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Christian scripture. But with
Terohaute stronger than them and armed, there was nothing John Hepburn and Richardson could do for the next three days, as Terohaute refused to let them out of his sight and became more and more aggressive, repeatedly asking to know if they thought he had murdered Hood. Finally, on 23 October, Terohaute left them for a short time on the pretenses of gathering lichen. Richardson took the opportunity to load his pistol, and on Terohaute's return, shot him dead. They discovered that Terohaute had, in fact, not collected any lichen at all but actually had prepared a rifle; seemingly it was to be used on the two not long after rejoining them.
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dried meat. With the lateness of the season the latter point was crucial because
Franklin now feared that if, as seemed likely, he failed to reach Repulse Bay, the sea would freeze and prevent him returning to the mouth of the Coppermine River. If so, he would be forced to make a direct return across the Barren Lands, where he and his men would be dependent on whatever food they could forage. There was therefore a real risk that they would be close to starvation by the time they reached Fort Enterprise. Franklin frequently reiterated that well-stocked huts were crucial to their survival.
397:, the leader of the local Yellowknives (or Copper Dene) First Nation who had been recruited by the North West Company as guides and hunters for Franklin's men. Akaitcho, described as a man "of great penetration and shrewdness" understood the concept of the Northwest Passage, and patiently listened as Franklin explained that its use would bring wealth to his people. Apparently realising that Franklin was exaggerating the benefits, he asked a question which Franklin was unable to answer: why, if the Northwest Passage was so crucial to trade, had it not been discovered already?
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wide in places, and attempts to find a spot where it could be forded proved futile. The voyageurs, according to
Richardson, "bitterly execrated their folly in breaking the canoe" and became "careless and disobedient... ceased to dread punishment or hope for reward." One of them, Juninus, slipped away, perhaps hoping to reach safety by himself, and never returned. Richardson himself risked his life trying to swim across the river with a line tied around his waist, but losing the feeling in his limbs he sank to the riverbed and had to be hauled back.
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33:
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691:. Finally, on 7 November, help arrived with the arrival of three of Akaitcho's men, with whom Backâwho had also lost a man (Gabriel Beauparlant) to starvationâhad finally managed to make contact. They brought food, caught fish for the survivors, and treated them "with the same tenderness they would have bestowed on their own infants." After building up their strength for a week, they left Fort Enterprise on 15 November, arriving at Fort Providence on 11 December.
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738:, Tea is indispensable, and with the utmost exertion he cannot walk above Eight miles in one day, so that it does not follow if those Gentlemen are unsuccessful that the difficulties are insurmountable." However, it should be kept in mind that many of the fur traders resented having had to assist Franklin in the first place, and Simpson in particular was angry with what he saw as Franklin's support for the rival North West Company in their trade war.
474:. The Arctic Ocean was finally sighted on 14 July, shortly before the expedition encountered its first Inuit camp. The Inuit fled, and Franklin's men never had the opportunity to make further contact or trade for supplies as he had hoped. The abandoned camp gave a further indication of the scarcity of food in the area; the stocks of dried salmon were rotting and maggot-infested, and the drying meat consisted mainly of small birds and mice.
329:, to begin the 1,700 miles (2,700 km) trek to Great Slave Lake. They immediately encountered the first of the supply problems which were to plague the expedition. Much of the assistance offered by the Hudson's Bay Company and the North West Company failed to materialise; the companies had spent the preceding years in a state of virtual war and cooperation between them was virtually nonexistent â they had few resources to spare.
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restored an uneasy truce. The discord was not confined to the voyageurs; Back and Hood had fallen out over their rivalry for the affections of a
Yellowknives girl nicknamed Greenstockings, and would have fought a duel with pistols over her had John Hepburn not removed the gunpowder from their weapons. The situation was defused when Back was dispatched south. Hood subsequently fathered a child with Greenstockings.
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the fort had been abandoned; he had believed that the white men's expedition was the height of folly, and that they would not return to Fort
Enterprise alive. In spite of this, Franklin refused to blame Akaitcho, who had shown him much kindness during the rescue and because of the ongoing dispute between the fur companies, had not received the payment he had been promised.
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be following. Whatever doubts the officers may have had about his story gave way to gratitude when he presented them with meat, which he said had come from a hare and partridge he had managed to kill on the way. Two days later he went hunting and brought back meat he said came from a wolf he had found. The
Britons were delighted, and eagerly devoured the meat.
545:, and the next day arrived at the Contwoyto River. Their disastrous attempts to cross it resulted in the canoes capsizing several times, stranding one of the voyageurs in waist-deep rapids for several minutes. It took four attempts to rescue him. During the incident Franklin had also lost his journals and all of the expedition's meteorological observations.
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starvation, Back was sent back to Fort
Providence to browbeat the companies into action. After a 1,200 miles (1,900 km) journey on snowshoes, often with no shelter beyond blankets and a deerskin in temperatures as low as â67 °F (â55 °C), Back returned having secured enough supplies to meet the expedition's immediate needs.
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local Inuit to allow him to return directly to York
Factory by way of Hudson Bay. However, if Parry failed to appear, or he was unable to reach Repulse Bay he would either retrace his outward route or, if it seemed better, return directly to Fort Enterprise across the uncharted Barren Lands to the east of the Coppermine River.
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Terohaute's explanation was that Hood had been cleaning his gun and that it had gone off, shooting him through the head. The claim was self-evidently absurd; the rifle was too long for a man to shoot himself with, moreover Hood had been shot in the back of the head, apparently while reading a book on
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Franklin's party reached Fort
Enterprise on 12 October, two days after Back. They found it deserted and unstocked. The promised supplies of dried meat had not appeared, and there was nothing to eat except bones from the previous winter, a few rotting skins which had been used as bedding, and a little
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The party's jubilation at having reached the river quickly turned to despair when it became obvious it would be impossible to cross the river to reach Fort
Enterpriseâwithout boats. Franklin estimated it lay 40 miles (64 km) away on the far bank. The fast-flowing river was 120 yards (110 m)
525:
Their going across the Barren Lands was extremely arduous; the ground was a treacherous expanse of sharp rocks that cut their boots and feet, and was a constant threat to more serious injury. Richardson remarked "if anyone had broken a limb here his fate would have been melancholy indeed, as we could
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The journey down the Coppermine River took far longer than planned, and Franklin quickly lost faith in his First Nations guides, who in fact knew the area little better than he did, and assured him that the sea was close, then far, then close again. The ice on the rivers and lakes was still firm, and
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The winter of 1820â21 passed, and Franklin set out again on 4 June 1821. His plans for the coming summer were vague; he had decided to explore east from the mouth of the Coppermine in the hope of either meeting William Edward Parry or reaching Repulse Bay, where he might obtain adequate supplies from
368:
The advance party arrived at Fort Chipewyan in late March, having covered 857 miles (1,379 km) in six weeks. Once there, Franklin found equipping his expedition far more difficult than had been anticipated. The harsh winter meant that food was barely available, and he had to make do with a vague
348:
The following January, Franklin, Back and Hepburn formed an advance party to head through the pine forests to Fort Chipewyan, to hire voyageurs and arrange supplies for the next leg of the expedition. Led by Canadian guides, the Britons, who had no experience of the harsh winters of the region, found
234:
More serious than the ambiguity of the instructions was the fact that the expedition was organised with an extremely limited budget. John Franklin was to take only a minimum of naval personnel, and would be reliant on outside help for much of the journey. Manual assistance was meant to be provided by
781:
to the Arctic in 1825. With a party which included Richardson and Back, he journeyed down the Mackenzie River to map a further section of the coast of North America. This time the expedition was better organised, with less reliance on outside help, and all the major objectives were met. After stints
727:
Simpson, and other fur traders who knew the terrain, were scathing in their descriptions of the expedition's poor planning and assessment of Franklin's competence. His reluctance to deviate from his original plan, even when it became obvious that supplies and game would be too scarce to complete the
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A voyageur, Joseph Benoit, and an Inuit interpreter, Tannannoeuck ("Augustus") set off downriver in the hope of meeting a Copper Dene band under Chief Akaitcho, who had been helping the expedition throughout. The rest of the group remained, too weak to go any further. Two of the voyageurs, François
494:
canoes with enough food for fourteen days. Their progress was impeded by storms which frequently damaged the canoes. Attempts to supplement their rations by hunting were so unsuccessful that Franklin suspected the voyageurs of deliberately failing to find game, in order to compel him to turn around.
493:
At the mouth of the Coppermine, Wentzel, with four voyageurs and at least three Copper Dene, returned south, as planned. Akaitcho's band, having fulfilled their obligations to conduct the expedition to the "Frozen Ocean", dispersed for their summer hunting and fishing. Franklin set off east in three
450:
and Jean Baptiste Adam, rebelled. Franklin's threats were ineffective; St. Germain and Adam insisting that as continuing into the wilderness would mean certain death, the threat of execution for mutiny was laughable. Negotiation by Willard Wentzel, the North West Company's representative, eventually
413:
which Akaitcho had chosen as their winter quarters. Food quickly ran short and the voyageurs began to lose faith in their leader; Franklin's threats of severe punishment prevented a mutiny in the short term, but eroded the remaining goodwill felt by the men. The encampment, which Franklin named Fort
372:
The best voyageurs were preoccupied with the conflict between the two fur trading companies, or unwilling to risk a journey into unknown terrain, far outside their normal range and with uncertain supplies. Eventually, Franklin was able to recruit a team of 16 voyageurs, but most of the men fell
813:
Oddly enough, it was the sufferings that Sir John and his men had to go through which attracted me most in his narrative. A strange urge made me wish that I too one day would go through the same thing. Perhaps it was the idealism of youth, which often takes the form of martyrdom, that got me to see
718:
By almost any objective standard, the expedition had been a disaster. Franklin had travelled 5,500 miles (8,900 km) and lost 11 of his 19 men, only to map a small portion of coastline. He got nowhere near his goal of Repulse Bay or to meeting up with William Edward Parry's ships. When the
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Richardson and Hepburn struggled on to Fort Enterprise and were appalled by the scene when they arrived on 29 October 1821. Of the four men who remained, only Peltier was strong enough to stand and greet them. The floorboards had been dug up for firewood, and the skins which covered the windows had
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Of the four voyageurs who had left Franklin's party to return to Hood and Richardson, only Terohaute reached the camp, having taken several days to cover the 4 miles (6.4 km) from where they left Franklin. He told the Britons that he had become separated from the others, and assumed they would
621:
Franklin had only gone a short distance towards Fort Enterprise when four voyageursâMichel Terohaute, Jean Baptiste Belanger, Perrault, and Fontanoâsaid they were unable to continue and asked to return to Hood and Richardson's camp â Franklin agreed. He staggered on towards Fort Enterprise with his
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Fort Enterprise now lay less than a week's march away, but for some of the starving men, that proved to be an insurmountable barrier. At the back of the line, the two weakest voyageurs, Credit and Vaillant, collapsed and were left where they fell. Richardson and Hood were also too weak to continue.
477:
The First Nations guides turned for home as had been agreed, as did Wentzel, leaving Franklin with fifteen voyageurs and his four Britons. Franklin gave orders to those departing that caches of food were to be left on route and that most importantly Fort Enterprise be stocked with a large amount of
761:
On Franklin's return to England in October 1822, none of the rumours or criticism mattered. The failure to meet the expedition's key goals was overlooked in favour of admiration of his tale of courage in the face of adversity. Franklin, who had been made a commander in his absence, was promoted to
694:
Akaitcho explained why Fort Enterprise had not been stocked with food as promised. Part of the reason was that three of his hunters had been killed when they fell through the ice on Little Marten Lake, and he had not been supplied with ammunition at Fort Providence, but he admitted the main reason
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With the starving party weakening rapidly, the situation was saved by Pierre St Germain, who alone had the strength and willpower to construct a makeshift one-man canoe from willow branches and canvas. The other men cheered when, on 4 October, he crossed the river, trailing a lifeline. The rest of
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in 1818; and an ordinary seaman named John Hepburn. As documented in his journals, a second ordinary seaman, Samuel Wilkes, was initially assigned to the party, but fell ill on arriving in Canada and played no further part in the expedition, returning to England with dispatches. He later served as
110:
In the aftermath, local fur traders criticised Franklin for his haphazard planning and failure to adapt. Back in Britain he was received as a hero and fĂȘted for the courage he had shown in extreme adversity. The expedition captured the public imagination, and in reference to a desperate measure he
742:
Wentzel, the North West Company interpreter who was blamed for failing to ensure that Fort Enterprise was stocked, went so far as to accuse Richardson of murder, and demanded that he be brought to trial. Back subsequently wrote to him that "to tell the truth Wentzel, things have taken place which
741:
There were also dark murmurings about what exactly had happened to Hood and Terohaute. The only account of the incident was Richardson's, published after consultation with Franklin, and there was nothing to prove that he and Hepburn had not killed and eaten Hood and the four voyageurs themselves.
400:
His point effectively made, Akaitcho discussed his terms with Franklin. In return for the cancellation of his tribe's debts to the North West Company, and a supply of weapons, ammunition and tobacco, his men would hunt and guide for Franklin on the northward journey down the Coppermine River, and
617:
At this point, Franklin split his party. Back, the fittest remaining officer, was sent ahead with three voyageurs to bring food back from Fort Enterprise. Franklin would follow at a slower pace with the remaining voyageurs. Hood and Richardson would stay in their camp, with Hepburn to look after
417:
Akaitcho and his band have been described (By Franklin, Richardson, Back, Hood and others) as hired guides and hunters. However, in view of their extensive support from (Old) Fort Providence onwards, without which reaching the Arctic Ocean coastline would have been impossible, and their eventual
364:
Without tents, they were grateful for snowfall, as it provided an extra layer of insulation over their blankets. Franklin later wrote that the journey brought "a great inter-mixture of agreeable and disagreeable circumstances. Could the amount of each be balanced, I suspect the latter would much
663:
At some pointâRichardson's journal is unclear on whenâRichardson and Hood began to suspect that Terohaute had killed the three missing voyageurs, and was disappearing from camp to feed on their corpses. The "wolf meat" they had eaten was probably human flesh. On 20 October, while Richardson and
556:
The voyageurs, who were carrying an average of 90 pounds (41 kg) each and had been promised a ration of 8 ounces (230 g) of meat a day when they signed up, suffered most from the hunger. Their discontent again turned into rebellion. They secretly discarded some of the heavy equipment,
213:
would follow on from Ross' work, seeking an entrance to the Northwest Passage from Lancaster Sound. Simultaneously, a party would travel overland to the north coast by way of the Coppermine River and map as much of the coastline as possible, and perhaps even rendezvous with Parry's ships. John
686:
and rotten deerskins, which they ate complete with the maggots, which tasted "as fine as gooseberries." Two of the voyageurs, Peltier and Samandré, died on the night of 1 November. The interpreter, Jean Baptiste Adam, was close to death. Hepburn's limbs began to swell with protein deficiency
434:
The expedition's second winter was another difficult one. Supplies arrived only intermittently; the rival companies each preferring to let the other provide them. Ammunition ran short, and the First Nations hunters were less effective than had been hoped. Finally, with the party at risk of
723:
of the Hudson's Bay Company, who had objected to John Franklin's expedition from the start, wrote that "They do not feel themselves at liberty to enter into the particulars of their disastrous enterprise, and I fear they have not fully achieved the object of their mission."
120:
529:
Winter arrived early, game became even scarcer than it had already been, and by 7 September 1821 the expedition's rations were exhausted. Apart from the rare deer they managed to kill, they were reduced to eating barely-nutritious lichensâchristened
309:
for the first part of the overland trek. The sudden success of the herring fisheries that year meant that the Orkneymen were far less keen to sign up than had been anticipated. Only four men were recruited, and even they agreed to go only as far as
660:, and would sneak and eat meat at night after believing his companions were asleep. When asked to go hunting he refused, replying that "there are no animals, you had better kill and eat me." He later accused the Britons of having eaten his uncle.
230:
and William Edward Parry's (hopefully victorious) ships, but if it seemed better he was also given the option of going west to map the coastline between the Coppermine and the Mackenzie Rivers, or even heading north into wholly unknown seas.
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them, in the hope that one of the other parties could bring them food. Franklin was disturbed by the apparent abandonment of Hood and Richardson, but they were insistent that the party would have a better chance of survival without them.
405:
lands at the far north of the river, since the Yellowknives and the Inuit viewed each other with mutual hostility and suspicion. Akaitcho warned Franklin that in such a hard year, he could not guarantee food would always be available.
91:
offered less assistance than expected, and the dysfunctional supply line, coupled with unusually harsh weather and the resulting absence of game, meant the explorers were never far from starvation. Eventually, the party reached the
622:
five remaining companions, growing weaker and weaker. No game was to be found, even if any of them had been strong enough to hold a rifle, and recounting the story, Franklin made a comment which would become famous: "There was no
728:
journey safely, were cited as evidence of his inflexibility and inability to adapt to a changing situation. Had Franklin been more experienced, he might have reconsidered his goals, or abandoned the expedition altogether.
677:
been removed and eaten by the starving men. Richardson wrote that "the ghastly countenances, dilated eyeballs and sepulchral voices of Captain John Franklin and those with him were more than we could at first bear."
731:
In a particularly harshly worded letter, Simpson also wrote of Franklin's physical failings; " has not the physical powers required for the labor of moderate Voyaging in this country; he must have three meals
769:
Franklin's account of the expedition, published in 1823, was regarded as a classic of travel literature, and when the publishing company could not keep up with demand, second-hand copies sold for up to ten
570:
was the fact that they did not know how to find Fort Enterprise by themselves. However, they began to realise that Franklin had little idea of its location as well. His compass was of little use as the
642:
SemandrĂš and Joseph Peltier, lay down crying and waited to die, and even the normally optimistic Franklin wrote of how quickly his strength was evaporating. None of them had eaten meat for four weeks.
526:
neither have remained with him, nor carried him on with us". The canoes proved difficult to carry and were dropped by the voyageursâFranklin suspected deliberatelyâand became completely unusable.
638:. A note from Back explained that he had found the fort in this state, and that he was heading towards Fort Providence to look for Akaitcho and his First Nations members. The party despaired.
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coast, where George Back had business to attend to, but before he had returned a favourable wind blew up and the ship sailed off, leaving Back to make his own way to their next stop in
4258:
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Besides the three hunters who drowned in Little Marten Lake, three Copper Deneâa man and his wife and childâwere left behind by Wentzel, who assumed that they must have died.
654:
Over the next few days, however, Terohaute's behaviour became more and more erratic. He disappeared for short periods, refusing to say where he had gone. He would not gather
774:. Ordinary people would point him out in the street and recalling his desperate measures to avoid starvation, he became affectionately known as "the man who ate his boots".
336:; little more than a log cabin which was home to 30 Hudson's Bay men. He and his men spent the winter here. The winter of 1819 was a harsh one and ominously, the local
1066:
Houston, C.S., ed. To the Arctic by Canoe 1819-1821: The Journal and Paintings of Robert Hood, Midshipman with Franklin 1974, McGill-Queen's University Press: Montreal.
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Houston, C.S., ed. Arctic Ordeal: The Journal of John Richardson - Surgeon-Naturalist with Franklin 1820-1822. 1984, McGill-Queen's University Press: Montreal, Quebec
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Houston, C.S., ed. Arctic artist: the journal and paintings of George Back, Midshipman with Franklin, 1819â1822. 1994, McGill-Queen's University Press: Montreal.
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on 23 May 1819 on a Hudson's Bay Company supply ship, after three months of planning, and immediately hit a note of farce. The ship had stopped briefly off the
17:
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Franklin was provided with a boat too small to carry all his supplies and proceededâhe was assured the rest would be sent onâalong normal trading routes to
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538:âand the occasional rotting carcass left by packs of wolves. Desperation was such that they even boiled and devoured the leather from their spare boots.
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On 22 August, after about 675 miles (1,086 km) of coastline had been mapped, Franklin stopped at a spot he designated as Point Turnagain, on the
505:. As he had feared, rough seas and the damage to their canoes made a return via the Coppermine impracticable. The party decided on a return via the
5383:
561:, which would prove a serious loss. Richardson wrote that they "became desperate and were perfectly regardless of the commands of the officers."
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had followed the Coppermine River to the sea at a point around 1,500 miles (2,400 km) east of the Bering Strait. He was followed in 1789 by
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Franklin, J. and J. Richardson, Narrative of a Second Expedition to the Shores of the Polar Sea. 1828, Philadelphia: Carey, Lea, and Carey.
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the journey extremely arduous. The constant and extreme cold froze their tea almost immediately after it had been poured, as well as the
96:, but only explored roughly 500 miles (800 km) before turning back due to the onset of winter and the exhaustion of their supplies.
253:
Only four naval personnel accompanied John Franklin; the doctor, naturalist and second in command John Richardson; two midshipmen named
2381:
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who came to the post for supplies reported that game had become so scarce that some families were resorting to cannibalism to survive.
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190:, the true entrance to the Northwest Passage, but judging it to be a bay turned around and returned to Britain. At the same time,
142:, a putative sea route around the north coast of North America which would allow European ships easy access to the markets of the
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Franklin, a lieutenant who had commanded one of David Buchan's ships the previous year, was chosen to lead the overland party.
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impossible. A full-scale mutiny was averted only by their reaching a large river on 26 September, undoubtedly the Coppermine.
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Hepburn were foraging, they heard a shot from the camp. They found Hood dead, and Terohaute standing with a gun in his hand.
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226:, and from there go to the coast by way of the Coppermine River. On reaching the coast he was advised to head east towards
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north of the continent was almost completely unmapped; and it was not known whether a navigable, ice-free passage existed.
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to eat; 11 of the 22 members died amid accusations of murder and cannibalism. The survivors were rescued by members of the
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promise that hunters would feed them en route, and that the chief of the Coppermine First Nations would offer assistance.
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the party crossed one at a time. The boat sank lower and lower in the water as they did so, but all crossed safely.
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801:, who eventually became the first man to navigate the entire Northwest Passage, as well as the first to reach the
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The party desperately retreated across uncharted territory in a state of starvation, often with nothing more than
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almost without trace, with all 128 of his men, and the mystery of his fate has still to be fully discovered.
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Reunited with Hood and Richardson, the party left for Great Slave Lake in July, reaching the trading post at
250:, while the local Yellowknives would act as guides and provide food should John Franklin's supplies run out.
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Franklin and his men spent the remainder of the summer of 1820 trekking north to a point on the bank of the
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Enterprise, was reached without further incident, and wooden huts were constructed as winter quarters.
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The following year, Barrow planned two further expeditions to the Arctic. A seaborne expedition under
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was the driving force for the Royal Navy's exploration of the Arctic in the early 19th century
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The party encamped at Point Turnagain, just before they elected to return to Fort Enterprise
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There was also continuing unrest in the camp. The voyageurs, led by the two interpreters
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442:"Greenstockings" (left), over whom midshipmen Robert Hood and George Back almost duelled
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The party preparing a camp and gathering lichens in the Barren Lands, 20 September 1821
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when the expedition, now reunited with Back, attempted to hire local boatmen to act as
247:
83:
The expedition was plagued by poor planning, bad luck and unreliable allies. The local
77:
805:. At the age of fifteen he read Franklin's account and decided that he wanted to be a
36:
Map showing Franklin's descent of the Coppermine and retreat across the Barren Grounds
5349:
5313:
5295:
5277:
5016:
4806:
4612:
4606:
4562:
4547:
4476:
4448:
4356:
4293:
4203:
4175:
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2705:
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2103:
2009:
1967:
1962:
1752:
1649:
1581:
1556:
1533:
1505:
747:
470:
for the first 117 miles (188 km) of the journey the canoes had to be dragged on
139:
57:
509:, from which they would attempt to make an overland return across the Barren Lands.
182:
In 1818, Barrow had sent his first expedition to seek the Northwest Passage. Led by
5304:
5223:
5184:
5142:
5093:
4823:
4555:
4247:
4127:
3953:
3926:
3866:
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3656:
3395:
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3170:
3093:
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2813:
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2119:
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1997:
1917:
1869:
1859:
1832:
1701:
1674:
1628:
463:
267:
223:
49:
1713:
1686:
1640:
1523:
418:
rescue of the survivors, they could be viewed as full partners in the expedition.
44:
of 1819â1822 was a British overland undertaking to survey and chart the area from
5286:
5037:
5030:
4813:
4760:
4745:
4651:
4646:
4570:
4535:
4471:
4370:
4285:
4252:
3984:
3767:
3759:
3728:
3644:
3604:
3358:
3314:
3254:
3178:
3148:
3143:
3103:
3081:
3029:
2965:
2955:
2906:
2628:
2613:
2466:
2435:
2397:
2147:
2075:
2069:
1992:
1957:
1817:
1571:
1495:
486:
287:
187:
176:
146:. Evidence for the existence of a passage came from the fact that whalers in the
131:
123:
4842:
3336:
222:
Franklin's orders were somewhat general in nature. He was to travel overland to
5149:
5114:
5002:
4967:
4787:
4770:
4723:
4682:
4672:
4641:
4500:
4490:
4382:
4332:
4197:
4147:
4120:
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3861:
3856:
3705:
3558:
3412:
3374:
3331:
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3192:
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3051:
3009:
2999:
2879:
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2521:
2452:
2248:
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2178:
2142:
2136:
2128:
2088:
2083:
2057:
2037:
1805:
1705:
1678:
798:
542:
498:
315:
311:
199:
481:
167:
By 1819 the northern coast had been glimpsed only twice by Europeans. In 1771
5367:
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4007:
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3019:
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2196:
2188:
2093:
2002:
1837:
1632:
1519:
502:
168:
147:
65:
1501:
32:
5135:
5009:
4781:
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4387:
4351:
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3994:
3933:
3787:
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3426:
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3098:
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2982:
2516:
2504:
2447:
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2173:
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2064:
2052:
1925:
1903:
1827:
1780:
322:
262:
191:
104:
93:
356:
5170:
4981:
4818:
4718:
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4484:
4271:
4059:
3434:
3366:
3128:
2987:
2950:
2850:
2842:
2650:
1986:
584:
558:
438:
410:
401:
leave depots of food for their return. However, they would not enter the
258:
203:
179:
to open sea 500 miles (800 km) west of the mouth of the Coppermine.
69:
458:
202:
hypothesis), but returned only with the news that the pack ice north of
4617:
4520:
4504:
4346:
4279:
4180:
3589:
3538:
3498:
2820:
2546:
2474:
2416:
1809:
1777:
802:
790:, he led a final expedition to discover the Northwest Passage in 1845.
604:
533:
326:
306:
195:
53:
45:
4139:
2976:
2528:
2311:
302:
239:
111:
took while starving, he became known as "the man who ate his boots".
48:
to the north coast of North America, eastwards from the mouth of the
1721:
1573:
The Last Place on Earth: Scott and Amundsen's Race to the South Pole
4071:
394:
381:
594:
517:
426:
4698:
4078:
2343:
2319:
2307:
797:
The story of the Coppermine Expedition served as an influence on
750:
launched no official inquiry and the matter was quietly dropped.
609:) of the type eaten by the party in the absence of any other food
291:
2865:
2944:
2269:
1667:
Johnson, R. E.; Johnson, M. H. (2008). "Richardson, Sir John".
598:
471:
295:
143:
100:
61:
782:
commanding ships outside the Arctic, and an unhappy period as
2330:
753:
688:
402:
360:
Constructing a camp during the first winter of the expedition
1398:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
880:
878:
876:
575:
for the area was unknown and the constant cloud cover made
151:
1435:
1423:
1351:
1264:
1216:
1192:
1156:
1132:
119:
1413:
1411:
1329:
1327:
975:
973:
946:
628:, so we drank tea and ate some of our shoes for supper."
1387:
936:
934:
897:
895:
893:
873:
851:
849:
847:
845:
680:
For over a week the men at Fort Enterprise subsisted on
3535:
1621:
Beesly, A. H.; Lambert, A. (2021). "Back, Sir George".
861:
1471:
1459:
1447:
1408:
1375:
1363:
1339:
1324:
1312:
1300:
1288:
1276:
1252:
1240:
1228:
1204:
1180:
1144:
1120:
1110:
1108:
1093:
1069:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
985:
970:
958:
1525:
Narrative of a Journey to the Shores of the Polar Sea
931:
919:
890:
842:
830:
587:
sapped his strength, leaving him a virtual invalid.
393:
on its northern shore ten days later. Here they met
27:
British overland Arctic survey expedition, 1819â1822
1168:
1105:
997:
907:
814:
myself as a kind of crusader in Arctic exploration.
1694:Riffenburghy, B. A. (2012). "Franklin, Sir John".
1081:
4872:
719:party arrived back at York Factory in July 1822,
5365:
512:
1605:. Vol. VII (1836â1850) (online ed.).
1547:Hood, Robert (1974). Houston, C. Stuart (ed.).
186:, it ended ignominiously when Ross entered the
138:, turned its attention to the discovery of the
56:as part of its attempt to discover and map the
1666:
1658:. Vol. VI (1821â1835) (online ed.).
1441:
564:The only thing that prevented their desertion
4858:
1737:
1620:
884:
107:, who had previously given them up for dead.
1700:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1693:
1673:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1627:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1402:
714:, a particularly vehement critic of Franklin
681:
655:
633:
623:
602:
565:
531:
733:
501:, about 25 miles (40 km) northeast of
206:was a barrier which could not be breached.
198:from Britain (Barrow was a believer in the
155:
134:, the British Navy, under the influence of
4865:
4851:
1744:
1730:
325:, the main port on the southwest coast of
321:On 30 August 1819, Franklin's men reached
757:The romantic Victorian view of the Arctic
4802:Pole of Inaccessibility research station
1569:
1518:
1477:
752:
705:
593:
547:
516:
480:
457:
437:
425:
380:
355:
194:made an attempt to sail directly to the
118:
31:
4377:Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition
1697:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1670:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1624:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1594:
1493:
1465:
1453:
1429:
1417:
1381:
1369:
1357:
1345:
1333:
1318:
1306:
1294:
1282:
1270:
1258:
1246:
1234:
1222:
1210:
1198:
1186:
1162:
1150:
1138:
1126:
1099:
1075:
1014:
991:
979:
964:
952:
940:
925:
901:
867:
855:
836:
485:Franklin's canoes caught by a storm in
14:
5384:19th-century history of the Royal Navy
5366:
1647:
1087:
286:The Coppermine Expedition sailed from
52:. The expedition was organised by the
4846:
3521:
1763:
1751:
1725:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
762:captain on 20 November and elected a
261:, the latter of whom had sailed with
5429:History of the Northwest Territories
1546:
1174:
1114:
913:
766:, while Back was made a lieutenant.
462:Franklin's camp at the mouth of the
373:well below the standard he desired.
273:in Captain Parry's 1821 expedition.
76:, both of whom later became notable
5419:Expeditions from the United Kingdom
4163:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
2360:Norse colonization of North America
421:
281:
24:
3692:United States Exploring Expedition
1020:
541:On 13 September the party reached
385:Native chief Akaitcho with his son
376:
154:of the type used in Greenland and
25:
18:Coppermine Expedition of 1819â1822
5445:
4766:AmundsenâScott South Pole Station
4134:Australasian Antarctic Expedition
1652:. In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.).
1599:. In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.).
343:
4660:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
4053:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
1655:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
1602:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
1549:To the Arctic by Canoe 1819â1821
301:A more serious problem arose in
150:had killed whales which carried
1553:McGillâQueen's University Press
1486:
1060:
1051:
1042:
217:
13:
1:
4873:Royal Navy Arctic exploration
4039:Japanese Antarctic Expedition
3974:Scottish Antarctic Expedition
3522:
513:Return journey and starvation
351:mercury in their thermometers
276:
175:, who traced what is now the
114:
4396:Soviet Antarctic Expeditions
4212:ShackletonâRowett Expedition
4018:French Antarctic Expeditions
3948:Swedish Antarctic Expedition
3834:Belgian Antarctic Expedition
1952:Lady Franklin Bay Expedition
1714:UK public library membership
1687:UK public library membership
1641:UK public library membership
701:
60:. It was the first of three
7:
3481:Nuclear-powered icebreakers
3160:Austro-Hungarian Expedition
2025:Andrée's balloon expedition
1660:University of Toronto Press
1607:University of Toronto Press
764:Fellow of the Royal Society
130:In the years following the
10:
5450:
5434:Maritime history of Canada
5394:1819 in the British Empire
5379:19th century in the Arctic
2682:Franklin's lost expedition
2382:Christian IV's expeditions
1764:
1442:Johnson & Johnson 2008
5215:
4945:
4878:
4499:
4230:
3817:
3557:
3534:
3530:
3517:
3036:Great Northern Expedition
2930:
2712:RaeâRichardson expedition
2461:
2306:
1912:British Arctic Expedition
1804:
1776:
1772:
1759:
885:Beesly & Lambert 2021
671:
645:
430:Winter at Fort Enterprise
298:by stagecoach and ferry.
64:expeditions to be led by
4887:Phipps expedition (1773)
4320:British Antarctic Survey
4314:Captain Arturo Prat Base
3559:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
824:
4961:Sir Alexander Armstrong
4796:Pole of inaccessibility
4459:Antarctic Treaty System
2800:2nd Grinnell expedition
5374:19th century in Canada
5108:Sir Leopold McClintock
4901:Mackenzie River (1825)
1706:10.1093/ref:odnb/10090
1679:10.1093/ref:odnb/23568
822:
758:
734:
715:
682:
656:
634:
624:
610:
603:
566:
553:
532:
522:
490:
466:
443:
431:
386:
361:
156:
127:
37:
5066:Sir Edward Inglefield
5017:Sir Richard Collinson
4915:RaeâRichardson (1848)
4466:Transglobe Expedition
4365:Operation Deep Freeze
3774:Challenger expedition
2640:Coppermine expedition
2161:Drifting ice stations
1570:Huntford, R. (2000).
811:
756:
709:
597:
551:
520:
484:
461:
441:
429:
384:
359:
246:and their rivals the
122:
42:Coppermine expedition
35:
5206:Sir Henry Stephenson
5143:Sir Erasmus Ommanney
5080:Skeffington Lutwidge
5052:William Hulme Hooper
1633:10.1093/ref:odnb/983
1597:"Franklin, Sir John"
1595:Holland, C. (1988).
1494:Fleming, F. (2001).
577:celestial navigation
244:Hudson's Bay Company
211:William Edward Parry
80:in their own right.
5178:Sir John Richardson
5087:George Francis Lyon
4636:South magnetic pole
3302:Brusilov expedition
2411:Danish colonization
1849:North magnetic pole
1648:Burant, J. (1987).
1432:, pp. 148â149.
1360:, pp. 149â150.
1273:, pp. 145â146.
1225:, pp. 141â142.
1201:, pp. 139â141.
1165:, pp. 139â140.
1141:, pp. 136â137.
955:, pp. 129â130.
784:Lieutenant-Governor
746:not be known." The
173:Alexander Mackenzie
105:Yellowknives Nation
5424:History of Nunavut
5414:Arctic expeditions
5164:Constantine Phipps
5115:Sir Robert McClure
5101:Sir Albert Markham
5003:Sir Edward Belcher
4975:Sir Horatio Austin
4327:Operation Windmill
4308:Operation Highjump
3283:Rusanov expedition
3188:A. E. Nordenskiöld
2932:North East Passage
2736:McClure expedition
779:another expedition
759:
716:
611:
573:magnetic deviation
554:
523:
491:
467:
448:Pierre St. Germain
444:
432:
387:
362:
248:North West Company
128:
68:and also included
38:
5361:
5360:
5199:Sir Edward Sabine
5073:Sir Henry Kellett
5045:Sir John Franklin
4996:Frederick Beechey
4929:McClintock (1857)
4894:Coppermine (1819)
4840:
4839:
4836:
4835:
4832:
4831:
4294:Operation Tabarin
4156:Far Eastern Party
4002:Nimrod Expedition
3513:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3072:M. Pronchishcheva
2994:Siberian Cossacks
2463:Northwest Passage
1796:Research stations
1753:Polar exploration
1712:(Subscription or
1685:(Subscription or
1639:(Subscription or
1403:Riffenburghy 2012
870:, pp. 29â51.
792:Franklin vanished
788:Van Diemen's Land
489:on 23 August 1821
140:Northwest Passage
58:Northwest Passage
16:(Redirected from
5441:
5354:
5345:
5336:
5327:
5318:
5309:
5300:
5291:
5282:
5273:
5264:
5255:
5246:
5237:
5228:
5208:
5201:
5194:
5187:
5180:
5173:
5166:
5159:
5157:Sir Edward Parry
5152:
5145:
5138:
5136:Sir George Nares
5131:
5124:
5117:
5110:
5103:
5096:
5094:Rochfort Maguire
5089:
5082:
5075:
5068:
5061:
5054:
5047:
5040:
5033:
5026:
5024:Samuel Cresswell
5019:
5012:
5005:
4998:
4991:
4984:
4977:
4970:
4963:
4956:
4938:
4931:
4924:
4917:
4910:
4903:
4896:
4889:
4867:
4860:
4853:
4844:
4843:
4341:Ronne Expedition
3826:
3820:
3684:Dumont d'Urville
3532:
3531:
3519:
3518:
3067:V. Pronchishchev
1774:
1773:
1761:
1760:
1746:
1739:
1732:
1723:
1722:
1717:
1709:
1690:
1682:
1663:
1644:
1636:
1610:
1591:
1566:
1543:
1515:
1481:
1475:
1469:
1463:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1439:
1433:
1427:
1421:
1415:
1406:
1400:
1385:
1379:
1373:
1367:
1361:
1355:
1349:
1343:
1337:
1331:
1322:
1316:
1310:
1304:
1298:
1292:
1286:
1280:
1274:
1268:
1262:
1256:
1250:
1244:
1238:
1232:
1226:
1220:
1214:
1208:
1202:
1196:
1190:
1184:
1178:
1172:
1166:
1160:
1154:
1148:
1142:
1136:
1130:
1124:
1118:
1112:
1103:
1097:
1091:
1085:
1079:
1073:
1067:
1064:
1058:
1055:
1049:
1046:
1040:
1037:
1018:
1012:
995:
989:
983:
977:
968:
962:
956:
950:
944:
938:
929:
923:
917:
911:
905:
899:
888:
882:
871:
865:
859:
853:
840:
834:
820:
737:
685:
659:
637:
627:
608:
569:
537:
464:Coppermine River
422:Coppermine River
334:Cumberland House
282:Cumberland House
242:supplied by the
224:Great Slave Lake
159:
78:Arctic explorers
50:Coppermine River
21:
5449:
5448:
5444:
5443:
5442:
5440:
5439:
5438:
5364:
5363:
5362:
5357:
5348:
5339:
5330:
5321:
5312:
5303:
5294:
5285:
5276:
5267:
5258:
5249:
5240:
5231:
5222:
5211:
5204:
5197:
5190:
5183:
5176:
5169:
5162:
5155:
5148:
5141:
5134:
5127:
5120:
5113:
5106:
5099:
5092:
5085:
5078:
5071:
5064:
5057:
5050:
5043:
5038:James Fitzjames
5036:
5031:Francis Crozier
5029:
5022:
5015:
5008:
5001:
4994:
4989:Sir John Barrow
4987:
4982:Sir George Back
4980:
4973:
4966:
4959:
4952:
4941:
4934:
4927:
4920:
4913:
4908:Franklin (1845)
4906:
4899:
4892:
4885:
4874:
4871:
4841:
4828:
4503:
4495:
4371:McMurdo Station
4240:Modern research
4238:
4226:
3961:O. Nordenskjöld
3824:
3818:
3813:
3729:Ross expedition
3553:
3526:
3505:
2934:
2926:
2467:Northern Canada
2465:
2457:
2310:
2302:
1808:
1800:
1768:
1755:
1750:
1720:
1711:
1684:
1638:
1588:
1563:
1540:
1512:
1489:
1484:
1476:
1472:
1464:
1460:
1452:
1448:
1440:
1436:
1428:
1424:
1416:
1409:
1401:
1388:
1380:
1376:
1368:
1364:
1356:
1352:
1344:
1340:
1332:
1325:
1317:
1313:
1305:
1301:
1293:
1289:
1281:
1277:
1269:
1265:
1257:
1253:
1245:
1241:
1233:
1229:
1221:
1217:
1209:
1205:
1197:
1193:
1185:
1181:
1173:
1169:
1161:
1157:
1149:
1145:
1137:
1133:
1125:
1121:
1113:
1106:
1098:
1094:
1086:
1082:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1021:
1013:
998:
990:
986:
978:
971:
963:
959:
951:
947:
939:
932:
924:
920:
916:, p. xxiv.
912:
908:
900:
891:
883:
874:
866:
862:
854:
843:
835:
831:
827:
821:
818:
809:. He recalled:
704:
674:
648:
515:
487:Coronation Gulf
424:
391:Fort Providence
379:
377:Fort Enterprise
365:preponderate."
346:
284:
279:
220:
188:Lancaster Sound
177:Mackenzie River
162:maze of islands
136:Sir John Barrow
132:Napoleonic Wars
124:Sir John Barrow
117:
74:John Richardson
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5447:
5437:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5409:1822 in Canada
5406:
5404:1821 in Canada
5401:
5399:1820 in Canada
5396:
5391:
5389:1819 in Canada
5386:
5381:
5376:
5359:
5358:
5356:
5355:
5346:
5337:
5328:
5319:
5310:
5301:
5292:
5283:
5274:
5265:
5256:
5247:
5238:
5229:
5219:
5217:
5213:
5212:
5210:
5209:
5202:
5195:
5188:
5185:Sir James Ross
5181:
5174:
5167:
5160:
5153:
5150:Sherard Osborn
5146:
5139:
5132:
5129:Arthur Morrell
5125:
5118:
5111:
5104:
5097:
5090:
5083:
5076:
5069:
5062:
5055:
5048:
5041:
5034:
5027:
5020:
5013:
5006:
4999:
4992:
4985:
4978:
4971:
4968:Pelham Aldrich
4964:
4957:
4949:
4947:
4943:
4942:
4940:
4939:
4936:British (1875)
4932:
4925:
4922:McClure (1850)
4918:
4911:
4904:
4897:
4890:
4882:
4880:
4876:
4875:
4870:
4869:
4862:
4855:
4847:
4838:
4837:
4834:
4833:
4830:
4829:
4827:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4810:
4809:
4804:
4792:
4791:
4790:
4788:Vostok Station
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4742:
4741:
4739:Cherry-Garrard
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4704:
4703:
4702:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4656:
4655:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4632:
4631:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4603:
4602:
4601:
4589:
4588:
4587:
4579:Southern Cross
4575:
4574:
4573:
4560:
4559:
4558:
4545:
4540:
4539:
4538:
4525:
4524:
4523:
4509:
4507:
4501:Farthest South
4497:
4496:
4494:
4493:
4488:
4481:
4480:
4479:
4474:
4462:
4455:
4454:
4453:
4452:
4451:
4439:
4438:
4437:
4425:
4424:
4423:
4416:
4411:
4392:
4391:
4390:
4385:
4373:
4368:
4361:
4360:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4337:
4336:
4335:
4323:
4316:
4311:
4304:
4303:
4302:
4290:
4289:
4288:
4276:
4275:
4274:
4262:
4255:
4250:
4244:
4242:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4224:
4223:
4222:
4208:
4207:
4206:
4198:Ross Sea party
4194:
4185:
4184:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4159:
4152:
4151:
4150:
4145:
4130:
4125:
4124:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4084:
4083:
4082:
4075:
4068:
4063:
4049:
4048:
4047:
4035:
4034:
4033:
4028:
4014:
4013:
4012:
3998:
3991:
3990:
3989:
3982:
3970:
3969:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3944:
3943:
3942:
3937:
3923:
3922:
3921:
3916:
3902:
3901:
3900:
3895:
3892:Southern Cross
3885:Southern Cross
3881:
3880:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3829:
3827:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3811:
3810:
3809:
3797:
3796:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3770:
3765:
3764:
3763:
3750:
3744:
3725:
3724:
3723:
3710:
3709:
3708:
3703:
3688:
3687:
3686:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3648:
3647:
3635:
3634:
3633:
3631:Bellingshausen
3621:
3614:
3609:
3608:
3607:
3594:
3593:
3592:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3563:
3561:
3555:
3554:
3552:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3528:
3527:
3515:
3514:
3511:
3510:
3507:
3506:
3504:
3503:
3502:
3501:
3490:
3478:
3473:
3466:
3459:
3458:
3457:
3445:
3444:
3443:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3417:
3416:
3415:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3392:
3391:
3379:
3378:
3377:
3363:
3362:
3361:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3328:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3298:
3297:
3296:
3291:
3279:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3243:
3242:
3241:
3227:
3226:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3197:
3196:
3195:
3190:
3175:
3174:
3173:
3168:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3090:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2940:
2938:
2936:Russian Arctic
2928:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2918:
2917:
2903:
2902:
2901:
2896:
2882:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2847:
2846:
2845:
2832:
2831:
2830:
2818:
2817:
2816:
2811:
2796:
2795:
2794:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2760:
2752:
2747:
2732:
2727:
2726:
2725:
2720:
2708:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2693:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2565:
2564:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2525:
2524:
2519:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2471:
2469:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2444:
2443:
2438:
2426:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2407:
2406:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2378:
2373:
2371:SnÊbjörn galti
2368:
2363:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2334:
2327:
2322:
2316:
2314:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2273:
2266:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2238:
2228:
2227:
2226:
2221:
2207:
2200:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2164:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2117:
2108:
2107:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2061:
2060:
2055:
2040:
2035:
2034:
2033:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2007:
2006:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1928:
1923:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1879:
1878:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1814:
1812:
1806:Farthest North
1802:
1801:
1799:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1770:
1769:
1757:
1756:
1749:
1748:
1741:
1734:
1726:
1719:
1718:
1691:
1664:
1650:"Hood, Robert"
1645:
1615:Limited access
1612:
1611:
1592:
1586:
1567:
1561:
1544:
1538:
1516:
1510:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1482:
1470:
1468:, p. 153.
1458:
1456:, p. 123.
1446:
1434:
1422:
1420:, p. 152.
1407:
1386:
1384:, p. 341.
1374:
1372:, p. 150.
1362:
1350:
1348:, p. 112.
1338:
1336:, p. 197.
1323:
1321:, p. 148.
1311:
1309:, p. 147.
1299:
1297:, p. 154.
1287:
1285:, p. 146.
1275:
1263:
1261:, p. 438.
1251:
1249:, p. 144.
1239:
1237:, p. 143.
1227:
1215:
1213:, p. 141.
1203:
1191:
1189:, p. 138.
1179:
1177:, p. 159.
1167:
1155:
1153:, p. 129.
1143:
1131:
1129:, p. 136.
1119:
1117:, p. 158.
1104:
1102:, p. 132.
1092:
1080:
1078:, p. 135.
1068:
1059:
1050:
1041:
1019:
996:
994:, p. 133.
984:
982:, p. 131.
969:
967:, p. 251.
957:
945:
943:, p. 140.
930:
928:, p. 128.
918:
906:
904:, p. 127.
889:
872:
860:
858:, p. 125.
841:
828:
826:
823:
816:
807:polar explorer
799:Roald Amundsen
777:Franklin made
745:
721:George Simpson
712:George Simpson
703:
700:
683:tripe de roche
673:
670:
657:tripe de roche
647:
644:
635:tripe de roche
625:tripe de roche
605:tripe de roche
557:including the
543:Contwoyto Lake
534:tripe de roche
514:
511:
499:Kent Peninsula
423:
420:
378:
375:
345:
344:Fort Chipewyan
342:
316:Lake Athabasca
312:Fort Chipewyan
283:
280:
278:
275:
219:
216:
200:Open Polar Sea
116:
113:
89:native peoples
87:companies and
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5446:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5371:
5369:
5353:
5352:
5347:
5344:
5343:
5338:
5335:
5334:
5329:
5326:
5325:
5320:
5317:
5316:
5311:
5308:
5307:
5302:
5299:
5298:
5293:
5290:
5289:
5284:
5281:
5280:
5275:
5272:
5271:
5266:
5263:
5262:
5257:
5254:
5253:
5248:
5245:
5244:
5239:
5236:
5235:
5230:
5227:
5226:
5221:
5220:
5218:
5214:
5207:
5203:
5200:
5196:
5193:
5192:Sir John Ross
5189:
5186:
5182:
5179:
5175:
5172:
5168:
5165:
5161:
5158:
5154:
5151:
5147:
5144:
5140:
5137:
5133:
5130:
5126:
5123:
5122:George Mecham
5119:
5116:
5112:
5109:
5105:
5102:
5098:
5095:
5091:
5088:
5084:
5081:
5077:
5074:
5070:
5067:
5063:
5060:
5059:Henry Hoppner
5056:
5053:
5049:
5046:
5042:
5039:
5035:
5032:
5028:
5025:
5021:
5018:
5014:
5011:
5007:
5004:
5000:
4997:
4993:
4990:
4986:
4983:
4979:
4976:
4972:
4969:
4965:
4962:
4958:
4955:
4951:
4950:
4948:
4944:
4937:
4933:
4930:
4926:
4923:
4919:
4916:
4912:
4909:
4905:
4902:
4898:
4895:
4891:
4888:
4884:
4883:
4881:
4877:
4868:
4863:
4861:
4856:
4854:
4849:
4848:
4845:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4799:
4798:
4797:
4793:
4789:
4786:
4785:
4784:
4783:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4711:
4710:
4709:
4705:
4701:
4700:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4668:
4664:
4663:
4662:
4661:
4657:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4639:
4638:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4610:
4609:
4608:
4604:
4600:
4597:
4596:
4595:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4583:
4582:
4581:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4569:
4568:
4567:
4566:
4561:
4557:
4554:
4553:
4552:
4551:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4537:
4534:
4533:
4532:
4531:
4526:
4522:
4519:
4518:
4517:
4516:
4511:
4510:
4508:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4486:
4482:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4469:
4468:
4467:
4463:
4461:
4460:
4456:
4450:
4447:
4446:
4445:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4433:
4432:
4431:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4421:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4406:
4405:
4404:
4400:
4399:
4398:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4380:
4379:
4378:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4344:
4343:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4331:
4330:
4329:
4328:
4324:
4322:
4321:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4298:
4297:
4296:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4284:
4283:
4282:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4270:
4269:
4268:
4267:
4263:
4261:
4260:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4221:
4220:
4216:
4215:
4214:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4202:
4201:
4200:
4199:
4195:
4193:
4192:
4191:
4186:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4171:
4167:
4166:
4165:
4164:
4160:
4158:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4143:
4138:
4137:
4136:
4135:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4096:
4092:
4091:
4090:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4080:
4076:
4074:
4073:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4061:
4057:
4056:
4055:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4043:
4042:
4041:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4026:
4022:
4021:
4020:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4010:
4006:
4005:
4004:
4003:
3999:
3997:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3987:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3977:
3976:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3956:
3952:
3951:
3950:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3935:
3931:
3930:
3929:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3919:Discovery Hut
3917:
3915:
3914:
3910:
3909:
3908:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3893:
3889:
3888:
3887:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3842:
3838:
3837:
3836:
3835:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3823:
3816:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3803:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3783:
3778:
3777:
3776:
3775:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3761:
3757:
3756:
3751:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3739:
3738:
3733:
3732:
3731:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3716:
3711:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3701:
3696:
3695:
3694:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3682:
3681:
3680:
3679:
3675:
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3643:
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3456:
3453:
3452:
3451:
3450:
3449:A. Sibiryakov
3446:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3437:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3423:
3422:
3421:Glavsevmorput
3418:
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3410:
3409:
3408:
3404:
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3399:
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3333:
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3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
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3313:
3311:
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3306:
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3303:
3299:
3295:
3292:
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3287:
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3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
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3240:
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3110:
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3097:
3095:
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3088:
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3060:
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3037:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
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2979:
2978:
2974:
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2833:
2829:
2826:
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2803:
2802:
2801:
2797:
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2748:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2724:
2723:J. Richardson
2721:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2700:
2699:
2694:
2692:
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2637:
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2602:
2597:
2593:
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2570:
2567:
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2527:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2485:M. Corte-Real
2483:
2481:
2480:G. Corte-Real
2478:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
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2439:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2403:C. Richardson
2401:
2399:
2396:
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2385:
2384:
2383:
2379:
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2318:
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2297:
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2257:
2255:
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2250:
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2239:
2237:
2236:
2235:
2229:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2213:
2212:Georgiy Sedov
2208:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2109:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2099:Riiser-Larsen
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2080:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1973:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1921:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1894:
1890:
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1888:
1887:
1885:
1880:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
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1858:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1747:
1742:
1740:
1735:
1733:
1728:
1727:
1724:
1715:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1698:
1692:
1688:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1671:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1642:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1608:
1604:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1587:9780349113951
1583:
1579:
1575:
1574:
1568:
1564:
1562:0-7735-1222-5
1558:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1541:
1539:9781596051553
1535:
1531:
1527:
1526:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1511:9781862075023
1507:
1503:
1499:
1498:
1497:Barrow's Boys
1492:
1491:
1480:, p. 19.
1479:
1478:Huntford 2000
1474:
1467:
1462:
1455:
1450:
1443:
1438:
1431:
1426:
1419:
1414:
1412:
1404:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1383:
1378:
1371:
1366:
1359:
1354:
1347:
1342:
1335:
1330:
1328:
1320:
1315:
1308:
1303:
1296:
1291:
1284:
1279:
1272:
1267:
1260:
1255:
1248:
1243:
1236:
1231:
1224:
1219:
1212:
1207:
1200:
1195:
1188:
1183:
1176:
1171:
1164:
1159:
1152:
1147:
1140:
1135:
1128:
1123:
1116:
1111:
1109:
1101:
1096:
1089:
1084:
1077:
1072:
1063:
1054:
1045:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1016:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
993:
988:
981:
976:
974:
966:
961:
954:
949:
942:
937:
935:
927:
922:
915:
910:
903:
898:
896:
894:
886:
881:
879:
877:
869:
864:
857:
852:
850:
848:
846:
839:, p. 30.
838:
833:
829:
815:
810:
808:
804:
800:
795:
793:
789:
785:
780:
775:
773:
767:
765:
755:
751:
749:
743:
739:
736:
729:
725:
722:
713:
708:
699:
696:
692:
690:
684:
678:
669:
665:
661:
658:
652:
643:
639:
636:
629:
626:
619:
615:
607:
606:
600:
596:
592:
588:
586:
580:
578:
574:
568:
562:
560:
550:
546:
544:
539:
536:
535:
527:
519:
510:
508:
504:
503:Cape Flinders
500:
495:
488:
483:
479:
475:
473:
465:
460:
456:
452:
449:
440:
436:
428:
419:
415:
412:
407:
404:
398:
396:
392:
383:
374:
370:
366:
358:
354:
352:
341:
339:
338:First Nations
335:
330:
328:
324:
319:
317:
313:
308:
304:
299:
297:
293:
289:
274:
272:
271:
264:
260:
256:
251:
249:
245:
241:
238:
232:
229:
225:
215:
212:
207:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
180:
178:
174:
170:
169:Samuel Hearne
165:
163:
158:
153:
149:
148:Bering Strait
145:
141:
137:
133:
125:
121:
112:
108:
106:
102:
97:
95:
90:
86:
81:
79:
75:
71:
67:
66:John Franklin
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
34:
30:
19:
5350:
5341:
5332:
5324:Investigator
5323:
5314:
5305:
5296:
5287:
5278:
5269:
5260:
5251:
5242:
5233:
5224:
5010:David Buchan
4954:Edward Adams
4893:
4794:
4782:Pole of Cold
4780:
4706:
4697:
4665:
4658:
4634:
4605:
4591:
4585:Borchgrevink
4577:
4564:
4549:
4529:
4514:
4483:
4464:
4457:
4441:
4427:
4418:
4401:
4394:
4375:
4363:
4339:
4325:
4318:
4306:
4292:
4278:
4264:
4257:
4218:
4210:
4196:
4189:
4187:
4169:
4161:
4154:
4141:
4132:
4094:
4086:
4077:
4070:
4058:
4051:
4037:
4025:Pourquoi-Pas
4024:
4016:
4008:
4000:
3995:Orcadas Base
3993:
3985:
3972:
3966:C. A. Larsen
3954:
3946:
3932:
3925:
3912:
3904:
3898:Borchgrevink
3891:
3883:
3840:
3832:
3807:C. A. Larsen
3800:
3781:
3772:
3754:
3736:
3727:
3714:
3699:
3690:
3677:
3638:
3624:
3617:
3598:
3583:
3493:
3486:
3469:
3462:
3448:
3433:
3419:
3406:
3381:
3367:
3365:
3351:
3349:
3343:
3341:
3307:
3300:
3281:
3247:
3245:
3231:
3229:
3211:
3201:
3199:
3179:
3177:
3158:
3034:
2992:
2975:
2943:
2907:
2905:
2885:
2884:
2864:
2863:
2849:
2836:
2821:
2807:
2798:
2785:
2756:
2744:Investigator
2743:
2734:
2710:
2697:
2689:
2680:
2667:
2639:
2638:
2615:
2600:
2585:
2555:
2540:
2510:
2429:
2409:
2380:
2376:Erik the Red
2358:
2336:
2329:
2286:submersibles
2283:
2277:Arktika 2007
2275:
2268:
2261:
2258:
2242:
2233:
2230:
2211:
2209:
2202:
2195:
2166:
2159:
2135:
2121:
2120:
2112:
2110:
2076:
2074:
2045:
2042:
2031:S. A. Andrée
2023:
2010:
1985:
1977:
1974:
1950:
1932:
1919:
1910:
1892:
1883:
1881:
1847:
1695:
1668:
1653:
1622:
1614:
1613:
1600:
1572:
1548:
1524:
1520:Franklin, J.
1502:Granta Books
1496:
1487:Bibliography
1473:
1466:Fleming 2001
1461:
1454:Fleming 2001
1449:
1437:
1430:Fleming 2001
1425:
1418:Fleming 2001
1382:Fleming 2001
1377:
1370:Fleming 2001
1365:
1358:Fleming 2001
1353:
1346:Fleming 2001
1341:
1334:Fleming 2001
1319:Fleming 2001
1314:
1307:Fleming 2001
1302:
1295:Fleming 2001
1290:
1283:Fleming 2001
1278:
1271:Fleming 2001
1266:
1259:Fleming 2001
1254:
1247:Fleming 2001
1242:
1235:Fleming 2001
1230:
1223:Fleming 2001
1218:
1211:Fleming 2001
1206:
1199:Fleming 2001
1194:
1187:Fleming 2001
1182:
1170:
1163:Fleming 2001
1158:
1151:Fleming 2001
1146:
1139:Fleming 2001
1134:
1127:Fleming 2001
1122:
1100:Fleming 2001
1095:
1083:
1076:Fleming 2001
1071:
1062:
1053:
1044:
1015:Holland 1988
992:Fleming 2001
987:
980:Fleming 2001
965:Fleming 2001
960:
953:Fleming 2001
948:
941:Fleming 2001
926:Fleming 2001
921:
909:
902:Fleming 2001
868:Fleming 2001
863:
856:Fleming 2001
837:Fleming 2001
832:
812:
796:
776:
768:
760:
740:
730:
726:
717:
697:
693:
679:
675:
666:
662:
653:
649:
640:
630:
620:
616:
612:
589:
581:
563:
559:fishing nets
555:
540:
528:
524:
496:
492:
476:
468:
453:
445:
433:
416:
408:
399:
388:
371:
367:
363:
347:
331:
323:York Factory
320:
300:
285:
269:
266:armourer on
263:David Buchan
252:
233:
221:
218:Preparations
208:
192:David Buchan
181:
166:
129:
109:
98:
94:Arctic coast
82:
41:
39:
29:
5171:Bedford Pim
4879:Expeditions
4485:Lake Vostok
4435:Tryoshnikov
4357:Schlossbach
4248:Christensen
4190:James Caird
4111:E. R. Evans
3877:Dobrowolski
3847:de Gerlache
3549:Expeditions
3435:Aviaarktika
3389:Samoylovich
3260:Kolomeitsev
3154:Middendorff
3114:Gedenshtrom
2534:I. Fyodorov
2296:Chilingarov
2184:E. Fyodorov
1791:Expeditions
1530:John Murray
1088:Burant 1987
585:Hypothermia
411:Snare River
259:George Back
255:Robert Hood
228:Repulse Bay
204:Spitsbergen
85:fur trading
70:George Back
5368:Categories
5270:Enterprise
5234:Assistance
4708:Terra Nova
4613:Shackleton
4556:J. C. Ross
4515:Resolution
4505:South Pole
4280:New Swabia
4204:Mackintosh
4176:Shackleton
4095:Terra Nova
4088:Terra Nova
3822:Heroic Age
3782:Challenger
3742:J. C. Ross
3652:Bransfield
3584:Resolution
3499:icebreaker
3463:Chelyuskin
3204:expedition
3182:Expedition
3124:Matyushkin
3082:Kh. Laptev
3077:Chelyuskin
2971:Heemskerck
2961:Chancellor
2956:Willoughby
2951:Koch boats
2894:Stefansson
2828:McClintock
2792:Inglefield
2634:J. C. Ross
2541:Resolution
2393:Cunningham
2291:Sagalevich
1980:expedition
1939:Stephenson
1899:C. F. Hall
1886:expedition
1860:J. C. Ross
1823:Heemskerck
1810:North Pole
1716:required.)
1689:required.)
1643:required.)
1576:. London:
1551:. Canada:
1528:. London:
1500:. London:
803:South Pole
507:Hood River
327:Hudson Bay
307:manhaulers
277:Expedition
196:North Pole
160:, but the
157:vice versa
115:Background
54:Royal Navy
46:Hudson Bay
5333:Racehorse
5261:Discovery
4807:Tolstikov
4593:Discovery
4563:HMS
4548:HMS
4530:Adventure
4528:HMS
4513:HMS
4449:Tolstikov
4170:Endurance
3955:Antarctic
3940:Drygalski
3913:Discovery
3906:Discovery
3867:Arctowski
3780:HMS
3753:HMS
3747:Abernethy
3735:HMS
3713:USS
3700:Vincennes
3698:USS
3678:Astrolabe
3618:San Telmo
3599:Adventure
3597:HMS
3582:HMS
3577:Kerguelen
3539:Continent
3524:Antarctic
3401:Urvantsev
3359:Vilkitsky
3212:Jeannette
3210:USS
3202:Jeannette
3166:Weyprecht
3144:Pakhtusov
3094:Chichagov
3087:D. Laptev
3030:Permyakov
3005:Stadukhin
3000:Perfilyev
2977:Mangazeya
2915:H. Larsen
2880:Rasmussen
2835:HMS
2806:USS
2755:HMS
2742:HMS
2706:Collinson
2696:HMS
2688:HMS
2666:HMS
2614:HMS
2599:HMS
2584:HMS
2569:Mackenzie
2556:Discovery
2554:HMS
2539:HMS
2511:Discovery
2490:Frobisher
2453:Rasmussen
2366:Gunnbjörn
2312:Greenland
2241:USS
2232:USS
2104:Ellsworth
2046:Roosevelt
1976:Nansen's
1933:Discovery
1931:HMS
1918:HMS
1865:Abernethy
1833:Marmaduke
1175:Hood 1974
1115:Hood 1974
914:Hood 1974
748:Admiralty
702:Aftermath
303:Stromness
288:Gravesend
268:HMS
240:voyageurs
184:John Ross
5342:Resolute
4819:A. Fuchs
4776:V. Fuchs
4756:McKinley
4719:E. Evans
4678:Bjaaland
4673:Amundsen
4623:Marshall
4536:Furneaux
4388:V. Fuchs
4352:E. Ronne
4347:F. Ronne
4286:Ritscher
4140:SY
4128:Filchner
4072:Framheim
4066:Amundsen
3872:RacoviÈÄ
3857:Amundsen
3852:Lecointe
3721:Ringgold
3715:Porpoise
3605:Furneaux
3441:Shevelev
3396:Begichev
3375:Amundsen
3337:NagĂłrski
3315:Brusilov
3309:Sv. Anna
3223:Melville
3193:Palander
3149:Tsivolko
3109:Sannikov
3104:Billings
3047:Chirikov
2966:Barentsz
2908:St. Roch
2899:Bartlett
2873:Amundsen
2857:Sverdrup
2757:Resolute
2646:Franklin
2574:Kotzebue
2441:Sverdrup
2424:Scoresby
2398:Lindenov
2249:Plaisted
2234:Nautilus
2179:Shirshov
2153:Belyakov
2148:Baydukov
2122:Nautilus
2084:Amundsen
2044:SS
2003:Sverdrup
1998:Johansen
1968:Brainard
1963:Lockwood
1818:Barentsz
1522:(1823).
819:Amundsen
817:â
735:per diem
567:en masse
395:Akaitcho
5252:Carcass
5243:Blossom
4824:Messner
4771:Hillary
4751:Balchen
4699:Polheim
4693:Wisting
4571:Crozier
4543:Weddell
4521:J. Cook
4491:Kapitsa
4472:Fiennes
4414:Klenova
4383:Hillary
4333:Ketchum
4259:BANZARE
4234:·
4079:Polheim
4045:Shirase
4031:Charcot
3841:Belgica
3760:Crozier
3672:Morrell
3667:Weddell
3645:Lazarev
3590:J. Cook
3544:History
3494:Arktika
3470:Krassin
3455:Voronin
3427:Schmidt
3413:Ushakov
3352:Vaygach
3320:Albanov
3289:Rusanov
3270:Kolchak
3265:Matisen
3239:Makarov
3218:De Long
3119:Wrangel
3099:Lyakhov
3052:Malygin
3010:Dezhnev
2837:Pandora
2808:Advance
2775:Kennedy
2770:Belcher
2763:Kellett
2750:McClure
2674:Beechey
2668:Blossom
2661:Simpson
2629:Crozier
2622:Hoppner
2579:J. Ross
2547:J. Cook
2495:Gilbert
2388:J. Hall
2354:IngĂłlfr
2344:Naddodd
2338:Vikings
2325:Brendan
2320:Pytheas
2308:Iceland
2262:Arktika
2254:Herbert
2219:Badygin
2189:Krenkel
2174:Papanin
2143:Chkalov
2129:Wilkins
2094:Wisting
2038:F. Cook
1944:Markham
1904:Bessels
1893:Polaris
1884:Polaris
1855:J. Ross
1838:Carolus
1786:History
772:guineas
599:Lichens
472:sledges
292:Norfolk
5351:Terror
5315:Herald
5297:Griper
5279:Erebus
4946:People
4734:Bowers
4729:Wilson
4688:Hassel
4683:Helmer
4652:Mackay
4642:Mawson
4607:Nimrod
4565:Terror
4550:Erebus
4477:Burton
4272:Rymill
4148:Mawson
4142:Aurora
4121:Lashly
4106:Wilson
4009:Nimrod
3986:Scotia
3793:Murray
3768:Cooper
3755:Terror
3737:Erebus
3706:Wilkes
3657:Palmer
3625:Vostok
3572:Bouvet
3496:-class
3476:Gakkel
3344:Taymyr
3325:Konrad
3294:Kuchin
3232:Yermak
3139:Lavrov
3057:Ovtsyn
3042:Bering
3020:Ivanov
2983:Hudson
2945:Pomors
2922:Cowper
2887:Karluk
2786:Isabel
2780:Bellot
2730:Austin
2698:Terror
2690:Erebus
2586:Griper
2562:Clerke
2522:Baffin
2505:Hudson
2436:Nansen
2349:GarĂ°ar
2270:Barneo
2137:ANT-25
2113:Italia
2089:Nobile
2058:Henson
2017:Amedeo
1993:Nansen
1958:Greely
1828:Hudson
1766:Arctic
1710:
1683:
1637:
1584:
1578:Abacus
1559:
1536:
1508:
689:oedema
672:Rescue
646:Murder
296:Orkney
144:Orient
101:lichen
62:Arctic
5306:Hecla
5225:Alert
5216:Ships
4814:Crary
4761:Dufek
4724:Oates
4714:Scott
4647:David
4628:Adams
4599:Barne
4420:Mirny
4409:Somov
4219:Quest
4116:Crean
4101:Scott
3980:Bruce
3934:Gauss
3927:Gauss
3801:Jason
3788:Nares
3662:Davis
3639:Mirny
3612:Smith
3567:Roché
3487:Lenin
3407:Sadko
3332:Wiese
3277:Sedov
3248:Zarya
3171:Payer
3134:Litke
3129:Anjou
3062:Minin
3025:Vagin
3015:Popov
2988:Poole
2843:Young
2656:Dease
2601:Hecla
2592:Parry
2517:Bylot
2500:Davis
2475:Cabot
2448:Peary
2430:Jason
2417:Egede
2331:Papar
2243:Skate
2224:Wiese
2204:NP-37
2197:NP-36
2077:Norge
2065:Sedov
2053:Peary
2011:Jason
1926:Nares
1920:Alert
1875:Hayes
1843:Parry
1781:Ocean
825:Notes
403:Inuit
270:Hecla
237:MĂ©tis
152:tusks
5288:Fury
4746:Byrd
4667:Fram
4618:Wild
4300:Marr
4266:BGLE
4253:Byrd
4181:Wild
4060:Fram
3862:Cook
3383:AARI
3368:Maud
3255:Toll
3180:Vega
2866:GjĂža
2851:Fram
2814:Kane
2651:Back
2616:Fury
2607:Lyon
2529:Munk
2168:NP-1
2070:Byrd
1987:Fram
1978:Fram
1870:Kane
1582:ISBN
1557:ISBN
1534:ISBN
1506:ISBN
744:must
710:Sir
257:and
72:and
40:The
4443:3rd
4429:2nd
4403:1st
4236:IGY
4232:IPY
2822:Fox
2718:Rae
2284:Mir
2260:NS
1702:doi
1675:doi
1629:doi
786:of
314:on
5370::
3348:/
1580:.
1555:.
1532:.
1504:.
1410:^
1389:^
1326:^
1107:^
1022:^
999:^
972:^
933:^
892:^
875:^
844:^
353:.
318:.
4866:e
4859:t
4852:v
3825:"
3819:"
3762:)
3758:(
3749:)
3740:(
1745:e
1738:t
1731:v
1708:.
1704::
1681:.
1677::
1662:.
1635:.
1631::
1609:.
1590:.
1565:.
1542:.
1514:.
1444:.
1405:.
1090:.
1017:.
887:.
601:(
20:)
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