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Christian scripture. But with
Terohaute stronger than them and armed, there was nothing John Hepburn and Richardson could do for the next three days, as Terohaute refused to let them out of his sight and became more and more aggressive, repeatedly asking to know if they thought he had murdered Hood. Finally, on 23 October, Terohaute left them for a short time on the pretenses of gathering lichen. Richardson took the opportunity to load his pistol, and on Terohaute's return, shot him dead. They discovered that Terohaute had, in fact, not collected any lichen at all but actually had prepared a rifle; seemingly it was to be used on the two not long after rejoining them.
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dried meat. With the lateness of the season the latter point was crucial because
Franklin now feared that if, as seemed likely, he failed to reach Repulse Bay, the sea would freeze and prevent him returning to the mouth of the Coppermine River. If so, he would be forced to make a direct return across the Barren Lands, where he and his men would be dependent on whatever food they could forage. There was therefore a real risk that they would be close to starvation by the time they reached Fort Enterprise. Franklin frequently reiterated that well-stocked huts were crucial to their survival.
386:, the leader of the local Yellowknives (or Copper Dene) First Nation who had been recruited by the North West Company as guides and hunters for Franklin's men. Akaitcho, described as a man "of great penetration and shrewdness" understood the concept of the Northwest Passage, and patiently listened as Franklin explained that its use would bring wealth to his people. Apparently realising that Franklin was exaggerating the benefits, he asked a question which Franklin was unable to answer: why, if the Northwest Passage was so crucial to trade, had it not been discovered already?
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wide in places, and attempts to find a spot where it could be forded proved futile. The voyageurs, according to
Richardson, "bitterly execrated their folly in breaking the canoe" and became "careless and disobedient... ceased to dread punishment or hope for reward." One of them, Juninus, slipped away, perhaps hoping to reach safety by himself, and never returned. Richardson himself risked his life trying to swim across the river with a line tied around his waist, but losing the feeling in his limbs he sank to the riverbed and had to be hauled back.
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680:. Finally, on 7 November, help arrived with the arrival of three of Akaitcho's men, with whom Backâwho had also lost a man (Gabriel Beauparlant) to starvationâhad finally managed to make contact. They brought food, caught fish for the survivors, and treated them "with the same tenderness they would have bestowed on their own infants." After building up their strength for a week, they left Fort Enterprise on 15 November, arriving at Fort Providence on 11 December.
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727:, Tea is indispensable, and with the utmost exertion he cannot walk above Eight miles in one day, so that it does not follow if those Gentlemen are unsuccessful that the difficulties are insurmountable." However, it should be kept in mind that many of the fur traders resented having had to assist Franklin in the first place, and Simpson in particular was angry with what he saw as Franklin's support for the rival North West Company in their trade war.
463:. The Arctic Ocean was finally sighted on 14 July, shortly before the expedition encountered its first Inuit camp. The Inuit fled, and Franklin's men never had the opportunity to make further contact or trade for supplies as he had hoped. The abandoned camp gave a further indication of the scarcity of food in the area; the stocks of dried salmon were rotting and maggot-infested, and the drying meat consisted mainly of small birds and mice.
318:, to begin the 1,700 miles (2,700 km) trek to Great Slave Lake. They immediately encountered the first of the supply problems which were to plague the expedition. Much of the assistance offered by the Hudson's Bay Company and the North West Company failed to materialise; the companies had spent the preceding years in a state of virtual war and cooperation between them was virtually nonexistent â they had few resources to spare.
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restored an uneasy truce. The discord was not confined to the voyageurs; Back and Hood had fallen out over their rivalry for the affections of a
Yellowknives girl nicknamed Greenstockings, and would have fought a duel with pistols over her had John Hepburn not removed the gunpowder from their weapons. The situation was defused when Back was dispatched south. Hood subsequently fathered a child with Greenstockings.
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the fort had been abandoned; he had believed that the white men's expedition was the height of folly, and that they would not return to Fort
Enterprise alive. In spite of this, Franklin refused to blame Akaitcho, who had shown him much kindness during the rescue and because of the ongoing dispute between the fur companies, had not received the payment he had been promised.
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be following. Whatever doubts the officers may have had about his story gave way to gratitude when he presented them with meat, which he said had come from a hare and partridge he had managed to kill on the way. Two days later he went hunting and brought back meat he said came from a wolf he had found. The
Britons were delighted, and eagerly devoured the meat.
534:, and the next day arrived at the Contwoyto River. Their disastrous attempts to cross it resulted in the canoes capsizing several times, stranding one of the voyageurs in waist-deep rapids for several minutes. It took four attempts to rescue him. During the incident Franklin had also lost his journals and all of the expedition's meteorological observations.
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starvation, Back was sent back to Fort
Providence to browbeat the companies into action. After a 1,200 miles (1,900 km) journey on snowshoes, often with no shelter beyond blankets and a deerskin in temperatures as low as â67 °F (â55 °C), Back returned having secured enough supplies to meet the expedition's immediate needs.
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local Inuit to allow him to return directly to York
Factory by way of Hudson Bay. However, if Parry failed to appear, or he was unable to reach Repulse Bay he would either retrace his outward route or, if it seemed better, return directly to Fort Enterprise across the uncharted Barren Lands to the east of the Coppermine River.
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Terohaute's explanation was that Hood had been cleaning his gun and that it had gone off, shooting him through the head. The claim was self-evidently absurd; the rifle was too long for a man to shoot himself with, moreover Hood had been shot in the back of the head, apparently while reading a book on
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Franklin's party reached Fort
Enterprise on 12 October, two days after Back. They found it deserted and unstocked. The promised supplies of dried meat had not appeared, and there was nothing to eat except bones from the previous winter, a few rotting skins which had been used as bedding, and a little
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The party's jubilation at having reached the river quickly turned to despair when it became obvious it would be impossible to cross the river to reach Fort
Enterpriseâwithout boats. Franklin estimated it lay 40 miles (64 km) away on the far bank. The fast-flowing river was 120 yards (110 m)
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Their going across the Barren Lands was extremely arduous; the ground was a treacherous expanse of sharp rocks that cut their boots and feet, and was a constant threat to more serious injury. Richardson remarked "if anyone had broken a limb here his fate would have been melancholy indeed, as we could
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The journey down the Coppermine River took far longer than planned, and Franklin quickly lost faith in his First Nations guides, who in fact knew the area little better than he did, and assured him that the sea was close, then far, then close again. The ice on the rivers and lakes was still firm, and
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The winter of 1820â21 passed, and Franklin set out again on 4 June 1821. His plans for the coming summer were vague; he had decided to explore east from the mouth of the Coppermine in the hope of either meeting William Edward Parry or reaching Repulse Bay, where he might obtain adequate supplies from
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The advance party arrived at Fort Chipewyan in late March, having covered 857 miles (1,379 km) in six weeks. Once there, Franklin found equipping his expedition far more difficult than had been anticipated. The harsh winter meant that food was barely available, and he had to make do with a vague
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The following January, Franklin, Back and Hepburn formed an advance party to head through the pine forests to Fort Chipewyan, to hire voyageurs and arrange supplies for the next leg of the expedition. Led by Canadian guides, the Britons, who had no experience of the harsh winters of the region, found
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More serious than the ambiguity of the instructions was the fact that the expedition was organised with an extremely limited budget. John Franklin was to take only a minimum of naval personnel, and would be reliant on outside help for much of the journey. Manual assistance was meant to be provided by
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to the Arctic in 1825. With a party which included Richardson and Back, he journeyed down the Mackenzie River to map a further section of the coast of North America. This time the expedition was better organised, with less reliance on outside help, and all the major objectives were met. After stints
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Simpson, and other fur traders who knew the terrain, were scathing in their descriptions of the expedition's poor planning and assessment of Franklin's competence. His reluctance to deviate from his original plan, even when it became obvious that supplies and game would be too scarce to complete the
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A voyageur, Joseph Benoit, and an Inuit interpreter, Tannannoeuck ("Augustus") set off downriver in the hope of meeting a Copper Dene band under Chief Akaitcho, who had been helping the expedition throughout. The rest of the group remained, too weak to go any further. Two of the voyageurs, François
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canoes with enough food for fourteen days. Their progress was impeded by storms which frequently damaged the canoes. Attempts to supplement their rations by hunting were so unsuccessful that Franklin suspected the voyageurs of deliberately failing to find game, in order to compel him to turn around.
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At the mouth of the Coppermine, Wentzel, with four voyageurs and at least three Copper Dene, returned south, as planned. Akaitcho's band, having fulfilled their obligations to conduct the expedition to the "Frozen Ocean", dispersed for their summer hunting and fishing. Franklin set off east in three
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and Jean Baptiste Adam, rebelled. Franklin's threats were ineffective; St. Germain and Adam insisting that as continuing into the wilderness would mean certain death, the threat of execution for mutiny was laughable. Negotiation by Willard Wentzel, the North West Company's representative, eventually
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which Akaitcho had chosen as their winter quarters. Food quickly ran short and the voyageurs began to lose faith in their leader; Franklin's threats of severe punishment prevented a mutiny in the short term, but eroded the remaining goodwill felt by the men. The encampment, which Franklin named Fort
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The best voyageurs were preoccupied with the conflict between the two fur trading companies, or unwilling to risk a journey into unknown terrain, far outside their normal range and with uncertain supplies. Eventually, Franklin was able to recruit a team of 16 voyageurs, but most of the men fell
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Oddly enough, it was the sufferings that Sir John and his men had to go through which attracted me most in his narrative. A strange urge made me wish that I too one day would go through the same thing. Perhaps it was the idealism of youth, which often takes the form of martyrdom, that got me to see
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By almost any objective standard, the expedition had been a disaster. Franklin had travelled 5,500 miles (8,900 km) and lost 11 of his 19 men, only to map a small portion of coastline. He got nowhere near his goal of Repulse Bay or to meeting up with William Edward Parry's ships. When the
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Richardson and Hepburn struggled on to Fort Enterprise and were appalled by the scene when they arrived on 29 October 1821. Of the four men who remained, only Peltier was strong enough to stand and greet them. The floorboards had been dug up for firewood, and the skins which covered the windows had
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Of the four voyageurs who had left Franklin's party to return to Hood and Richardson, only Terohaute reached the camp, having taken several days to cover the 4 miles (6.4 km) from where they left Franklin. He told the Britons that he had become separated from the others, and assumed they would
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Franklin had only gone a short distance towards Fort Enterprise when four voyageursâMichel Terohaute, Jean Baptiste Belanger, Perrault, and Fontanoâsaid they were unable to continue and asked to return to Hood and Richardson's camp â Franklin agreed. He staggered on towards Fort Enterprise with his
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Fort Enterprise now lay less than a week's march away, but for some of the starving men, that proved to be an insurmountable barrier. At the back of the line, the two weakest voyageurs, Credit and Vaillant, collapsed and were left where they fell. Richardson and Hood were also too weak to continue.
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The First Nations guides turned for home as had been agreed, as did Wentzel, leaving Franklin with fifteen voyageurs and his four Britons. Franklin gave orders to those departing that caches of food were to be left on route and that most importantly Fort Enterprise be stocked with a large amount of
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On Franklin's return to England in October 1822, none of the rumours or criticism mattered. The failure to meet the expedition's key goals was overlooked in favour of admiration of his tale of courage in the face of adversity. Franklin, who had been made a commander in his absence, was promoted to
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Akaitcho explained why Fort Enterprise had not been stocked with food as promised. Part of the reason was that three of his hunters had been killed when they fell through the ice on Little Marten Lake, and he had not been supplied with ammunition at Fort Providence, but he admitted the main reason
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With the starving party weakening rapidly, the situation was saved by Pierre St Germain, who alone had the strength and willpower to construct a makeshift one-man canoe from willow branches and canvas. The other men cheered when, on 4 October, he crossed the river, trailing a lifeline. The rest of
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in 1818; and an ordinary seaman named John Hepburn. As documented in his journals, a second ordinary seaman, Samuel Wilkes, was initially assigned to the party, but fell ill on arriving in Canada and played no further part in the expedition, returning to England with dispatches. He later served as
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In the aftermath, local fur traders criticised Franklin for his haphazard planning and failure to adapt. Back in Britain he was received as a hero and fĂȘted for the courage he had shown in extreme adversity. The expedition captured the public imagination, and in reference to a desperate measure he
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Wentzel, the North West Company interpreter who was blamed for failing to ensure that Fort Enterprise was stocked, went so far as to accuse Richardson of murder, and demanded that he be brought to trial. Back subsequently wrote to him that "to tell the truth Wentzel, things have taken place which
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There were also dark murmurings about what exactly had happened to Hood and Terohaute. The only account of the incident was Richardson's, published after consultation with Franklin, and there was nothing to prove that he and Hepburn had not killed and eaten Hood and the four voyageurs themselves.
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His point effectively made, Akaitcho discussed his terms with Franklin. In return for the cancellation of his tribe's debts to the North West Company, and a supply of weapons, ammunition and tobacco, his men would hunt and guide for Franklin on the northward journey down the Coppermine River, and
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At this point, Franklin split his party. Back, the fittest remaining officer, was sent ahead with three voyageurs to bring food back from Fort Enterprise. Franklin would follow at a slower pace with the remaining voyageurs. Hood and Richardson would stay in their camp, with Hepburn to look after
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Akaitcho and his band have been described (By Franklin, Richardson, Back, Hood and others) as hired guides and hunters. However, in view of their extensive support from (Old) Fort Providence onwards, without which reaching the Arctic Ocean coastline would have been impossible, and their eventual
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Without tents, they were grateful for snowfall, as it provided an extra layer of insulation over their blankets. Franklin later wrote that the journey brought "a great inter-mixture of agreeable and disagreeable circumstances. Could the amount of each be balanced, I suspect the latter would much
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At some pointâRichardson's journal is unclear on whenâRichardson and Hood began to suspect that Terohaute had killed the three missing voyageurs, and was disappearing from camp to feed on their corpses. The "wolf meat" they had eaten was probably human flesh. On 20 October, while Richardson and
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The voyageurs, who were carrying an average of 90 pounds (41 kg) each and had been promised a ration of 8 ounces (230 g) of meat a day when they signed up, suffered most from the hunger. Their discontent again turned into rebellion. They secretly discarded some of the heavy equipment,
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would follow on from Ross' work, seeking an entrance to the Northwest Passage from Lancaster Sound. Simultaneously, a party would travel overland to the north coast by way of the Coppermine River and map as much of the coastline as possible, and perhaps even rendezvous with Parry's ships. John
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and rotten deerskins, which they ate complete with the maggots, which tasted "as fine as gooseberries." Two of the voyageurs, Peltier and Samandré, died on the night of 1 November. The interpreter, Jean Baptiste Adam, was close to death. Hepburn's limbs began to swell with protein deficiency
423:
The expedition's second winter was another difficult one. Supplies arrived only intermittently; the rival companies each preferring to let the other provide them. Ammunition ran short, and the First Nations hunters were less effective than had been hoped. Finally, with the party at risk of
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of the Hudson's Bay Company, who had objected to John Franklin's expedition from the start, wrote that "They do not feel themselves at liberty to enter into the particulars of their disastrous enterprise, and I fear they have not fully achieved the object of their mission."
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Winter arrived early, game became even scarcer than it had already been, and by 7 September 1821 the expedition's rations were exhausted. Apart from the rare deer they managed to kill, they were reduced to eating barely-nutritious lichensâchristened
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for the first part of the overland trek. The sudden success of the herring fisheries that year meant that the Orkneymen were far less keen to sign up than had been anticipated. Only four men were recruited, and even they agreed to go only as far as
649:, and would sneak and eat meat at night after believing his companions were asleep. When asked to go hunting he refused, replying that "there are no animals, you had better kill and eat me." He later accused the Britons of having eaten his uncle.
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and William Edward Parry's (hopefully victorious) ships, but if it seemed better he was also given the option of going west to map the coastline between the Coppermine and the Mackenzie Rivers, or even heading north into wholly unknown seas.
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them, in the hope that one of the other parties could bring them food. Franklin was disturbed by the apparent abandonment of Hood and Richardson, but they were insistent that the party would have a better chance of survival without them.
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lands at the far north of the river, since the Yellowknives and the Inuit viewed each other with mutual hostility and suspicion. Akaitcho warned Franklin that in such a hard year, he could not guarantee food would always be available.
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offered less assistance than expected, and the dysfunctional supply line, coupled with unusually harsh weather and the resulting absence of game, meant the explorers were never far from starvation. Eventually, the party reached the
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five remaining companions, growing weaker and weaker. No game was to be found, even if any of them had been strong enough to hold a rifle, and recounting the story, Franklin made a comment which would become famous: "There was no
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journey safely, were cited as evidence of his inflexibility and inability to adapt to a changing situation. Had Franklin been more experienced, he might have reconsidered his goals, or abandoned the expedition altogether.
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been removed and eaten by the starving men. Richardson wrote that "the ghastly countenances, dilated eyeballs and sepulchral voices of Captain John Franklin and those with him were more than we could at first bear."
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In a particularly harshly worded letter, Simpson also wrote of Franklin's physical failings; " has not the physical powers required for the labor of moderate Voyaging in this country; he must have three meals
758:
Franklin's account of the expedition, published in 1823, was regarded as a classic of travel literature, and when the publishing company could not keep up with demand, second-hand copies sold for up to ten
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was the fact that they did not know how to find Fort Enterprise by themselves. However, they began to realise that Franklin had little idea of its location as well. His compass was of little use as the
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SemandrĂš and Joseph Peltier, lay down crying and waited to die, and even the normally optimistic Franklin wrote of how quickly his strength was evaporating. None of them had eaten meat for four weeks.
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neither have remained with him, nor carried him on with us". The canoes proved difficult to carry and were dropped by the voyageursâFranklin suspected deliberatelyâand became completely unusable.
627:. A note from Back explained that he had found the fort in this state, and that he was heading towards Fort Providence to look for Akaitcho and his First Nations members. The party despaired.
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coast, where George Back had business to attend to, but before he had returned a favourable wind blew up and the ship sailed off, leaving Back to make his own way to their next stop in
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Besides the three hunters who drowned in Little Marten Lake, three Copper Deneâa man and his wife and childâwere left behind by Wentzel, who assumed that they must have died.
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Over the next few days, however, Terohaute's behaviour became more and more erratic. He disappeared for short periods, refusing to say where he had gone. He would not gather
763:. Ordinary people would point him out in the street and recalling his desperate measures to avoid starvation, he became affectionately known as "the man who ate his boots".
325:; little more than a log cabin which was home to 30 Hudson's Bay men. He and his men spent the winter here. The winter of 1819 was a harsh one and ominously, the local
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Houston, C.S., ed. To the Arctic by Canoe 1819-1821: The Journal and Paintings of Robert Hood, Midshipman with Franklin 1974, McGill-Queen's University Press: Montreal.
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Houston, C.S., ed. Arctic Ordeal: The Journal of John Richardson - Surgeon-Naturalist with Franklin 1820-1822. 1984, McGill-Queen's University Press: Montreal, Quebec
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Houston, C.S., ed. Arctic artist: the journal and paintings of George Back, Midshipman with Franklin, 1819â1822. 1994, McGill-Queen's University Press: Montreal.
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on 23 May 1819 on a Hudson's Bay Company supply ship, after three months of planning, and immediately hit a note of farce. The ship had stopped briefly off the
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Franklin was provided with a boat too small to carry all his supplies and proceededâhe was assured the rest would be sent onâalong normal trading routes to
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527:âand the occasional rotting carcass left by packs of wolves. Desperation was such that they even boiled and devoured the leather from their spare boots.
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On 22 August, after about 675 miles (1,086 km) of coastline had been mapped, Franklin stopped at a spot he designated as Point Turnagain, on the
494:. As he had feared, rough seas and the damage to their canoes made a return via the Coppermine impracticable. The party decided on a return via the
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550:, which would prove a serious loss. Richardson wrote that they "became desperate and were perfectly regardless of the commands of the officers."
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had followed the Coppermine River to the sea at a point around 1,500 miles (2,400 km) east of the Bering Strait. He was followed in 1789 by
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Franklin, J. and J. Richardson, Narrative of a Second Expedition to the Shores of the Polar Sea. 1828, Philadelphia: Carey, Lea, and Carey.
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the journey extremely arduous. The constant and extreme cold froze their tea almost immediately after it had been poured, as well as the
85:, but only explored roughly 500 miles (800 km) before turning back due to the onset of winter and the exhaustion of their supplies.
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Only four naval personnel accompanied John Franklin; the doctor, naturalist and second in command John Richardson; two midshipmen named
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who came to the post for supplies reported that game had become so scarce that some families were resorting to cannibalism to survive.
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179:, the true entrance to the Northwest Passage, but judging it to be a bay turned around and returned to Britain. At the same time,
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Franklin, a lieutenant who had commanded one of David Buchan's ships the previous year, was chosen to lead the overland party.
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impossible. A full-scale mutiny was averted only by their reaching a large river on 26 September, undoubtedly the Coppermine.
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Hepburn were foraging, they heard a shot from the camp. They found Hood dead, and Terohaute standing with a gun in his hand.
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215:, and from there go to the coast by way of the Coppermine River. On reaching the coast he was advised to head east towards
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north of the continent was almost completely unmapped; and it was not known whether a navigable, ice-free passage existed.
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to eat; 11 of the 22 members died amid accusations of murder and cannibalism. The survivors were rescued by members of the
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promise that hunters would feed them en route, and that the chief of the Coppermine First Nations would offer assistance.
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the party crossed one at a time. The boat sank lower and lower in the water as they did so, but all crossed safely.
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790:, who eventually became the first man to navigate the entire Northwest Passage, as well as the first to reach the
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The party desperately retreated across uncharted territory in a state of starvation, often with nothing more than
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almost without trace, with all 128 of his men, and the mystery of his fate has still to be fully discovered.
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Reunited with Hood and Richardson, the party left for Great Slave Lake in July, reaching the trading post at
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Franklin and his men spent the remainder of the summer of 1820 trekking north to a point on the bank of the
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Enterprise, was reached without further incident, and wooden huts were constructed as winter quarters.
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The following year, Barrow planned two further expeditions to the Arctic. A seaborne expedition under
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was the driving force for the Royal Navy's exploration of the Arctic in the early 19th century
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The party encamped at Point Turnagain, just before they elected to return to Fort Enterprise
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There was also continuing unrest in the camp. The voyageurs, led by the two interpreters
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431:"Greenstockings" (left), over whom midshipmen Robert Hood and George Back almost duelled
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The party preparing a camp and gathering lichens in the Barren Lands, 20 September 1821
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when the expedition, now reunited with Back, attempted to hire local boatmen to act as
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The expedition was plagued by poor planning, bad luck and unreliable allies. The local
66:
794:. At the age of fifteen he read Franklin's account and decided that he wanted to be a
25:
Map showing Franklin's descent of the Coppermine and retreat across the Barren Grounds
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1998:
1956:
1951:
1741:
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1522:
1494:
736:
459:
for the first 117 miles (188 km) of the journey the canoes had to be dragged on
128:
46:
498:, from which they would attempt to make an overland return across the Barren Lands.
171:
In 1818, Barrow had sent his first expedition to seek the Northwest Passage. Led by
5293:
5212:
5173:
5131:
5082:
4812:
4544:
4236:
4116:
3942:
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1986:
1906:
1858:
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1690:
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1617:
452:
256:
212:
38:
1702:
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1629:
1512:
407:
rescue of the survivors, they could be viewed as full partners in the expedition.
33:
of 1819â1822 was a British overland undertaking to survey and chart the area from
5275:
5026:
5019:
4802:
4749:
4734:
4640:
4635:
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3973:
3756:
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3167:
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3070:
3018:
2954:
2944:
2895:
2617:
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2455:
2424:
2386:
2136:
2064:
2058:
1981:
1946:
1806:
1560:
1484:
475:
276:
176:
165:
135:. Evidence for the existence of a passage came from the fact that whalers in the
120:
112:
4831:
3325:
211:
Franklin's orders were somewhat general in nature. He was to travel overland to
5138:
5103:
4991:
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4759:
4712:
4671:
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2026:
1794:
1694:
1667:
787:
531:
487:
304:
300:
188:
470:
156:
By 1819 the northern coast had been glimpsed only twice by Europeans. In 1771
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1991:
1826:
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1508:
491:
157:
136:
54:
1490:
21:
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2053:
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1914:
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1816:
1769:
311:
251:
180:
93:
82:
345:
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3355:
3117:
2976:
2939:
2839:
2831:
2639:
1975:
573:
547:
427:
399:
390:
leave depots of food for their return. However, they would not enter the
247:
192:
168:
to open sea 500 miles (800 km) west of the mouth of the Coppermine.
58:
447:
191:
hypothesis), but returned only with the news that the pack ice north of
4606:
4509:
4493:
4335:
4268:
4169:
3578:
3527:
3487:
2809:
2535:
2463:
2405:
1798:
1766:
791:
779:, he led a final expedition to discover the Northwest Passage in 1845.
593:
522:
315:
295:
184:
42:
34:
4128:
2965:
2517:
2300:
291:
228:
100:
took while starving, he became known as "the man who ate his boots".
37:
to the north coast of North America, eastwards from the mouth of the
1710:
1562:
The Last Place on Earth: Scott and Amundsen's Race to the South Pole
4060:
383:
370:
583:
506:
415:
4687:
4067:
2332:
2308:
2296:
786:
The story of the Coppermine Expedition served as an influence on
739:
launched no official inquiry and the matter was quietly dropped.
598:) of the type eaten by the party in the absence of any other food
280:
2854:
2933:
2258:
1656:
Johnson, R. E.; Johnson, M. H. (2008). "Richardson, Sir John".
587:
460:
284:
132:
89:
50:
771:
commanding ships outside the Arctic, and an unhappy period as
2319:
742:
677:
391:
349:
Constructing a camp during the first winter of the expedition
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
869:
867:
865:
564:
for the area was unknown and the constant cloud cover made
140:
1424:
1412:
1340:
1253:
1205:
1181:
1145:
1121:
108:
1402:
1400:
1318:
1316:
964:
962:
935:
617:, so we drank tea and ate some of our shoes for supper."
1376:
925:
923:
886:
884:
882:
862:
840:
838:
836:
834:
669:
For over a week the men at Fort Enterprise subsisted on
3524:
1610:
Beesly, A. H.; Lambert, A. (2021). "Back, Sir George".
850:
1460:
1448:
1436:
1397:
1364:
1352:
1328:
1313:
1301:
1289:
1277:
1265:
1241:
1229:
1217:
1193:
1169:
1133:
1109:
1099:
1097:
1082:
1058:
999:
997:
995:
993:
991:
989:
974:
959:
947:
1514:
Narrative of a Journey to the Shores of the Polar Sea
920:
908:
879:
831:
819:
576:
sapped his strength, leaving him a virtual invalid.
382:
on its northern shore ten days later. Here they met
16:
British overland Arctic survey expedition, 1819â1822
1157:
1094:
986:
896:
803:
myself as a kind of crusader in Arctic exploration.
1683:Riffenburghy, B. A. (2012). "Franklin, Sir John".
1070:
4861:
708:party arrived back at York Factory in July 1822,
5354:
501:
1594:. Vol. VII (1836â1850) (online ed.).
1536:Hood, Robert (1974). Houston, C. Stuart (ed.).
175:, it ended ignominiously when Ross entered the
127:, turned its attention to the discovery of the
45:as part of its attempt to discover and map the
1655:
1647:. Vol. VI (1821â1835) (online ed.).
1430:
553:The only thing that prevented their desertion
4847:
1726:
1609:
873:
96:, who had previously given them up for dead.
1689:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1682:
1662:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1616:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1391:
703:, a particularly vehement critic of Franklin
670:
644:
622:
612:
591:
554:
520:
722:
490:, about 25 miles (40 km) northeast of
195:was a barrier which could not be breached.
187:from Britain (Barrow was a believer in the
144:
123:, the British Navy, under the influence of
4854:
4840:
1733:
1719:
314:, the main port on the southwest coast of
310:On 30 August 1819, Franklin's men reached
746:The romantic Victorian view of the Arctic
4791:Pole of Inaccessibility research station
1558:
1507:
1466:
741:
694:
582:
536:
505:
469:
446:
426:
414:
369:
344:
183:made an attempt to sail directly to the
107:
20:
4366:Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition
1686:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1659:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1613:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1583:
1482:
1454:
1442:
1418:
1406:
1370:
1358:
1346:
1334:
1322:
1307:
1295:
1283:
1271:
1259:
1247:
1235:
1223:
1211:
1199:
1187:
1175:
1151:
1139:
1127:
1115:
1088:
1064:
1003:
980:
968:
953:
941:
929:
914:
890:
856:
844:
825:
474:Franklin's canoes caught by a storm in
5373:19th-century history of the Royal Navy
5355:
1636:
1076:
275:The Coppermine Expedition sailed from
41:. The expedition was organised by the
4835:
3510:
1752:
1740:
1714:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
751:captain on 20 November and elected a
250:, the latter of whom had sailed with
5418:History of the Northwest Territories
1535:
1163:
1103:
902:
755:, while Back was made a lieutenant.
451:Franklin's camp at the mouth of the
362:well below the standard he desired.
262:in Captain Parry's 1821 expedition.
65:, both of whom later became notable
5408:Expeditions from the United Kingdom
4152:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
2349:Norse colonization of North America
410:
270:
13:
3681:United States Exploring Expedition
1009:
530:On 13 September the party reached
374:Native chief Akaitcho with his son
365:
143:of the type used in Greenland and
14:
5434:
4755:AmundsenâScott South Pole Station
4123:Australasian Antarctic Expedition
1641:. In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.).
1588:. In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.).
332:
4649:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
4042:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
1644:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
1591:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
1538:To the Arctic by Canoe 1819â1821
290:A more serious problem arose in
139:had killed whales which carried
1542:McGillâQueen's University Press
1475:
1049:
1040:
1031:
206:
1:
4862:Royal Navy Arctic exploration
4028:Japanese Antarctic Expedition
3963:Scottish Antarctic Expedition
3511:
502:Return journey and starvation
340:mercury in their thermometers
265:
164:, who traced what is now the
103:
4385:Soviet Antarctic Expeditions
4201:ShackletonâRowett Expedition
4007:French Antarctic Expeditions
3937:Swedish Antarctic Expedition
3823:Belgian Antarctic Expedition
1941:Lady Franklin Bay Expedition
1703:UK public library membership
1676:UK public library membership
1630:UK public library membership
690:
49:. It was the first of three
7:
3470:Nuclear-powered icebreakers
3149:Austro-Hungarian Expedition
2014:Andrée's balloon expedition
1649:University of Toronto Press
1596:University of Toronto Press
753:Fellow of the Royal Society
119:In the years following the
10:
5439:
5423:Maritime history of Canada
5383:1819 in the British Empire
5368:19th century in the Arctic
2671:Franklin's lost expedition
2371:Christian IV's expeditions
1753:
1431:Johnson & Johnson 2008
5204:
4934:
4867:
4488:
4219:
3806:
3546:
3523:
3519:
3506:
3025:Great Northern Expedition
2919:
2701:RaeâRichardson expedition
2450:
2295:
1901:British Arctic Expedition
1793:
1765:
1761:
1748:
874:Beesly & Lambert 2021
660:
634:
419:Winter at Fort Enterprise
287:by stagecoach and ferry.
53:expeditions to be led by
4876:Phipps expedition (1773)
4309:British Antarctic Survey
4303:Captain Arturo Prat Base
3548:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
813:
4950:Sir Alexander Armstrong
4785:Pole of inaccessibility
4448:Antarctic Treaty System
2789:2nd Grinnell expedition
5363:19th century in Canada
5097:Sir Leopold McClintock
4890:Mackenzie River (1825)
1695:10.1093/ref:odnb/10090
1668:10.1093/ref:odnb/23568
811:
747:
723:
704:
671:
645:
623:
613:
599:
592:
555:
542:
521:
511:
479:
455:
432:
420:
375:
350:
145:
116:
26:
5055:Sir Edward Inglefield
5006:Sir Richard Collinson
4904:RaeâRichardson (1848)
4455:Transglobe Expedition
4354:Operation Deep Freeze
3763:Challenger expedition
2629:Coppermine expedition
2150:Drifting ice stations
1559:Huntford, R. (2000).
800:
745:
698:
586:
540:
509:
473:
450:
430:
418:
373:
348:
235:and their rivals the
111:
31:Coppermine expedition
24:
5195:Sir Henry Stephenson
5132:Sir Erasmus Ommanney
5069:Skeffington Lutwidge
5041:William Hulme Hooper
1622:10.1093/ref:odnb/983
1586:"Franklin, Sir John"
1584:Holland, C. (1988).
1483:Fleming, F. (2001).
566:celestial navigation
233:Hudson's Bay Company
200:William Edward Parry
69:in their own right.
5167:Sir John Richardson
5076:George Francis Lyon
4625:South magnetic pole
3291:Brusilov expedition
2400:Danish colonization
1838:North magnetic pole
1637:Burant, J. (1987).
1421:, pp. 148â149.
1349:, pp. 149â150.
1262:, pp. 145â146.
1214:, pp. 141â142.
1190:, pp. 139â141.
1154:, pp. 139â140.
1130:, pp. 136â137.
944:, pp. 129â130.
773:Lieutenant-Governor
735:not be known." The
162:Alexander Mackenzie
94:Yellowknives Nation
5413:History of Nunavut
5403:Arctic expeditions
5153:Constantine Phipps
5104:Sir Robert McClure
5090:Sir Albert Markham
4992:Sir Edward Belcher
4964:Sir Horatio Austin
4316:Operation Windmill
4297:Operation Highjump
3272:Rusanov expedition
3177:A. E. Nordenskiöld
2921:North East Passage
2725:McClure expedition
768:another expedition
748:
705:
600:
562:magnetic deviation
543:
512:
480:
456:
437:Pierre St. Germain
433:
421:
376:
351:
237:North West Company
117:
57:and also included
27:
5350:
5349:
5188:Sir Edward Sabine
5062:Sir Henry Kellett
5034:Sir John Franklin
4985:Frederick Beechey
4918:McClintock (1857)
4883:Coppermine (1819)
4829:
4828:
4825:
4824:
4821:
4820:
4283:Operation Tabarin
4145:Far Eastern Party
3991:Nimrod Expedition
3502:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3061:M. Pronchishcheva
2983:Siberian Cossacks
2452:Northwest Passage
1785:Research stations
1742:Polar exploration
1701:(Subscription or
1674:(Subscription or
1628:(Subscription or
1392:Riffenburghy 2012
859:, pp. 29â51.
781:Franklin vanished
777:Van Diemen's Land
478:on 23 August 1821
129:Northwest Passage
47:Northwest Passage
5430:
5343:
5334:
5325:
5316:
5307:
5298:
5289:
5280:
5271:
5262:
5253:
5244:
5235:
5226:
5217:
5197:
5190:
5183:
5176:
5169:
5162:
5155:
5148:
5146:Sir Edward Parry
5141:
5134:
5127:
5125:Sir George Nares
5120:
5113:
5106:
5099:
5092:
5085:
5083:Rochfort Maguire
5078:
5071:
5064:
5057:
5050:
5043:
5036:
5029:
5022:
5015:
5013:Samuel Cresswell
5008:
5001:
4994:
4987:
4980:
4973:
4966:
4959:
4952:
4945:
4927:
4920:
4913:
4906:
4899:
4892:
4885:
4878:
4856:
4849:
4842:
4833:
4832:
4330:Ronne Expedition
3815:
3809:
3673:Dumont d'Urville
3521:
3520:
3508:
3507:
3056:V. Pronchishchev
1763:
1762:
1750:
1749:
1735:
1728:
1721:
1712:
1711:
1706:
1698:
1679:
1671:
1652:
1633:
1625:
1599:
1580:
1555:
1532:
1504:
1470:
1464:
1458:
1452:
1446:
1440:
1434:
1428:
1422:
1416:
1410:
1404:
1395:
1389:
1374:
1368:
1362:
1356:
1350:
1344:
1338:
1332:
1326:
1320:
1311:
1305:
1299:
1293:
1287:
1281:
1275:
1269:
1263:
1257:
1251:
1245:
1239:
1233:
1227:
1221:
1215:
1209:
1203:
1197:
1191:
1185:
1179:
1173:
1167:
1161:
1155:
1149:
1143:
1137:
1131:
1125:
1119:
1113:
1107:
1101:
1092:
1086:
1080:
1074:
1068:
1062:
1056:
1053:
1047:
1044:
1038:
1035:
1029:
1026:
1007:
1001:
984:
978:
972:
966:
957:
951:
945:
939:
933:
927:
918:
912:
906:
900:
894:
888:
877:
871:
860:
854:
848:
842:
829:
823:
809:
726:
674:
648:
626:
616:
597:
558:
526:
453:Coppermine River
411:Coppermine River
323:Cumberland House
271:Cumberland House
231:supplied by the
213:Great Slave Lake
148:
67:Arctic explorers
39:Coppermine River
5438:
5437:
5433:
5432:
5431:
5429:
5428:
5427:
5353:
5352:
5351:
5346:
5337:
5328:
5319:
5310:
5301:
5292:
5283:
5274:
5265:
5256:
5247:
5238:
5229:
5220:
5211:
5200:
5193:
5186:
5179:
5172:
5165:
5158:
5151:
5144:
5137:
5130:
5123:
5116:
5109:
5102:
5095:
5088:
5081:
5074:
5067:
5060:
5053:
5046:
5039:
5032:
5027:James Fitzjames
5025:
5020:Francis Crozier
5018:
5011:
5004:
4997:
4990:
4983:
4978:Sir John Barrow
4976:
4971:Sir George Back
4969:
4962:
4955:
4948:
4941:
4930:
4923:
4916:
4909:
4902:
4897:Franklin (1845)
4895:
4888:
4881:
4874:
4863:
4860:
4830:
4817:
4492:
4484:
4360:McMurdo Station
4229:Modern research
4227:
4215:
3950:O. Nordenskjöld
3813:
3807:
3802:
3718:Ross expedition
3542:
3515:
3494:
2923:
2915:
2456:Northern Canada
2454:
2446:
2299:
2291:
1797:
1789:
1757:
1744:
1739:
1709:
1700:
1673:
1627:
1577:
1552:
1529:
1501:
1478:
1473:
1465:
1461:
1453:
1449:
1441:
1437:
1429:
1425:
1417:
1413:
1405:
1398:
1390:
1377:
1369:
1365:
1357:
1353:
1345:
1341:
1333:
1329:
1321:
1314:
1306:
1302:
1294:
1290:
1282:
1278:
1270:
1266:
1258:
1254:
1246:
1242:
1234:
1230:
1222:
1218:
1210:
1206:
1198:
1194:
1186:
1182:
1174:
1170:
1162:
1158:
1150:
1146:
1138:
1134:
1126:
1122:
1114:
1110:
1102:
1095:
1087:
1083:
1075:
1071:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1010:
1002:
987:
979:
975:
967:
960:
952:
948:
940:
936:
928:
921:
913:
909:
905:, p. xxiv.
901:
897:
889:
880:
872:
863:
855:
851:
843:
832:
824:
820:
816:
810:
807:
798:. He recalled:
693:
663:
637:
504:
476:Coronation Gulf
413:
380:Fort Providence
368:
366:Fort Enterprise
354:preponderate."
335:
273:
268:
209:
177:Lancaster Sound
166:Mackenzie River
151:maze of islands
125:Sir John Barrow
121:Napoleonic Wars
113:Sir John Barrow
106:
63:John Richardson
17:
12:
11:
5:
5436:
5426:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5398:1822 in Canada
5395:
5393:1821 in Canada
5390:
5388:1820 in Canada
5385:
5380:
5378:1819 in Canada
5375:
5370:
5365:
5348:
5347:
5345:
5344:
5335:
5326:
5317:
5308:
5299:
5290:
5281:
5272:
5263:
5254:
5245:
5236:
5227:
5218:
5208:
5206:
5202:
5201:
5199:
5198:
5191:
5184:
5177:
5174:Sir James Ross
5170:
5163:
5156:
5149:
5142:
5139:Sherard Osborn
5135:
5128:
5121:
5118:Arthur Morrell
5114:
5107:
5100:
5093:
5086:
5079:
5072:
5065:
5058:
5051:
5044:
5037:
5030:
5023:
5016:
5009:
5002:
4995:
4988:
4981:
4974:
4967:
4960:
4957:Pelham Aldrich
4953:
4946:
4938:
4936:
4932:
4931:
4929:
4928:
4925:British (1875)
4921:
4914:
4911:McClure (1850)
4907:
4900:
4893:
4886:
4879:
4871:
4869:
4865:
4864:
4859:
4858:
4851:
4844:
4836:
4827:
4826:
4823:
4822:
4819:
4818:
4816:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4799:
4798:
4793:
4781:
4780:
4779:
4777:Vostok Station
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4731:
4730:
4728:Cherry-Garrard
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4693:
4692:
4691:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4645:
4644:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4621:
4620:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4592:
4591:
4590:
4578:
4577:
4576:
4568:Southern Cross
4564:
4563:
4562:
4549:
4548:
4547:
4534:
4529:
4528:
4527:
4514:
4513:
4512:
4498:
4496:
4490:Farthest South
4486:
4485:
4483:
4482:
4477:
4470:
4469:
4468:
4463:
4451:
4444:
4443:
4442:
4441:
4440:
4428:
4427:
4426:
4414:
4413:
4412:
4405:
4400:
4381:
4380:
4379:
4374:
4362:
4357:
4350:
4349:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4326:
4325:
4324:
4312:
4305:
4300:
4293:
4292:
4291:
4279:
4278:
4277:
4265:
4264:
4263:
4251:
4244:
4239:
4233:
4231:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4213:
4212:
4211:
4197:
4196:
4195:
4187:Ross Sea party
4183:
4174:
4173:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4148:
4141:
4140:
4139:
4134:
4119:
4114:
4113:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4073:
4072:
4071:
4064:
4057:
4052:
4038:
4037:
4036:
4024:
4023:
4022:
4017:
4003:
4002:
4001:
3987:
3980:
3979:
3978:
3971:
3959:
3958:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3933:
3932:
3931:
3926:
3912:
3911:
3910:
3905:
3891:
3890:
3889:
3884:
3881:Southern Cross
3874:Southern Cross
3870:
3869:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3818:
3816:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3800:
3799:
3798:
3786:
3785:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3759:
3754:
3753:
3752:
3739:
3733:
3714:
3713:
3712:
3699:
3698:
3697:
3692:
3677:
3676:
3675:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3637:
3636:
3624:
3623:
3622:
3620:Bellingshausen
3610:
3603:
3598:
3597:
3596:
3583:
3582:
3581:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3552:
3550:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3517:
3516:
3504:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3492:
3491:
3490:
3479:
3467:
3462:
3455:
3448:
3447:
3446:
3434:
3433:
3432:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3406:
3405:
3404:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3381:
3380:
3368:
3367:
3366:
3352:
3351:
3350:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3287:
3286:
3285:
3280:
3268:
3263:
3262:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3232:
3231:
3230:
3216:
3215:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3186:
3185:
3184:
3179:
3164:
3163:
3162:
3157:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2929:
2927:
2925:Russian Arctic
2917:
2916:
2914:
2913:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2885:
2871:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2807:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2749:
2741:
2736:
2721:
2716:
2715:
2714:
2709:
2697:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2682:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2614:
2613:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2508:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2460:
2458:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2427:
2415:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2396:
2395:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2367:
2362:
2360:SnÊbjörn galti
2357:
2352:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2323:
2316:
2311:
2305:
2303:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2262:
2255:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2227:
2217:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2196:
2189:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2153:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2106:
2097:
2096:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2044:
2029:
2024:
2023:
2022:
2010:
2009:
2008:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1917:
1912:
1897:
1896:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1868:
1867:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1803:
1801:
1795:Farthest North
1791:
1790:
1788:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1759:
1758:
1746:
1745:
1738:
1737:
1730:
1723:
1715:
1708:
1707:
1680:
1653:
1639:"Hood, Robert"
1634:
1604:Limited access
1601:
1600:
1581:
1575:
1556:
1550:
1533:
1527:
1505:
1499:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1471:
1459:
1457:, p. 153.
1447:
1445:, p. 123.
1435:
1423:
1411:
1409:, p. 152.
1396:
1375:
1373:, p. 341.
1363:
1361:, p. 150.
1351:
1339:
1337:, p. 112.
1327:
1325:, p. 197.
1312:
1310:, p. 148.
1300:
1298:, p. 147.
1288:
1286:, p. 154.
1276:
1274:, p. 146.
1264:
1252:
1250:, p. 438.
1240:
1238:, p. 144.
1228:
1226:, p. 143.
1216:
1204:
1202:, p. 141.
1192:
1180:
1178:, p. 138.
1168:
1166:, p. 159.
1156:
1144:
1142:, p. 129.
1132:
1120:
1118:, p. 136.
1108:
1106:, p. 158.
1093:
1091:, p. 132.
1081:
1069:
1067:, p. 135.
1057:
1048:
1039:
1030:
1008:
985:
983:, p. 133.
973:
971:, p. 131.
958:
956:, p. 251.
946:
934:
932:, p. 140.
919:
917:, p. 128.
907:
895:
893:, p. 127.
878:
861:
849:
847:, p. 125.
830:
817:
815:
812:
805:
796:polar explorer
788:Roald Amundsen
766:Franklin made
734:
710:George Simpson
701:George Simpson
692:
689:
672:tripe de roche
662:
659:
646:tripe de roche
636:
633:
624:tripe de roche
614:tripe de roche
594:tripe de roche
546:including the
532:Contwoyto Lake
523:tripe de roche
503:
500:
488:Kent Peninsula
412:
409:
367:
364:
334:
333:Fort Chipewyan
331:
305:Lake Athabasca
301:Fort Chipewyan
272:
269:
267:
264:
208:
205:
189:Open Polar Sea
105:
102:
78:native peoples
76:companies and
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5435:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5360:
5358:
5342:
5341:
5336:
5333:
5332:
5327:
5324:
5323:
5318:
5315:
5314:
5309:
5306:
5305:
5300:
5297:
5296:
5291:
5288:
5287:
5282:
5279:
5278:
5273:
5270:
5269:
5264:
5261:
5260:
5255:
5252:
5251:
5246:
5243:
5242:
5237:
5234:
5233:
5228:
5225:
5224:
5219:
5216:
5215:
5210:
5209:
5207:
5203:
5196:
5192:
5189:
5185:
5182:
5181:Sir John Ross
5178:
5175:
5171:
5168:
5164:
5161:
5157:
5154:
5150:
5147:
5143:
5140:
5136:
5133:
5129:
5126:
5122:
5119:
5115:
5112:
5111:George Mecham
5108:
5105:
5101:
5098:
5094:
5091:
5087:
5084:
5080:
5077:
5073:
5070:
5066:
5063:
5059:
5056:
5052:
5049:
5048:Henry Hoppner
5045:
5042:
5038:
5035:
5031:
5028:
5024:
5021:
5017:
5014:
5010:
5007:
5003:
5000:
4996:
4993:
4989:
4986:
4982:
4979:
4975:
4972:
4968:
4965:
4961:
4958:
4954:
4951:
4947:
4944:
4940:
4939:
4937:
4933:
4926:
4922:
4919:
4915:
4912:
4908:
4905:
4901:
4898:
4894:
4891:
4887:
4884:
4880:
4877:
4873:
4872:
4870:
4866:
4857:
4852:
4850:
4845:
4843:
4838:
4837:
4834:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4788:
4787:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4775:
4774:
4773:
4772:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4700:
4699:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4689:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4657:
4653:
4652:
4651:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4628:
4627:
4626:
4622:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4599:
4598:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4584:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4572:
4571:
4570:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4558:
4557:
4556:
4555:
4550:
4546:
4543:
4542:
4541:
4540:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4526:
4523:
4522:
4521:
4520:
4515:
4511:
4508:
4507:
4506:
4505:
4500:
4499:
4497:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4458:
4457:
4456:
4452:
4450:
4449:
4445:
4439:
4436:
4435:
4434:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4422:
4421:
4420:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4410:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4395:
4394:
4393:
4389:
4388:
4387:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4369:
4368:
4367:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4333:
4332:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4320:
4319:
4318:
4317:
4313:
4311:
4310:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4287:
4286:
4285:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4273:
4272:
4271:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4257:
4256:
4252:
4250:
4249:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4234:
4232:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4210:
4209:
4205:
4204:
4203:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4191:
4190:
4189:
4188:
4184:
4182:
4181:
4180:
4175:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4160:
4156:
4155:
4154:
4153:
4149:
4147:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4132:
4127:
4126:
4125:
4124:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4085:
4081:
4080:
4079:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4069:
4065:
4063:
4062:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4050:
4046:
4045:
4044:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4032:
4031:
4030:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4015:
4011:
4010:
4009:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3999:
3995:
3994:
3993:
3992:
3988:
3986:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3976:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3965:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3945:
3941:
3940:
3939:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3924:
3920:
3919:
3918:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3908:Discovery Hut
3906:
3904:
3903:
3899:
3898:
3897:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3882:
3878:
3877:
3876:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3831:
3827:
3826:
3825:
3824:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3812:
3805:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3792:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3772:
3767:
3766:
3765:
3764:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3750:
3746:
3745:
3740:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3728:
3727:
3722:
3721:
3720:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3708:
3707:
3706:
3705:
3700:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3690:
3685:
3684:
3683:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3669:
3668:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3635:
3632:
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3438:A. Sibiryakov
3435:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3426:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3412:
3411:
3410:Glavsevmorput
3407:
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3307:
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3260:
3257:
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3247:
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3226:
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3217:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
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3202:
3197:
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3175:
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3165:
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3141:
3139:
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3119:
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3012:
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3007:
3005:
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2990:
2987:
2985:
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2737:
2735:
2734:
2729:
2728:
2727:
2726:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2713:
2712:J. Richardson
2710:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2689:
2688:
2683:
2681:
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2503:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2474:M. Corte-Real
2472:
2470:
2469:G. Corte-Real
2467:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2431:
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2420:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2407:
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2397:
2393:
2392:C. Richardson
2390:
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2225:
2224:
2218:
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2211:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2201:Georgiy Sedov
2197:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
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2160:
2159:
2158:
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2152:
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2147:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2098:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2088:Riiser-Larsen
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1990:
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1985:
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1978:
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1971:
1970:
1968:
1962:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1943:
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1938:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1923:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1898:
1894:
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1886:
1884:
1883:
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1796:
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1776:
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1767:
1764:
1760:
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1724:
1722:
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1696:
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1654:
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1635:
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1619:
1615:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1597:
1593:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1578:
1576:9780349113951
1572:
1568:
1564:
1563:
1557:
1553:
1551:0-7735-1222-5
1547:
1543:
1539:
1534:
1530:
1528:9781596051553
1524:
1520:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1500:9781862075023
1496:
1492:
1488:
1487:
1486:Barrow's Boys
1481:
1480:
1469:, p. 19.
1468:
1467:Huntford 2000
1463:
1456:
1451:
1444:
1439:
1432:
1427:
1420:
1415:
1408:
1403:
1401:
1393:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1372:
1367:
1360:
1355:
1348:
1343:
1336:
1331:
1324:
1319:
1317:
1309:
1304:
1297:
1292:
1285:
1280:
1273:
1268:
1261:
1256:
1249:
1244:
1237:
1232:
1225:
1220:
1213:
1208:
1201:
1196:
1189:
1184:
1177:
1172:
1165:
1160:
1153:
1148:
1141:
1136:
1129:
1124:
1117:
1112:
1105:
1100:
1098:
1090:
1085:
1078:
1073:
1066:
1061:
1052:
1043:
1034:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1005:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
992:
990:
982:
977:
970:
965:
963:
955:
950:
943:
938:
931:
926:
924:
916:
911:
904:
899:
892:
887:
885:
883:
875:
870:
868:
866:
858:
853:
846:
841:
839:
837:
835:
828:, p. 30.
827:
822:
818:
804:
799:
797:
793:
789:
784:
782:
778:
774:
769:
764:
762:
756:
754:
744:
740:
738:
732:
728:
725:
718:
714:
711:
702:
697:
688:
685:
681:
679:
673:
667:
658:
654:
650:
647:
641:
632:
628:
625:
618:
615:
608:
604:
596:
595:
589:
585:
581:
577:
575:
569:
567:
563:
557:
551:
549:
539:
535:
533:
528:
525:
524:
516:
508:
499:
497:
493:
492:Cape Flinders
489:
484:
477:
472:
468:
464:
462:
454:
449:
445:
441:
438:
429:
425:
417:
408:
404:
401:
396:
393:
387:
385:
381:
372:
363:
359:
355:
347:
343:
341:
330:
328:
327:First Nations
324:
319:
317:
313:
308:
306:
302:
297:
293:
288:
286:
282:
278:
263:
261:
260:
253:
249:
245:
240:
238:
234:
230:
227:
221:
218:
214:
204:
201:
196:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
169:
167:
163:
159:
158:Samuel Hearne
154:
152:
147:
142:
138:
137:Bering Strait
134:
130:
126:
122:
114:
110:
101:
97:
95:
91:
86:
84:
79:
75:
70:
68:
64:
60:
56:
55:John Franklin
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
23:
19:
5339:
5330:
5321:
5313:Investigator
5312:
5303:
5294:
5285:
5276:
5267:
5258:
5249:
5240:
5231:
5222:
5213:
4999:David Buchan
4943:Edward Adams
4882:
4783:
4771:Pole of Cold
4769:
4695:
4686:
4654:
4647:
4623:
4594:
4580:
4574:Borchgrevink
4566:
4553:
4538:
4518:
4503:
4472:
4453:
4446:
4430:
4416:
4407:
4390:
4383:
4364:
4352:
4328:
4314:
4307:
4295:
4281:
4267:
4253:
4246:
4207:
4199:
4185:
4178:
4176:
4158:
4150:
4143:
4130:
4121:
4083:
4075:
4066:
4059:
4047:
4040:
4026:
4014:Pourquoi-Pas
4013:
4005:
3997:
3989:
3984:Orcadas Base
3982:
3974:
3961:
3955:C. A. Larsen
3943:
3935:
3921:
3914:
3901:
3893:
3887:Borchgrevink
3880:
3872:
3829:
3821:
3796:C. A. Larsen
3789:
3770:
3761:
3743:
3725:
3716:
3703:
3688:
3679:
3666:
3627:
3613:
3606:
3587:
3572:
3482:
3475:
3458:
3451:
3437:
3422:
3408:
3395:
3370:
3356:
3354:
3340:
3338:
3332:
3330:
3296:
3289:
3270:
3236:
3234:
3220:
3218:
3200:
3190:
3188:
3168:
3166:
3147:
3023:
2981:
2964:
2932:
2896:
2894:
2874:
2873:
2853:
2852:
2838:
2825:
2810:
2796:
2787:
2774:
2745:
2733:Investigator
2732:
2723:
2699:
2686:
2678:
2669:
2656:
2628:
2627:
2604:
2589:
2574:
2544:
2529:
2499:
2418:
2398:
2369:
2365:Erik the Red
2347:
2325:
2318:
2275:submersibles
2272:
2266:Arktika 2007
2264:
2257:
2250:
2247:
2231:
2222:
2219:
2200:
2198:
2191:
2184:
2155:
2148:
2124:
2110:
2109:
2101:
2099:
2065:
2063:
2034:
2031:
2020:S. A. Andrée
2012:
1999:
1974:
1966:
1963:
1939:
1921:
1908:
1899:
1881:
1872:
1870:
1836:
1684:
1657:
1642:
1611:
1603:
1602:
1589:
1561:
1537:
1513:
1509:Franklin, J.
1491:Granta Books
1485:
1476:Bibliography
1462:
1455:Fleming 2001
1450:
1443:Fleming 2001
1438:
1426:
1419:Fleming 2001
1414:
1407:Fleming 2001
1371:Fleming 2001
1366:
1359:Fleming 2001
1354:
1347:Fleming 2001
1342:
1335:Fleming 2001
1330:
1323:Fleming 2001
1308:Fleming 2001
1303:
1296:Fleming 2001
1291:
1284:Fleming 2001
1279:
1272:Fleming 2001
1267:
1260:Fleming 2001
1255:
1248:Fleming 2001
1243:
1236:Fleming 2001
1231:
1224:Fleming 2001
1219:
1212:Fleming 2001
1207:
1200:Fleming 2001
1195:
1188:Fleming 2001
1183:
1176:Fleming 2001
1171:
1159:
1152:Fleming 2001
1147:
1140:Fleming 2001
1135:
1128:Fleming 2001
1123:
1116:Fleming 2001
1111:
1089:Fleming 2001
1084:
1072:
1065:Fleming 2001
1060:
1051:
1042:
1033:
1004:Holland 1988
981:Fleming 2001
976:
969:Fleming 2001
954:Fleming 2001
949:
942:Fleming 2001
937:
930:Fleming 2001
915:Fleming 2001
910:
898:
891:Fleming 2001
857:Fleming 2001
852:
845:Fleming 2001
826:Fleming 2001
821:
801:
785:
765:
757:
749:
729:
719:
715:
706:
686:
682:
668:
664:
655:
651:
642:
638:
629:
619:
609:
605:
601:
578:
570:
552:
548:fishing nets
544:
529:
517:
513:
485:
481:
465:
457:
442:
434:
422:
405:
397:
388:
377:
360:
356:
352:
336:
320:
312:York Factory
309:
289:
274:
258:
255:armourer on
252:David Buchan
241:
222:
210:
207:Preparations
197:
181:David Buchan
170:
155:
118:
98:
87:
83:Arctic coast
71:
30:
28:
18:
5160:Bedford Pim
4868:Expeditions
4474:Lake Vostok
4424:Tryoshnikov
4346:Schlossbach
4237:Christensen
4179:James Caird
4100:E. R. Evans
3866:Dobrowolski
3836:de Gerlache
3538:Expeditions
3424:Aviaarktika
3378:Samoylovich
3249:Kolomeitsev
3143:Middendorff
3103:Gedenshtrom
2523:I. Fyodorov
2285:Chilingarov
2173:E. Fyodorov
1780:Expeditions
1519:John Murray
1077:Burant 1987
574:Hypothermia
400:Snare River
248:George Back
244:Robert Hood
217:Repulse Bay
193:Spitsbergen
74:fur trading
59:George Back
5357:Categories
5259:Enterprise
5223:Assistance
4697:Terra Nova
4602:Shackleton
4545:J. C. Ross
4504:Resolution
4494:South Pole
4269:New Swabia
4193:Mackintosh
4165:Shackleton
4084:Terra Nova
4077:Terra Nova
3811:Heroic Age
3771:Challenger
3731:J. C. Ross
3641:Bransfield
3573:Resolution
3488:icebreaker
3452:Chelyuskin
3193:expedition
3171:Expedition
3113:Matyushkin
3071:Kh. Laptev
3066:Chelyuskin
2960:Heemskerck
2950:Chancellor
2945:Willoughby
2940:Koch boats
2883:Stefansson
2817:McClintock
2781:Inglefield
2623:J. C. Ross
2530:Resolution
2382:Cunningham
2280:Sagalevich
1969:expedition
1928:Stephenson
1888:C. F. Hall
1875:expedition
1849:J. C. Ross
1812:Heemskerck
1799:North Pole
1705:required.)
1678:required.)
1632:required.)
1565:. London:
1540:. Canada:
1517:. London:
1489:. London:
792:South Pole
496:Hood River
316:Hudson Bay
296:manhaulers
266:Expedition
185:North Pole
149:, but the
146:vice versa
104:Background
43:Royal Navy
35:Hudson Bay
5322:Racehorse
5250:Discovery
4796:Tolstikov
4582:Discovery
4552:HMS
4537:HMS
4519:Adventure
4517:HMS
4502:HMS
4438:Tolstikov
4159:Endurance
3944:Antarctic
3929:Drygalski
3902:Discovery
3895:Discovery
3856:Arctowski
3769:HMS
3742:HMS
3736:Abernethy
3724:HMS
3702:USS
3689:Vincennes
3687:USS
3667:Astrolabe
3607:San Telmo
3588:Adventure
3586:HMS
3571:HMS
3566:Kerguelen
3528:Continent
3513:Antarctic
3390:Urvantsev
3348:Vilkitsky
3201:Jeannette
3199:USS
3191:Jeannette
3155:Weyprecht
3133:Pakhtusov
3083:Chichagov
3076:D. Laptev
3019:Permyakov
2994:Stadukhin
2989:Perfilyev
2966:Mangazeya
2904:H. Larsen
2869:Rasmussen
2824:HMS
2795:USS
2744:HMS
2731:HMS
2695:Collinson
2685:HMS
2677:HMS
2655:HMS
2603:HMS
2588:HMS
2573:HMS
2558:Mackenzie
2545:Discovery
2543:HMS
2528:HMS
2500:Discovery
2479:Frobisher
2442:Rasmussen
2355:Gunnbjörn
2301:Greenland
2230:USS
2221:USS
2093:Ellsworth
2035:Roosevelt
1965:Nansen's
1922:Discovery
1920:HMS
1907:HMS
1854:Abernethy
1822:Marmaduke
1164:Hood 1974
1104:Hood 1974
903:Hood 1974
737:Admiralty
691:Aftermath
292:Stromness
277:Gravesend
257:HMS
229:voyageurs
173:John Ross
5331:Resolute
4808:A. Fuchs
4765:V. Fuchs
4745:McKinley
4708:E. Evans
4667:Bjaaland
4662:Amundsen
4612:Marshall
4525:Furneaux
4377:V. Fuchs
4341:E. Ronne
4336:F. Ronne
4275:Ritscher
4129:SY
4117:Filchner
4061:Framheim
4055:Amundsen
3861:RacoviÈÄ
3846:Amundsen
3841:Lecointe
3710:Ringgold
3704:Porpoise
3594:Furneaux
3430:Shevelev
3385:Begichev
3364:Amundsen
3326:NagĂłrski
3304:Brusilov
3298:Sv. Anna
3212:Melville
3182:Palander
3138:Tsivolko
3098:Sannikov
3093:Billings
3036:Chirikov
2955:Barentsz
2897:St. Roch
2888:Bartlett
2862:Amundsen
2846:Sverdrup
2746:Resolute
2635:Franklin
2563:Kotzebue
2430:Sverdrup
2413:Scoresby
2387:Lindenov
2238:Plaisted
2223:Nautilus
2168:Shirshov
2142:Belyakov
2137:Baydukov
2111:Nautilus
2073:Amundsen
2033:SS
1992:Sverdrup
1987:Johansen
1957:Brainard
1952:Lockwood
1807:Barentsz
1511:(1823).
808:Amundsen
806:â
724:per diem
556:en masse
384:Akaitcho
5241:Carcass
5232:Blossom
4813:Messner
4760:Hillary
4740:Balchen
4688:Polheim
4682:Wisting
4560:Crozier
4532:Weddell
4510:J. Cook
4480:Kapitsa
4461:Fiennes
4403:Klenova
4372:Hillary
4322:Ketchum
4248:BANZARE
4223:·
4068:Polheim
4034:Shirase
4020:Charcot
3830:Belgica
3749:Crozier
3661:Morrell
3656:Weddell
3634:Lazarev
3579:J. Cook
3533:History
3483:Arktika
3459:Krassin
3444:Voronin
3416:Schmidt
3402:Ushakov
3341:Vaygach
3309:Albanov
3278:Rusanov
3259:Kolchak
3254:Matisen
3228:Makarov
3207:De Long
3108:Wrangel
3088:Lyakhov
3041:Malygin
2999:Dezhnev
2826:Pandora
2797:Advance
2764:Kennedy
2759:Belcher
2752:Kellett
2739:McClure
2663:Beechey
2657:Blossom
2650:Simpson
2618:Crozier
2611:Hoppner
2568:J. Ross
2536:J. Cook
2484:Gilbert
2377:J. Hall
2343:IngĂłlfr
2333:Naddodd
2327:Vikings
2314:Brendan
2309:Pytheas
2297:Iceland
2251:Arktika
2243:Herbert
2208:Badygin
2178:Krenkel
2163:Papanin
2132:Chkalov
2118:Wilkins
2083:Wisting
2027:F. Cook
1933:Markham
1893:Bessels
1882:Polaris
1873:Polaris
1844:J. Ross
1827:Carolus
1775:History
761:guineas
588:Lichens
461:sledges
281:Norfolk
5340:Terror
5304:Herald
5286:Griper
5268:Erebus
4935:People
4723:Bowers
4718:Wilson
4677:Hassel
4672:Helmer
4641:Mackay
4631:Mawson
4596:Nimrod
4554:Terror
4539:Erebus
4466:Burton
4261:Rymill
4137:Mawson
4131:Aurora
4110:Lashly
4095:Wilson
3998:Nimrod
3975:Scotia
3782:Murray
3757:Cooper
3744:Terror
3726:Erebus
3695:Wilkes
3646:Palmer
3614:Vostok
3561:Bouvet
3485:-class
3465:Gakkel
3333:Taymyr
3314:Konrad
3283:Kuchin
3221:Yermak
3128:Lavrov
3046:Ovtsyn
3031:Bering
3009:Ivanov
2972:Hudson
2934:Pomors
2911:Cowper
2876:Karluk
2775:Isabel
2769:Bellot
2719:Austin
2687:Terror
2679:Erebus
2575:Griper
2551:Clerke
2511:Baffin
2494:Hudson
2425:Nansen
2338:GarĂ°ar
2259:Barneo
2126:ANT-25
2102:Italia
2078:Nobile
2047:Henson
2006:Amedeo
1982:Nansen
1947:Greely
1817:Hudson
1755:Arctic
1699:
1672:
1626:
1573:
1567:Abacus
1548:
1525:
1497:
678:oedema
661:Rescue
635:Murder
285:Orkney
133:Orient
90:lichen
51:Arctic
5295:Hecla
5214:Alert
5205:Ships
4803:Crary
4750:Dufek
4713:Oates
4703:Scott
4636:David
4617:Adams
4588:Barne
4409:Mirny
4398:Somov
4208:Quest
4105:Crean
4090:Scott
3969:Bruce
3923:Gauss
3916:Gauss
3790:Jason
3777:Nares
3651:Davis
3628:Mirny
3601:Smith
3556:Roché
3476:Lenin
3396:Sadko
3321:Wiese
3266:Sedov
3237:Zarya
3160:Payer
3123:Litke
3118:Anjou
3051:Minin
3014:Vagin
3004:Popov
2977:Poole
2832:Young
2645:Dease
2590:Hecla
2581:Parry
2506:Bylot
2489:Davis
2464:Cabot
2437:Peary
2419:Jason
2406:Egede
2320:Papar
2232:Skate
2213:Wiese
2193:NP-37
2186:NP-36
2066:Norge
2054:Sedov
2042:Peary
2000:Jason
1915:Nares
1909:Alert
1864:Hayes
1832:Parry
1770:Ocean
814:Notes
392:Inuit
259:Hecla
226:MĂ©tis
141:tusks
5277:Fury
4735:Byrd
4656:Fram
4607:Wild
4289:Marr
4255:BGLE
4242:Byrd
4170:Wild
4049:Fram
3851:Cook
3372:AARI
3357:Maud
3244:Toll
3169:Vega
2855:GjĂža
2840:Fram
2803:Kane
2640:Back
2605:Fury
2596:Lyon
2518:Munk
2157:NP-1
2059:Byrd
1976:Fram
1967:Fram
1859:Kane
1571:ISBN
1546:ISBN
1523:ISBN
1495:ISBN
733:must
699:Sir
246:and
61:and
29:The
4432:3rd
4418:2nd
4392:1st
4225:IGY
4221:IPY
2811:Fox
2707:Rae
2273:Mir
2249:NS
1691:doi
1664:doi
1618:doi
775:of
303:on
5359::
3337:/
1569:.
1544:.
1521:.
1493:.
1399:^
1378:^
1315:^
1096:^
1011:^
988:^
961:^
922:^
881:^
864:^
833:^
342:.
307:.
4855:e
4848:t
4841:v
3814:"
3808:"
3751:)
3747:(
3738:)
3729:(
1734:e
1727:t
1720:v
1697:.
1693::
1670:.
1666::
1651:.
1624:.
1620::
1598:.
1579:.
1554:.
1531:.
1503:.
1433:.
1394:.
1079:.
1006:.
876:.
590:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
