30:
2020:
519:
1972:
2933:
2009:
2040:
2050:
2030:
2945:
42:
627:, i.e. archeological sequences. This does not fix a person or event to a specific year, but establishing a sequence of events can provide indirect evidence to provide or support a precise date. For example, some inscribed stone vessels of the rulers of the first two dynasties were collected and deposited in storage galleries beneath and sealed off when the
589:
had reigned 48 years. However, further research has shown that these censuses were sometimes taken in consecutive years, or after two or more years had passed. The Sed festival was usually celebrated on the thirtieth anniversary of a pharaoh's ascension, and thus rulers who recorded celebrating one
125:
Scholarly consensus on the general outline of the conventional chronology current in
Egyptology has not fluctuated much over the last 100 years. For the Old Kingdom, consensus fluctuates by as much as a few centuries, but for the Middle and New Kingdoms, it has been stable to within a few decades.
573:
with a predecessor or successor. In addition, some
Egyptian dynasties probably overlapped, with different pharaohs ruling in different regions at the same time, rather than serially. Not knowing whether monarchies were simultaneous or sequential results in widely differing chronological
501:
The disparities between the two sets of dates result from additional discoveries and refined understanding of the still very incomplete source evidence. For example, Breasted adds a ruler in the
Twentieth dynasty that further research showed did not exist. Following
822:. This is useful especially for the Early Dynastic period, where Egyptological consensus has only been possible within a range of about three or four centuries. Radiocarbon dating is roughly consistent with Shaw's conventional chronology. A 2013 study found a
593:
In the early days of
Egyptology, the compilation of regnal periods was also hampered by a profound biblical bias on the part of Egyptologists. This was most pervasive before the mid 19th century, when Manetho's figures were recognized as conflicting with
506:, Breasted also believed all the dynasties were sequential, whereas it is now known that several existed at the same time. These revisions have resulted in a lowering of the conventional chronology by up to 400 years at the beginning of
1541:
814:, in attempting to fix the date of the end of the Eighteenth dynasty, almost completely ignores the Sothic evidence, relying on synchronicities between Egypt and Assyria (by way of the Hittites), and help from astronomical observations.
809:
could be fixed with absolute precision. More recent research has eroded this confidence, questioning many of the assumptions used with the Sothic Cycle, and as a result experts have moved away from relying on this Cycle. For example,
568:
Regnal periods have to be pieced together from inscriptions, which will often give a date in the form of the regnal year of the ruling pharaoh. Yet this only provides a minimum length of that reign and may or may not include any
553:), even for a short period of Egyptian history. The situation is further complicated by occasional conflicting information on the same regnal period from different versions of the same text; thus, the Egyptian historian
1079:
1463:
In 2012 one of the proponents of an archaeological date, Felix Höflmayer, argued that archaeological evidence could be consistent with a date as early as 1570 BCE, reducing the discrepancy to around fifty years.
862:. Combined use of dendrochronology and radiocarbon dating allowed identification of tree rings even back to the Middle Kingdom period, as in the coffin of Ipi-ha-ishutef (dated 2073±9 BC) or the funerary boat of
850:. Since 2012, there have been suggestions that the solution lies in adjusting both dates towards a "compromise" date in the mid 16th century BC, but as of 2023 the problem has not been satisfactorily resolved.
1451:"The date of this event is of critical importance to the synchronisations of the civilisations in the Eastern Mediterranean. The solution of this matter is the key to most of our synchronisation problems".
585:. A number of Old Kingdom inscriptions allude to a periodic census of cattle, which experts at first believed took place every second year; thus records of as many as 24 cattle censuses indicate
1534:
S. Manning et al., "High-precision dendro-14C dating of two cedar wood sequences from First
Intermediate Period and Middle Kingdom Egypt and a small regional climate-related 14C divergence",
1090:
1179:
Ramsey, C. B.; Dee, M. W.; Rowland, J. M.; Higham, T. F. G.; Harris, S. A.; Brock, F.; Quiles, A.; Wild, E. M.; Marcus, E. S.; Shortland, A. J. (18 June 2010).
126:
This is illustrated by comparing the chronology as given by two
Egyptologists, the first writing in 1906, the second in 2000 (all dates in the table are BC).
1635:
1616:
1319:
577:
Where the total number of regnal years for a given ruler is not known, Egyptologists have identified two indicators to deduce that total number: for the
541:
as recorded in
Ancient Egyptian king lists. Surviving king lists are either comprehensive but have significant gaps in their text (for example, the
88:
Despite this consensus, disagreements remain within the scholarly community, resulting in variant chronologies diverging by about 300 years for the
1364:
1015:
Hsu, Shih-Wei. "The
Palermo Stone: the Earliest Royal Inscription from Ancient Egypt" Altorientalische Forschungen, vol. 37, no. 1, 2010, pp. 68-89
912:"would move the end of the Egyptian New Kingdom from 1070 BC to around 825 BC", and lower all earlier dates with it, due to miscalculations of the
17:
1666:
858:. There have been occasional opportunities to use dendrochronology to support Egyptian chronology, mostly for the New Kingdom period, e.g. the
2639:
2315:
1692:
29:
875:
A number of suggestions for alternatives to the consensus on the conventional chronology have been presented during the 20th century:
1764:
1539:
1127:
One example is
Patrick O'Mara, "Censorinus, the Sothic Cycle, and calendar year one in ancient Egypt: the Epistological problem",
602:). In the 20th century, such biblical bias has mostly been confined to alternative chronologies outside the scholarly mainstream.
1993:
1821:
531:
618:. Over the past decades, a number of these have been found, although they are of varying degrees of usefulness and reliability.
1065:
Interconnections in the
Ancient Near East: A Study of the Relationships Between the Arts of Egypt, the Aegean, and Western Asia
590:
could be assumed to have ruled at least 30 years. However, once again, this may not have been standard practice in all cases.
1613:
1387:
2086:
1939:
2053:
1811:
1806:
1687:
957:
947:
734:
826:
start in the 32nd or 31st century, compatible with scholarly opinions placing it in between the 34th and 30th centuries.
2433:
1659:
2634:
2230:
1776:
1453:
Bibliotheca Orientalis 61, #1–2 January – April 2004: Book review of W. Manning's "A Test of Time", 1999, Oxbow Books
2270:
1929:
1697:
1961:
1907:
1759:
721:, when we have a considerable quantity of diplomatic correspondence between the Egyptian Kings Amenhotep III and
693:, are also used. The earliest such synchronism is in the 18th century BC where a stela of the governor of Byblos
1629:
Scientific tool for converting calendar dates mentioned in Greek and Demotic Papyri from Egypt into Julian dates
565:, and the length of reign for the same pharaoh often varies substantially depending on the intermediate source.
2033:
1934:
456:
430:
156:
132:
89:
2680:
2428:
1720:
1715:
1652:
1503:
487:
469:
443:
417:
2423:
1867:
1742:
1710:
1305:
482:
361:
97:
2613:
2483:
1951:
1914:
1862:
1781:
664:
386:
373:
339:
325:
103:
In addition, there are a number of "alternative chronologies" outside scholarly consensus, such as the "
2975:
2923:
2823:
2803:
1801:
660:
557:'s history of Egypt is only known by epitomes and references to it made by subsequent writers, such as
399:
354:
347:
320:
137:
2813:
2785:
2618:
2397:
1924:
1892:
1877:
1872:
1771:
1725:
913:
738:
611:
412:
294:
244:
1251:"An absolute chronology for early Egypt using radiocarbon dating and Bayesian statistical modelling"
2880:
2079:
2043:
1919:
1840:
1791:
998:
937:
806:
307:
249:
46:
1307:
2818:
2768:
2555:
2402:
909:
636:
623:
562:
289:
262:
205:
180:
148:
78:
1306:
Friedrich, Walter L; Kromer, B, Friedrich, M, Heinemeier, J, Pfeiffer, T, and Talamo, S (2006).
2718:
2519:
2265:
2164:
2023:
1956:
1796:
823:
802:
628:
507:
282:
269:
231:
218:
192:
161:
2320:
1988:
1358:
1166:
920:
843:=5%), is off by a full century compared to the date traditionally accepted in archaeology of
599:
545:), or are textually complete but fail to provide a complete list of rulers (for example, the
104:
2937:
2753:
2694:
2670:
2665:
2013:
1971:
1828:
1737:
1730:
1479:
1262:
1192:
750:
668:
632:
558:
368:
142:
93:
82:
1028:
Erik Hornung, Rolf Krauss, and David A. Warburton, editors (Leiden: Brill, 2006) pp. 124–8
1024:
Miroslav Verner, "Contemporaneous Evidence for the relative chronology of DYNS. 4 and 5",
8:
2970:
2965:
2780:
2675:
2593:
2583:
2358:
2275:
2255:
2072:
1833:
1157:
Kate Spence, "Ancient Egyptian chronology and the astronomical orientation of pyramids",
952:
880:
836:
788:
595:
107:" proposed in the 1990s, which lowers New Kingdom dates by as much as 350 years, or the "
1483:
1266:
1196:
2905:
2885:
2763:
2748:
2733:
2655:
2454:
2418:
2220:
1887:
1850:
1749:
1584:
1554:"Centuries of Darkness: Context, Methodology and Implications [Review Feature]"
1553:
1434:
1339:
1283:
1250:
1249:; Alice Stevenson; Fiona Brock; Linus Girdland Flink; Christopher Bronk Ramsey (2013).
1240:
1216:
898:
859:
818:
108:
1180:
2713:
2509:
2504:
2348:
2184:
1845:
1786:
1609:
1588:
1576:
1499:
1426:
1383:
1331:
1288:
1220:
1208:
1080:"Chapter 1. Introduction to Problems with the Historical Chronology of Ancient Egypt"
811:
776:
1438:
1380:
Timelines: Studies in Honour of Manfred Bietak (Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 149)
1343:
901:
formulated by members of Velikovsky's Society for Interdisciplinary Studies in 1978.
2910:
2859:
2775:
2723:
2499:
2477:
2343:
2240:
1902:
1816:
1568:
1487:
1416:
1323:
1278:
1270:
1246:
1200:
942:
854:
546:
523:
120:
839:) chronology, as the radiocarbon date for the eruption, between 1627 and 1600 BC (
2843:
2808:
2795:
2758:
2705:
2563:
2458:
2392:
2353:
2190:
1421:
1404:
831:
762:
754:
694:
631:, a Pharaoh of the Third Dynasty, was built. Another example are blocks from the
615:
542:
111:" (proposed 1978–1982), which lowers New Kingdom dates by as much as 500 years.
2949:
2743:
2541:
2529:
2473:
2468:
2462:
2387:
2310:
2235:
1882:
690:
1572:
1492:
1467:
2959:
2660:
2578:
2573:
2524:
2514:
2154:
1675:
1580:
1242:
884:
718:
652:
635:
bearing the names of several kings, which were reused in the construction of
581:, the number of cattle censuses; and for later periods, the celebration of a
550:
66:
1327:
1204:
1169:
with circumpolar stars, for a date of that structure precise within 5 years.
2738:
2536:
2250:
2225:
2210:
2176:
2136:
1944:
1430:
1378:
Warren P.M. (2006). Czerny E, Hein I, Hunger H, Melman D, Schwab A (eds.).
1335:
1292:
1274:
1212:
863:
798:
730:
698:
582:
58:
1628:
1519:
2438:
2335:
2297:
2280:
2215:
2196:
2129:
2109:
1002:(first published in 1906), volume 1, sections 58–75; Shaw's are from his
780:
706:
656:
644:
578:
538:
187:
74:
1146:
History and Chronology of the Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt: Seven studies
2205:
2200:
2095:
1983:
1644:
1498:
Conversely, the radiocarbon dates have been argued to be inaccurate by
1452:
784:
775:. These begin as early as the reign of Amenhotep III and continue into
770:
742:
726:
518:
62:
976:
835:. This is a famous conundrum not just in Egyptian but also in Aegean (
2895:
2875:
2608:
2568:
2305:
2114:
1468:"The Date of the Minoan Santorini Eruption: Quantifying the "Offset""
722:
710:
702:
682:
570:
2890:
2728:
2372:
2285:
1855:
1405:"New Carbon Dates Support Revised History of Ancient Mediterranean"
746:
717:. Other early synchronisms date to the 15th century BC, during the
686:
2900:
2124:
2119:
1897:
840:
758:
714:
678:
586:
554:
503:
761:'s campaign. Shoshenq I's absolute date was calculated based on
648:
610:
A useful way to work around these gaps in knowledge is to find
34:
37:
showing stars and constellations used in calendar calculations
2325:
2064:
1604:
Erik Hornung, Rolf Krauss, and David A. Warburton (editors),
1165:(2000), pp. 320–324. She offers, based on orientation of the
640:
527:
50:
866:(dated 1887±11 BC; conventional reign date 1878 BC–1839 BC).
41:
2259:
2141:
1382:. Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium: Peeters. pp. 2: 305–321.
2159:
1308:"Santorini Eruption Radiocarbon Dated to 1627–1600 B.C"
791:
also compounds the difficulties in using these records.
779:, but there is a significant gap in the record between
1178:
1114:
Set forth in "Excursus C: The Twelfth dynasty" in his
2921:
1144:
Redford, "The Dates of the End of the 18th Dynasty",
890:
The chronology of Donovan Courville as described in
537:
Forming the backbone of Egyptian chronology are the
45:
Egyptian chronology to approximate scale, including
2640:
Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP)
1633:
1320:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
1077:
1637:The Reconstructed Chronology of the Egyptian Kings
1087:The Reconstructed Chronology of the Egyptian Kings
689:, ancient Palestine, and in the final period with
598:, based on Old Testament references to Egypt (see
1181:"Radiocarbon-Based Chronology for Dynastic Egypt"
2957:
81:in the 21st century BC and the beginning of the
1148:(Toronto: University Press, 1967), pp. 183–215.
787:. The poor documentation of these finds in the
655:contained as "fill" material from the kiosk of
2080:
1660:
677:, the most important of these being with the
77:in the 27th century BC, the beginning of the
61:agree on the outline and many details of the
1363:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1377:
870:
69:. This scholarly consensus is known as the
2087:
2073:
1667:
1653:
1172:
1504:Radiocarbon dating of the Theran eruption
1491:
1465:
1420:
1402:
1282:
2635:Global Standard Stratigraphic Age (GSSA)
1674:
892:The Exodus Problem and Its Ramifications
685:chronologies, but synchronisms with the
517:
40:
28:
963:
532:Roemer- und Pelizaeus-Museum Hildesheim
14:
2958:
1552:James, Peter; et al. (1) (1991).
33:Astronomical ceiling from the tomb of
2068:
1648:
1551:
1510:, 2 (2014). DOI 10.4081/arc.2014.5265
745:has been ascribed a date relative to
2029:
1057:
996:Breasted's dates are taken from his
675:Synchronisms with other chronologies
73:, which places the beginning of the
2049:
958:Dating methodologies in archaeology
948:Chronology of the Ancient Near East
923:of David Rohl, as described in his
757:, based on biblical passages about
735:Chronology of the Ancient Near East
659:, along with various stelae of the
24:
2434:Adoption of the Gregorian calendar
1598:
1255:Proceedings of the Royal Society A
1118:(Chicago: University Press, 1950).
1054:Kitchen, "Chronology", p. 203
25:
2987:
1777:Ancient Egyptian race controversy
1622:
1536:Journal of Archaeological Science
1006:(published in 2000), pp. 479–483.
977:"The Chronology of Ancient Egypt"
797:. The best known of these is the
2943:
2931:
2048:
2038:
2028:
2019:
2018:
2007:
1970:
1561:Cambridge Archaeological Journal
801:, and careful study of this led
71:Conventional Egyptian chronology
18:Conventional Egyptian chronology
2316:English and British regnal year
2039:
1545:
1528:
1513:
1457:
1445:
1396:
1371:
1299:
1234:
1151:
1138:
1129:Journal of Near Eastern studies
1121:
1004:Oxford History of Ancient Egypt
981:World Archaeology: Chronologies
805:to argue that the dates of the
769:Synchronisms with memorials of
647:. Likewise, the third pylon at
605:
522:'Diagonal star table' from the
513:
128:
2094:
1116:The Calendars of ancient Egypt
1108:
1089:. pp. 7–9. Archived from
1070:
1048:
1037:Erik Hornung, "Introduction",
1031:
1018:
1009:
990:
969:
157:Early Dynastic Period of Egypt
13:
1:
2429:Old Style and New Style dates
1067:, Yale University Press, 1965
844:
169:
2381:Pre-Julian / Julian
1634:M. Christine Tetley (2014).
1508:Open Journal of Archaeometry
1422:10.1126/science.312.5773.508
1078:M. Christine Tetley (2014).
701:was contemporary with kings
483:Late Period of ancient Egypt
85:in the mid-16th century BC.
7:
2614:Geological history of Earth
2484:Astronomical year numbering
1962:Egypt–Mesopotamia relations
1782:Population history of Egypt
1606:Ancient Egyptian Chronology
1039:Ancient Egyptian Chronology
1026:Ancient Egyptian Chronology
931:
114:
10:
2992:
879:The Revised Chronology of
661:Second Intermediate Period
612:chronological synchronisms
321:Second Intermediate Period
118:
2868:
2852:
2836:
2794:
2786:Thermoluminescence dating
2704:
2693:
2681:Samarium–neodymium dating
2648:
2627:
2601:
2592:
2554:
2492:
2447:
2411:
2380:
2371:
2334:
2296:
2175:
2150:
2102:
2002:
1979:
1968:
1706:
1683:
1573:10.1017/S0959774300000378
1493:10.1017/S0033822200047196
1466:Höflmayer, Felix (2012).
1063:William Stevenson Smith:
914:Third Intermediate Period
795:Astronomical synchronisms
739:Third Intermediate Period
413:Third Intermediate Period
411:
367:
333:
330:
319:
288:
276:
273:
256:
253:
245:First Intermediate Period
243:
186:
168:
165:
155:
96:, and a few years in the
2500:Chinese sexagenary cycle
2014:Ancient Egypt portal
938:History of ancient Egypt
871:Alternative chronologies
92:, up to 30 years in the
2714:Amino acid racemisation
1608:. Leiden: Brill, 2006.
1328:10.1126/science.1125087
1205:10.1126/science.1189395
697:indicates that pharaoh
563:Sextus Julius Africanus
290:Middle Kingdom of Egypt
2719:Archaeomagnetic dating
2231:Era of Caesar (Iberia)
1275:10.1098/rspa.2013.0395
629:Step Pyramid of Djoser
614:, which can lead to a
534:
54:
38:
2619:Geological time units
1688:Glossary of artifacts
1167:Great Pyramid of Giza
906:Centuries of Darkness
883:as postulated in his
783:and the 23rd year of
643:in the structures of
600:Pharaohs in the Bible
526:coffin lid; found at
521:
119:Further information:
90:Early Dynastic Period
44:
32:
2671:Law of superposition
2666:Isotope geochemistry
1076:Kitchen's quotes on
964:Notes and references
751:Eponym dating system
369:New Kingdom of Egypt
2804:Fluorine absorption
2781:Luminescence dating
2676:Luminescence dating
2584:Milankovitch cycles
2424:Proleptic Gregorian
2256:Hindu units of time
1834:Cursive hieroglyphs
1538:46 (2014), 401–416.
1484:2012Radcb..54..435H
1267:2013RSPSA.46930395D
1197:2010Sci...328.1554R
1191:(5985): 1554–1557.
1096:on 18 February 2018
987:(1991), p. 202
953:Biblical chronology
881:Immanuel Velikovsky
789:Serapeum of Saqqara
639:pyramid-temples at
596:biblical chronology
2906:Terminus post quem
2886:Synchronoptic view
2853:Linguistic methods
2814:Obsidian hydration
2749:Radiometric dating
2734:Incremental dating
2656:Chronostratigraphy
1807:Funerary practices
1403:Balter, M (2006).
1261:(2159): 20130395.
1135:(2003), pp. 17–26.
910:Peter James et al.
899:Glasgow Chronology
860:Uluburun shipwreck
819:Radiocarbon dating
665:Eighteenth Dynasty
535:
109:Glasgow Chronology
55:
39:
2976:Egyptian calendar
2919:
2918:
2832:
2831:
2689:
2688:
2550:
2549:
2505:Geologic Calendar
2367:
2366:
2062:
2061:
1817:Great Royal Wives
1787:Prehistoric Egypt
1614:978-90-04-11385-5
1415:(5773): 508–509.
1389:978-90-429-1730-9
812:Donald B. Redford
803:Richard A. Parker
574:interpretations.
499:
498:
16:(Redirected from
2983:
2948:
2947:
2946:
2936:
2935:
2934:
2927:
2911:ASPRO chronology
2860:Glottochronology
2776:Tephrochronology
2724:Dendrochronology
2702:
2701:
2599:
2598:
2398:Proleptic Julian
2388:Pre-Julian Roman
2378:
2377:
2173:
2172:
2089:
2082:
2075:
2066:
2065:
2052:
2051:
2042:
2041:
2032:
2031:
2022:
2021:
2012:
2011:
2010:
1974:
1669:
1662:
1655:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1593:
1592:
1558:
1549:
1543:
1532:
1526:
1520:Kuniholm et al.
1517:
1511:
1497:
1495:
1461:
1455:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1424:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1362:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1286:
1247:Andrew Shortland
1238:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1176:
1170:
1155:
1149:
1142:
1136:
1125:
1119:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1095:
1084:
1074:
1068:
1061:
1055:
1052:
1046:
1035:
1029:
1022:
1016:
1013:
1007:
994:
988:
973:
943:List of Pharaohs
908:(1991) model by
855:Dendrochronology
849:
846:
547:Abydos King List
524:Eleventh Dynasty
174:
171:
129:
121:List of pharaohs
57:The majority of
21:
2991:
2990:
2986:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2980:
2956:
2955:
2954:
2944:
2942:
2932:
2930:
2922:
2920:
2915:
2864:
2848:
2844:Molecular clock
2837:Genetic methods
2828:
2809:Nitrogen dating
2796:Relative dating
2790:
2759:Potassium–argon
2706:Absolute dating
2696:
2685:
2644:
2623:
2588:
2564:Cosmic Calendar
2556:Astronomic time
2546:
2488:
2443:
2407:
2393:Original Julian
2363:
2330:
2292:
2191:Ab urbe condita
2169:
2146:
2098:
2093:
2063:
2058:
2008:
2006:
1998:
1975:
1966:
1702:
1679:
1673:
1625:
1601:
1599:Further reading
1596:
1556:
1550:
1546:
1533:
1529:
1518:
1514:
1462:
1458:
1450:
1446:
1401:
1397:
1390:
1376:
1372:
1356:
1355:
1348:
1346:
1304:
1300:
1239:
1235:
1225:
1223:
1177:
1173:
1156:
1152:
1143:
1139:
1126:
1122:
1113:
1109:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1082:
1075:
1071:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1049:
1036:
1032:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1010:
999:Ancient Records
995:
991:
975:K. A. Kitchen,
974:
970:
966:
934:
873:
847:
807:Twelfth dynasty
777:Ptolemaic times
773:bull interments
763:Edwin R. Thiele
755:Kenneth Kitchen
733:monarchs. (See
729:), and various
608:
543:Turin King List
516:
172:
123:
117:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2989:
2979:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2953:
2952:
2940:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2881:New Chronology
2878:
2872:
2870:
2869:Related topics
2866:
2865:
2863:
2862:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2846:
2840:
2838:
2834:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2800:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2772:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2746:
2744:Paleomagnetism
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2710:
2708:
2699:
2691:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2652:
2650:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2642:
2637:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2605:
2603:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2560:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2542:New Earth Time
2539:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2527:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2486:
2481:
2471:
2466:
2451:
2449:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2415:
2413:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2403:Revised Julian
2400:
2395:
2390:
2384:
2382:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2340:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2328:
2323:
2321:Lists of kings
2318:
2313:
2311:Canon of Kings
2308:
2302:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2263:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2236:Before present
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2194:
2187:
2181:
2179:
2170:
2168:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2099:
2092:
2091:
2084:
2077:
2069:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2046:
2036:
2026:
2016:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1859:
1858:
1853:
1843:
1838:
1837:
1836:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1768:
1767:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1735:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1713:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1672:
1671:
1664:
1657:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1631:
1624:
1623:External links
1621:
1620:
1619:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1594:
1544:
1527:
1512:
1500:Malcolm Wiener
1456:
1444:
1395:
1388:
1370:
1298:
1233:
1171:
1150:
1137:
1120:
1107:
1069:
1056:
1047:
1030:
1017:
1008:
989:
967:
965:
962:
961:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
933:
930:
929:
928:
921:New Chronology
917:
902:
895:
888:
872:
869:
868:
867:
851:
848: 1500 BC
832:Thera eruption
827:
815:
792:
766:
691:ancient Greece
672:
637:Middle Kingdom
607:
604:
515:
512:
497:
496:
493:
490:
485:
479:
478:
475:
472:
466:
465:
462:
459:
453:
452:
449:
446:
440:
439:
436:
433:
427:
426:
423:
420:
415:
409:
408:
405:
402:
396:
395:
392:
389:
383:
382:
379:
376:
371:
365:
364:
358:
357:
351:
350:
344:
343:
336:
335:
332:
329:
323:
317:
316:
313:
310:
304:
303:
300:
297:
292:
286:
285:
279:
278:
275:
272:
266:
265:
259:
258:
255:
252:
247:
241:
240:
237:
234:
228:
227:
224:
221:
215:
214:
211:
208:
202:
201:
198:
195:
190:
184:
183:
177:
176:
167:
164:
159:
153:
152:
146:
140:
135:
116:
113:
105:New Chronology
79:Middle Kingdom
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2988:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2951:
2941:
2939:
2938:Ancient Egypt
2929:
2928:
2925:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2867:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2851:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2835:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:Chronological
2692:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2661:Geochronology
2659:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2647:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2626:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2594:Geologic time
2591:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2579:Metonic cycle
2577:
2575:
2574:Galactic year
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2553:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2515:ISO week date
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2491:
2485:
2482:
2479:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2370:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2333:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2221:Byzantine era
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2177:Calendar eras
2174:
2171:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2090:
2085:
2083:
2078:
2076:
2071:
2070:
2067:
2055:
2047:
2045:
2037:
2035:
2027:
2025:
2017:
2015:
2005:
2004:
2001:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1989:Egyptologists
1987:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1978:
1973:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1830:
1827:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1736:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1705:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1682:
1677:
1676:Ancient Egypt
1670:
1665:
1663:
1658:
1656:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1639:
1638:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1618:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1602:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1555:
1548:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1531:
1525:
1523:
1516:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1494:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1460:
1454:
1448:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1399:
1391:
1385:
1381:
1374:
1366:
1360:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1302:
1294:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1243:David Wengrow
1241:Michael Dee;
1237:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1175:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1154:
1147:
1141:
1134:
1130:
1124:
1117:
1111:
1092:
1088:
1081:
1073:
1066:
1060:
1051:
1044:
1040:
1034:
1027:
1021:
1012:
1005:
1001:
1000:
993:
986:
982:
978:
972:
968:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
935:
926:
922:
918:
915:
911:
907:
903:
900:
896:
893:
889:
886:
885:Ages in Chaos
882:
878:
877:
876:
865:
861:
857:
856:
852:
842:
838:
834:
833:
828:
825:
824:First Dynasty
821:
820:
816:
813:
808:
804:
800:
796:
793:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
772:
767:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
725:(or possibly
724:
720:
719:Amarna Period
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
673:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
653:Amenhotep III
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
625:
621:
620:
619:
617:
613:
603:
601:
597:
591:
588:
584:
580:
575:
572:
566:
564:
560:
556:
552:
551:Palermo Stone
548:
544:
540:
533:
529:
525:
520:
511:
509:
505:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
480:
476:
473:
471:
468:
467:
463:
460:
458:
457:Twenty-fourth
455:
454:
450:
447:
445:
442:
441:
437:
434:
432:
431:Twenty-second
429:
428:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
410:
406:
403:
401:
398:
397:
393:
390:
388:
385:
384:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
366:
363:
360:
359:
356:
353:
352:
349:
346:
345:
341:
338:
337:
327:
324:
322:
318:
314:
311:
309:
306:
305:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
287:
284:
281:
280:
271:
268:
267:
264:
261:
260:
251:
248:
246:
242:
238:
235:
233:
230:
229:
225:
222:
220:
217:
216:
212:
209:
207:
204:
203:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
185:
182:
179:
178:
163:
160:
158:
154:
150:
147:
144:
141:
139:
136:
134:
131:
130:
127:
122:
112:
110:
106:
101:
99:
95:
91:
86:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
67:Ancient Egypt
64:
60:
59:Egyptologists
52:
48:
43:
36:
31:
27:
19:
2824:Stratigraphy
2769:Uranium–lead
2739:Lichenometry
2537:Winter count
2520:Mesoamerican
2448:Astronomical
2266:Mesoamerican
2251:Sothic cycle
2245:
2226:Seleucid era
2211:Bosporan era
2199: /
2189:
2137:Paleontology
1754:
1716:Architecture
1636:
1605:
1564:
1560:
1547:
1535:
1530:
1521:
1515:
1507:
1478:(3–4): 444.
1475:
1471:
1459:
1447:
1412:
1408:
1398:
1379:
1373:
1359:cite journal
1347:. Retrieved
1315:
1311:
1301:
1258:
1254:
1236:
1224:. Retrieved
1188:
1184:
1174:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1145:
1140:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1115:
1110:
1098:. Retrieved
1091:the original
1086:
1072:
1064:
1059:
1050:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1025:
1020:
1011:
1003:
997:
992:
984:
980:
971:
925:Test of Time
924:
905:
891:
874:
864:Senusret III
853:
829:
817:
799:Sothic cycle
794:
768:
731:Near Eastern
699:Neferhotep I
674:
622:
616:precise date
609:
606:Synchronisms
592:
583:Sed festival
576:
567:
539:regnal years
536:
514:Regnal years
500:
488:Twenty-sixth
470:Twenty-fifth
444:Twenty-third
418:Twenty-first
124:
102:
87:
70:
56:
26:
2764:Radiocarbon
2439:Dual dating
2298:Regnal year
2276:Short Count
2216:Bostran era
2197:Anno Domini
2130:Big History
2110:Archaeology
2054:WikiProject
1868:Mathematics
1829:Hieroglyphs
1743:Portraiture
1711:Agriculture
1698:Main topics
1617:Scribd copy
1472:Radiocarbon
1100:18 February
781:Ramesses XI
737:.) For the
669:New Kingdom
657:Sesostris I
651:, built by
645:Amenemhat I
633:Old Kingdom
579:Old Kingdom
571:coregencies
362:Seventeenth
188:Old Kingdom
173: 3000
98:Late Period
94:New Kingdom
83:New Kingdom
75:Old Kingdom
2971:Chronology
2966:Egyptology
2960:Categories
2359:Vietnamese
2271:Long Count
2206:Anno Mundi
2201:Common Era
2103:Key topics
2096:Chronology
1984:Egyptology
1952:Technology
1915:Philosophy
1863:Literature
1755:Chronology
1567:(2): 227.
785:Osorkon II
765:'s theory.
743:Shoshenq I
727:Smenkhkare
683:Babylonian
407:1186–1069
394:1295–1186
387:Nineteenth
381:1550–1295
374:Eighteenth
340:Fourteenth
334:1773–1550
326:Thirteenth
315:1985–1773
302:2125–1985
277:2160–2125
257:2181–2160
239:2345–2181
226:2494–2345
213:2613–2494
200:2686–2613
63:chronology
2896:Year zero
2876:Chronicle
2819:Seriation
2754:Lead–lead
2628:Standards
2609:Deep time
2569:Ephemeris
2455:Lunisolar
2419:Gregorian
2412:Gregorian
2373:Calendars
2336:Era names
2306:Anka year
2185:Human Era
2115:Astronomy
1888:Mythology
1812:Geography
1802:Dynasties
1750:Astronomy
1589:246638930
1581:1474-0540
1524:1996, 782
1226:8 October
1221:206526496
1045:, pp. 10f
1041:Hornung,
723:Akhenaten
711:Hammurabi
703:Zimri-Lim
624:Seriation
530:, Egypt.
508:Dynasty I
425:1069–945
404:1200–1090
400:Twentieth
391:1350–1205
378:1580–1350
355:Sixteenth
348:Fifteenth
331:1780–1580
312:2000–1788
299:2160–2000
274:2445–2160
254:2475–2445
236:2623–2475
223:2750–2625
210:2900–2750
197:2980–2900
166:3400–2980
2891:Timeline
2729:Ice core
2602:Concepts
2349:Japanese
2281:Tzolk'in
2246:Egyptian
2024:Category
1945:District
1940:Capitals
1925:Religion
1908:Titulary
1898:Pharaohs
1878:Military
1873:Medicine
1856:Hieratic
1846:Language
1772:Clothing
1726:Obelisks
1439:26804444
1431:16645054
1349:10 March
1344:35908442
1336:16645088
1318:(5773).
1293:24204188
1213:20558717
932:See also
749:and the
747:Rehoboam
687:Hittites
679:Assyrian
663:and the
559:Eusebius
549:and the
495:664–525
477:715–664
464:727–715
451:818–727
438:945–818
422:1090–945
295:Eleventh
143:Breasted
115:Overview
47:medieval
2950:History
2924:Portals
2901:Floruit
2649:Methods
2510:Iranian
2478:Islamic
2344:Chinese
2155:Periods
2125:History
2120:Geology
2044:Outline
2034:Commons
1994:Museums
1930:Scribes
1920:Pottery
1851:Demotic
1841:History
1792:Cuisine
1721:Revival
1480:Bibcode
1409:Science
1322:: 548.
1312:Science
1284:3780825
1263:Bibcode
1193:Bibcode
1185:Science
927:series.
887:series.
759:Shishak
715:Babylon
695:Yantinu
667:of the
587:Sneferu
555:Manetho
504:Manetho
492:663–525
474:712–663
461:718–712
448:745–718
435:945–745
308:Twelfth
250:Seventh
151:(2000)
145:(1906)
138:Dynasty
133:Periods
2697:dating
2493:Others
2459:Hebrew
2354:Korean
2165:Epochs
1893:People
1760:Cities
1678:topics
1612:
1587:
1579:
1522:Nature
1437:
1429:
1386:
1342:
1334:
1291:
1281:
1219:
1211:
1159:Nature
1043:et al.
837:Minoan
649:Karnak
263:Eighth
206:Fourth
181:Second
175:–2686
53:Egypt.
51:modern
35:Seti I
2530:Aztec
2474:Lunar
2469:Solar
2463:Hindu
2326:Limmu
2286:Haab'
2241:Hijri
1957:Trade
1935:Sites
1883:Music
1797:Dance
1731:Pylon
1693:Index
1585:S2CID
1557:(PDF)
1435:S2CID
1340:S2CID
1217:S2CID
1094:(PDF)
1083:(PDF)
641:Lisht
528:Asyut
283:Tenth
270:Ninth
232:Sixth
219:Fifth
193:Third
162:First
2525:Maya
2260:Yuga
2160:Eras
2142:Time
1903:List
1822:List
1765:List
1610:ISBN
1577:ISSN
1427:PMID
1384:ISBN
1365:link
1351:2007
1332:PMID
1289:PMID
1228:2021
1209:PMID
1102:2018
919:The
904:The
897:The
830:The
771:Apis
709:and
707:Mari
681:and
561:and
149:Shaw
49:and
1738:Art
1569:doi
1506:",
1488:doi
1417:doi
1413:312
1324:doi
1316:312
1279:PMC
1271:doi
1259:469
1201:doi
1189:328
1163:408
753:by
713:of
705:of
65:of
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2461:,
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1131:,
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741:,
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170:c.
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