370:, re-export (export of any specimen that has previously been imported) and introduction from the sea (transportation into a state of specimens of any species which were taken in the marine environment not under the jurisdiction of any state). The CITES definition of "trade" does not require a financial transaction to be occurring. All trade in specimens of species covered by CITES must be authorized through a system of permits and certificates prior to the trade taking place. CITES permits and certificates are issued by one or more Management Authorities in charge of administering the CITES system in each country. Management Authorities are advised by one or more Scientific Authorities on the effects of trade of the specimen on the status of CITES-listed species. CITES permits and certificates must be presented to relevant border authorities in each country in order to authorise the trade.
2552:
1465:
1179:
1023:
1153:
264:, United States, on 3 March 1973. It was then open for signature until 31 December 1974. It entered into force after the 10th ratification by a signatory country, on 1 July 1975. Countries that signed the Convention become Parties by ratifying, accepting or approving it. By the end of 2003, all signatory countries had become Parties. States that were not signatories may become Parties by acceding to the convention. As of August 2022, the convention has 184 parties, including 183 states and the European Union.
378:
1361:
1231:
1439:
2850:
1049:
1127:
1257:
1101:
1413:
1335:
162:
1491:
822:), but the species survived wherever there was adequate on-the-ground protection. Thus field protection may be the primary mechanism that saved the population, but it is likely that field protection would not have been increased without CITES protection. In another instance, the United States initially stopped exports of bobcat and lynx hides in 1977 when it first implemented CITES for lack of data to support no detriment findings.
1387:
1309:
1283:
1205:
1075:
829:, the U.S. Endangered Species Scientific Authority (ESSA) established a framework of no detriment findings for each state and the Navajo nation and indicated that approval would be forthcoming if the states and Navajo nation provided evidence that their furbearer management programs assured the species would be conserved. Management programs for these species expanded rapidly, including tagging for export,
245:
338:
entered into force only for those States that had accepted the amendment. The amended text of the convention will apply automatically to any State that becomes a Party after 29 November 2013. For States that became party to the convention before that date and have not accepted the amendment, it will enter into force 60 days after they accept it.
409:) is currently split-listed, with all populations except those of Botswana, Namibia, South Africa and Zimbabwe listed in Appendix I. Those of Botswana, Namibia, South Africa and Zimbabwe are listed in Appendix II. There are also species that have only some populations listed in an Appendix. One example is the
904:(GEF), funds-although this is difficult given the GEFs more ecosystem approach-or other more regular funds. Development of a future mechanism similar to that of the Montreal Protocol (developed nations contribute to a fund for developing nations) could allow more funds for non-Secretariat activities.
855:
appeared in the legal wild bird trade because the CITES process never considered their status. If a "positive list" approach were taken, only species evaluated and approved for the positive list would be permitted in trade, thus lightening the review burden for member states and the
Secretariat, and
757:
Although the
Convention itself does not provide for arbitration or dispute in the case of noncompliance, 36 years of CITES in practice has resulted in several strategies to deal with infractions by Parties. The Secretariat, when informed of an infraction by a Party, will notify all other parties. The
711:
Amendments to the
Convention must be supported by a two-thirds majority who are "present and voting" and can be made during an extraordinary meeting of the COP if one-third of the Parties are interested in such a meeting. The Gaborone Amendment (1983) allows regional economic blocs to accede to the
685:
plants. In the case of commercial trade of
Appendix I taxa, captive bred or artificially propagated specimens may be traded as if they were Appendix II. This reduces the permit requirements from two permits (import/export) to one (export only). In the case of non-commercial trade, specimens may be
659:
CITES provides for a special process for specimens that were acquired before the provisions of the
Convention applied to that specimen. These are known as "pre-Convention" specimens and must be granted a CITES pre-Convention certificate before the trade occurs. Only specimens legally acquired before
1510:
At the seventeenth
Conference of the Parties (CoP 17), Namibia and Zimbabwe introduced proposals to amend their listing of elephant populations in Appendix II. Instead, they wished to establish controlled trade in all elephant specimens, including ivory. They argue that revenue from regulated trade
715:
Species in the
Appendices may be proposed for addition, change of Appendix, or de-listing (i.e., deletion) by any Party, whether or not it is a range State and changes may be made despite objections by range States if there is sufficient (2/3 majority) support for the listing. Species listings are
668:
CITES provides that the standard permit/certificate requirements for trade in CITES specimens do not generally apply if a specimen is a personal or household effect. However there are a number of situations where permits/certificates for personal or household effects are required and some countries
505:
Appendix II taxa are those that are not necessarily threatened with extinction, but trade must be controlled in order to avoid utilization incompatible with their survival. Appendix II taxa may also include species similar in appearance to species already listed in the
Appendices. The vast majority
199:
Its aim is to ensure that international trade (import/export) in specimens of animals and plants included under CITES does not threaten the survival of the species in the wild. This is achieved via a system of permits and certificates. CITES affords varying degrees of protection to more than 38,000
850:
the species in question appears on the
Appendices or looks very much like one of those taxa. Then and only then, trade is regulated or constrained. Because the remit of the Convention covers millions of species of plants and animals, and tens of thousands of these taxa are potentially of economic
219:
CITES is one of the largest and oldest conservation and sustainable use agreements in existence. There are three working languages of the
Convention (English, French and Spanish) in which all documents are made available. Participation is voluntary and countries that have agreed to be bound by the
859:
Specific weaknesses in the text include: it does not stipulate guidelines for the 'non-detriment' finding required of national Scientific Authorities; non-detriment findings require copious amounts of information; the 'household effects' clause is often not rigid enough/specific enough to prevent
817:
There has been increasing willingness within the Parties to allow for trade in products from well-managed populations. For instance, sales of the South African white rhino have generated revenues that helped pay for protection. Listing the species on Appendix I increased the price of rhino horn
813:
case studies in Hutton and Dickinson 2000). It does not explicitly address market demand. In fact, CITES listings have been demonstrated to increase financial speculation in certain markets for high value species. Funding does not provide for increased on-the-ground enforcement (it must apply for
758:
Secretariat will give the Party time to respond to the allegations and may provide technical assistance to prevent further infractions. Other actions the Convention itself does not provide for but that derive from subsequent COP resolutions may be taken against the offending Party. These include:
611:
Appendix III species are those that are protected in at least one country, and that country has asked other CITES Parties for assistance in controlling the trade. Any trade in Appendix III species standardly requires a CITES export permit (if sourced from the country that listed the species) or a
397:
Over 40,900 species, subspecies and populations are protected under CITES. Each protected taxa or population is included in one of three lists called Appendices. The Appendix that lists a taxon or population reflects the level of the threat posed by international trade and the CITES controls that
337:
In accordance with Article XVII, paragraph 3, of the CITES Convention, the Gaborone Amendment entered into force on 29 November 2013, 60 days after 54 (two-thirds) of the 80 States that were party to CITES on 30 April 1983 deposited their instrument of acceptance of the amendment. At that time it
227:
such as furs in Western countries, but with the rising wealth of Asia, particularly in China, the focus changed to products demanded there, particularly those used for luxury goods such as elephant ivory or rhinoceros horn. As of 2022, CITES has expanded to include thousands of species previously
702:
that have been registered by a Management Authority of their State. Consignments containing the specimens must carry a label issued or approved by that Management Authority (in some cases Customs Declaration labels may be used). Specimens that may be included under this provision include museum,
373:
Each party must enact their own domestic legislation to bring the provisions of CITES into effect in their territories. Parties may choose to take stricter domestic measures than CITES provides (for example by requiring permits/certificates in cases where they would not normally be needed or by
437:
and to which the highest level of CITES protection is afforded. Commercial trade in wild-sourced specimens of these taxa is not permitted and non-commercial trade is strictly controlled by requiring an import permit and export permit to be granted by the relevant Management Authorities in each
971:
The CITES Committees (Animals Committee, Plants Committee and Standing Committee) hold meetings during each year that does not have a CoP, while the Standing committee meets also in years with a CoP. The Committee meetings take place in Geneva, Switzerland (where the Secretariat of the CITES
891:
Suggestions for improvement in the operation of CITES include: more regular missions by the Secretariat (not reserved just for high-profile species); improvement of national legislation and enforcement; better reporting by Parties (and the consolidation of information from all sources-NGOs,
719:
Upon acceding to the Convention or within 90 days of a species listing being amended, Parties may make reservations. In these cases, the party is treated as being a state that is not a Party to CITES with respect to trade in the species concerned. Notable reservations include those by
220:
convention are known as Parties. Although CITES is legally binding on the Parties, it does not take the place of national laws. Rather it provides a framework respected by each Party, which must adopt their own domestic legislation to implement CITES at the national level.
424:
Taxa are proposed for inclusion, amendment or deletion in Appendices I and II at meetings of the Conference of the Parties (CoP), which are held approximately once every three years. Amendments to listing in Appendix III may be made unilaterally by individual parties.
753:
As of 2002, 50% of Parties lacked one or more of the four major CITES requirements - designation of Management and Scientific Authorities; laws prohibiting the trade in violation of CITES; penalties for such trade and laws providing for the confiscation of specimens.
63:
417:), a ruminant native to North America. Its Mexican population is listed in Appendix I, but its U.S. and Canadian populations are not listed (though certain U.S. populations in Arizona are nonetheless protected under other domestic legislation, in this case the
851:
value, in practice this negative list approach effectively forces CITES signatories to expend limited resources on just a select few, leaving many species to be traded with neither constraint nor review. For example, recently several bird classified as
781:
Bilateral sanctions have been imposed on the basis of national legislation (e.g. the USA used certification under the Pelly Amendment to get Japan to revoke its reservation to hawksbill turtle products in 1991, thus reducing the volume of its exports).
506:
of taxa listed under CITES are listed in Appendix II. Any trade in Appendix II taxa standardly requires a CITES export permit or re-export certificate to be granted by the Management Authority of the exporting country before the trade occurs.
350:
to controls as they move across international borders. CITES specimens can include a wide range of items including the whole animal/plant (whether alive or dead), or a product that contains a part or derivative of the listed taxa such as
334:, to have the status of a member state and to be a Party to the convention. The REIO can vote at CITES meetings with the number of votes representing the number of members in the REIO, but it does not have an additional vote.
165:
2580:
900:) including: designation of Scientific/Management Authorities and national enforcement strategies; incentives for reporting and timelines for both Action Plans and reporting. CITES would benefit from access to
4160:
883:
noted that illegal wildlife trade not only helps to destroy habitats, but these habitats create a safety barrier for humans that can prevent pathogens from animals passing themselves on to people.
17:
3420:
860:
CITES violations by means of this Article (VII); non-reporting from Parties means Secretariat monitoring is incomplete; and it has no capacity to address domestic trade in listed species.
896:
and Parties); more emphasis on enforcement-including a technical committee enforcement officer; the development of CITES Action Plans (akin to Biodiversity Action Plans related to the
4100:
1688:
192:
to protect endangered plants and animals from the threats of international trade. It was drafted as a result of a resolution adopted in 1963 at a meeting of members of the
4140:
3695:
793:
General limitations about the structure and philosophy of CITES include: by design and intent it focuses on trade at the species level and does not address habitat loss,
3140:
42:
3920:
4105:
3250:
3078:
3505:
3310:
3225:
4075:
785:
Infractions may include negligence with respect to permit issuing, excessive trade, lax enforcement, and failing to produce annual reports (the most common).
3915:
968:
The Conference of the Parties (CoP) is held once every three years. The location of the next CoP is chosen at the close of each CoP by a secret ballot vote.
686:
traded with a certificate of captive breeding/artificial propagation issued by the Management Authority of the state of export in lieu of standard permits.
4165:
2871:
2813:
3885:
4155:
4115:
2866:
3835:
712:
treaty. Trade with non-Party states is allowed, although permits and certificates are recommended to be issued by exporters and sought by importers.
3295:
4110:
777:
Dictation of corrective measures to be taken by the offending Party before the Secretariat will resume cooperation or recommend resumption of trade
330:
An amendment to the text of the convention, known as the Gaborone Amendment allows regional economic integration organizations (REIO), such as the
2313:
4130:
3610:
2922:
2151:
1555:
843:
2065:
1986:
1511:
could be used for elephant conservation and rural communities' development. However, both proposals were opposed by the US and other countries.
953:
In the 1990s the annual trade of legal animal products was $ 160 billion annually. In 2009 the estimated value almost doubled to $ 300 billion.
4090:
4085:
3325:
2917:
2886:
2828:
2662:
1550:
893:
193:
4145:
4000:
2912:
2896:
2838:
1545:
2371:
Hutton and Dickinson, Endangered Species Threatened Convention: The Past, Present and Future of CITES. London: Africa Resources Trust, 2000.
3125:
2891:
2833:
2636:
797:
to conservation, or poverty; it seeks to prevent unsustainable use rather than promote sustainable use (which generally conflicts with the
3385:
3240:
3905:
3850:
3000:
2995:
2586:
1697:
2881:
2876:
2823:
2818:
2808:
2407:
4150:
3975:
3880:
3160:
2990:
4120:
4080:
4005:
3360:
2576:
677:
CITES allows trade in specimens to follow special procedures if Management Authorities are satisfied that they are sourced from
4125:
4015:
3450:
3405:
2861:
1570:
864:
833:
1636:
976:. The Animals and Plants Committees have sometimes held joint meetings. The previous joint meeting was held in March 2012 in
4095:
3765:
2654:
2557:
2296:
4135:
3960:
3780:
3715:
2986:
669:
choose to take stricter domestic measures by requiring permits/certificates for some or all personal or household effects.
4070:
3355:
3120:
401:
Taxa may be split-listed meaning that some populations of a species are on one Appendix, while some are on another. The
3615:
3490:
897:
798:
3890:
3860:
3840:
3645:
3525:
3460:
3455:
3265:
2228:
Reeve, Policing International Trade in Endangered Species: The CITES Treaty and agreement. London: Earthscan, 2000.
3940:
3910:
3800:
3720:
3400:
3335:
3320:
3190:
3135:
2966:
2803:
2629:
651:
Under Article VII, the Convention allows for certain exceptions to the general trade requirements described above.
694:
Standard CITES permit and certificates are not required for the non-commercial loan, donation or exchange between
4050:
4025:
3950:
3855:
3830:
3685:
3660:
3630:
3625:
3580:
3565:
3445:
3330:
3290:
3200:
3185:
3110:
703:
herbarium, diagnostic and forensic research specimens. Registered institutions are listed on the CITES website.
4035:
3900:
3865:
3725:
3665:
3620:
3520:
3480:
3175:
3165:
2754:
2441:
1904:
276:
1612:
and thus protected under Appendix I; most authorities now classify the forest elephant as a separate species,
972:
Convention is located), unless another country offers to host the meeting. The Secretariat is administered by
4060:
4010:
3955:
3930:
3925:
3875:
3870:
3790:
3770:
3750:
3680:
3640:
3500:
3380:
3375:
3315:
3280:
3275:
3260:
3245:
3205:
3058:
2961:
2953:
2280:
The Illegal Wildlife Trade: Inside the World of Poachers, Smugglers and Traders (Studies of Organized Crime)
4040:
4030:
4020:
3995:
3980:
3845:
3810:
3805:
3735:
3705:
3700:
3690:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3550:
3535:
3510:
3475:
3430:
3415:
3410:
3390:
3370:
3340:
3270:
3235:
3215:
3210:
3195:
3180:
3170:
3150:
3145:
3053:
1926:
616:
526:
2971:
832:
and are currently recognized in program approvals under regulations of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
4055:
3990:
3985:
3935:
3820:
3815:
3785:
3760:
3740:
3675:
3670:
3635:
3590:
3575:
3560:
3540:
3495:
3485:
3470:
3435:
3350:
3285:
3255:
3230:
3220:
3155:
3130:
3115:
2622:
2530:
2526:
901:
660:
the date on which the species concerned was first included in the Appendices qualify for this exemption.
267:
The CITES Convention includes provisions and rules for trade with non-Parties. All member states of the
4045:
3970:
3945:
3895:
3825:
3795:
3755:
3730:
3710:
3655:
3570:
3555:
3545:
3515:
3465:
3440:
3395:
3365:
3305:
2957:
2140:
3965:
3775:
3745:
3650:
3585:
3530:
3425:
3345:
3300:
2982:
2054:
1975:
699:
558:
196:(IUCN). The convention was opened for signature in 1973 and CITES entered into force on 1 July 1975.
4065:
3018:
1520:
1223:
2522:
830:
2978:
2736:
1755:
1723:
1605:
2263:
Hill, 1990, "The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species: Fifteen Years Later,"
1041:
3068:
418:
382:
2949:
2741:
2710:
1565:
567:
482:
402:
356:
35:
1696:
867:(GATT) was not violated, the Secretariat of GATT was consulted during the drafting process.
260:
The text of the convention was finalized at a meeting of representatives of 80 countries in
3028:
3010:
2344:
826:
1976:"CITES Resolution Conf. 9.25 Implementation of the Convention for species in Appendix III"
956:
Additional information about the documented trade can be extracted through queries on the
8:
3063:
3048:
2692:
1575:
981:
518:
189:
124:
2348:
1905:
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (2013).
2720:
2715:
2702:
2645:
2594:
Lists of species included in Appendices I, II and III (i.e. species protected by CITES)
2551:
2501:
1585:
1580:
794:
695:
580:
490:
320:
41:"Washington Convention" redirects here. For international arbitration institution, see
774:
Recommendations to all Parties to suspend CITES related trade with the offending party
615:
Examples of species listed on Appendix III and the countries that listed them are the
612:
certificate of origin (from any other country) to be granted before the trade occurs.
3043:
2570:
2493:
2437:
2292:
2238:
1741:
1301:
876:
682:
510:
2505:
3023:
2485:
2352:
2284:
806:
678:
596:
550:
288:
261:
146:
136:
2357:
2332:
2853:
2278:
1927:
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora.
1525:
985:
450:
377:
141:
4170:
2771:
2314:"Restricting trade in endangered species can backfire, triggering market booms"
947:
880:
802:
474:
386:
331:
268:
208:
182:
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
166:
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
56:
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
30:
This article is about the international treaty. For reference to a source, see
2609:
2521:
Oldfield, S. and McGough, N. (Comp.) 2007. A CITES manual for botanic gardens
2454:
2288:
2003:
3104:
2776:
2665:
2497:
2176:
1949:
1776:
1560:
1530:
1236:
852:
737:
636:
316:
2604:
3073:
1662:
1444:
1431:
1119:
823:
588:
572:
534:
304:
224:
2115:
2090:
1906:
1855:
2599:
2381:
2029:
1880:
1535:
1483:
1470:
1366:
1184:
1028:
856:
also preventing inadvertent legal trade threats to poorly known species.
810:
542:
458:
296:
272:
2473:
2201:
1827:
323:, is also treated as a non-Party to CITES (both the Danish mainland and
2747:
2687:
2489:
1054:
434:
300:
169:
2614:
1928:
1802:
1540:
1353:
1132:
1067:
926:
624:
442:
410:
352:
346:
CITES works by subjecting international trade in specimens of listed
324:
249:
229:
672:
2474:"Negotiations for Sustainable Oceans: Significant Challenges Ahead"
2333:"China's Rosewood Boom: A Cultural Fix to Capital Overaccumulation"
1507:
A current list of upcoming meetings appears on the CITES calendar.
1418:
1340:
1262:
1171:
1106:
1093:
912:
From 2005 to 2009 the legal trade corresponded with these numbers:
819:
312:
284:
233:
31:
2239:"Countries currently subject to a recommendation to suspend trade"
1756:"Faroe Islands (Dependent territory of DK) – National authorities"
842:
By design, CITES regulates and monitors trade in the manner of a "
4161:
Treaties extended to Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
2434:
The Annihilation of Nature: Human Extinction of Birds and Mammals
2408:"Preventing illegal wildlife trade helps avoid zoonotic diseases"
1405:
1327:
1275:
721:
253:
201:
2436:. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 150.
223:
Originally, CITES addressed depletion resulting from demand for
3038:
2265:
Loyola of Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Journal
1496:
1457:
1249:
1158:
1145:
989:
977:
932:
733:
729:
367:
363:
308:
228:
considered unremarkable and in no danger of extinction such as
88:
846:" such that trade in all species is permitted and unregulated
2941:
1392:
1314:
1288:
1210:
1197:
1080:
941:
725:
632:
466:
292:
280:
62:
1379:
1015:
973:
957:
347:
43:
International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes
2558:
CITES Profile on database of market governance mechanisms
207:
As of April 2022, the Secretary-General of CITES is
3421:
Treaties of the People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
788:
762:
Mandatory confirmation of all permits by the Secretariat
244:
4101:
Treaties extended to the British Indian Ocean Territory
18:
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species
2545:
2432:
Ceballos, G.; Ehrlich, A. H.; Ehrlich, P. R. (2015).
1637:"Ivonne Higuero named as new CITES Secretary-General"
825:
However, in this Federal Register notice, issued by
646:
4141:
Treaties extended to the Gilbert and Ellice Islands
1689:"No Species Is Safe From Burgeoning Wildlife Trade"
433:Appendix I taxa are those that are threatened with
3141:Treaties of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan
1777:"Gaborone amendment to the text of the Convention"
2533:Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI)
2337:Annals of the American Association of Geographers
1006:
1003:
1000:
814:bilateral aid for most projects of this nature).
673:Captive bred or artificially propagated specimens
663:
3921:Treaties of the Democratic Republic of the Sudan
3102:
1996:
1686:
997:
27:Multilateral treaty dedicated to flora and fauna
4106:Treaties extended to the British Virgin Islands
3696:Treaties of the People's Republic of Mozambique
3251:Treaties of the military dictatorship in Brazil
3089:Pre-2001 categories and subcategories shown in
1556:List of species protected by CITES Appendix III
509:Examples of taxa listed on Appendix II are the
271:are party to the treaty, with the exception of
1942:
1551:List of species protected by CITES Appendix II
894:TRAFFIC, the wildlife trade monitoring network
765:Suspension of cooperation from the Secretariat
706:
441:Notable taxa listed in Appendix I include the
362:Four types of trade are recognised by CITES -
194:International Union for Conservation of Nature
4076:Treaties extended to the Netherlands Antilles
2630:
2374:
2231:
1546:List of species protected by CITES Appendix I
771:A visit by the Secretariat to verify capacity
3916:Treaties of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
743:
4166:Treaties entered into by the European Union
3506:Treaties of the Hungarian People's Republic
2655:Template: Threatened species by region
870:
654:
3886:Treaties of the Somali Democratic Republic
3311:Treaties of the People's Republic of China
3226:Treaties of the People's Republic of Benin
2637:
2623:
2550:
381:Illegally traded wildlife items seized by
4156:Treaties extended to the Pitcairn Islands
4116:Treaties extended to the Falkland Islands
2356:
1850:
1848:
3296:Treaties of the Central African Republic
2610:Species lists (Appendices I, II and III)
2224:
2222:
1680:
801:), although this has been changing (see
376:
252:is covered by CITES regulations through
243:
4111:Treaties extended to the Cayman Islands
3001:The world's 100 most threatened species
2996:The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates
2276:
14:
4131:Treaties extended to British Hong Kong
3611:Treaties of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
3103:
2644:
2365:
1845:
1629:
1571:Wildlife Enforcement Monitoring System
865:General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
689:
374:prohibiting trade in some specimens).
341:
4091:Treaties extended to British Honduras
4086:Treaties extended to Portuguese Macau
3326:Treaties of the Republic of the Congo
2618:
2471:
2219:
2202:"Reservations entered by the Parties"
2177:"Register of scientific institutions"
1992:from the original on 19 January 2022.
1771:
1769:
1742:"List of Contracting Parties – CITES"
1718:
1716:
886:
789:Approach to biodiversity conservation
4146:Treaties extended to the Isle of Man
4001:Treaties of the United Arab Emirates
2472:Laina, Efstathia (3 December 2018).
2283:. Vol. 15. New York: Springer.
2257:
2071:from the original on 1 November 2020
3126:Treaties entered into force in 1975
2605:Number of species on the Appendices
2330:
2311:
716:made at the Conference of Parties.
24:
3386:Treaties of the Dominican Republic
3241:Treaties of Bosnia and Herzegovina
2515:
2331:Zhu, Annah Lake (2 January 2020).
2157:from the original on 2 August 2021
1766:
1713:
1687:Bettina Wassener (12 March 2013).
898:Convention on Biological Diversity
799:Convention on Biological Diversity
25:
4182:
3906:Treaties of Saint Kitts and Nevis
3851:Treaties of Serbia and Montenegro
3836:Treaties of São Tomé and Príncipe
2537:
984:, and the latest one was held in
919:More than 2 million live reptiles
748:
647:Exemptions and special procedures
438:country before the trade occurs.
3079:Vulnerability and susceptibility
2967:Decline in amphibian populations
2849:
2848:
1724:"Denmark – National authorities"
1489:
1463:
1437:
1411:
1385:
1359:
1333:
1307:
1281:
1255:
1229:
1203:
1177:
1151:
1125:
1099:
1073:
1047:
1021:
239:
160:
61:
4151:Treaties extended to Montserrat
3976:Treaties of Trinidad and Tobago
3881:Treaties of the Solomon Islands
3161:Treaties of Antigua and Barbuda
2465:
2447:
2426:
2400:
2324:
2305:
2270:
2194:
2169:
2133:
2108:
2083:
2047:
2022:
1968:
1920:
1898:
1873:
1663:"The CITES Secretariat | CITES"
1598:
907:
606:
4121:Treaties extended to Gibraltar
4081:Treaties extended to Greenland
4006:Treaties of the United Kingdom
3361:Treaties of the Czech Republic
2755:Conservation Dependent (LR/cd)
1820:
1795:
1748:
1734:
1655:
1449:24 September – 5 October 2016
664:Personal and household effects
500:
319:, an autonomous region in the
277:Federated States of Micronesia
13:
1:
4126:Treaties extended to Guernsey
4016:Treaties of the United States
3451:Treaties of Georgia (country)
3406:Treaties of Equatorial Guinea
3059:Ecoregion conservation status
2962:Decline in insect populations
2600:Explanation of the Appendices
2575:Alphabetical list of Parties
2571:Chronological list of Parties
2358:10.1080/24694452.2019.1613955
2141:"CITES Resolution Conf.11.15"
1623:
428:
392:
214:
4096:Treaties extended to Bermuda
3766:Treaties of Papua New Guinea
3054:Conservation-reliant species
2478:Environmental Policy and Law
1591:
863:In order to ensure that the
7:
4136:Treaties extended to Jersey
3961:Treaties of North Macedonia
3781:Treaties of the Philippines
3716:Treaties of the Netherlands
1514:
1085:25 February – 8 March 1981
963:
922:2.5 million crocodile skins
902:Global Environment Facility
837:
736:whale species and those on
707:Amendments and reservations
10:
4187:
4071:Treaties extended to Aruba
3356:Treaties of Czechoslovakia
3121:Treaties concluded in 1973
2711:Critically Endangered (CR)
2589:(archived 20 January 2011)
2565:Member countries (Parties)
2004:"Appendices I, II and III"
1907:"Appendices I, II and III"
853:threatened with extinction
315:is also not a member. The
40:
29:
3616:Treaties of Liechtenstein
3491:Treaties of Guinea-Bissau
3087:
3009:
2939:
2905:
2847:
2796:
2789:
2764:
2729:
2701:
2680:
2673:
2661:
2652:
2289:10.1007/978-3-319-42129-2
1479:
1453:
1427:
1401:
1375:
1349:
1323:
1297:
1271:
1245:
1219:
1193:
1167:
1141:
1115:
1089:
1063:
1037:
1011:
744:Shortcomings and concerns
617:Hoffmann's two-toed sloth
527:Hartmann's mountain zebra
159:
154:
130:
119:
111:
103:
95:
84:
69:
60:
55:
3891:Treaties of South Africa
3861:Treaties of Sierra Leone
3841:Treaties of Saudi Arabia
3646:Treaties of the Maldives
3526:Treaties of Pahlavi Iran
3461:Treaties of East Germany
3456:Treaties of West Germany
3266:Treaties of Burkina Faso
3019:Biodiversity action plan
2693:Extinct in the Wild (EW)
2560:(archived 13 March 2016)
2412:Balkan Green Energy News
1521:Environmental agreements
937:1.1 million beaver skins
871:Animal sourced pathogens
655:Pre-Convention specimens
3941:Treaties of Switzerland
3911:Treaties of Saint Lucia
3801:Treaties of South Korea
3721:Treaties of New Zealand
3401:Treaties of El Salvador
3336:Treaties of Ivory Coast
3321:Treaties of the Comoros
3191:Treaties of the Bahamas
3136:1975 in the environment
2055:"CITES Resolution 13.6"
1606:African forest elephant
683:artificially propagated
481:), some populations of
248:Parties to the treaty.
4051:Treaties of Yugoslavia
4026:Treaties of Uzbekistan
3951:Treaties of Tajikistan
3856:Treaties of Seychelles
3831:Treaties of San Marino
3686:Treaties of Montenegro
3661:Treaties of Mauritania
3631:Treaties of Madagascar
3626:Treaties of Luxembourg
3581:Treaties of Kyrgyzstan
3566:Treaties of Kazakhstan
3446:Treaties of the Gambia
3331:Treaties of Costa Rica
3291:Treaties of Cape Verde
3201:Treaties of Bangladesh
3186:Treaties of Azerbaijan
3111:Environmental treaties
3069:Latent extinction risk
2277:van Uhm, D.P. (2016).
1929:"The CITES Appendices"
1137:22 April – 3 May 1985
940:Millions of pieces of
559:Mertens' water monitor
531:Equus zebra hartmannae
515:Carcharodon carcharias
419:Endangered Species Act
389:
383:HM Revenue and Customs
257:
180:(shorter name for the
73:3 March 1973
34:. For other uses, see
4036:Treaties of Venezuela
3901:Treaties of Sri Lanka
3866:Treaties of Singapore
3726:Treaties of Nicaragua
3666:Treaties of Mauritius
3621:Treaties of Lithuania
3521:Treaties of Indonesia
3481:Treaties of Guatemala
3176:Treaties of Australia
3166:Treaties of Argentina
2954:Endangered arthropods
2950:Threatened arthropods
2872:Critically Endangered
2814:Critically Endangered
1566:Wildlife conservation
700:forensic institutions
568:Swietenia macrophylla
565:), bigleaf mahogany (
483:African bush elephant
415:Antilocapra americana
403:African bush elephant
380:
357:traditional medicines
247:
186:Washington Convention
4061:Treaties of Zimbabwe
4011:Treaties of Tanzania
3956:Treaties of Thailand
3931:Treaties of Eswatini
3926:Treaties of Suriname
3876:Treaties of Slovenia
3871:Treaties of Slovakia
3791:Treaties of Portugal
3771:Treaties of Paraguay
3751:Treaties of Pakistan
3681:Treaties of Mongolia
3641:Treaties of Malaysia
3501:Treaties of Honduras
3381:Treaties of Dominica
3376:Treaties of Djibouti
3316:Treaties of Colombia
3281:Treaties of Cameroon
3276:Treaties of Cambodia
3261:Treaties of Bulgaria
3246:Treaties of Botswana
3206:Treaties of Barbados
3029:Conservation biology
3024:Biodiversity threats
2737:Near Threatened (NT)
1501:14–25 November 2022
877:coronavirus pandemic
827:William Yancey Brown
795:ecosystem approaches
327:are part of CITES).
184:, also known as the
4041:Treaties of Vietnam
4031:Treaties of Vanuatu
4021:Treaties of Uruguay
3996:Treaties of Ukraine
3981:Treaties of Tunisia
3846:Treaties of Senegal
3811:Treaties of Romania
3806:Treaties of Moldova
3736:Treaties of Nigeria
3706:Treaties of Namibia
3701:Treaties of Myanmar
3691:Treaties of Morocco
3606:Treaties of Liberia
3601:Treaties of Lesotho
3596:Treaties of Lebanon
3551:Treaties of Jamaica
3536:Treaties of Ireland
3511:Treaties of Iceland
3476:Treaties of Grenada
3431:Treaties of Finland
3416:Treaties of Estonia
3411:Treaties of Eritrea
3391:Treaties of Ecuador
3371:Treaties of Denmark
3341:Treaties of Croatia
3271:Treaties of Burundi
3236:Treaties of Bolivia
3216:Treaties of Belgium
3211:Treaties of Belarus
3196:Treaties of Bahrain
3181:Treaties of Austria
3171:Treaties of Armenia
3151:Treaties of Algeria
3146:Treaties of Albania
3064:Habitat destruction
3049:Conservation status
2867:Extinct in the Wild
2809:Extinct in the Wild
2772:Data Deficient (DD)
2444:– via Open Edition.
2349:2020AAAG..110..277Z
2312:Zhu, Annah (2020).
2116:"CITES Article VII"
2030:"The CITES species"
1881:"The CITES species"
1856:"CITES Article XIV"
1730:. 24 December 2020.
1608:as a subspecies of
1576:Wildlife management
1319:3–15 November 2002
1241:7–18 November 1994
1111:19 – 30 April 1983
818:(which fueled more
690:Scientific exchange
641:Civettictis civetta
621:Choloepus hoffmanni
601:Panax quinquefolius
577:Guaiacum officinale
519:American black bear
342:Regulation of trade
190:multilateral treaty
125:Swiss Confederation
52:
4056:Treaties of Zambia
3991:Treaties of Uganda
3986:Treaties of Turkey
3936:Treaties of Sweden
3821:Treaties of Rwanda
3816:Treaties of Russia
3786:Treaties of Poland
3761:Treaties of Panama
3741:Treaties of Norway
3676:Treaties of Monaco
3671:Treaties of Mexico
3636:Treaties of Malawi
3591:Treaties of Latvia
3576:Treaties of Kuwait
3561:Treaties of Jordan
3541:Treaties of Israel
3496:Treaties of Guyana
3486:Treaties of Guinea
3471:Treaties of Greece
3436:Treaties of France
3351:Treaties of Cyprus
3286:Treaties of Canada
3256:Treaties of Brunei
3231:Treaties of Bhutan
3221:Treaties of Belize
3156:Treaties of Angola
3131:Wildlife smuggling
3116:Endangered species
2777:Not Evaluated (NE)
2765:Not fully assessed
2742:Least Concern (LC)
2646:Threatened species
2490:10.3233/epl-180086
1693:The New York Times
1586:World Wildlife Day
1581:Wildlife smuggling
1475:17–28 August 2019
1345:2–14 October 2004
1189:9–20 October 1989
1033:2–6 November 1976
916:317,000 live birds
887:Reform suggestions
629:Tragelaphus spekii
585:Nautilus pompilius
581:chambered nautilus
555:Pandinus imperator
495:Araucaria araucana
491:monkey puzzle tree
487:Loxodonta africana
407:Loxodonta africana
390:
321:Kingdom of Denmark
311:. UN observer the
258:
123:Government of the
50:
4046:Treaties of Yemen
3971:Treaties of Tonga
3946:Treaties of Syria
3896:Treaties of Spain
3826:Treaties of Samoa
3796:Treaties of Qatar
3756:Treaties of Palau
3731:Treaties of Niger
3711:Treaties of Nepal
3656:Treaties of Malta
3571:Treaties of Kenya
3556:Treaties of Japan
3546:Treaties of Italy
3516:Treaties of India
3466:Treaties of Ghana
3441:Treaties of Gabon
3396:Treaties of Egypt
3366:Treaties of Zaire
3306:Treaties of Chile
3098:
3097:
3044:Bird conservation
2935:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2785:
2784:
2587:National contacts
2298:978-3-319-42128-5
1828:"CITES Article I"
1803:"How CITES works"
1762:. 23 August 2021.
1701:on 1 January 2022
1604:CITES treats the
1505:
1504:
1397:13–25 March 2010
1302:Santiago de Chile
1293:10–20 April 2000
1059:19–30 March 1979
946:20,000 mammalian
740:by Saudi Arabia.
623:) by Costa Rica,
511:great white shark
175:
174:
16:(Redirected from
4178:
3966:Treaties of Togo
3776:Treaties of Peru
3746:Treaties of Oman
3651:Treaties of Mali
3586:Treaties of Laos
3531:Treaties of Iraq
3426:Treaties of Fiji
3346:Treaties of Cuba
3301:Treaties of Chad
2852:
2851:
2794:
2793:
2678:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2639:
2632:
2625:
2616:
2615:
2554:
2549:
2548:
2546:Official website
2510:
2509:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2455:"CITES calendar"
2451:
2445:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2382:"What is CITES?"
2378:
2372:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2318:The Conversation
2309:
2303:
2302:
2274:
2268:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2235:
2229:
2226:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2156:
2145:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2070:
2059:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1980:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1950:"CITES Calendar"
1946:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1852:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1824:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1773:
1764:
1763:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1720:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1700:
1695:. Archived from
1684:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1633:
1617:
1602:
1495:
1493:
1492:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1443:
1441:
1440:
1423:3–14 March 2013
1417:
1415:
1414:
1391:
1389:
1388:
1365:
1363:
1362:
1339:
1337:
1336:
1313:
1311:
1310:
1287:
1285:
1284:
1261:
1259:
1258:
1235:
1233:
1232:
1215:2–13 March 1992
1209:
1207:
1206:
1183:
1181:
1180:
1163:12–24 July 1987
1157:
1155:
1154:
1131:
1129:
1128:
1105:
1103:
1102:
1079:
1077:
1076:
1053:
1051:
1050:
1027:
1025:
1024:
995:
994:
948:hunting trophies
809:, South African
807:African elephant
768:A formal warning
597:American ginseng
563:Varanus mertensi
551:emperor scorpion
523:Ursus americanus
289:Marshall Islands
262:Washington, D.C.
164:
163:
107:10 ratifications
80:
78:
65:
53:
49:
21:
4186:
4185:
4181:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4176:
4175:
4066:Animal treaties
3101:
3100:
3099:
3094:
3083:
3005:
2927:
2901:
2887:Near Threatened
2843:
2829:Near Threatened
2781:
2760:
2748:Lower Risk (LR)
2725:
2721:Vulnerable (VU)
2716:Endangered (EN)
2697:
2657:
2648:
2643:
2544:
2543:
2540:
2531:Italian version
2527:Spanish version
2523:English version
2518:
2516:Further reading
2513:
2470:
2466:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2431:
2427:
2417:
2415:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2391:
2389:
2380:
2379:
2375:
2370:
2366:
2329:
2325:
2310:
2306:
2299:
2275:
2271:
2262:
2258:
2248:
2246:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2227:
2220:
2210:
2208:
2200:
2199:
2195:
2185:
2183:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2143:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2124:
2122:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2099:
2097:
2089:
2088:
2084:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2057:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2038:
2036:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2013:
2011:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1989:
1978:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1959:
1957:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1933:
1931:
1925:
1921:
1911:
1909:
1903:
1899:
1889:
1887:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1864:
1862:
1854:
1853:
1846:
1836:
1834:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1811:
1809:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1786:
1784:
1775:
1774:
1767:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1722:
1721:
1714:
1704:
1702:
1685:
1681:
1671:
1669:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1646:
1644:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1621:
1620:
1603:
1599:
1594:
1526:Illegal logging
1517:
1490:
1488:
1464:
1462:
1438:
1436:
1412:
1410:
1386:
1384:
1371:3–15 June 2007
1360:
1358:
1334:
1332:
1308:
1306:
1282:
1280:
1267:9–20 June 1997
1256:
1254:
1230:
1228:
1224:Fort Lauderdale
1204:
1202:
1178:
1176:
1152:
1150:
1126:
1124:
1100:
1098:
1074:
1072:
1048:
1046:
1022:
1020:
992:, in May 2014.
966:
910:
889:
873:
840:
791:
751:
746:
709:
692:
675:
666:
657:
649:
643:) by Botswana.
609:
503:
479:Elephas maximus
471:Panthera tigris
455:Gorilla gorilla
451:western gorilla
447:Ailurus fulgens
431:
395:
344:
242:
217:
161:
76:
74:
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4184:
4174:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
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2897:Data Deficient
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2884:
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2845:
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2842:
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2839:Data Deficient
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2800:
2798:
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2538:External links
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2484:(5): 262–268.
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2373:
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2343:(1): 277–296.
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2256:
2230:
2218:
2193:
2168:
2132:
2107:
2082:
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881:Ivonne Higuero
872:
869:
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803:Nile crocodile
790:
787:
779:
778:
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772:
769:
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763:
750:
749:Implementation
747:
745:
742:
708:
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691:
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648:
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547:Strombus gigas
502:
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2892:Least Concern
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2834:Least Concern
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2459:www.cites.org
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2096:
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2091:"Article VII"
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1561:Shark finning
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1531:IUCN Red List
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1237:United States
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844:negative list
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738:Falconiformes
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717:
713:
704:
701:
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687:
684:
680:
670:
661:
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637:African civet
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586:
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539:Iguana iguana
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
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507:
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473:subspecies),
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317:Faroe Islands
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240:Ratifications
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19:
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3074:Rare species
3033:
3011:Conservation
2989: /
2985: /
2981: /
2977: /
2973:
2956: /
2952: /
2923:Appendix III
2753:
2746:
2688:Extinct (EX)
2481:
2477:
2467:
2458:
2449:
2433:
2428:
2416:. Retrieved
2411:
2402:
2390:. Retrieved
2385:
2376:
2367:
2340:
2336:
2326:
2317:
2307:
2279:
2272:
2264:
2259:
2247:. Retrieved
2242:
2233:
2209:. Retrieved
2205:
2196:
2184:. Retrieved
2180:
2171:
2159:. Retrieved
2147:
2135:
2123:. Retrieved
2119:
2110:
2098:. Retrieved
2094:
2085:
2073:. Retrieved
2061:
2049:
2037:. Retrieved
2033:
2024:
2012:. Retrieved
2007:
1998:
1982:
1970:
1958:. Retrieved
1953:
1944:
1934:13 September
1932:. Retrieved
1922:
1912:13 September
1910:. Retrieved
1900:
1888:. Retrieved
1884:
1875:
1863:. Retrieved
1859:
1835:. Retrieved
1831:
1822:
1810:. Retrieved
1806:
1797:
1785:. Retrieved
1780:
1759:
1750:
1736:
1727:
1703:. Retrieved
1698:the original
1692:
1682:
1670:. Retrieved
1666:
1657:
1645:. Retrieved
1640:
1631:
1613:
1609:
1600:
1509:
1506:
1468:
1445:South Africa
1432:Johannesburg
1182:
1120:Buenos Aires
1026:
970:
967:
955:
952:
925:2.1 million
911:
908:TRAFFIC Data
890:
879:in 2020 CEO
874:
862:
858:
847:
841:
816:
792:
784:
780:
756:
752:
718:
714:
710:
693:
679:captive bred
676:
667:
658:
650:
640:
628:
620:
614:
610:
607:Appendix III
600:
593:Scleractinia
592:
589:stony corals
584:
576:
573:lignum vitae
566:
562:
554:
546:
538:
535:green iguana
530:
522:
514:
508:
504:
494:
486:
478:
470:
462:
454:
446:
440:
432:
423:
414:
406:
400:
396:
372:
361:
345:
336:
329:
305:Turkmenistan
266:
259:
225:luxury goods
222:
218:
206:
198:
185:
181:
177:
176:
47:
2972:Threatened
2918:Appendix II
2579:and at the
2392:13 February
2249:13 February
2014:13 February
1960:13 February
1787:13 February
1614:L. cyclotis
1610:L. africana
1536:Ivory trade
1484:Panama City
1471:Switzerland
1367:Netherlands
1185:Switzerland
1029:Switzerland
931:73 tons of
927:snake skins
875:During the
811:white rhino
732:on various
681:animals or
595:spp.), and
543:queen conch
501:Appendix II
489:), and the
297:South Sudan
273:North Korea
99:1 July 1975
3105:Categories
2913:Appendix I
2882:Vulnerable
2877:Endangered
2824:Vulnerable
2819:Endangered
2730:Lower risk
2703:Threatened
2674:Categories
2581:depositary
2442:1421417189
1624:References
1055:Costa Rica
696:scientific
459:chimpanzee
435:extinction
429:Appendix I
393:Appendices
301:East Timor
230:manta rays
215:Background
170:Wikisource
120:Depositary
77:1973-03-03
2991:Chromista
2498:0378-777X
2386:cites.org
2243:cites.org
2206:CITES.org
2186:18 August
2181:CITES.org
2161:18 August
2148:CITES.org
2125:14 August
2120:CITES.org
2095:CITES.org
2062:CITES.org
2039:11 August
2034:CITES.org
2008:cites.org
1983:CITES.org
1954:cites.org
1885:CITES.org
1865:14 August
1860:CITES.org
1837:11 August
1832:CITES.org
1812:11 August
1807:CITES.org
1781:cites.org
1667:cites.org
1641:cites.org
1592:Footnotes
1541:Lacey Act
1354:The Hague
1133:Argentina
1068:New Delhi
1007:Duration
625:sitatunga
461:species (
443:red panda
411:pronghorn
353:cosmetics
325:Greenland
250:Greenland
234:pangolins
155:Full text
104:Condition
96:Effective
2666:Red List
2577:at CITES
2506:92311195
2211:7 August
2152:Archived
2100:7 August
2075:7 August
2066:Archived
1987:Archived
1890:7 August
1705:13 March
1672:10 April
1515:See also
1419:Thailand
1341:Thailand
1263:Zimbabwe
1172:Lausanne
1107:Botswana
1094:Gaborone
1042:San José
1004:Country
998:Meeting
986:Veracruz
964:Meetings
838:Drafting
820:poaching
463:Pan spp.
313:Holy See
285:Kiribati
131:Language
85:Location
32:Citation
3091:italics
2974:Banksia
2958:spiders
2862:Extinct
2804:Extinct
2790:Species
2681:Extinct
2388:. CITES
2345:Bibcode
2267:13: 231
2245:. CITES
2010:. CITES
1956:. CITES
1783:. CITES
1643:. CITES
1480:CoP 19
1454:CoP 18
1428:CoP 17
1406:Bangkok
1402:CoP 16
1376:CoP 15
1350:CoP 14
1328:Bangkok
1324:CoP 13
1298:CoP 12
1276:Nairobi
1272:CoP 11
1246:CoP 10
982:Ireland
722:Iceland
587:), all
579:), the
517:), the
457:), the
398:apply.
385:in the
254:Denmark
202:species
188:) is a
147:Spanish
137:English
112:Parties
75: (
3039:ARKive
2983:sharks
2504:
2496:
2440:
2418:7 June
2295:
1647:29 May
1497:Panama
1494:
1458:Geneva
1442:
1416:
1390:
1364:
1338:
1312:
1286:
1260:
1250:Harare
1234:
1220:CoP 9
1208:
1194:CoP 8
1168:CoP 7
1159:Canada
1156:
1146:Ottawa
1142:CoP 6
1130:
1116:CoP 5
1104:
1090:CoP 4
1078:
1064:CoP 3
1052:
1038:CoP 2
1012:CoP 1
990:Mexico
978:Dublin
933:caviar
848:unless
734:baleen
730:Norway
728:, and
467:tigers
368:export
364:import
309:Tuvalu
307:, and
142:French
89:Geneva
70:Signed
4171:CITES
3034:CITES
2987:Fungi
2906:CITES
2797:Lists
2583:(PDF)
2502:S2CID
2155:(PDF)
2144:(PDF)
2069:(PDF)
2058:(PDF)
1990:(PDF)
1979:(PDF)
1760:CITES
1728:CITES
1393:Qatar
1315:Chile
1289:Kenya
1211:Japan
1198:Kyoto
1081:India
1001:City
942:coral
726:Japan
633:Ghana
631:) by
293:Nauru
281:Haiti
178:CITES
51:CITES
2979:rays
2942:taxa
2663:IUCN
2494:ISSN
2438:ISBN
2420:2020
2394:2012
2293:ISBN
2251:2012
2213:2022
2188:2022
2163:2022
2127:2022
2102:2022
2077:2022
2041:2022
2016:2012
1962:2012
1936:2013
1914:2013
1892:2022
1867:2022
1839:2022
1814:2022
1789:2012
1707:2013
1674:2022
1649:2019
1380:Doha
1016:Bern
974:UNEP
635:and
348:taxa
36:CITE
2940:By
2486:doi
2353:doi
2341:110
2285:doi
698:or
603:).
571:),
557:),
549:),
541:),
533:),
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465:),
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355:or
232:or
168:at
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