic empire 1259:Biblical studies 1109: 1080: 1072: 1067:The Arabic word 1063: 1057: 1036: 990: 966: 939: 924: 923: 918: 892: 884: 872: 871: 867: 861: 860: 856: 846: 845: 841: 766:Arab Renaissance 758:Holy See of Rome 730:open persecution 711:Demotic Egyptian 650:, as well as in 622: 612: 610: 602: 596:romanized: 595: 593: 573: 566: 559: 545: 544: 299: 284: 273: 272: 250: 249: 84: 74: 68: 64: 21: 8515: 8514: 8510: 8509: 8508: 8506: 8505: 8504: 8415: 8414: 8413: 8408: 8372: 8303:Filioque clause 8276: 8235: 8162:Arab Christians 8084:Proto-orthodoxy 8046: 8038: 8025: 8007: 7976: 7934: 7927: 7881: 7876: 7846: 7841: 7837:Coptic calendar 7825: 7799:Writing systems 7794: 7790:Coptic language 7773: 7687: 7639: 7613: 7600: 7582: 7564: 7542: 7535: 7530: 7478: 7473: 7446: 7422: 7373: 7339: 7320: 7318:Further reading 7315: 7314: 7263: 7259: 7202:(8): e1006976. 7188: 7184: 7127: 7123: 7113: 7111: 7107: 7101: 7097: 7052: 7048: 7038: 7036: 7009: 7003: 6996: 6989: 6973: 6969: 6942: 6938: 6929: 6928: 6924: 6910: 6909: 6905: 6896: 6894: 6886: 6885: 6881: 6874: 6858: 6854: 6841: 6840: 6836: 6826: 6824: 6822: 6806:Allen, James P. 6803: 6799: 6786: 6785: 6781: 6766: 6762: 6753: 6751: 6742: 6741: 6737: 6727: 6725: 6712: 6711: 6707: 6697: 6695: 6686: 6685: 6681: 6666: 6662: 6652: 6650: 6640: 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5673: 5666: 5654:Jayson Casper, 5653: 5646: 5637: 5633: 5620: 5619: 5610: 5600: 5598: 5589: 5588: 5584: 5571: 5569: 5560: 5556: 5549: 5531: 5527: 5514:(1–3): 279–90, 5504: 5500: 5465: 5461: 5452: 5450: 5442: 5441: 5437: 5428: 5426: 5418: 5417: 5413: 5404: 5402: 5394: 5393: 5389: 5380: 5378: 5370: 5369: 5365: 5352: 5351: 5347: 5334: 5333: 5329: 5316: 5315: 5311: 5276: 5272: 5261: 5247: 5243: 5236: 5222: 5218: 5208: 5206: 5202: 5195: 5191: 5190: 5186: 5148: 5144: 5137: 5123: 5116: 5109: 5093: 5089: 5078: 5072: 5071: 5067: 5061: 5057: 5047: 5033: 5029: 5022: 5008: 5004: 4997: 4979: 4975: 4968: 4949: 4945: 4938: 4922: 4918: 4909: 4905: 4890:Lapidus, Ira M. 4887: 4883: 4872: 4868: 4858: 4856: 4854: 4838: 4834: 4829: 4825: 4814:Foreign Affairs 4804: 4800: 4793:Chronicles, by 4792: 4788: 4780: 4776: 4737: 4733: 4729:129 (4): 529-43 4724: 4720: 4715: 4711: 4703:Walker, Susan, 4702: 4698: 4687: 4683: 4672: 4668: 4659: 4655: 4642: 4641: 4637: 4629: 4625: 4617: 4601: 4597: 4587:Wayback Machine 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3466:Greek mythology 3451: 3444: 3437: 3432: 3430: 3423: 3418: 3416: 3413: 3287: 3281: 3279:Prominent Copts 3259:. Known as the 3237:lineage (15%). 3210: 3160:Julian Calendar 3147: 3141: 3129:Julian calendar 3089:Coptic calendar 3085: 3083:Coptic calendar 3079: 2990:Egyptian Arabic 2982:Coptic language 2970: 2964:Coptic language 2962:Main articles: 2960: 2851:governorate of 2812:. In May 2010, 2774: 2743: 2721:Mohammed Hegazy 2717: 2572: 2562: 2549: 2541:Main articles: 2539: 2523:1952 revolution 2434:Coptic American 2428:, was built in 2394:Coptic diaspora 2389:Greater Houston 2385:Bellaire, Texas 2377: 2375:Coptic diaspora 2371: 2355:Ansar al-Sharia 2303: 2289: 2268:Roman Catholics 2227:After the 2018 2095: 2089: 2083: 2064: 2058: 2042:Bishop Tawadros 2015:Roman Catholics 1986: 1965: 1963:Coptic identity 1959: 1953: 1904:medical doctors 1853: 1787:Armenian millet 1775: 1769: 1763: 1687: 1681: 1645:Jacob Baradaeus 1617: 1553: 1543: 1541: 1539: 1537: 1535: 1533: 1529: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1491: 1485:Coptic language 1469: 1468: 1467: 1466: 1465: 1462: 1454: 1453: 1450: 1371: 1365: 1349:Saint Pachomius 1309:Caesarea Mazaca 1231: 1150: 1132:Coptic icon of 1126: 1118:Main articles: 1116: 1039:Fayyumic Coptic 958:Middle Egyptian 953: 946:Mycenaean Greek 897:word ⲁⲓⲅⲩⲡⲧⲓⲟⲛ 830:Coptus, Cophtus 819: 813: 707:Coptic language 577: 539: 304: 303: 302: 301: 300: 282: 271: 270: 269: 260:Without proper 251: 247: 235: 218: 214:Literary Arabic 204:Egyptian Arabic 87: 86:Coptic diaspora 75: 72: 63: 60: 55: 54: 53: 52: 51: 50: 34: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8513: 8503: 8502: 8497: 8492: 8487: 8482: 8477: 8472: 8467: 8462: 8457: 8452: 8447: 8442: 8437: 8432: 8427: 8410: 8409: 8407: 8406: 8401: 8396: 8391: 8389:Divine Liturgy 8386: 8380: 8378: 8374: 8373: 8371: 8370: 8365: 8360: 8355: 8350: 8345: 8340: 8335: 8330: 8325: 8320: 8315: 8310: 8305: 8300: 8295: 8290: 8284: 8282: 8278: 8277: 8275: 8274: 8269: 8264: 8259: 8254: 8249: 8243: 8241: 8237: 8236: 8234: 8233: 8232: 8231: 8230: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8211: 8206: 8196: 8191: 8186: 8181: 8180: 8179: 8174: 8169: 8159: 8150: 8149: 8148: 8138: 8137: 8136: 8131: 8126: 8116: 8115: 8114: 8109: 8104: 8099: 8091: 8086: 8081: 8076: 8067: 8062: 8056: 8054: 8048: 8047: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8026: 8024: 8023: 8017: 8015: 8009: 8008: 8006: 8005: 8000: 7995: 7990: 7984: 7982: 7978: 7977: 7975: 7974: 7969: 7964: 7959: 7954: 7948: 7946: 7937: 7929: 7928: 7904:Eastern Europe 7886: 7883: 7882: 7875: 7874: 7867: 7860: 7852: 7843: 7842: 7840: 7839: 7833: 7831: 7827: 7826: 7824: 7823: 7818: 7813: 7808: 7802: 7800: 7796: 7795: 7793: 7792: 7787: 7781: 7779: 7775: 7774: 7772: 7771: 7766: 7761: 7756: 7751: 7746: 7741: 7736: 7731: 7726: 7721: 7716: 7711: 7706: 7701: 7695: 7693: 7689: 7688: 7686: 7685: 7680: 7675: 7670: 7665: 7660: 7655: 7649: 7647: 7641: 7640: 7638: 7637: 7632: 7627: 7621: 7619: 7615: 7614: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7601: 7599: 7598: 7592: 7590: 7584: 7583: 7581: 7580: 7574: 7572: 7566: 7565: 7563: 7562: 7556: 7554: 7545: 7537: 7536: 7529: 7528: 7521: 7514: 7506: 7500: 7499: 7494: 7489: 7484: 7477: 7476:External links 7474: 7472: 7471: 7464: 7450: 7444: 7426: 7420: 7405: 7398: 7391: 7384: 7377: 7371: 7353: 7343: 7337: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7313: 7312: 7257: 7182: 7121: 7095: 7046: 7020:(3): 316–323. 6994: 6987: 6967: 6936: 6922: 6916:, 3 May 2024, 6903: 6879: 6872: 6852: 6834: 6820: 6797: 6794:on 2012-04-19. 6779: 6760: 6735: 6705: 6692:15 August 2013 6679: 6660: 6634: 6609: 6584: 6564: 6541: 6514: 6494: 6482: 6457: 6438: 6418: 6399: 6379: 6355: 6339: 6316:Vinton, Kate. 6308: 6277: 6256: 6225: 6212: 6180: 6158: 6140: 6118: 6098: 6080: 6059: 6042: 6026: 5997: 5979: 5961: 5943: 5920: 5896: 5886:Mary Brazell, 5879: 5846: 5829: 5823:Steven Viney, 5816: 5801: 5785: 5767: 5736: 5734:(May 9, 2019). 5714: 5696: 5692:Copts in Sudan 5684: 5664: 5662:(May 2, 2023). 5644: 5631: 5608: 5582: 5554: 5547: 5525: 5498: 5459: 5448:www.forbes.com 5435: 5424:www.forbes.com 5411: 5400:www.forbes.com 5387: 5376:www.forbes.com 5363: 5345: 5327: 5309: 5270: 5259: 5241: 5234: 5216: 5184: 5142: 5135: 5114: 5107: 5087: 5065: 5055: 5045: 5027: 5020: 5002: 4995: 4973: 4966: 4943: 4936: 4916: 4903: 4881: 4866: 4852: 4832: 4823: 4798: 4786: 4774: 4731: 4718: 4709: 4696: 4681: 4666: 4653: 4644:"Circumcision" 4635: 4623: 4615: 4595: 4572: 4554: 4535: 4518: 4506: 4489: 4475: 4455: 4436: 4371: 4360:britannica.com 4347: 4331: 4324: 4304: 4279: 4261: 4252: 4245: 4227: 4217: 4196: 4189: 4168: 4140: 4133: 4106: 4099: 4079: 4054: 4030: 4012: 3994: 3975: 3963: 3952:. 12 July 2015 3941: 3912: 3882: 3868: 3846: 3827: 3807: 3787: 3753: 3712: 3698: 3676: 3658: 3635: 3619: 3598: 3597: 3595: 3592: 3589: 3588: 3557: 3556: 3554: 3551: 3549: 3548: 3543: 3538: 3533: 3528: 3523: 3518: 3513: 3508: 3503: 3498: 3493: 3488: 3483: 3478: 3473: 3468: 3458: 3457: 3456: 3442: 3428: 3412: 3409: 3408: 3407: 3401: 3395: 3381: 3374:Naguib Sawiris 3371: 3365: 3359: 3349: 3339: 3336:United Nations 3325: 3319: 3283:Main article: 3280: 3277: 3209: 3206: 3140: 3137: 3113:epagomenal day 3081:Main article: 3078: 3075: 3074: 3073: 3068: 3063: 3057: 3052: 3042: 3039:Upper Egyptian 2959: 2956: 2861:Nassef Sawiris 2857:Naguib Sawiris 2849:Upper Egyptian 2776: 2775: 2773: 2772: 2765: 2758: 2750: 2747: 2746: 2745: 2744: 2742: 2741: 2739:Zakaria Botros 2736: 2730: 2728: 2726:Bahaa el-Akkad 2723: 2718: 2716: 2715: 2710: 2704: 2699: 2698: 2694: 2693: 2692: 2691: 2686: 2681: 2676: 2671: 2666: 2661: 2656: 2651: 2646: 2641: 2636: 2631: 2623: 2622: 2618: 2617: 2616: 2615: 2610: 2608:Crime in Egypt 2605: 2600: 2595: 2590: 2582: 2581: 2577: 2576: 2568: 2567: 2556: 2555: 2538: 2535: 2447:, many in the 2441:Canadian Copts 2424:, also called 2411:Copts in Libya 2409:), and Libya ( 2407:Copts in Sudan 2403:Copts in Egypt 2373:Main article: 2370: 2367: 2288: 2285: 2211:Friday prayers 2184:Sadiq al-Mahdi 2171:Gaafar Nimeiry 2161:militant Islam 2087:Copts in Sudan 2085:Main article: 2082: 2079: 2060:Main article: 2057: 2054: 1985: 1984:Church affairs 1982: 1955:Main article: 1952: 1949: 1939:index, due to 1921:that owns the 1919:Sawiris family 1873:Egyptian banks 1852: 1849: 1767:Copts in Egypt 1765:Main article: 1762: 1759: 1739:Ottoman Empire 1695:Hanging Church 1683:Main article: 1680: 1677: 1616: 1613: 1552: 1549: 1463: 1456: 1455: 1451: 1444: 1443: 1442: 1441: 1440: 1364: 1361: 1355:practice male 1307:Archbishop of 1301:Desert Fathers 1282:Paul of Thebes 1230: 1227: 1223:Church in Rome 1183:Gospel of John 1149: 1146: 1115: 1112: 988:ḫi-ku-up-ta-aḫ 951: 905:) or ⲕⲩⲡⲧⲁⲓⲟⲛ 812: 809: 748:. The smaller 715:late antiquity 676:Copts in Libya 668:Copts in Sudan 630:indigenous to 579: 578: 576: 575: 568: 561: 553: 550: 549: 536: 535: 534: 533: 532: 531: 521: 516: 508: 507: 503: 502: 501: 500: 495: 490: 485: 480: 475: 470: 460: 450: 440: 435: 430: 422: 421: 417: 416: 415: 414: 412:Writing system 409: 404: 399: 394: 389: 384: 379: 378: 377: 372: 364: 359: 354: 349: 344: 339: 334: 329: 324: 319: 311: 310: 306: 305: 294: 293: 292: 291: 290: 287: 286: 278: 277: 264:, you may see 252: 245: 244: 243: 240: 239: 229: 228: 224: 223: 217: 216: 211: 206: 200: 197: 196: 192: 191: 188: 184: 183: 180: 176: 175: 172: 171:United Kingdom 168: 167: 164: 160: 159: 156: 152: 151: 148: 144: 143: 140: 136: 135: 134:500,000 (2018) 132: 128: 127: 124: 118: 117: 114: 110: 109: 106: 102: 101: 98: 94: 93: 89: 88: 85: 77: 76: 61: 58: 36: 30: 27: 25: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8512: 8501: 8498: 8496: 8493: 8491: 8488: 8486: 8483: 8481: 8478: 8476: 8473: 8471: 8468: 8466: 8463: 8461: 8458: 8456: 8453: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8443: 8441: 8438: 8436: 8433: 8431: 8428: 8426: 8423: 8422: 8420: 8405: 8402: 8400: 8397: 8395: 8392: 8390: 8387: 8385: 8382: 8381: 8379: 8375: 8369: 8366: 8364: 8361: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8306: 8304: 8301: 8299: 8296: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8286: 8285: 8283: 8279: 8273: 8270: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8257:New Testament 8255: 8253: 8252:Old Testament 8250: 8248: 8245: 8244: 8242: 8238: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8214: 8212: 8210: 8207: 8205: 8202: 8201: 8200: 8197: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8165: 8164: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8154: 8151: 8147: 8144: 8143: 8142: 8139: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8121: 8120: 8117: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8095: 8094: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8057: 8055: 8053: 8049: 8045: 8041: 8036: 8022: 8019: 8018: 8016: 8014: 8013:Protestantism 8010: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7988:Old Believers 7986: 7985: 7983: 7979: 7973: 7970: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7949: 7947: 7945: 7941: 7938: 7936: 7930: 7925: 7921: 7917: 7913: 7909: 7905: 7901: 7897: 7893: 7889: 7888:Cultural area 7884: 7880: 7873: 7868: 7866: 7861: 7859: 7854: 7853: 7850: 7838: 7835: 7834: 7832: 7828: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7803: 7801: 7797: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7782: 7780: 7776: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7747: 7745: 7742: 7740: 7737: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7696: 7694: 7690: 7684: 7683:South America 7681: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7663:United States 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7650: 7648: 7646: 7642: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7622: 7620: 7616: 7611: 7597: 7594: 7593: 7591: 7589: 7585: 7579: 7576: 7575: 7573: 7571: 7567: 7561: 7558: 7557: 7555: 7553: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7543:denominations 7538: 7534: 7527: 7522: 7520: 7515: 7513: 7508: 7507: 7504: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7480: 7479: 7469: 7465: 7461: 7460: 7455: 7451: 7447: 7445:9780881410556 7441: 7437: 7436: 7431: 7427: 7423: 7421:9783857100406 7417: 7413: 7412: 7406: 7403: 7399: 7396: 7393:Kamil, Jill. 7392: 7389: 7385: 7382: 7378: 7374: 7372:9781889758879 7368: 7364: 7363: 7358: 7354: 7352: 7348: 7344: 7340: 7338:9780804207966 7334: 7330: 7329: 7323: 7322: 7308: 7304: 7300: 7296: 7292: 7288: 7284: 7280: 7276: 7272: 7268: 7261: 7255: 7253: 7249: 7244: 7237: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7219: 7215: 7210: 7205: 7201: 7197: 7196:PLOS Genetics 7193: 7186: 7179: 7174: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7156: 7152: 7148: 7144: 7140: 7136: 7132: 7125: 7106: 7099: 7091: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7073: 7069: 7065: 7061: 7057: 7050: 7035: 7031: 7027: 7023: 7019: 7015: 7008: 7001: 6999: 6990: 6984: 6981:. Routledge. 6980: 6979: 6971: 6963: 6959: 6955: 6951: 6947: 6940: 6932: 6926: 6919: 6915: 6914: 6907: 6893: 6889: 6883: 6875: 6869: 6865: 6864: 6856: 6848: 6844: 6838: 6823: 6817: 6813: 6812: 6807: 6801: 6793: 6789: 6783: 6775: 6771: 6764: 6749: 6745: 6739: 6723: 6719: 6715: 6709: 6693: 6689: 6683: 6675: 6671: 6664: 6649: 6645: 6638: 6624: 6620: 6613: 6599: 6595: 6588: 6581: 6577: 6574: 6568: 6562:. 2008-02-09. 6561: 6557: 6554: 6550: 6545: 6531: 6530: 6525: 6518: 6511: 6507: 6504: 6498: 6491: 6486: 6472:on 2007-09-12 6471: 6467: 6461: 6454: 6450: 6447: 6442: 6435: 6431: 6428: 6422: 6416: 6415:archive.today 6412: 6409: 6403: 6396: 6392: 6389: 6383: 6369: 6365: 6359: 6352: 6348: 6343: 6327: 6323: 6319: 6312: 6297: 6293: 6286: 6284: 6282: 6273: 6266: 6260: 6245: 6241: 6234: 6232: 6230: 6222: 6216: 6201: 6197: 6196:The Telegraph 6192: 6184: 6168: 6162: 6154: 6150: 6144: 6136: 6132: 6128: 6122: 6115: 6111: 6108: 6102: 6094: 6093:parshan.co.il 6090: 6084: 6076: 6075: 6074:SWI swissinfo 6070: 6063: 6056: 6052: 6046: 6039: 6035: 6030: 6022: 6018: 6014: 6013: 6007: 6001: 5993: 5989: 5983: 5975: 5971: 5965: 5957: 5953: 5947: 5941: 5937: 5933: 5930: 5924: 5910: 5906: 5900: 5893: 5889: 5883: 5875: 5869: 5862:. p. 78. 5861: 5857: 5850: 5843: 5839: 5833: 5826: 5820: 5813: 5808: 5806: 5798: 5792: 5790: 5781: 5774: 5772: 5763: 5759: 5755: 5751: 5747: 5740: 5733: 5729: 5723: 5721: 5719: 5711: 5707: 5700: 5693: 5688: 5681: 5677: 5671: 5669: 5661: 5657: 5651: 5649: 5641: 5635: 5627: 5623: 5617: 5615: 5613: 5596: 5592: 5586: 5579: 5567: 5566: 5558: 5550: 5548:9780520240698 5544: 5540: 5536: 5529: 5521: 5517: 5513: 5509: 5502: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5463: 5449: 5445: 5439: 5425: 5421: 5415: 5401: 5397: 5391: 5377: 5373: 5367: 5359: 5355: 5349: 5341: 5337: 5331: 5323: 5319: 5313: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5274: 5267: 5262: 5260:9781134666843 5256: 5252: 5245: 5237: 5235:9781137566133 5231: 5227: 5220: 5201: 5194: 5188: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5146: 5138: 5132: 5128: 5121: 5119: 5110: 5104: 5100: 5099: 5091: 5084: 5077: 5076: 5069: 5059: 5052: 5048: 5046:9789774160936 5042: 5038: 5031: 5023: 5021:9780805440737 5017: 5013: 5006: 4998: 4996:9789004252783 4992: 4988: 4984: 4977: 4969: 4963: 4959: 4958: 4953: 4952:Marina Rustow 4947: 4939: 4933: 4929: 4928: 4920: 4913: 4907: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4885: 4877: 4870: 4855: 4849: 4845: 4844: 4836: 4827: 4819: 4815: 4810: 4802: 4796: 4795:John of Nikiû 4790: 4784: 4778: 4771: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4749: 4748:0-321-01618-1 4745: 4741: 4735: 4728: 4722: 4713: 4706: 4700: 4692: 4685: 4677: 4670: 4663: 4657: 4649: 4645: 4639: 4632: 4627: 4618: 4612: 4608: 4607: 4599: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4581: 4580:NLG Solutions 4576: 4568: 4564: 4558: 4550: 4546: 4539: 4532: 4529: 4522: 4515: 4510: 4503: 4499: 4493: 4478: 4472: 4468: 4467: 4459: 4453: 4449: 4443: 4441: 4432: 4428: 4423: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4375: 4361: 4357: 4351: 4344: 4338: 4336: 4327: 4321: 4317: 4316: 4308: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4286: 4284: 4275: 4271: 4265: 4256: 4248: 4246:9789774160936 4242: 4238: 4231: 4224: 4220: 4218:9789774160936 4214: 4210: 4203: 4201: 4192: 4190:9789774160936 4186: 4182: 4175: 4173: 4158: 4154: 4147: 4145: 4136: 4130: 4126: 4125: 4117: 4115: 4113: 4111: 4102: 4100:9781611177855 4096: 4092: 4091: 4083: 4069: 4065: 4058: 4044: 4040: 4034: 4028: 4024: 4021: 4016: 4009: 4004: 3998: 3991: 3987: 3986: 3979: 3972: 3967: 3951: 3945: 3938: 3927: 3923: 3916: 3910: 3898:on 2009-01-21 3897: 3893: 3886: 3878: 3872: 3864: 3860: 3853: 3851: 3842: 3838: 3831: 3824: 3820: 3814: 3812: 3805:(March 2018). 3804: 3800: 3794: 3792: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3760: 3758: 3750: 3746: 3741: 3739: 3737: 3735: 3733: 3731: 3729: 3727: 3725: 3723: 3721: 3719: 3717: 3708: 3702: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3680: 3672: 3668: 3662: 3654: 3650: 3644: 3642: 3640: 3632: 3626: 3624: 3616: 3612: 3606: 3604: 3599: 3584: 3580: 3579: 3573: 3568: 3565:In 2017, the 3562: 3558: 3547: 3544: 3542: 3539: 3537: 3534: 3532: 3529: 3527: 3524: 3522: 3519: 3517: 3514: 3512: 3509: 3507: 3506:Coptic Museum 3504: 3502: 3499: 3497: 3494: 3492: 3489: 3487: 3484: 3482: 3479: 3477: 3474: 3472: 3469: 3467: 3463: 3460: 3459: 3454: 3448: 3443: 3440: 3429: 3426: 3415: 3405: 3402: 3399: 3396: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3384:Samih Sawiris 3382: 3379: 3375: 3372: 3369: 3368:Fayez Sarofim 3366: 3363: 3360: 3357: 3353: 3350: 3347: 3343: 3340: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3326: 3323: 3322:Halim El-Dabh 3320: 3317: 3314: 3313: 3312: 3307: 3303: 3296: 3291: 3286: 3285:List of Copts 3276: 3272: 3268: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3253: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3238: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3205: 3202: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3187: 3185: 3181: 3180:Anno Martyrum 3177: 3173: 3169: 3166:The Feast of 3164: 3161: 3151: 3146: 3136: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3084: 3072: 3069: 3067: 3064: 3061: 3058: 3056: 3053: 3050: 3046: 3043: 3040: 3036: 3033: 3032: 3031: 3024: 3020: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3005: 3003: 2999: 2998:Sa'idi Arabic 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2974: 2969: 2965: 2955: 2953: 2948: 2944: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2928: 2924: 2921: 2917: 2916: 2911: 2909: 2908:Sunni Muslims 2905: 2901: 2896: 2894: 2890: 2885: 2881: 2876: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2865:Samih Sawiris 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2820: 2819:Marsa Matrouh 2815: 2811: 2807: 2802: 2798: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2782: 2771: 2766: 2764: 2759: 2757: 2752: 2751: 2749: 2748: 2740: 2737: 2735: 2732: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2724: 2722: 2719: 2714: 2713:Master Malati 2711: 2709: 2708:Sidhom Bishay 2706: 2705: 2703: 2702: 2701: 2700: 2696: 2695: 2690: 2687: 2685: 2682: 2680: 2677: 2675: 2672: 2670: 2669:Abbasia, 2016 2667: 2665: 2662: 2660: 2659:Maspero, 2011 2657: 2655: 2652: 2650: 2647: 2645: 2642: 2640: 2637: 2635: 2632: 2630: 2627: 2626: 2625: 2624: 2620: 2619: 2614: 2611: 2609: 2606: 2604: 2601: 2599: 2596: 2594: 2591: 2589: 2586: 2585: 2584: 2583: 2579: 2578: 2570: 2569: 2566: 2561: 2558: 2557: 2553: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2534: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2495: 2490: 2486: 2484: 2479: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2452: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2437: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2418:North America 2414: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2396: 2395: 2390: 2386: 2381: 2376: 2366: 2364: 2363:Islamic State 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2343: 2339: 2334: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2311: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2284: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2260: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2225: 2223: 2218: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2198: 2196: 2192: 2191:Sudan Airways 2187: 2185: 2181: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2166: 2162: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2144: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2104: 2099: 2094: 2088: 2078: 2076: 2073: 2069: 2063: 2053: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2034: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2003: 1995: 1990: 1981: 1979: 1974: 1970: 1964: 1958: 1948: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1929: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1911: 1909: 1906:, 60% of the 1905: 1901: 1897: 1892: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1851:Socioeconomic 1848: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1828: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1817:Salama Moussa 1814: 1813:Coptic Museum 1809: 1807: 1806:Isma'il Pasha 1803: 1802:Pope Cyril IV 1799: 1795: 1790: 1788: 1779: 1774: 1768: 1758: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1700: 1696: 1691: 1686: 1676: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1629:Chalcedonians 1626: 1622: 1612: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1575:, along with 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1547: 1544: 1530: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1488: 1486: 1482: 1481:Coptic Church 1478: 1477:Lord's Prayer 1473: 1460: 1448: 1438: 1433: 1428: 1427: 1422: 1420: 1419:Coptic Church 1415: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1400: 1398: 1393: 1391: 1384: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1369:Coptic Greeks 1363:Coptic Greeks 1360: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1297: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1266: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1226: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1195:New Testament 1192: 1189:and found in 1188: 1185:, written in 1184: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1145: 1142: 1135: 1130: 1125: 1121: 1111: 1108: 1103: 1098: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1076: 1071: 1065: 1062: 1056: 1055: 1048: 1044: 1041:as ⲗⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲕⲏⲙⲉ 1040: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1019: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1004: 1002: 998: 994: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 970: 965: 964: 959: 955: 947: 943: 935: 934:Ancient Greek 931: 926: 917: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 890: 882: 876: 866: 855: 850: 840: 835: 831: 828: 824: 818: 817:Name of Egypt 808: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 785: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 718: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 683: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 626: 621: 615: 606: 601: 589: 585: 574: 569: 567: 562: 560: 555: 554: 552: 551: 548: 543: 538: 537: 530: 527: 526: 525: 524:Protestantism 522: 520: 517: 515: 512: 511: 510: 509: 506:Denominations 505: 504: 499: 496: 494: 493:South America 491: 489: 488:North America 486: 484: 481: 479: 476: 474: 471: 468: 464: 461: 458: 454: 451: 448: 444: 443:United States 441: 439: 436: 434: 431: 429: 426: 425: 424: 423: 419: 418: 413: 410: 408: 405: 403: 400: 398: 395: 393: 390: 388: 385: 383: 380: 376: 373: 371: 368: 367: 365: 363: 360: 358: 355: 353: 350: 348: 345: 343: 340: 338: 335: 333: 330: 328: 325: 323: 320: 318: 315: 314: 313: 312: 308: 307: 298: 289: 288: 285: 280: 279: 275: 274: 267: 263: 259: 257: 238: 234: 230: 225: 221: 215: 212: 210: 209:Saʽidi Arabic 207: 205: 202: 201: 198: 193: 189: 185: 181: 177: 173: 169: 165: 161: 158:45,000 (2017) 157: 153: 150:75,000 (2003) 149: 145: 142:50,000 (2017) 141: 137: 133: 131:United States 129: 125: 123: 119: 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 95: 90: 83: 78: 69: 48: 44: 40: 33: 28: 19: 8318:Nestorianism 8313:Dyophysitism 8308:Miaphysitism 8298:Apophaticism 8262:Deuterocanon 8107:Paulicianism 8097:Nestorianism 8078: 8070:Roman Empire 8044:Hagia Sophia 8039: 7724:Encyclopedia 7699:Architecture 7532: 7492:Coptic Cairo 7467: 7458: 7434: 7410: 7401: 7394: 7387: 7380: 7361: 7346: 7327: 7274: 7270: 7260: 7240: 7199: 7195: 7185: 7176: 7138: 7134: 7124: 7112:. 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