Containerization - Knowledge

4735:"854 F.2d 1338, 129 L.R.R.M. (BNA) 2001, 1988 A.M.C. 2409, 272 U.S.App.D.C. 129, 57 USLW 2147, 109 Lab.Cas. P 10,681, NEW YORK SHIPPING ASSOCIATION, INC., International Longshoremen's Association, AFL-CIO, Council of North Atlantic Shipping Associations, Atlantic Container Line, Ltd., Dart Containerline Company, Limited, Hapag-Lloyd Aktiengesellschaft, "Italia" S.P.A.N., Nedlloyd Lines B.V., Puerto Rico Maritime Shipping Authority, Sea-Land Service, Inc., Trans Freight Lines, Inc., and United States Lines, Inc., Petitioners, v. Federal Maritime Commission and United States of America, Respondents. New York Shipping Association, Inc., et al., Petitioners, v. Federal Maritime Commission and United States of America, Respondents, American Trucking Assoc., Inc., American Warehousemen's Assoc., West Gulf Maritime Assoc., National Customs Brokers & Forwarders Association of America, Inc., International Association of NVOCCs, et al., Intervenors. Nos. 82-1347, 87-1370. United States Court of Appeals, District of Columbia Circuit. Argued Dec. 17, 1987. Decided Aug. 9, 1988" 206: 36: 2264: 1193: 221:. Typically, goods would be loaded onto a vehicle from the factory and taken to a port warehouse where they would be offloaded and stored awaiting the next vessel. When the vessel arrived, they would be moved to the side of the ship along with other cargo to be lowered or carried into the hold and packed by dock workers. The ship might call at several other ports before off-loading a given consignment of cargo. Each port visit would delay the delivery of other cargo. Delivered cargo might then have been offloaded into another warehouse before being picked up and delivered to its destination. Multiple handling and delays made transport costly, time-consuming and unreliable. 1363: 1467: 1580: 1688: 198: 6000: 1571:, where containers are stacked two high on railway cars, was introduced in the US. The concept was developed by Sea-Land and the Southern Pacific railroad. The first standalone double-stack container car (or single-unit 40-ft COFC well car) was delivered in July 1977. The five-unit well car, the industry standard, appeared in 1981. Initially, these double-stack railway cars were deployed in regular train service. Ever since American President Lines initiated in 1984 a dedicated double-stack container train service between Los Angeles and Chicago, transport volumes increased rapidly. 63: 83: 5532: 71: 1922: 1315:. All the containerization pioneers who came before McLean had thought in terms of optimizing particular modes of transport. McLean's "fundamental insight" which made the intermodal container possible was that the core business of the shipping industry "was moving cargo, not sailing ships". He visualized and helped to bring about a world reoriented around that insight, which required not just standardization of the metal containers themselves, but drastic changes to 5345: 2392: 1154: 1839: 51: 1475: 1181:, a rigid, corrugated steel container with a 9,000 lb (4,100 kg) carrying capacity, for shipping household goods of officers in the field. It was 8 ft 6 in (2.59 m) long, 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m), and 6 ft 10 in (2.08 m) high, with double doors on one end, mounted on skids, and had lifting rings on the top four corners. During the 1218:(BIC) held demonstrations of container systems, with the aim of selecting the best solution for Western Europe. Present were representatives from France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland, Sweden, Great Britain, Italy and the United States. The system chosen for Western Europe was based on the Netherlands' system for consumer goods and waste transportation called 1756:

tampering is more evident. Some containers are fitted with electronic monitoring devices and can be remotely monitored for changes in air pressure, which happens when the doors are opened. This reduced thefts that had long plagued the shipping industry. Recent developments have focused on the use of intelligent logistics optimization to further enhance security.

1565:. By the 1960s, ICC approval was required before any shipper could carry different items in the same vehicle or change rates. The fully integrated systems in the US today became possible only after the ICC's regulatory oversight was cut back (and abolished in 1995). Trucking and rail were deregulated in the 1970s and maritime rates were deregulated in 1984. 1118:" service (transporting highway freight trailers on flatcars) limited to their own railroads. The Chicago Great Western Railway filed a U.S. patent in 1938 on their method of securing trailers to a flatcars using chains and turnbuckles. Other components included wheel chocks and ramps for loading and unloading the trailers from the flatcars. By 1953, the 1396:, Washington and Alaska. None of these services was particularly successful. First, the containers were rather small, with 52% of them having a volume of less than 3 cubic metres (106 cu ft). Almost all European containers were made of wood and used canvas lids, and they required additional equipment for loading into rail or truck bodies. 1388:. Four containers were used for the conveyance of passengers' baggage. These containers were loaded in London or Paris and carried to the ports of Dover or Calais. In February 1931 the first container ship in the world was launched. It was called the Autocarrier, owned by Southern Railway UK. It had 21 slots for containers of Southern Railway. 1648:, which then built vast container terminals next to deep oceanfront harbors in lieu of the dockfront warehouses and finger piers that had formerly handled break bulk cargo. With intermodal containers, the jobs of packing, unpacking, and sorting cargoes could be performed far from the point of embarkation. Such work shifted to so-called " 1609:, the former piers used for loading and unloading were no longer required, but there was little room to build the vast holding lots needed for storing and sorting containers in transit between different transport modes. As a result, the Port of San Francisco essentially ceased to function as a major commercial port, but the neighboring 1438:. Independently of the events in Canada, McLean had the idea of using large containers that never opened in transit and that were transferable on an intermodal basis, among trucks, ships, and railroad cars. McLean had initially favored the construction of "trailerships"—taking trailers from large trucks and stowing them in a ship's 337:, began. For transport of passengers' baggage four containers were used. These containers were loaded in London or Paris and carried to ports, Dover or Calais, on flat cars in the UK and "CIWL Pullman Golden Arrow Fourgon of CIWL" in France. At the Second World Motor Transport Congress in Rome, September 1928, Italian senator 397:, B.I.C.) was established. In June 1933, the B.I.C. decided on obligatory parameters for containers used in international traffic. Containers handled by means of lifting gear, such as cranes, overhead conveyors, etc. for traveling elevators (group I containers), constructed after July 1, 1933. Obligatory Regulations: 1740:

predicted that containerization would benefit New York by allowing it to ship its industrial goods more cheaply to the Southern US than other areas, but he did not anticipate that containerization might make it cheaper to import such goods from abroad. Most economic studies of containerization merely

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is carried out in China. For example, in 2009 there were 105,976,701 transshipments in China (both international and coastal, excluding Hong Kong), 21,040,096 in Hong Kong (which is listed separately), and only 34,299,572 in the United States. In 2005, some 18 million containers made over 200 million

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released its patent rights, so that Tantlinger's inventions could become "the basis for a standard corner fitting and twist lock". Tantlinger was deeply involved in the debates and negotiations which in back-to-back votes in September 1965 (on September 16 and 24, respectively) led to the adoption of

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Containers are intended to be used constantly, being loaded with new cargo for a new destination soon after emptied of previous cargo. This is not always possible, and in some cases, the cost of transporting an empty container to a place where it can be used is considered to be higher than the worth

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of 8 by 8 by 6.5 feet (2.44 m × 2.44 m × 1.98 m), and a capacity of 13,000 lbs was being developed. Connecting devices were intended to join three Conex-III containers together into one 20-feet long unit, a standard recommended by the American Standards Association, for use

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The effects of containerization rapidly spread beyond the shipping industry. Containers were quickly adopted by trucking and rail transport industries for cargo transport not involving sea transport. Manufacturing also evolved to adapt to take advantage of containers. Companies that once sent small

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In 1931, in the U.S., B. F. Fitch designed the two largest and heaviest containers in existence. One measured 17 ft 6 in (5.33 m) by 8 ft 0 in (2.44 m) by 8 ft 0 in (2.44 m) with a capacity of 30,000 pounds (14,000 kg) in 890 cubic feet (25 m),

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and container leasing companies have become expert at repositioning empty containers from areas of low or no demand, such as the US West Coast, to areas of high demand, such as China. Repositioning within the port hinterland has also been the focus of recent logistics optimization work. Damaged or

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and the subsequent Great Depression, many countries were without any means to transport cargo. The railroads were sought as a possibility to transport cargo, and there was an opportunity to bring containers into broader use. In February 1931 the first container ship was launched. It was called the

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in the UK was one of these, making use of "simple rectangular timber boxes" to convey coal from Lancashire collieries to Liverpool, where a crane transferred them to horse-drawn carriages. Originally used for moving coal on and off barges, "loose boxes" were used to containerize coal from the late

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There is now a high demand for containers to be converted in the domestic market to serve specific purposes. As a result, a number of container-specific accessories have become available for a variety of applications, such as racking for archiving, lining, heating, lighting, powerpoints to create

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used 35-foot (10.67 m) containers. The standard sizes and fitting and reinforcement norms that now exist evolved out of a lengthy and complex series of compromises among international shipping companies, European railroads, US railroads, and US trucking companies. Everyone had to sacrifice

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proposed the use of containers for road and railway transport systems, using collaboration rather than competition. This would be done under the auspices of an international organ similar to the Sleeping Car Company, which provided international carriage of passengers in sleeping wagons. In 1928

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less than that required for the application of a carload rate. A quantity of cargo less than that which fills the visible or rated capacity of an inter-modal container." It can also be defined as "a consignment of cargo which is inefficient to fill a shipping container. It is grouped with other

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The original choice of 8-foot (2.44 m) height for ISO containers was made in part to suit a large proportion of railway tunnels, though some had to be modified. The current standard is eight feet six inches (2.59 m) high. With the arrival of even taller hi-cube containers at

1881:). An equivalent unit is a measure of containerized cargo capacity equal to one standard 20 ft (6.10 m) (length) × 8 ft (2.44 m) (width) container. As this is an approximate measure, the height of the box is not considered. For instance, the 9 ft 6 in (2.90 m) 1755:

Improved cargo security is an important benefit of containerization. Once the cargo is loaded into a container, it is not touched again until it reaches its destination. The cargo is not visible to casual viewers, and thus is less likely to be stolen. Container doors are usually sealed so that

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590, known as "pa-Behälter." It was implemented in the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, West Germany, Switzerland, Sweden and Denmark. With the popularization of the larger ISO containers, support for pa containers was phased out by the railways. In the 1970s they began to be widely used for

2430:, which allow the conversion of an ordinary container system into a missile boat, capable of attacking surface and ground targets, and the CWS (Containerized Weapon System) developed for the US Army that allow for the rapid deployment of a remote controlled machine gun post from a container. 1815:

Contrary to ocean shipping containers owned by the shippers, a persisting trend in the industry is for (new) units to be purchased by leasing companies. Leasing business accounted for 55% of new container purchases in 2017, with their box fleet growing at 6.7%, compared to units of transport

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The maximum gross mass for a 20 ft (6.10 m) dry cargo container was initially set at 24,000 kg (53,000 lb), and 30,480 kg (67,200 lb)for a 40 ft (12.19 m) container (including the 9 ft 6 in or 2.90 m high cube) . Allowing for the

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The dimensions of the CONEX II are 75 by 82½ by 102 in. The CONEX container is a metal reusable shipping box. The most common type has a 295-cu. ft. capacity, is about 8½ by 6 by 7 ft, and can carry 9,000 lbs. The dimensions of the Half-CONEX or CONEX I container are 75 by 82¼ by 51

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is the use of containers as the basis for housing and other functional buildings for people, either as temporary or a permanent housing, and either as a main building or as a cabin or as a workshop. Containers can also be used as sheds or storage areas in industry and commerce.

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states in a survey among freight companies that this claim is grossly excessive and calculated an average of 350 containers to be lost at sea each year, or 675 if including catastrophic events. For instance, on November 30, 2006, a container washed ashore on the Outer Banks of

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assumed that shipping companies would begin to replace older forms of transportation with containerization, but did not predict that the process of containerization itself would have a more direct influence on the choice of producers and increase the total volume of trade.

2294:. Containers lost in rough waters are smashed by cargo and waves, and often sink quickly. Although not all containers sink, they seldom float very high out of the water, making them a shipping hazard that is difficult to detect. Freight from lost containers has provided 2413:

purpose-built secure offices, canteens and drying rooms, condensation control for furniture storage, and ramps for storage of heavier objects. Containers are also converted to provide equipment enclosures, pop-up cafes, exhibition stands, security huts and more.

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In July, 2020, The Digital Container Shipping Association (DCSA), a non-profit group established to further digitalisation of container shipping technology standards, published standards for the digital exchange of operational vessel schedules (OVS).

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service using trucks, ships, and railroad cars. Southbound containers were loaded by shippers in Yukon and moved by rail, ship, and truck to their consignees without opening. This first intermodal system operated from November 1955 until 1982.

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Some of the biggest battles in the container revolution were waged in Washington, D.C.. Intermodal shipping got a huge boost in the early 1970s, when carriers won permission to quote combined rail-ocean rates. Later, non-vessel-operating

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does not always mean a full payload or capacity – many companies will prefer to keep a 'mostly' full container as a single container load to simplify logistics and increase security compared to sharing a container with other goods.

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that could efficiently be loaded onto ships and would hold securely on sea voyages. The result was an 8 feet (2.44 m) tall by 8 ft (2.44 m) wide box in 10 ft (3.05 m)-long units constructed from 2.5 mm

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operators growing by just 2.4% more TEU, said global shipping consultancy Drewry in their 'Container Census & Leasing and Equipment Insight', leading to a leased share of the global ocean container fleet reaching 54% by 2020.

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the majority of supplies and materials were shipped by CONEX. By 1965 the U.S. military used some 100,000 Conex boxes, and more than 200,000 in 1967. making this the first worldwide application of intermodal containers. After the

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The next step was in Europe was after WW II. Vessels purpose-built to carry containers were used between UK and Netherlands and also in Denmark in 1951. In the United States, ships began carrying containers in 1951, between

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of the container, the maximum payload mass is therefore reduced to approximately 22,000 kg (49,000 lb) for 20 ft (6.10 m), and 27,000 kg (60,000 lb) for 40 ft (12.19 m) containers.

132:, is the process of unitization of cargoes in exports. Containerization is the predominant form of unitization of export cargoes, as opposed to other systems such as the barge system or palletization. The containers have 2143:

container that is loaded and unloaded under the risk and account of one shipper and one consignee. In practice, it means that the whole container is intended for one consignee. FCL container shipment tends to have lower

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and a second measured 20 ft 0 in (6.10 m) by 8 ft 0 in (2.44 m) by 8 ft 0 in (2.44 m), with a capacity of 50,000 pounds (23,000 kg) in 1,000 cubic feet (28 m).

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and increased its speed, especially of consumer goods and commodities. It also dramatically changed the character of port cities worldwide. Prior to highly mechanized container transfers, crews of 20 to 22

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a modified version of the Sea-Land design as the American and then the international standard for corner fittings for shipping containers. This began international standardization of shipping containers.

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on September 30, 1931, on one of the platforms of the Maritime Station (Mole di Ponente), practical tests assessed the best construction for European containers as part of an international competition.

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During the first 20 years of containerization, many container sizes and corner fittings were used. There were dozens of incompatible container systems in the US alone. Among the biggest operators, the

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railroads had joined the innovation. Most of the rail cars used were surplus flatcars equipped with new decks. By 1955, an additional 25 railroads had begun some form of piggyback trailer service.

2255:, or the steel content salvaged. In the summer of 2010, a worldwide shortage of containers developed as shipping increased after the recession, while new container production had largely ceased. 1226:

that were moved by rail, truck and ship, in various configurations up to a capacity of 5,500 kg (12,100 lb), and up to 3.1 by 2.3 by 2 metres (10 ft 2 in × 7 ft

2229:. The vast majority of containers are never subjected to scrutiny due to their large numbers. In recent years there have been increased concerns that containers might be used to transport 2341:

won a long court battle with a US Supreme Court decision against contracts that attempted to require that union labor be used for stuffing and stripping containers at off-pier locations.

2179:. The abbreviation LCL formerly applied to "less than (railway) car load" for quantities of material from different shippers or for delivery to different destinations carried in a single 1602:

would pack individual cargoes into the hold of a ship. After containerization, large crews of longshoremen were not necessary at port facilities, and the profession changed drastically.

1407:. Her first trip carried 600 containers between North Vancouver, British Columbia, and Skagway, Alaska, on November 26, 1955. In Skagway, the containers were unloaded to purpose-built 1300:

standardized an 8-by-8-foot (2.44 by 2.44 m) cross section container in multiples of 10-foot (3.05 m) lengths for military use, it was rapidly adopted for shipping purposes.

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executive, Tantlinger went back to McLean and convinced him to relinquish control of their design to help stimulate the container revolution. On January 29, 1963, McLean's company

174:. Containerization eliminated manual sorting of most shipments and the need for dock front warehouses, while displacing many thousands of dock workers who formerly simply handled 1901:

It was increased to 30,480 kg for the 20' in 2005, then further increased to a max of 36,000 kg for all sizes by the amendment 2 (2016) of the ISO standard 668 (2013).

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In 2021, the average time to unload a container in Asia was 27 seconds, the average time in Northern Europe was 46 seconds, and the average time in North America was 76 seconds.

1450:. Instead, McLean modified his original concept into loading just the containers, not the chassis, onto the ship; hence the designation "container ship" or "box" ship. (See also 1721:, 396 m (1,299 ft) long, launched in August 2006. It has been predicted that, at some point, container ships will be constrained in size only by the depth of the 6558: 3322: 2379:) and recommendations for use in container decontamination, inspection and quarantine. The SCTF also provides the English translation of the National Standard of China ( 1985: 2072:

are used in Europe and have length (45, 40 or 20 ft or 13.72, 12.19 or 6.10 m) and height like ISO-containers, but they are 2.484 m (8 ft

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something. For example, to McLean's frustration, Sea-Land's 35-foot container was not adopted as one of the standard container sizes. In the end, four important ISO (

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The first vessels purpose-built to carry containers had begun operation in 1926 for the regular connection of the luxury passenger train between London and Paris, the

272:. By the 1840s, iron boxes were in use as well as wooden ones. The early 1900s saw the adoption of closed container boxes designed for movement between road and rail. 252:

built at his Butterley Ironwork. The horse-drawn wheeled wagons on the gangway took the form of containers, which, loaded with coal, could be transshipped from canal

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Autocarrier, owned by Southern Railway UK. It had 21 slots for containers of Southern Railway. Under auspices of the International Chamber of Commerce in Paris in

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Public containerised transport is the concept, not yet implemented, of modifying motor vehicles to serve as personal containers in non-road passenger transport.

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US domestic standard containers are generally 48 ft (14.63 m) and 53 ft (16.15 m) (rail and truck). Container capacity is often expressed in

288:, which he had designed as transferable containers. In 1919, his system was extended to over 200 containers serving 21 railway stations with 14 freight trucks. 6393: 2281:

Containers occasionally fall from ships, usually during storms. According to media sources, between 2,000 and 10,000 containers are lost at sea each year. The

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the Transporter was evaluated for handling sensitive military equipment and, proving effective, was approved for broader use. Theft of material and damage to

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The first major shipment of CONEXes, containing engineering supplies and spare parts, was made by rail from the Columbus General Depot in Georgia to the

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The widespread use of ISO standard containers has driven modifications in other freight-moving standards, gradually forcing removable truck bodies or

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20 ft (6.10 m) containers are also called one TEU. 48' containers have been phased out over the last ten years in favor of 53' containers.

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Meanwhile, the port facilities needed to support containerization changed. One effect was the decline of some ports and the rise of others. At the

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Clause 1. Containers are, as regards form, either of the closed or the open type, and, as regards capacity, either of the heavy or the light type.

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ran aground off the coast of New Zealand. As the ship listed, some containers were lost, while others were held on board at a precarious angle.

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consignments began grouping them into containers. Many cargoes are now designed to precisely fit containers. The reliability of containers made

1548: 1495: 1270:, by the addition of a smaller, half-size unit of 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) long, 4 ft 3 in (1.30 m) wide and 6 ft 181:

Containers can be made from a wide range of materials such as steel, fibre-reinforced polymer, aluminum or a combination. Containers made from

119: 5219:. Transport Canada, the U.S. Department of Transportation, and the Secretariat of Communications and Transport of Mexico. 2004. Archived from 5036:

Ninety Percent of Everything: Inside Shipping, the Invisible Industry That Puts Clothes on Your Back, Gas in Your Car, and Food on Your Plate

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into standard sizes and shapes (though without the strength needed to be stacked), and changing completely the worldwide use of freight

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The first truly successful container shipping company dates to April 26, 1956, when American trucking entrepreneur McLean put 58

1119: 205: 178:. Containerization reduced congestion in ports, significantly shortened shipping time, and reduced losses from damage and theft. 3351: 3232: 1209: 6592: 5568: 3565: 3330: 2880: 1808:

vehicle shipping, personal effects can be loaded into the container with the vehicle, allowing easy international relocation.

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McGough, Roger (Narrator), McAulay, Graeme (Director & Producer), Crossley-Holland, Dominic (Executive Producer) (2010).

3357:(Report). Vol. 7: Containerization. US DoD Joint Logistics Review Board. 15 December 1970. pp. 9–11. Archived from 2831: 2409:

Containers are also beginning to be used to house computer data centers, although these are normally specialized containers.

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While major airlines use containers that are custom designed for their aircraft and associated ground handling equipment the

1561:(ICC), which was created in 1887 to keep railroads from using monopolist pricing and rate discrimination, but fell victim to 1123: 43: 5080: 3544: 136:

dimensions. They can be loaded and unloaded, stacked, transported efficiently over long distances, and transferred from one

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in bulk. FCL is intended to designate a container loaded to its allowable maximum weight or volume, but FCL in practice on

210: 4506:"The Federal Logistics SuperSite – The Federal Transportation Management Desk Reference: Glossary – Definitions" 3732: 3238:(Report). Vol. 7: Containerization. US DoD Joint Logistics Review Board. 15 December 1970. p. 10. Archived from 5923: 5324: 5284: 4963:. Research in Maritime History, issue 23. St. John's, Newfoundland: International Maritime Economic History Association. 4861:"Public Containerised Transport, ways to improve the efficiency and convenience of travel by intermodalizing automobiles" 2363:

are significantly clustered around ports, and containers are a common source of such successful pest transfers. The IPPC

1297: 1291:, then by ship to Yokohama, Japan, and then to Korea, in late 1952. Transit times were almost halved. By the time of the 1214: 390: 186: 5213: 3869: 2420: 3797: 3770: 3030: 2823: 2620: 382:

The development of containerization was created in Europe and the U.S. as a way to revitalize rail companies after the

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Blue Book of Container Stuffing – The Container Stuffing Management in International Logistics: The Economics Behind

1797:. The use of container trains in all these countries makes transshipment between trains of different gauges easier. 3923: 2526: 2263: 1158: 264: 2069: 1284: in (2.10 m) high. CONEXes could be stacked three high, and protected their contents from the elements. 6694: 5603: 5512: 5236: 4624: 3897: 3061: 2399: 2252: 1614: 1255: 4738: 1759:

The use of the same basic sizes of containers across the globe has lessened the problems caused by incompatible

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Lewandowski, Krzysztof (2016). "Growth in the Size of Unit Loads and Shipping Containers from Antique to WWI".

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has created a set of standard aluminium container sizes of up to 11.52 m (407 cu ft) in volume.

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size constrains a ship to dimensions of 470 m (1,542 ft) in length and 60 m (197 ft) wide.

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emerged as the second largest on the US West Coast. A similar fate occurred with the relationship between the

155:—without being opened. The handling system is mechanized so that all handling is done with cranes and special 6553: 5999: 5228:– a guidebook for first responders during the initial phase of a dangerous goods/hazardous materials incident 4519: 3187: 2234: 1973: 1107: 2237:(CSI), intended to ensure that high-risk cargo is examined or scanned, preferably at the port of departure. 1192: 1115: 326: 314:

began shipping containers between Chicago and Milwaukee. Their efforts ended in the spring of 1931 when the

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By the 1830s, railroads were carrying containers that could be transferred to other modes of transport. The

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for efficiency. LCL freight was often sorted and redistributed into different railway cars at intermediate

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system. The size and capacity of the Conex were about the same as the Transporter, but the system was made

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Containerization originated several centuries ago but was not well developed or widely applied until after

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Clause 2. The loading capacity of containers must be such that their total weight (load, plus tare) is: 5

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native Benjamin Franklin "B. F." Fitch (1877–1956) launched commercial use of "demountable bodies" in

6608: 6486: 5415: 4625:"Photos: Spilled Doritos chips wash up on Outer Banks | HamptonRoads.com | PilotOnline.com" 4310: 2020: 2017: 1653: 1486: 1362: 1127: 383: 347: 307: 3720:"Double-stack unit train container service: its commercial impact and value to the military skipper" 2852:

Transport Means 2016, Proceedings of the 20th International Scientific Conference, October 5–7, 2016

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On September 5, 2008, the BBC embarked on a year-long project to study international trade and

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possible as component suppliers could deliver specific components on regular fixed schedules.

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D 5728 Standard Practice for Securement of Cargo in Intermodal and Unimodal Surface Transport

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The Box that Changed the World: Fifty Years of Container Shipping - an Illustrated History

3054:"History & Development of the Container – The "Transporter", predecessor to the CONEX" 1103:

carried railroad boxcars on its sea vessels to transport goods between New York and Cuba.

8: 6668: 6580: 6340: 6284: 6066: 5687: 5623: 5471: 5072:– novel set in U.S., in which mystery surrounding a containerized shipment serves as the 4690: 4057: 2494: 2484: 2458: 2226: 1594: 368: 167: 5379: 4763:"200 million reasons to take global action on sea containers to keep khapra beetle out!" 2964:

Benjamin Franklin Fitch the Forgotten Developer of the Container System in US of America

2046: 2032:

milk container, 2,000 imperial gallons (9,100 L; 2,400 US gal), road-rail

1687: 232:

designed the box boat 'Starvationer' with ten wooden containers, to transport coal from

6294: 5969: 5892: 5546: 5440: 5118:

The Box: How the Shipping Container Made the World Smaller and the World Economy Bigger

5086:

The Box: How the Shipping Container Made the World Smaller and the World Economy Bigger

4475: 4456: 3631: 2876: 2661: 2360: 1991: 1722: 1626: 1562: 1431: 1323: 1254: in) size. This became the first post World War II European railway standard 1166: 1111: 372: 152: 39: 5158: 4835: 3697: 2739:. Vol. 43–44. The Journal of the Cincinnati Historical Society. 1985. p. 27. 1554:

from shipowner NYK, which started sailing in 1968 and could carry 752 TEU containers.

166:, when it dramatically reduced the costs of transport, supported the post-war boom in 6371: 6071: 5974: 5857: 5822: 5801: 5781: 5359: 5168: 5143: 5122: 5090: 5061: 5040: 5016: 4994: 4974: 4964: 4643: 4513: 3848: 3830: 3803: 3793: 3766: 3475: 3358: 3239: 3163: 3147: 3026: 2966:

by Krzysztof Lewandowski, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Poland. 2015.

2940: 2915: 2855: 2827: 2800: 2788: 2704: 2665: 2653: 2616: 2303: 2233:

or terrorist materials into a country undetected. The US government has advanced the

2166: 1733: 1695: 1630: 1622: 1587: 386:, which had caused economic collapse and reduction in use of all modes of transport. 269: 237: 137: 62: 2850:

Lewandowski, Krzysztof (2016). "The containers ships, which really was the first?".

389:

In 1933 in Europe, under the auspices of the International Chamber of Commerce, the

6520: 6319: 6304: 6238: 6182: 6081: 5984: 5796: 5661: 5650: 5644: 5536: 5461: 5430: 5425: 5260: 5163: 4493: 3573: 2930: 2645: 2317:

began work on a code of practice for container storage, including crew training on

2184: 2180: 2104:

better. They are meant for transport inside Europe and are often accepted in ships.

2063: 2036: 1934: 1926: 1805: 1451: 1443: 1308: 1223: 285: 218: 182: 175: 4911: 3310:.. CONEX ... container that ... was about 7' high by 8' wide and about 12' long... 2993:, David J. Fiore Sr., Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing, 2006, p. 51 1706:

worldwide is moved by containers stacked on transport ships; 26% of all container

1146:

in the railroads. These non-stackable containers were about the size of the later

321:

In 1926, a regular connection of the luxury passenger train from London to Paris,

66:

Double-stack Union Pacific container train crossing the desert at Shawmut, Arizona

6663: 6638: 6428: 6309: 6299: 6119: 6104: 6051: 5979: 5887: 5872: 5817: 5735: 5634: 5405: 5137: 5116: 5100: 5055: 5010: 4958: 4886: 4686: 4606: 4571: 4463: 3849:"Container port traffic (TEU: 20 foot equivalent units) | Data | Table" 3469: 2521: 2380: 2356: 2202: 2176: 2119: 2029: 1610: 1139: 241: 133: 3119: 6279: 6139: 6061: 6046: 6041: 5877: 5724: 5629: 5577: 5466: 5400: 5364: 5190: 4960:

The Globalisation of the Oceans: Containerisation from the 1950s to the Present

4813: 4775: 3719: 2338: 2287: 2273: 2066:(Sweden, Finland, UK) – big 95 t (93 long tons; 105 short tons) container. 2057: 2023: 1786: 1618: 1557:

In the US, containerization and other advances in shipping were impeded by the

1544: 1385: 1375: 1143: 1100: 229: 145: 141: 87: 82: 6433: 3920:"Ocean carriers rely increasingly on leased containers - Axxess International" 3807: 2789:"Stanisław Rodowicz, Eng. The Forgotten Pioneer of Containerization in Poland" 2193:

is the process of filling a container with multiple shipments for efficiency.

1529:

set out the minimum internal dimensions of general purpose freight containers.

1262:

In 1952 the U.S. Army developed the Transporter into the CONtainer EXpress or

6683: 6633: 6565: 6350: 6345: 6228: 6096: 5989: 5940: 5837: 5750: 5410: 5220: 5172: 4988: 4978: 4333: 4305: 4277: 4248: 4220: 4192: 4136: 4108: 4080: 4052: 3834: 3298: 3167: 2944: 2859: 2804: 2657: 2515: 2445: 2299: 2295: 2247: 2153: 2001: 1956: 1910: 1707: 1657: 1304: 1196: 351: 171: 4164: 4011: 3870:"Detroit, Michigan Intermodal Transport and Drayage | Courtesy Transfer Inc" 2976:

Mohowski, Robert E. (Spring 2011). "Seatrain: Railroad or steamship line?".

2820:

The Northwestern A History of the Chicago & North Western Railway System

1921: 1717: 159:

trucks. All containers are numbered and tracked using computerized systems.

6618: 6575: 6264: 6056: 6021: 5867: 5842: 5786: 5766: 5608: 5531: 4983:– a history of containerization in the second half of the twentieth century 4954: 3659:"The Containership Revolution: Malcom McLean's 1956 Innovation Goes Global" 2406:

Tempo Housing in Amsterdam stacks containers for individual housing units.

2145: 2140: 1843: 1801: 1794: 1679:, of which 82 percent were handled by the world's top 100 container ports. 1641: 1599: 1408: 163: 6613: 6538: 6423: 6259: 6233: 6187: 6177: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6124: 6114: 6086: 6076: 5882: 5862: 5791: 5205: 5030: 4864: 4338: 2352: 1979: 1894: 1790: 1789:, but some countries (such as Russia, India, Finland, and Lithuania) use 1637: 1292: 1173:

cargo to speed the loading and unloading of transport ships. In 1947 the

786:

In April 1935 BIC established a second standard for European containers:

257: 70: 5908: 5269: 3975: 3665:. (c/o National Academy of Sciences). Number 246. September–October 2006 2935: 2391: 1099:

between Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and Chicago, Illinois. Beginning in 1929,

346:(PRR) started regular container service in the northeast U.S. After the 6289: 6172: 6129: 6031: 6008: 5959: 5897: 5771: 5760: 5730: 5718: 5656: 5420: 4584:

Podsada, Janice. (2001-06-19) 'Lost Sea Cargo: Beach Bounty or Junk?',

3195:

The Shipping Container and the Globalization of American Infrastructure

2531: 2426:

Containers have also been used for weapon systems, such as the Russian

2222: 2101: 1760: 1726: 1703: 1424: 1182: 1153: 95: 4628: 2565:

Some sources also mention a 12-foot version. and a third version, the

1838: 1341:

mechanism atop each of the four corners, allowing the container to be

1169:

started to combine items of uniform size, lashing them onto a pallet,

6438: 6314: 6274: 6026: 5852: 5827: 5435: 5073: 3946:"Cargo ships are so stuffed that ports are struggling to unload them" 3515:"Clifford J. Rodgers: The World's First Purpose Built Container Ship" 3022: 2649: 2536: 2372: 2269: 2230: 2219: 1745: 1660:

and led to a plethora of waterfront revitalization projects (such as

1479: 1338: 1322:

In 1955, McLean and Tantlinger's immediate challenge was to design a

1263: 1170: 413: 379:. The Fitch hooking system was used for reloading of the containers. 91: 50: 2201:

consignments for the same destination in a container at a container

2123:

Code of practice for the plant quarantine of exit freight containers

6543: 6324: 6269: 6218: 5847: 5776: 5755: 5745: 5707: 5692: 5666: 5639: 5613: 5592: 5384: 5329: 4863:. Nordic Communications Corporation. 4 January 2013. Archived from 4666: 2556:(8’6" length, 6’3" width and 6’10½" height, and 9000 lbs capacity), 2172: 1763:

sizes. The majority of the rail networks in the world operate on a

1732:

Few foresaw the extent of the influence of containerization on the

1649: 409: 292: 156: 75: 2448:

by tracking a shipping container on its journey around the world.

2118:(2021) The National Standard of the People's Republic of China is 6466: 6443: 6243: 5832: 5712: 5702: 5494: 5374: 3600: 2463: 2325: 2291: 1645: 1504: 1447: 1435: 1393: 1350: 1222:(literally, "loading bins"), in use since 1934. This system used 1096: 233: 148: 19:"Container Revolution" redirects here. For the pottery term, see 2592:"The Freight Essentials: Getting Your Products Across The Ocean" 1095:

carried motor carrier vehicles and shippers' vehicles loaded on

217:

Before containerization, goods were usually handled manually as

6585: 5740: 5597: 4610: 3091:[Predecessors of today's containers: pa, BT and B900]. 2040: 1749: 356: 296: 249: 3270:

Development of Containerization // J. van Ham, J. Rijsenbrij:

2776:. Railway and Locomotive Historical Society. 1988. p. 78. 6167: 6016: 5964: 2419:

The ACTS roller container standards have become the basis of

2197: 2149: 1474: 1439: 1367: 1189:

crates convinced the army that steel containers were needed.

405: 253: 3393: 3391: 1423:

later called containers, aboard a refitted tanker ship, the

1337: in) thick corrugated steel. The design incorporated a 790:

Obligatory norms for European containers since 1 April 1935

421:

Obligatory norms for European containers since 1 July 1933

6548: 6508: 5954: 5179: 5121:(2nd ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 4929: 1186: 1147: 5115:——————— (2016). 3408: 3406: 3150:[Organizational Requirements Use the ACTS System] 3118:[Loading bin transport] (in Dutch). Archived from 2395:

A converted container used as an office at a building site

1752:

that fit into ISO containers or into commercial vehicles.

1498:) recommendations standardized containerization globally: 299:. In 1920, he built a prototype of the biaxial wagon. The 5265:– types, inspection, climate, stowage, securing, capacity 3896:. No. 8 July 2020. Global Cargo News. Archived from 3495: 3388: 3376: 5576: 4834:

Containexperts, Container Conversions (9 January 2018).

3651: 3418: 3403: 3213: 1489:

had a fleet of 24-foot (7.32 m) containers, while

303:

stopped development of the container system in Poland.

295:, developed the first draft of the container system in 6401: 3765:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 809–827 . 3449: 3141: 3139: 3137: 2683: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2086: in) wide externally and 2.420 m (7 ft 1711:

trips per year. Some ships can carry over 14,500

318:

disallowed the use of a flat rate for the containers.

310:

to move mail via containers in May 1921. In 1930, the

3676:

The Handbook of Logistics and Distribution Management

3639: 2845: 2843: 2724:. Augustus M. Kelly Publishers. New York. 1979 p. 92 2376: 1399:

The world's first purpose-built container vessel was

201:

Loading assorted break bulk cargo onto ships manually

5039:. New York: Metropolitan Books / Henry Holt and Co. 4457:

https://www.johngood.co.uk/ufaqs/difference-fcl-lcl/

3821:

Ebeling, C. E. (Winter 2009). "Evolution of a Box".

1972:

Japanese railway containers: Containers used by the

4622: 4474: 3461: 3296: 3134: 3089:"Vorläufer der heutigen Container: pa, BT und B900" 2877:"S/S Autocarrier. Foto genom Roy Thorntonn samling" 2672: 2604: 1946: 4306:"New Freight Containers For S.E. Railway Services" 2871: 2869: 2840: 2251:retired containers may be recycled in the form of 1951:Some other container systems (in date order) are: 1675:In 2004, global container traffic was 354 million 6110:Floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) 5261:"Transport Information Service : containers" 5015:. East Windsor, NJ: Commonwealth Business Media. 4613:(World Shipping Council). Accessed: 11 July 2013. 4508:. Archived from the original on October 31, 2004. 3785: 3148:"Wymagania Organizacyjne Stosowania Systemu ACTS" 3014: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2722:British Goods Wagons from 1887 to the Present Day 2481:described an early principle of containerization. 1905:nine feet six inches (2.90 m) and 1804:overseas using 20- or 40-foot containers. Unlike 1142:used containers to more easily deal with various 6681: 4990:Box Boats: How Container Ships Changed the World 4575:(Maritime insurers). Accessed: 26 February 2011. 4494:https://www.logisticsglossary.com/term/groupage/ 4360:RACE equipment gears up ROA container expansion 3894:"DCSA publishes standards for digital schedules" 2570:in commercial rail, highway, and water shipping. 1593:Containerization greatly reduced the expense of 1508:defined the terminology, dimensions and ratings. 5139:The Colombo Bay: At Sea in a Dangerous Universe 4712:. Informa Australia. 2008-02-07. Archived from 4534:"Shipping Container Shortage Pushing Up Prices" 3468:Antonson, Joan M.; Hanable, William S. (1985). 3467: 3323:"Reusable Metal Shipping Container (Conex III)" 2866: 2720:Essery, R. J, Rowland. D. P. & Steel W. O. 2290:, along with thousands of bags of its cargo of 1793:, while others in Africa and South America use 1366:Containers waiting at the South Korean port of 4833: 4757: 4755: 4482:. The Bobbs-Merrill Company. pp. 319–321. 3763:The Oxford Handbook of Cities in World History 3181: 3179: 3177: 2956: 2954: 2894: 2298:with unexpected opportunities to track global 1496:International Organization for Standardization 1161:, showing four different UIC-590 pa-containers 6387: 5924: 5562: 5285: 5248:– A good pictorial introduction to containers 5089:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 5008: 4418: 4416: 4414: 4412: 3750: 3674:Rushton, A., Oxley, J., Croucher, P. (2004). 1736:. In the 1950s, Harvard University economist 1625:declined in importance. Meanwhile, Britain's 1442:hold. This method of stowage, referred to as 1403:, built in Montreal in 1955 and owned by the 1033:2.5 t (2.46 long tons; 2.76 short tons) 676:2.5 t (2.46 long tons; 2.76 short tons) 4904: 2386: 2175:that is not large enough to fill a standard 228:beginning in the late 18th century. In 1766 5255:. American Association of Port Authorities. 4752: 4648:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3543:. Hougen Group of Companies. Archived from 3174: 3145: 2951: 2913: 2849: 2786: 2635: 2160: 1909:rail cars, further enlargement of the rail 1633:in the Netherlands emerged as major ports. 1522:made recommendations about corner fittings. 1411:for transport north to Yukon, in the first 853:5 t (4.92 long tons; 5.51 short tons) 482:5 t (4.92 long tons; 5.51 short tons) 6394: 6380: 5931: 5917: 5569: 5555: 5292: 5278: 5233:"Introduction to Container Transportation" 4409: 4089:. Launceston, Tas. 7 June 1929. p. 11 3430: 3344: 1885:and the 4 ft 3 in (1.30 m) 224:Containerization has its origins in early 6361:List of merchant navy capacity by country 5938: 5299: 4806:International Plant Protection Convention 4768:International Plant Protection Convention 4556: 4554: 4430:International Plant Protection Convention 4173:. Melbourne. 12 December 1928. p. 26 4020:. Melbourne. 16 February 1922. p. 11 3717: 3266: 3264: 2934: 2331: 1916: 1640:on waterways incapable of receiving deep- 1093:Chicago North Shore and Milwaukee Railway 306:The U.S. Post Office contracted with the 5114: 5078: 5009:Donovan, Arthur; Bonney, Joseph (2006). 4201:. Rockhampton. 26 April 1929. p. 10 3645: 3501: 3455: 3424: 3412: 3397: 3382: 3219: 3015:Van Ham, Hans; Rijsenbrij, Joan (2012). 2975: 2701:The Little Eaton Gangway and Derby Canal 2687: 2390: 2262: 2006:(1931) International Chamber of Commerce 1920: 1853:There are five common standard lengths: 1837: 1800:Containers have become a popular way to 1686: 1578: 1473: 1465: 1361: 1345:using cranes. Several years later, as a 1203: 1191: 1152: 204: 196: 81: 69: 61: 49: 34: 5156: 5005:– how container ships changed the world 4795: 4793: 4594: 3820: 3789:Ports, Cities, and Global Supply Chains 3718:Bernhardt, Karl-Heinz (December 1986). 3687: 3668: 2780: 2589: 2500:List of world's busiest container ports 2433: 2377:§ Other container system standards 1682: 1303:In 1955, former trucking company owner 209:Transferring freight containers on the 26:For the virtualization technology, see 6682: 5508:Container Shipping Information Service 5135: 5053: 5029: 4993:. New York: Fordham University Press. 4986: 4953: 4836:"Container Conversions Containexperts" 4680:A Master's guide to Container Securing 4551: 4378:Freight & Container Transportation 4193:"Through Road, Rail and Water Traffic" 3943: 3792:. Ashgate Publishing. pp. 61–72. 3594: 3261: 3113: 2749: 2615:(I ed.). Auckland: Massey Press. 2610: 2134: 1822: 1357: 124:). Containerization, also referred as 6375: 5912: 5550: 5273: 5208:. German Insurance Association. 2006. 4912:"The Box takes off on global journey" 4342:. cairns. 14 February 1946. p. 4 4314:. Adelaide. 23 April 1936. p. 19 3185: 2961:"Chapter 3. Education and Experience" 2817: 1702:As of 2009, approximately 90% of non- 44:Port Newark-Elizabeth Marine Terminal 5157:Taggart, Stewart (October 1, 1999). 4790: 4672: 4392:"20ft Standard Container - K-Tainer" 3756: 3738:from the original on August 25, 2022 3728:Defense Technical Information Center 3597:"White Pass: The Container Pioneers" 3572:. Yukon Museum Guide. Archived from 3327:Defense Technical Information Center 2421:containerized firefighting equipment 2171:Less-than-container load (LCL) is a 2129: 1802:ship private cars and other vehicles 1656:of port cities around the world for 1644:ship traffic to decline in favor of 1636:In general, containerization caused 1533:Based on these standards, the first 1515:defined the identification markings. 1212:, the Swiss Museum of Transport and 1210:Zürich Tiefenbrunnen railway station 275: 211:London, Midland and Scottish Railway 5325:Bureau International des Containers 5187:"Container Dimensions and Capacity" 4038:Van Ham, J.C. and Rijsenbrij, J.C. 3541:"White Pass The Container Pioneers" 3352:Logistic Support in the Vietnam Era 3297:Michael J. Everhart (7 July 2014). 3233:Logistic Support in the Vietnam Era 2240: 2187:en route to the final destination. 1461: 1215:Bureau International des Containers 1091:From 1926 to 1947 in the U.S., the 395:Bureau International des Conteneurs 312:Chicago & Northwestern Railroad 16:Intermodal freight transport system 13: 6403:Major container shipping companies 5142:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 4737:. Ftp.resource.org. Archived from 4710:Lloyd's List Daily Commercial News 4627:. HamptonRoads.com. Archived from 4623:© November 30, 2006 (2006-11-30). 4480:This Fascinating Railroad Business 4375:Railways well in the freight Race 3995: 3116:"Laadkistvervoer - Langs de rails" 2854:. Juodkrante, Lithuania: 668–676. 2824:Northern Illinois University Press 2753:The Motor-Truck Helps the Railroad 2629: 2139:A full container load (FCL) is an 1000:1.50 m (4 ft 11 in) 909:3.25 m (10 ft 8 in) 820:3.25 m (10 ft 8 in) 538:3.25 m (10 ft 8 in) 449:3.25 m (10 ft 8 in) 260:, which Outram had also promoted. 14: 6706: 6356:International Chamber of Shipping 6204:Anchor handling tug supply vessel 4810:Food and Agriculture Organization 4772:Food and Agriculture Organization 2991:The Chicago Great Western Railway 2583: 2469:Container terminal design process 2346: 2311:International Chamber of Shipping 2053:by rail and road (Central Europe) 1615:ports of Manhattan and New Jersey 1150:and perhaps made mainly of wood. 248:, upon which coal was carried in 5998: 5530: 5343: 5060:. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. 4278:"International Container Bureau" 4061:. Perth. 30 July 1925. p. 4 3690:"The Box that Changed the World" 3688:Postrel, Virginia (2006-03-23). 3086: 2773:Railroad History, Issues 158–159 2750:Wilson, Latimer J. (July 1920). 2638:Packaging Technology and Science 2527:Stowage plan for container ships 2125:as of November 1, 2021. 1997:(1929) International Competition 1947:Other container system standards 1537:container ship was the Japanese 1405:White Pass and Yukon Corporation 291:In 1919, Stanisław Rodowicz, an 265:Liverpool and Manchester Railway 236:Delph (quarry) to Manchester by 74:An ocean containership close to 5604:British railway milk tank wagon 5513:Shipping container architecture 5263:. German Insurance Association. 4946: 4922: 4879: 4853: 4827: 4727: 4698: 4656: 4616: 4578: 4526: 4498: 4486: 4468: 4449: 4384: 4369: 4354: 4326: 4298: 4270: 4241: 4213: 4185: 4157: 4129: 4101: 4073: 4045: 4040:Development of Containerization 4032: 4004: 3989: 3964: 3937: 3912: 3886: 3862: 3841: 3814: 3779: 3711: 3681: 3619: 3588: 3558: 3533: 3507: 3315: 3290: 3277: 3225: 3146:Lewandowski, Krzysztof (2014). 3107: 3095:(in German) (Special 54): 12–19 3080: 3062:U.S. Army Transportation Museum 3046: 3018:Development of Containerization 3008: 2996: 2984: 2969: 2914:Lewandowski, Krzysztof (2014). 2883:from the original on 2015-07-17 2811: 2787:Lewandowski, Krzysztof (2014). 2559: 2550: 2400:Shipping container architecture 2272:containers falling overboard – 2253:shipping container architecture 1827: 1470:Maersk Line containers in 1975. 1133: 375:in the world was opened by the 54:A container-goods train on the 5214:"Emergency Response Guidebook" 4887:"Containerized Weapon Systems" 4663:"Rubber Duckies Map The World" 4229:. 8 September 1930. p. 11 3944:Rivero, Nicolás (2021-09-28). 2764: 2743: 2727: 2714: 2693: 2611:Baskar, Mariappa Babu (2021). 2258: 2011:International Container Bureau 1559:Interstate Commerce Commission 1157:Freight car in railway museum 1120:Chicago, Burlington and Quincy 391:International Container Bureau 316:Interstate Commerce Commission 226:coal mining regions in England 21:Container Revolution (pottery) 1: 4695:. Accessed: 26 February 2011. 4257:. 31 December 1931. p. 9 3064:. 15 May 2013. Archived from 2703:(Second ed.). Oakwood Press. 2577: 2235:Container Security Initiative 2218:Containers have been used to 2148:than an equivalent weight of 1974:Japan Freight Railway Company 1569:Double-stacked rail transport 1478:Keppel Container Terminal in 1199:at railing, Port Newark, 1957 1108:Chicago Great Western Railway 170:, and was a major element in 5320:Intermodal freight transport 5189:. Export 911. Archived from 3439:The Box that Changed Britain 3283:Falloff // Robert Flanagan: 2590:Edmonds, John (2017-03-03). 2100: in) internally to fit 1875:twenty-foot equivalent units 1713:twenty-foot equivalent units 1124:Chicago and Eastern Illinois 107:intermodal freight transport 28:Containerization (computing) 7: 6624:Pacific International Lines 5335:Twenty-foot equivalent unit 4693:& Standard P&I Club 4286:. 18 April 1933. p. 13 4145:. 2 January 1936. p. 9 3058:www.transportation.army.mil 2474:Double-stack rail transport 2451: 1925:A number of LD-designation 10: 6711: 5253:"Port Industry Statistics" 3786:James Jixian Wang (2007). 3005:p 8.26 by David Burke 1988 2437: 2369:Cargo Transport Units Code 2213: 2164: 2113:Cargo Transport Units Code 1932: 1842:40 foot containers on the 1831: 1670:just in time manufacturing 1654:central business districts 1574: 1373: 1319:aspect of cargo handling. 1240: in × 6 ft 1165:During the same time, the 268:1780s, at places like the 25: 18: 6656: 6601: 6531: 6459: 6416: 6409: 6333: 6252: 6196: 6138: 6095: 6007: 5996: 5947: 5810: 5680: 5585: 5526: 5480: 5449: 5416:Rubber tyred gantry crane 5393: 5352: 5341: 5307: 4987:Cudahy, Brian J. (2006). 4706:"Banana box slip a worry" 4518:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 4249:"International Container" 4117:. 13 May 1929. p. 13 4042:. IOS Press, 2012, p. 39. 3761:. In Clark, Peter (ed.). 2387:Other uses for containers 2375:and other standards (see 2208: 2018:South Australian Railways 1986:English Railway container 1869:53 ft (16.15 m) 1866:48 ft (14.63 m) 1863:45 ft (13.72 m) 1860:40 ft (12.19 m) 1715: (TEU), such as the 1487:Matson Navigation Company 1343:easily secured and lifted 1032: 991: 852: 811: 675: 620: 481: 440: 384:Wall Street Crash of 1929 348:Wall Street Crash of 1929 308:New York Central Railroad 192: 5136:Pollak, Richard (2004). 5054:Gibson, William (2007). 4586:National Geographic News 3823:Invention and Technology 3299:"My Vietnam Tour – 1970" 2818:Grant, H. Roger (1996). 2543: 2365:Sea Container Task Force 2161:Less-than-container load 2109:Sea Container Task Force 1994:– refrigerated container 1857:20 ft (6.10 m) 1298:US Department of Defense 973:1.125 m (3 ft 925:1.125 m (3 ft 6183:Roll-on/roll-off (RORO) 6082:Roll-on/roll-off (RORO) 5672:Wagon with opening roof 5079:Levinson, Marc (2006). 4932:. BBC. 5 September 2008 4221:"New railway Container" 3974:. Emase. Archived from 3186:Heins, Matthew (2013). 2793:Logistics and Transport 2758:Popular Science Monthly 2440:The Box (BBC container) 2367:(SCTF) promulgates the 2246:of the used container. 1785:) gauge track known as 1430:, and sailed them from 1071:2.55 m (8 ft 1058:2.15 m (7 ft 1041:1.05 m (3 ft 1016:2.55 m (8 ft 1003:2.15 m (7 ft 960:2.15 m (7 ft 947:2.15 m (7 ft 912:2.15 m (7 ft 887:2.55 m (8 ft 874:2.15 m (7 ft 861:2.15 m (7 ft 836:2.55 m (8 ft 823:2.15 m (7 ft 766:1.10 m (3 ft 749:1.05 m (3 ft 736:2.15 m (7 ft 714:1.10 m (3 ft 697:1.05 m (3 ft 684:2.15 m (7 ft 659:2.20 m (7 ft 642:1.05 m (3 ft 629:2.15 m (7 ft 602:1.10 m (3 ft 589:2.15 m (7 ft 576:2.15 m (7 ft 554:1.10 m (3 ft 541:2.15 m (7 ft 516:2.20 m (7 ft 503:2.15 m (7 ft 490:2.15 m (7 ft 465:2.20 m (7 ft 452:2.15 m (7 ft 335:French Northern Railway 6695:Economic globalization 6224:Platform supply vessel 6037:Coastal trading vessel 5863:Revenue collection car 5518:Sun Modular Datacenter 5457:Refrigerated container 5081:"(See Chapter 1 here)" 4685:July 16, 2011, at the 4570:March 4, 2011, at the 4363:Railway Transportation 4081:"NEW TRANSPORT METHOD" 3570:Treasures of the Yukon 3329:. 1968. Archived from 3199:University of Michigan 2699:Ripley, David (1993). 2396: 2332:Trade union challenges 2315:World Shipping Council 2283:World Shipping Council 2278: 2196:LCL is "a quantity of 2070:Pallet-wide containers 2049:roller containers for 1930: 1917:Air freight containers 1913:is proving necessary. 1850: 1699: 1590: 1482: 1471: 1371: 1311:to develop the modern 1200: 1162: 1106:In the mid-1930s, the 214: 202: 99: 79: 67: 59: 58:near Nuneaton, England 47: 6690:Intermodal containers 6571:Ocean Network Express 6209:Diving support vessel 5811:Non-revenue equipment 5698:Class U special wagon 5580:freight rolling stock 5301:Intermodal containers 4678:Murdoch & Tozer. 4561:Containers Overboard! 4283:Sydney Morning Herald 4254:Sydney Morning Herald 4226:Sydney Morning Herald 4142:Sydney Morning Herald 4114:Sydney Morning Herald 3972:"Shipping containers" 3874:Courtesy Transfer Inc 3757:Hein, Carola (2013). 3678:. Kogan Page: London. 2479:Henry Robinson Palmer 2394: 2351:Containers are often 2302:, notably a cargo of 2266: 2111:(SCTF) finalises the 1924: 1841: 1690: 1607:Port of San Francisco 1582: 1491:Sea-Land Service, Inc 1477: 1469: 1365: 1307:worked with engineer 1289:Port of San Francisco 1204:Mid-twentieth century 1195: 1156: 1148:20-foot ISO container 377:Pennsylvania Railroad 367:In November 1932, in 344:Pennsylvania Railroad 208: 200: 185:are used to minimize 111:intermodal containers 85: 73: 65: 53: 38: 6214:Emergency tow vessel 5797:Specialized flatcars 5537:Transport portal 5206:"Container Handbook" 4591:Retrieved 2007-04-17 4198:The Morning Bulletin 4137:"Railway Containers" 3951:Quartz (publication) 3851:. Data.worldbank.org 2511:Multimodal transport 2505:Little Eaton Gangway 2490:Intermodal container 2434:BBC tracking project 2051:intermodal transport 1834:Intermodal container 1683:Twenty-first century 1456:trolley and lift van 1313:intermodal container 1259:transporting waste. 1175:Transportation Corps 301:Polish-Bolshevik War 282:Louisville, Kentucky 246:Little Eaton Gangway 56:West Coast Main Line 6669:United States Lines 6341:Nautical operations 6285:Floating restaurant 6067:Lighter aboard ship 5688:Bogie bolster wagon 5624:Covered goods wagon 5472:Flat rack container 5330:ISO 6346 (BIC code) 5159:"The 20-Ton Packet" 4492:Logistics Glossary 4476:Henry, Robert Selph 4424:"SCTF final report" 4058:The West Australian 3445:(documentary). BBC. 2936:10.22306/al.v1i4.25 2736:Queen City Heritage 2495:List of cargo types 2485:Inter-box connector 2459:2000s energy crisis 2423:throughout Europe. 2135:Full container load 2030:Queensland Railways 1877:(TEU, or sometimes 1823:Container standards 1662:warehouse districts 1595:international trade 1401:Clifford J. Rodgers 1358:Purpose-built ships 791: 422: 168:international trade 153:semi-trailer trucks 115:shipping containers 40:Shipping containers 6295:Merchant submarine 5970:Maritime transport 5893:Track geometry car 5586:Enclosed equipment 5441:Container spreader 4605:2013-08-27 at the 4462:2021-05-11 at the 4366:August 1974 page 5 4165:"The Country Page" 4053:"Freight Handling" 3996:Africa, Railways. 3731:. pp. 33–36. 3657:Cudahy, Brian J., 3632:The New York Times 3607:on 26 January 2013 3576:on 17 October 2013 2397: 2371:(CTU), prescribed 2319:parametric rolling 2279: 2107:(2014) The IPPC's 1992:Victorian Railways 1931: 1851: 1723:Straits of Malacca 1700: 1627:Port of Felixstowe 1591: 1563:regulatory capture 1483: 1472: 1432:Newark, New Jersey 1372: 1324:shipping container 1208:In April 1951, at 1201: 1167:United States Army 1163: 1112:New Haven Railroad 789: 420: 373:container terminal 215: 203: 126:container stuffing 100: 90:being loaded by a 80: 68: 60: 48: 6677: 6676: 6652: 6651: 6369: 6368: 6072:Livestock carrier 5975:Freight transport 5906: 5905: 5858:Rail adhesion car 5823:Ballast regulator 5802:Transporter wagon 5782:Rotary car dumper 5544: 5543: 4891:www.avmc.army.mil 4840:containexperts.ie 3998:"Railways Africa" 3635:. April 27, 1956. 3595:McLaughlin, Les. 3566:"Cargo Container" 3504:, pp. 31–32. 3481:978-0-943712-18-5 3471:Alaska's heritage 3400:, pp. 70–71. 3385:, pp. 64–69. 2833:978-0-87580-214-5 2760:. pp. 30–33. 2304:Friendly Floatees 2277: 2185:railway terminals 2167:less-than-carload 2130:Container loading 1734:shipping industry 1631:Port of Rotterdam 1623:Port of Liverpool 1617:. In the UK, the 1588:Port of Rotterdam 1224:roller containers 1159:Bochum-Dahlhausen 1138:During WWII, the 1089: 1088: 784: 783: 276:Twentieth century 270:Bridgewater Canal 238:Bridgewater Canal 187:maintenance needs 138:mode of transport 130:container loading 46:in New Jersey, US 6702: 6521:Italia Marittima 6429:P&O Nedlloyd 6414: 6413: 6396: 6389: 6382: 6373: 6372: 6320:Semi-submersible 6305:Pipe-laying ship 6002: 5985:Maritime history 5933: 5926: 5919: 5910: 5909: 5708:Double-stack car 5651:Refrigerated van 5645:Refrigerator car 5571: 5564: 5557: 5548: 5547: 5535: 5534: 5431:Terminal tractor 5426:Straddle carrier 5347: 5315:Containerization 5294: 5287: 5280: 5271: 5270: 5264: 5256: 5247: 5245: 5244: 5235:. Archived from 5227: 5225: 5218: 5209: 5201: 5199: 5198: 5176: 5153: 5132: 5111: 5109: 5108: 5099:. Archived from 5071: 5050: 5026: 5004: 4982: 4941: 4940: 4938: 4937: 4926: 4920: 4919: 4908: 4902: 4901: 4899: 4897: 4883: 4877: 4876: 4874: 4872: 4867:on 14 March 2013 4857: 4851: 4850: 4848: 4846: 4831: 4825: 4824: 4822: 4821: 4801:"Sea Containers" 4797: 4788: 4787: 4785: 4784: 4759: 4750: 4749: 4747: 4746: 4731: 4725: 4724: 4722: 4721: 4702: 4696: 4691:Lloyd's Register 4676: 4670: 4660: 4654: 4653: 4647: 4639: 4637: 4636: 4620: 4614: 4598: 4592: 4582: 4576: 4558: 4549: 4548: 4546: 4545: 4530: 4524: 4523: 4517: 4509: 4502: 4496: 4490: 4484: 4483: 4472: 4466: 4453: 4447: 4446: 4444: 4443: 4420: 4407: 4406: 4404: 4403: 4394:. Archived from 4388: 4382: 4381:May 1974 page 55 4373: 4367: 4358: 4352: 4351: 4349: 4347: 4330: 4324: 4323: 4321: 4319: 4302: 4296: 4295: 4293: 4291: 4274: 4268: 4266: 4264: 4262: 4245: 4239: 4238: 4236: 4234: 4217: 4211: 4210: 4208: 4206: 4189: 4183: 4182: 4180: 4178: 4161: 4155: 4154: 4152: 4150: 4133: 4127: 4126: 4124: 4122: 4105: 4099: 4098: 4096: 4094: 4077: 4071: 4070: 4068: 4066: 4049: 4043: 4036: 4030: 4029: 4027: 4025: 4008: 4002: 4001: 3993: 3987: 3986: 3984: 3983: 3968: 3962: 3961: 3959: 3958: 3941: 3935: 3934: 3932: 3931: 3922:. Archived from 3916: 3910: 3909: 3907: 3905: 3890: 3884: 3883: 3881: 3880: 3866: 3860: 3859: 3857: 3856: 3845: 3839: 3838: 3818: 3812: 3811: 3783: 3777: 3776: 3754: 3748: 3747: 3745: 3743: 3737: 3724: 3715: 3709: 3708: 3706: 3705: 3696:. Archived from 3685: 3679: 3672: 3666: 3655: 3649: 3643: 3637: 3636: 3623: 3617: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3603:. Archived from 3592: 3586: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3562: 3556: 3555: 3553: 3552: 3537: 3531: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3511: 3505: 3499: 3493: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3465: 3459: 3453: 3447: 3446: 3434: 3428: 3422: 3416: 3410: 3401: 3395: 3386: 3380: 3374: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3363: 3356: 3348: 3342: 3341: 3339: 3338: 3319: 3313: 3312: 3307: 3305: 3294: 3288: 3281: 3275: 3272:Steel containers 3268: 3259: 3258: 3252: 3250: 3244: 3237: 3229: 3223: 3217: 3211: 3210: 3208: 3206: 3197:(dissertation). 3192: 3183: 3172: 3171: 3153: 3143: 3132: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3111: 3105: 3104: 3102: 3100: 3084: 3078: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3050: 3044: 3043: 3041: 3039: 3012: 3006: 3000: 2994: 2988: 2982: 2981: 2973: 2967: 2958: 2949: 2948: 2938: 2920: 2911: 2892: 2891: 2889: 2888: 2873: 2864: 2863: 2847: 2838: 2837: 2815: 2809: 2808: 2784: 2778: 2777: 2768: 2762: 2761: 2756:. Vol. 97. 2747: 2741: 2740: 2731: 2725: 2718: 2712: 2697: 2691: 2685: 2670: 2669: 2650:10.1002/pts.2231 2644:(8–9): 451–478. 2633: 2627: 2626: 2608: 2602: 2601: 2599: 2598: 2587: 2571: 2563: 2557: 2554: 2267: 2241:Empty containers 2099: 2098: 2094: 2091: 2085: 2084: 2080: 2077: 1963:von-Haus-zu-Haus 1935:Unit load device 1927:Unit Load Device 1806:roll-on/roll-off 1784: 1782: 1781: 1777: 1774: 1766: 1738:Benjamin Chinitz 1584:Shanghai Express 1552: 1462:Toward standards 1452:pantechnicon van 1444:roll-on/roll-off 1336: 1335: 1331: 1309:Keith Tantlinger 1283: 1282: 1278: 1275: 1253: 1252: 1248: 1245: 1239: 1238: 1234: 1231: 1128:Southern Pacific 1084: 1083: 1079: 1076: 1067: 1066: 1062: 1054: 1053: 1049: 1046: 1029: 1028: 1024: 1021: 1012: 1011: 1007: 986: 985: 981: 978: 969: 968: 964: 956: 955: 951: 938: 937: 933: 930: 921: 920: 916: 900: 899: 895: 892: 883: 882: 878: 870: 869: 865: 849: 848: 844: 841: 832: 831: 827: 792: 788: 779: 778: 774: 771: 762: 761: 757: 754: 745: 744: 740: 727: 726: 722: 719: 710: 709: 705: 702: 693: 692: 688: 672: 671: 667: 664: 655: 654: 650: 647: 638: 637: 633: 615: 614: 610: 607: 598: 597: 593: 585: 584: 580: 567: 566: 562: 559: 550: 549: 545: 529: 528: 524: 521: 512: 511: 507: 499: 498: 494: 478: 477: 473: 470: 461: 460: 456: 423: 419: 331:Southern Railway 286:Cincinnati, Ohio 280:On 17 May 1917, 219:break bulk cargo 183:weathering steel 176:break bulk cargo 103:Containerization 98:Harbor, Denmark. 6710: 6709: 6705: 6704: 6703: 6701: 6700: 6699: 6680: 6679: 6678: 6673: 6664:Hanjin Shipping 6648: 6639:X-Press Feeders 6597: 6527: 6455: 6405: 6400: 6370: 6365: 6329: 6310:Research vessel 6300:Narco-submarine 6248: 6192: 6134: 6120:Hydrogen tanker 6105:Chemical tanker 6091: 6052:Heavy-lift ship 6003: 5994: 5980:Merchant marine 5943: 5937: 5907: 5902: 5888:Tamping machine 5873:Rotary snowplow 5818:Ballast cleaner 5806: 5736:Kangourou wagon 5693:Chauldron wagon 5676: 5635:Livestock wagon 5581: 5575: 5545: 5540: 5529: 5522: 5476: 5445: 5406:Container crane 5389: 5348: 5339: 5303: 5298: 5268: 5259: 5251: 5242: 5240: 5231: 5223: 5216: 5212: 5204: 5196: 5194: 5185: 5150: 5129: 5106: 5104: 5097: 5068: 5047: 5023: 5001: 4971: 4949: 4944: 4935: 4933: 4930:"BBC – The Box" 4928: 4927: 4923: 4910: 4909: 4905: 4895: 4893: 4885: 4884: 4880: 4870: 4868: 4859: 4858: 4854: 4844: 4842: 4832: 4828: 4819: 4817: 4799: 4798: 4791: 4782: 4780: 4761: 4760: 4753: 4744: 4742: 4733: 4732: 4728: 4719: 4717: 4704: 4703: 4699: 4687:Wayback Machine 4677: 4673: 4669:– July 31, 2003 4661: 4657: 4641: 4640: 4634: 4632: 4621: 4617: 4607:Wayback Machine 4599: 4595: 4583: 4579: 4572:Wayback Machine 4559: 4552: 4543: 4541: 4538:Universal Cargo 4532: 4531: 4527: 4511: 4510: 4504: 4503: 4499: 4491: 4487: 4473: 4469: 4464:Wayback Machine 4454: 4450: 4441: 4439: 4422: 4421: 4410: 4401: 4399: 4390: 4389: 4385: 4374: 4370: 4359: 4355: 4345: 4343: 4334:"Milk Business" 4332: 4331: 4327: 4317: 4315: 4304: 4303: 4299: 4289: 4287: 4276: 4275: 4271: 4260: 4258: 4247: 4246: 4242: 4232: 4230: 4219: 4218: 4214: 4204: 4202: 4191: 4190: 4186: 4176: 4174: 4163: 4162: 4158: 4148: 4146: 4135: 4134: 4130: 4120: 4118: 4107: 4106: 4102: 4092: 4090: 4079: 4078: 4074: 4064: 4062: 4051: 4050: 4046: 4037: 4033: 4023: 4021: 4010: 4009: 4005: 3994: 3990: 3981: 3979: 3970: 3969: 3965: 3956: 3954: 3942: 3938: 3929: 3927: 3918: 3917: 3913: 3903: 3901: 3892: 3891: 3887: 3878: 3876: 3868: 3867: 3863: 3854: 3852: 3847: 3846: 3842: 3819: 3815: 3800: 3784: 3780: 3773: 3755: 3751: 3741: 3739: 3735: 3722: 3716: 3712: 3703: 3701: 3686: 3682: 3673: 3669: 3656: 3652: 3644: 3640: 3625: 3624: 3620: 3610: 3608: 3593: 3589: 3579: 3577: 3564: 3563: 3559: 3550: 3548: 3539: 3538: 3534: 3524: 3522: 3513: 3512: 3508: 3500: 3496: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3466: 3462: 3454: 3450: 3436: 3435: 3431: 3423: 3419: 3411: 3404: 3396: 3389: 3381: 3377: 3367: 3365: 3364:on 21 July 2015 3361: 3354: 3350: 3349: 3345: 3336: 3334: 3321: 3320: 3316: 3303: 3301: 3295: 3291: 3282: 3278: 3269: 3262: 3248: 3246: 3245:on 21 July 2015 3242: 3235: 3231: 3230: 3226: 3218: 3214: 3204: 3202: 3190: 3184: 3175: 3156:Pojazdy Szynowe 3151: 3144: 3135: 3125: 3123: 3122:on 20 July 2015 3112: 3108: 3098: 3096: 3085: 3081: 3071: 3069: 3068:on 20 July 2015 3052: 3051: 3047: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3013: 3009: 3003:With Iron Rails 3001: 2997: 2989: 2985: 2974: 2970: 2959: 2952: 2918: 2912: 2895: 2886: 2884: 2875: 2874: 2867: 2848: 2841: 2834: 2826:. p. 156. 2816: 2812: 2785: 2781: 2770: 2769: 2765: 2748: 2744: 2733: 2732: 2728: 2719: 2715: 2698: 2694: 2686: 2673: 2634: 2630: 2623: 2609: 2605: 2596: 2594: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2575: 2574: 2564: 2560: 2555: 2551: 2546: 2541: 2522:Shipping portal 2454: 2442: 2436: 2389: 2381:GB/T 39919-2021 2349: 2339:common carriers 2334: 2261: 2243: 2216: 2211: 2203:freight station 2177:cargo container 2169: 2163: 2137: 2132: 2120:GB/T 39919-2021 2096: 2092: 2089: 2087: 2082: 2078: 2075: 2073: 1949: 1937: 1919: 1907:double stacking 1836: 1830: 1825: 1795:narrower gauges 1779: 1775: 1772: 1770: 1769:4 ft 1768: 1764: 1694:departing from 1692:Maersk Virginia 1685: 1611:Port of Oakland 1577: 1542: 1464: 1378: 1360: 1333: 1329: 1328: 1280: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1250: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1236: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1206: 1144:breaks of gauge 1140:Australian Army 1136: 1081: 1077: 1074: 1072: 1064: 1060: 1059: 1051: 1047: 1044: 1042: 1026: 1022: 1019: 1017: 1009: 1005: 1004: 983: 979: 976: 974: 966: 962: 961: 953: 949: 948: 935: 931: 928: 926: 918: 914: 913: 897: 893: 890: 888: 880: 876: 875: 867: 863: 862: 846: 842: 839: 837: 829: 825: 824: 776: 772: 769: 767: 759: 755: 752: 750: 742: 738: 737: 724: 720: 717: 715: 707: 703: 700: 698: 690: 686: 685: 669: 665: 662: 660: 652: 648: 645: 643: 635: 631: 630: 612: 608: 605: 603: 595: 591: 590: 582: 578: 577: 564: 560: 557: 555: 547: 543: 542: 526: 522: 519: 517: 509: 505: 504: 496: 492: 491: 475: 471: 468: 466: 458: 454: 453: 278: 242:Benjamin Outram 195: 142:container ships 105:is a system of 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6708: 6698: 6697: 6692: 6675: 6674: 6672: 6671: 6666: 6660: 6658: 6654: 6653: 6650: 6649: 6647: 6646: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6629:Swire Shipping 6626: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6605: 6603: 6599: 6598: 6596: 6595: 6590: 6589: 6588: 6583: 6578: 6568: 6563: 6562: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6535: 6533: 6529: 6528: 6526: 6525: 6524: 6523: 6513: 6512: 6511: 6506: 6496: 6495: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6463: 6461: 6460:Ocean Alliance 6457: 6456: 6454: 6453: 6448: 6447: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6420: 6418: 6411: 6407: 6406: 6399: 6398: 6391: 6384: 6376: 6367: 6366: 6364: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6337: 6335: 6331: 6330: 6328: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6280:Fishing vessel 6277: 6272: 6267: 6262: 6256: 6254: 6250: 6249: 6247: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6200: 6198: 6194: 6193: 6191: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6144: 6142: 6136: 6135: 6133: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6101: 6099: 6093: 6092: 6090: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6062:Lake freighter 6059: 6054: 6049: 6047:Container ship 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6013: 6011: 6005: 6004: 5997: 5995: 5993: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5951: 5949: 5945: 5944: 5941:merchant ships 5936: 5935: 5928: 5921: 5913: 5904: 5903: 5901: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5878:Scale test car 5875: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5814: 5812: 5808: 5807: 5805: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5722: 5716: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5684: 5682: 5681:Open equipment 5678: 5677: 5675: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5648: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5630:Covered hopper 5627: 5621: 5619:Intermodal car 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5595: 5589: 5587: 5583: 5582: 5578:Rail transport 5574: 5573: 5566: 5559: 5551: 5542: 5541: 5527: 5524: 5523: 5521: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5497: 5492: 5484: 5482: 5478: 5477: 5475: 5474: 5469: 5467:Tank container 5464: 5459: 5453: 5451: 5447: 5446: 5444: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5401:Container port 5397: 5395: 5391: 5390: 5388: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5365:Container ship 5362: 5356: 5354: 5350: 5349: 5342: 5340: 5338: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5311: 5309: 5305: 5304: 5297: 5296: 5289: 5282: 5274: 5267: 5266: 5257: 5249: 5229: 5226:on 2006-02-08. 5210: 5202: 5183: 5177: 5154: 5148: 5133: 5127: 5112: 5095: 5076: 5066: 5051: 5045: 5027: 5021: 5006: 4999: 4984: 4969: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4942: 4921: 4903: 4878: 4852: 4826: 4814:United Nations 4789: 4776:United Nations 4751: 4726: 4697: 4671: 4655: 4615: 4593: 4577: 4550: 4525: 4497: 4485: 4467: 4448: 4408: 4383: 4368: 4353: 4325: 4311:The Advertiser 4297: 4269: 4240: 4212: 4184: 4156: 4128: 4100: 4072: 4044: 4031: 4003: 3988: 3963: 3936: 3911: 3900:on 8 July 2020 3885: 3861: 3840: 3813: 3799:978-0754670544 3798: 3778: 3772:978-0191637698 3771: 3749: 3710: 3680: 3667: 3650: 3638: 3618: 3587: 3557: 3532: 3521:. 21 July 2016 3519:Marine Insight 3506: 3494: 3480: 3460: 3448: 3429: 3427:, p. 191. 3417: 3415:, p. 188. 3402: 3387: 3375: 3343: 3314: 3289: 3285:Fleeing G.o.D. 3276: 3260: 3224: 3222:, p. 127. 3212: 3173: 3133: 3106: 3079: 3045: 3032:978-1614991465 3031: 3007: 2995: 2983: 2978:Classic Trains 2968: 2950: 2923:Acta Logistica 2893: 2865: 2839: 2832: 2822:. DeKalb, IL: 2810: 2779: 2763: 2742: 2726: 2713: 2692: 2671: 2628: 2622:978-1703213027 2621: 2603: 2581: 2579: 2576: 2573: 2572: 2558: 2548: 2547: 2545: 2542: 2540: 2539: 2534: 2529: 2524: 2519: 2513: 2508: 2502: 2497: 2492: 2487: 2482: 2476: 2471: 2466: 2461: 2455: 2453: 2450: 2438:Main article: 2435: 2432: 2388: 2385: 2348: 2347:As pest vector 2345: 2333: 2330: 2300:ocean currents 2296:oceanographers 2288:North Carolina 2276:in winter 1980 2274:North Atlantic 2260: 2257: 2248:Shipping lines 2242: 2239: 2215: 2212: 2210: 2207: 2162: 2159: 2136: 2133: 2131: 2128: 2127: 2126: 2116: 2105: 2067: 2060: 2054: 2043: 2033: 2026: 2024:break of gauge 2014: 2007: 2004: 1998: 1995: 1988: 1982: 1976: 1970: 1967:house to house 1959: 1948: 1945: 1933:Main article: 1918: 1915: 1871: 1870: 1867: 1864: 1861: 1858: 1832:Main article: 1829: 1826: 1824: 1821: 1791:broader gauges 1787:standard gauge 1684: 1681: 1619:Port of London 1576: 1573: 1531: 1530: 1525:October 1970: 1523: 1518:January 1970: 1516: 1509: 1502:January 1968: 1463: 1460: 1436:Houston, Texas 1376:Container ship 1374:Main article: 1359: 1356: 1205: 1202: 1177:developed the 1135: 1132: 1101:Seatrain Lines 1087: 1086: 1069: 1056: 1039: 1035: 1034: 1031: 1014: 1001: 998: 994: 993: 989: 988: 971: 958: 945: 941: 940: 923: 910: 907: 903: 902: 885: 872: 859: 855: 854: 851: 834: 821: 818: 814: 813: 809: 808: 805: 802: 799: 796: 782: 781: 764: 747: 734: 730: 729: 712: 695: 682: 681:Close type 201 678: 677: 674: 657: 640: 627: 623: 622: 618: 617: 600: 587: 574: 570: 569: 552: 539: 536: 532: 531: 514: 501: 488: 484: 483: 480: 463: 450: 447: 443: 442: 438: 437: 434: 432: 430: 427: 418: 417: 402: 277: 274: 230:James Brindley 194: 191: 146:rail transport 88:container ship 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6707: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6687: 6685: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6661: 6659: 6655: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6606: 6604: 6600: 6594: 6591: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 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6137: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6102: 6100: 6098: 6094: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6014: 6012: 6010: 6006: 6001: 5991: 5990:Shipping line 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5952: 5950: 5946: 5942: 5934: 5929: 5927: 5922: 5920: 5915: 5914: 5911: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5838:Clearance car 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5815: 5813: 5809: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5751:Mineral wagon 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5726: 5723: 5720: 5717: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5685: 5683: 5679: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5652: 5649: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5590: 5588: 5584: 5579: 5572: 5567: 5565: 5560: 5558: 5553: 5552: 5549: 5539: 5538: 5533: 5525: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5502: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5490: 5486: 5485: 5483: 5479: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5454: 5452: 5448: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5411:Reach stacker 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5398: 5396: 5392: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5357: 5355: 5351: 5346: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5312: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5295: 5290: 5288: 5283: 5281: 5276: 5275: 5272: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5239:on 2010-09-06 5238: 5234: 5230: 5222: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5193:on 2003-06-04 5192: 5188: 5184: 5181: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5151: 5145: 5141: 5140: 5134: 5130: 5128:9781400880751 5124: 5120: 5119: 5113: 5103:on 2013-01-22 5102: 5098: 5092: 5088: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5075: 5069: 5067:9780399154300 5063: 5059: 5058: 5057:Spook Country 5052: 5048: 5046:9780805092639 5042: 5038: 5037: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5018: 5014: 5013: 5007: 5002: 4996: 4992: 4991: 4985: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4966: 4962: 4961: 4956: 4955:Broeze, Frank 4952: 4951: 4931: 4925: 4918:. 2008-09-08. 4917: 4913: 4907: 4892: 4888: 4882: 4866: 4862: 4856: 4841: 4837: 4830: 4816: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4802: 4796: 4794: 4778: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4764: 4758: 4756: 4741:on 2012-03-25 4740: 4736: 4730: 4716:on 2005-12-16 4715: 4711: 4707: 4701: 4694: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4681: 4675: 4668: 4664: 4659: 4651: 4645: 4631:on 2011-12-13 4630: 4626: 4619: 4612: 4611: 4608: 4604: 4601: 4597: 4590: 4587: 4581: 4574: 4573: 4569: 4566: 4562: 4557: 4555: 4539: 4535: 4529: 4521: 4515: 4507: 4501: 4495: 4489: 4481: 4477: 4471: 4465: 4461: 4458: 4452: 4437: 4433: 4431: 4425: 4419: 4417: 4415: 4413: 4398:on 2012-01-03 4397: 4393: 4387: 4380: 4379: 4372: 4365: 4364: 4357: 4341: 4340: 4335: 4329: 4313: 4312: 4307: 4301: 4285: 4284: 4279: 4273: 4256: 4255: 4250: 4244: 4228: 4227: 4222: 4216: 4200: 4199: 4194: 4188: 4172: 4171: 4166: 4160: 4144: 4143: 4138: 4132: 4116: 4115: 4110: 4104: 4088: 4087: 4082: 4076: 4060: 4059: 4054: 4048: 4041: 4035: 4019: 4018: 4013: 4012:"ENGINEERING" 4007: 3999: 3992: 3978:on 2009-04-20 3977: 3973: 3967: 3953: 3952: 3947: 3940: 3926:on 2021-08-27 3925: 3921: 3915: 3899: 3895: 3889: 3875: 3871: 3865: 3850: 3844: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3817: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3795: 3791: 3790: 3782: 3774: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3759:"Port Cities" 3753: 3734: 3730: 3729: 3721: 3714: 3700:on 2008-03-09 3699: 3695: 3691: 3684: 3677: 3671: 3664: 3660: 3654: 3647: 3646:Levinson 2006 3642: 3634: 3633: 3628: 3622: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3591: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3561: 3547:on 2015-12-08 3546: 3542: 3536: 3520: 3516: 3510: 3503: 3502:Levinson 2006 3498: 3483: 3477: 3473: 3472: 3464: 3458:, p. 31. 3457: 3456:Levinson 2006 3452: 3444: 3440: 3433: 3426: 3425:Levinson 2016 3421: 3414: 3413:Levinson 2016 3409: 3407: 3399: 3398:Levinson 2016 3394: 3392: 3384: 3383:Levinson 2016 3379: 3360: 3353: 3347: 3333:on 2015-07-27 3332: 3328: 3324: 3318: 3311: 3300: 3293: 3286: 3280: 3273: 3267: 3265: 3257: 3241: 3234: 3228: 3221: 3220:Levinson 2006 3216: 3200: 3196: 3189: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3158:(in Polish). 3157: 3149: 3142: 3140: 3138: 3121: 3117: 3110: 3094: 3090: 3083: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3049: 3034: 3028: 3025:. p. 8. 3024: 3021:. Amsterdam: 3020: 3019: 3011: 3004: 2999: 2992: 2987: 2979: 2972: 2965: 2962: 2957: 2955: 2946: 2942: 2937: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2917: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2882: 2878: 2872: 2870: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2846: 2844: 2835: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2814: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2783: 2775: 2774: 2767: 2759: 2755: 2754: 2746: 2738: 2737: 2730: 2723: 2717: 2710: 2709:0-85361-431-8 2706: 2702: 2696: 2689: 2688:Levinson 2006 2684: 2682: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2632: 2624: 2618: 2614: 2607: 2593: 2586: 2582: 2568: 2562: 2553: 2549: 2538: 2535: 2533: 2530: 2528: 2525: 2523: 2520: 2517: 2516:NYC container 2514: 2512: 2509: 2506: 2503: 2501: 2498: 2496: 2493: 2491: 2488: 2486: 2483: 2480: 2477: 2475: 2472: 2470: 2467: 2465: 2462: 2460: 2457: 2456: 2449: 2447: 2446:globalization 2441: 2431: 2429: 2424: 2422: 2417: 2414: 2410: 2407: 2404: 2401: 2393: 2384: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2361:introductions 2358: 2354: 2344: 2342: 2340: 2329: 2327: 2324:In 2011, the 2322: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2307: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2292:Doritos Chips 2289: 2284: 2275: 2271: 2265: 2256: 2254: 2249: 2238: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2221: 2206: 2204: 2199: 2194: 2192: 2188: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2168: 2158: 2155: 2154:ocean freight 2151: 2147: 2146:freight rates 2142: 2124: 2121: 2117: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2103: 2071: 2068: 2065: 2061: 2059: 2055: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2031: 2027: 2025: 2022: 2019: 2015: 2012: 2008: 2005: 2003: 2002:GWR Container 1999: 1996: 1993: 1989: 1987: 1983: 1981: 1977: 1975: 1971: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1958: 1957:NYC container 1954: 1953: 1952: 1944: 1942: 1936: 1928: 1923: 1914: 1912: 1911:loading gauge 1908: 1902: 1899: 1896: 1890: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1868: 1865: 1862: 1859: 1856: 1855: 1854: 1849: 1846:line through 1845: 1840: 1835: 1820: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1807: 1803: 1798: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1765:1,435 mm 1762: 1757: 1753: 1751: 1747: 1742: 1739: 1735: 1730: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1708:transshipment 1705: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1680: 1678: 1673: 1671: 1665: 1663: 1659: 1658:redevelopment 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1634: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1603: 1601: 1596: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1572: 1570: 1566: 1564: 1560: 1555: 1553: 1550: 1546: 1541: 1536: 1528: 1524: 1521: 1517: 1514: 1510: 1507: 1506: 1501: 1500: 1499: 1497: 1492: 1488: 1481: 1476: 1468: 1459: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1428: 1422: 1417: 1414: 1410: 1409:railroad cars 1406: 1402: 1397: 1395: 1389: 1387: 1383: 1377: 1369: 1364: 1355: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1325: 1320: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1305:Malcom McLean 1301: 1299: 1294: 1290: 1285: 1269: 1265: 1260: 1257: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1216: 1211: 1198: 1197:Malcom McLean 1194: 1190: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1160: 1155: 1151: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1131: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1110:and then the 1109: 1104: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1070: 1057: 1040: 1037: 1036: 1015: 1002: 999: 996: 995: 990: 972: 959: 946: 943: 942: 924: 911: 908: 905: 904: 886: 873: 860: 857: 856: 835: 822: 819: 816: 815: 810: 806: 803: 800: 797: 794: 793: 787: 765: 748: 735: 732: 731: 713: 696: 683: 680: 679: 658: 641: 628: 626:Close type 22 625: 624: 619: 601: 588: 575: 572: 571: 553: 540: 537: 534: 533: 515: 502: 489: 487:Close type 42 486: 485: 464: 451: 448: 446:Close type 62 445: 444: 439: 435: 433: 431: 428: 425: 424: 415: 411: 407: 403: 400: 399: 398: 396: 392: 387: 385: 380: 378: 374: 370: 365: 361: 358: 353: 349: 345: 340: 339:Silvio Crespi 336: 332: 328: 324: 319: 317: 313: 309: 304: 302: 298: 294: 289: 287: 283: 273: 271: 266: 261: 259: 255: 251: 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 222: 220: 212: 207: 199: 190: 188: 184: 179: 177: 173: 172:globalization 169: 165: 160: 158: 154: 150: 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 121: 116: 113:(also called 112: 108: 104: 97: 93: 89: 84: 77: 72: 64: 57: 52: 45: 41: 37: 33: 29: 22: 6532:THE Alliance 6265:Crane vessel 6057:Hopper barge 6022:Bulk carrier 5868:Power shovel 5787:Schnabel car 5767:Pocket wagon 5609:Cattle wagon 5528: 5503:(board game) 5500: 5487: 5370:Double-stack 5314: 5241:. Retrieved 5237:the original 5221:the original 5195:. Retrieved 5191:the original 5162: 5138: 5117: 5105:. Retrieved 5101:the original 5085: 5056: 5035: 5031:George, Rose 5011: 4989: 4959: 4947:Bibliography 4934:. Retrieved 4924: 4915: 4906: 4894:. Retrieved 4890: 4881: 4869:. Retrieved 4865:the original 4855: 4843:. Retrieved 4839: 4829: 4818:. Retrieved 4804: 4781:. Retrieved 4779:. 2020-12-30 4766: 4743:. Retrieved 4739:the original 4729: 4718:. Retrieved 4714:the original 4709: 4700: 4689: 4674: 4658: 4633:. Retrieved 4629:the original 4618: 4609: 4596: 4585: 4580: 4563: 4542:. Retrieved 4540:. 2010-08-19 4537: 4528: 4500: 4488: 4479: 4470: 4451: 4440:. Retrieved 4438:. 2022-01-11 4427: 4400:. Retrieved 4396:the original 4386: 4376: 4371: 4361: 4356: 4344:. Retrieved 4337: 4328: 4316:. Retrieved 4309: 4300: 4288:. Retrieved 4281: 4272: 4259:. Retrieved 4252: 4243: 4231:. Retrieved 4224: 4215: 4203:. Retrieved 4196: 4187: 4175:. Retrieved 4168: 4159: 4147:. Retrieved 4140: 4131: 4119:. Retrieved 4112: 4109:"Commercial" 4103: 4091:. Retrieved 4086:The Examiner 4084: 4075: 4063:. Retrieved 4056: 4047: 4039: 4034: 4022:. Retrieved 4015: 4006: 3991: 3980:. Retrieved 3976:the original 3966: 3955:. Retrieved 3949: 3939: 3928:. Retrieved 3924:the original 3914: 3902:. Retrieved 3898:the original 3888: 3877:. Retrieved 3873: 3864: 3853:. Retrieved 3843: 3826: 3822: 3816: 3788: 3781: 3762: 3752: 3740:. Retrieved 3726: 3713: 3702:. Retrieved 3698:the original 3694:Dynamist.com 3693: 3683: 3675: 3670: 3662: 3653: 3648:, p. 1. 3641: 3630: 3621: 3609:. Retrieved 3605:the original 3590: 3578:. Retrieved 3574:the original 3569: 3560: 3549:. Retrieved 3545:the original 3535: 3523:. Retrieved 3518: 3509: 3497: 3485:. Retrieved 3470: 3463: 3451: 3442: 3438: 3432: 3420: 3378: 3366:. Retrieved 3359:the original 3346: 3335:. Retrieved 3331:the original 3317: 3309: 3302:. Retrieved 3292: 3279: 3254: 3247:. Retrieved 3240:the original 3227: 3215: 3203:. 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Retrieved 2585: 2566: 2561: 2552: 2443: 2425: 2418: 2415: 2411: 2408: 2405: 2398: 2350: 2343: 2335: 2323: 2309:In 2007 the 2308: 2280: 2244: 2217: 2195: 2190: 2189: 2170: 2141:ISO standard 2138: 2122: 1966: 1950: 1938: 1903: 1900: 1891: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1872: 1852: 1828:ISO standard 1818: 1814: 1810: 1799: 1758: 1754: 1743: 1731: 1716: 1701: 1691: 1674: 1666: 1638:inland ports 1635: 1604: 1600:longshoremen 1592: 1583: 1567: 1556: 1538: 1532: 1526: 1519: 1512: 1503: 1484: 1426: 1421:trailer vans 1420: 1418: 1400: 1398: 1390: 1382:Golden Arrow 1379: 1321: 1316: 1302: 1286: 1267: 1261: 1219: 1213: 1207: 1178: 1164: 1137: 1134:World War II 1105: 1090: 812:Heavy types 807:Total mass 785: 733:Open type 21 573:Open type 41 535:Open type 61 441:Heavy types 436:Total mass 394: 388: 381: 371:, the first 366: 362: 323:Golden Arrow 320: 305: 290: 279: 262: 223: 216: 180: 164:World War II 161: 134:standardized 129: 125: 118: 114: 102: 101: 32: 6539:Hapag-Lloyd 6434:Hamburg Süd 6417:2M Alliance 6260:Cable layer 6253:Other types 6234:Salvage tug 6188:Train ferry 6178:Ocean liner 6163:Cruiseferry 6158:Cruise ship 6153:Cargo liner 6148:Cable ferry 6125:LNG carrier 6115:Gas carrier 6087:Train ferry 6077:Reefer ship 5898:Work trains 5883:Stoneblower 5792:Slate wagon 4339:Cairns Post 2532:Tanktainers 2259:Loss at sea 2227:stolen cars 2181:railway car 2115:(CTU Code). 1887:half height 1746:swap bodies 1698:, Australia 1543: [ 1540:Hakone Maru 1511:July 1968: 1386:Fleche d'Or 1293:Vietnam War 1179:Transporter 992:Light Type 621:Light Type 327:Fleche d'Or 258:Derby Canal 244:opened the 240:. In 1795, 140:to another— 6684:Categories 6609:Arkas Line 6290:Icebreaker 6173:Narrowboat 6130:Oil tanker 6032:Chain boat 5960:Cargo ship 5772:Quarry tub 5761:Open wagon 5731:Hopper car 5719:Flat wagon 5657:RoadRailer 5421:Sidelifter 5243:2010-08-09 5197:2003-06-09 5149:074320073X 5107:2018-07-30 5096:0691123241 5022:1891131958 5000:0823225682 4970:0973007338 4936:2008-09-05 4871:12 January 4820:2021-01-27 4783:2021-01-27 4745:2011-11-28 4720:2008-02-14 4635:2011-11-28 4544:2011-11-28 4455:John Good 4442:2022-03-21 4402:2012-01-19 4346:26 October 4318:26 October 4290:27 October 4261:26 October 4233:25 October 4205:28 October 4177:27 October 4149:27 October 4121:26 October 4093:25 October 4065:29 October 4024:25 October 3982:2007-02-10 3957:2021-09-29 3930:2021-08-27 3879:2018-02-25 3855:2011-11-28 3829:(4): 8–9. 3808:1074025516 3742:August 25, 3704:2008-02-14 3551:2015-11-07 3337:2015-07-27 2929:(4): 1–7. 2887:2021-03-16 2597:2017-09-01 2578:References 2373:pesticides 2231:terrorists 2223:contraband 2165:See also: 2102:EUR-pallet 1969:; Germany) 1929:containers 1761:rail gauge 1727:Malaccamax 1718:Emma Mærsk 1704:bulk cargo 1413:intermodal 1220:Laadkisten 1183:Korean War 1126:, and the 1085: in) 1030: in) 987: in) 939: in) 901: in) 850: in) 780: in) 728: in) 673: in) 616: in) 568: in) 530: in) 479: in) 414:short tons 122:containers 96:Copenhagen 6593:Yang Ming 6516:Evergreen 6439:Safmarine 6315:Riverboat 6275:Drillship 6140:Passenger 6027:Car float 6009:Dry cargo 5948:Overviews 5853:Excavator 5828:Brake van 5662:Stock car 5501:Container 5436:Twistlock 5353:Transport 5173:1078-3148 5074:MacGuffin 4979:1188-3928 4170:The Argus 4017:The Argus 3835:8756-7296 3525:17 August 3168:0138-0370 3023:IOS Press 2945:1339-5629 2860:1822-296X 2805:1734-2015 2666:113982441 2658:1099-1522 2567:Conex III 2537:Unit load 2270:hurricane 1895:tare mass 1883:high cube 1848:La Crosse 1696:Fremantle 1650:dry ports 1480:Singapore 1339:twistlock 1264:CONEX box 1171:unitizing 1116:piggyback 1068: in) 1055: in) 1013: in) 970: in) 957: in) 922: in) 884: in) 871: in) 833: in) 763: in) 746: in) 711: in) 694: in) 656: in) 639: in) 599: in) 586: in) 551: in) 513: in) 500: in) 462: in) 410:long tons 393:(French: 369:Enola, PA 94:crane in 92:portainer 78:, Germany 6544:CP Ships 6325:Snagboat 6219:Fireboat 5848:Crew car 5777:Rollbock 5756:Modalohr 5746:Minecart 5667:Tank car 5640:Milk car 5614:Coil car 5593:Autorack 5394:Handling 5385:Well car 5308:Overview 5033:(2013). 4957:(2002). 4916:BBC News 4845:25 March 4683:Archived 4667:CBS News 4644:cite web 4603:Archived 4568:Archived 4514:cite web 4478:(1942). 4460:Archived 3733:Archived 3611:24 April 3580:24 April 3487:24 April 3287:(page 7) 3274:(page 8) 3162:: 1–14. 2980:: 64–73. 2881:Archived 2452:See also 2353:infested 2313:and the 2191:Groupage 2173:shipment 2062:(2005?) 2021:Wolseley 1783: in 1646:seaports 1425:SS 1347:Fruehauf 1097:flatcars 1038:Close 22 997:Close 32 858:Close 42 817:Close 62 795:Category 426:Category 352:New York 293:engineer 157:forklift 149:flatcars 76:Cuxhaven 6657:Defunct 6634:Wan Hai 6559:DAL/JTE 6482:Comanav 6467:CMA CGM 6444:SeaLand 6334:Related 6270:Dredger 6244:Tugboat 6197:Support 6097:Tankers 6042:Collier 5939:Modern 5833:Caboose 5725:Gondola 5713:Flatcar 5703:Conflat 5495:BBC Box 5489:The Box 5380:Flatcar 5375:Drayage 5360:Chassis 4565:TT Club 3663:TR News 3601:CKRW-FM 3368:22 July 3304:21 July 3249:22 July 3205:21 July 3126:20 July 3099:23 July 3072:20 July 3038:27 July 2464:Conflat 2359:. Pest 2326:MV Rena 2220:smuggle 2214:Hazards 2095:⁄ 2081:⁄ 2056:(1998) 2045:(1994) 2041:pallets 2035:(1974) 2028:(1946) 2016:(1936) 2009:(1933) 2000:(1930) 1990:(1928) 1984:(1927) 1978:(1925) 1961:(1924) 1955:(1922) 1778:⁄ 1750:pallets 1575:Effects 1505:ISO 668 1448:stowage 1427:Ideal X 1394:Seattle 1351:SeaLand 1332:⁄ 1279:⁄ 1268:modular 1249:⁄ 1235:⁄ 1114:began " 1080:⁄ 1063:⁄ 1050:⁄ 1025:⁄ 1008:⁄ 982:⁄ 965:⁄ 952:⁄ 944:Open 41 934:⁄ 917:⁄ 906:Open 61 896:⁄ 879:⁄ 866:⁄ 845:⁄ 828:⁄ 798:Length 775:⁄ 758:⁄ 741:⁄ 723:⁄ 706:⁄ 689:⁄ 668:⁄ 651:⁄ 634:⁄ 611:⁄ 594:⁄ 581:⁄ 563:⁄ 546:⁄ 525:⁄ 508:⁄ 495:⁄ 474:⁄ 457:⁄ 429:length 412:; 5.51 256:on the 234:Worsley 42:at the 6619:Matson 6602:Others 6586:K Line 6487:Delmas 6424:Maersk 6410:Active 6239:Tender 6229:Pusher 5741:Lowmac 5598:Boxcar 5171: 5146: 5125: 5093: 5064: 5043: 5019: 4997: 4977: 4967: 4896:10 Feb 4428:IPPC ( 3904:8 July 3833: 3806: 3796: 3769: 3478: 3166: 3029: 2943: 2858: 2830: 2803: 2707: 2664: 2656: 2619: 2428:Club-K 2209:Issues 1527:R-1897 1520:R-1161 1187:wooden 1122:, the 801:Width 408:(4.92 406:tonnes 357:Venice 297:Poland 254:barges 250:wagons 193:Origin 151:, and 109:using 6614:IRISL 6499:COSCO 6168:Ferry 6017:Barge 5965:Cargo 5843:Crane 5481:Other 5450:Types 5224:(PDF) 5217:(PDF) 5164:Wired 4434:. UN 3736:(PDF) 3723:(PDF) 3362:(PDF) 3355:(PDF) 3243:(PDF) 3236:(PDF) 3191:(PDF) 3152:(PDF) 3087:M.K. 2919:(PDF) 2662:S2CID 2544:Notes 2357:pests 2355:with 2268:In a 2198:cargo 2150:cargo 1642:draft 1551:] 1513:R-790 1440:cargo 1368:Busan 1317:every 804:High 329:, by 117:, or 6554:UASC 6549:CSAV 6509:OOCL 6504:CSCL 5955:Ship 5763:(EU) 5727:(US) 5721:(EU) 5715:(US) 5653:(EU) 5647:(US) 5626:(EU) 5600:(US) 5462:SECU 5180:ASTM 5169:ISSN 5144:ISBN 5123:ISBN 5091:ISBN 5062:ISBN 5041:ISBN 5017:ISBN 4995:ISBN 4975:ISSN 4965:ISBN 4898:2021 4873:2013 4847:2019 4650:link 4520:link 4348:2011 4320:2011 4292:2011 4263:2011 4235:2011 4207:2011 4179:2011 4151:2011 4123:2011 4095:2011 4067:2011 4026:2011 3906:2020 3831:ISSN 3804:OCLC 3794:ISBN 3767:ISBN 3744:2022 3613:2012 3582:2012 3527:2017 3489:2012 3476:ISBN 3443:BBC4 3370:2015 3306:2015 3251:2015 3207:2015 3164:ISSN 3128:2015 3101:2015 3093:MIBA 3074:2015 3040:2015 3027:ISBN 2941:ISSN 2856:ISSN 2828:ISBN 2801:ISSN 2705:ISBN 2654:ISSN 2617:ISBN 2518:1922 2507:1798 2064:SECU 2058:PODS 2047:ACTS 2037:RACE 1980:Mack 1941:IATA 1844:BNSF 1677:TEUs 1629:and 1621:and 1454:and 333:and 213:1928 6644:ZIM 6581:MOL 6576:NYK 6566:HMM 6492:NOL 6477:APL 6472:ANL 6451:MSC 4436:FAO 4267:ICC 3256:in. 3188:"2" 2931:doi 2646:doi 2383:). 2225:or 2205:". 1879:teu 1664:). 1535:TEU 1458:.) 1434:to 1334:128 1256:UIC 350:in 128:or 120:ISO 6686:: 5167:. 5161:. 5083:. 4973:. 4914:. 4889:. 4838:. 4812:, 4808:, 4803:. 4792:^ 4774:, 4770:, 4765:. 4754:^ 4708:. 4665:– 4646:}} 4642:{{ 4553:^ 4536:. 4516:}} 4512:{{ 4426:. 4411:^ 4336:. 4308:. 4280:. 4251:. 4223:. 4195:. 4167:. 4139:. 4111:. 4083:. 4055:. 4014:. 3948:. 3872:. 3827:23 3825:. 3802:. 3725:. 3692:. 3661:. 3629:. 3599:. 3568:. 3517:. 3441:. 3405:^ 3390:^ 3325:. 3308:. 3263:^ 3253:. 3193:. 3176:^ 3154:. 3136:^ 3060:. 3056:. 2953:^ 2939:. 2925:. 2921:. 2896:^ 2879:. 2868:^ 2842:^ 2797:23 2795:. 2791:. 2674:^ 2660:. 2652:. 2642:29 2640:. 2306:. 2088:11 1586:, 1549:jp 1547:; 1545:de 1330:13 1272:10 984:16 936:16 189:. 144:, 86:A 6395:e 6388:t 6381:v 5932:e 5925:t 5918:v 5570:e 5563:t 5556:v 5293:e 5286:t 5279:v 5246:. 5200:. 5175:. 5152:. 5131:. 5110:. 5070:. 5049:. 5025:. 5003:. 4981:. 4939:. 4900:. 4875:. 4849:. 4823:. 4786:. 4748:. 4723:. 4652:) 4638:. 4588:. 4547:. 4522:) 4445:. 4432:) 4405:. 4350:. 4322:. 4294:. 4265:. 4237:. 4209:. 4181:. 4153:. 4125:. 4097:. 4069:. 4028:. 4000:. 3985:. 3960:. 3933:. 3908:. 3882:. 3858:. 3837:. 3810:. 3775:. 3746:. 3707:. 3615:. 3584:. 3554:. 3529:. 3491:. 3372:. 3340:. 3209:. 3170:. 3160:2 3130:. 3103:. 3076:. 3042:. 2947:. 2933:: 2927:1 2890:. 2862:. 2836:. 2807:. 2711:. 2690:. 2668:. 2648:: 2625:. 2600:. 2097:4 2093:1 2090:+ 2083:4 2079:3 2076:+ 2074:1 2013:: 1965:( 1780:2 1776:1 1773:+ 1771:8 1767:( 1384:/ 1370:. 1327:( 1281:2 1277:1 1274:+ 1251:4 1247:3 1244:+ 1242:6 1237:2 1233:1 1230:+ 1228:6 1082:8 1078:3 1075:+ 1073:4 1065:8 1061:5 1052:8 1048:3 1045:+ 1043:5 1027:8 1023:3 1020:+ 1018:4 1010:8 1006:5 980:5 977:+ 975:8 967:8 963:5 954:8 950:5 932:5 929:+ 927:8 919:8 915:5 898:8 894:3 891:+ 889:4 881:8 877:5 868:8 864:5 847:8 843:3 840:+ 838:4 830:8 826:5 777:4 773:1 770:+ 768:7 760:8 756:3 753:+ 751:5 743:8 739:5 725:4 721:1 718:+ 716:7 708:8 704:3 701:+ 699:5 691:8 687:5 670:8 666:5 663:+ 661:2 653:8 649:3 646:+ 644:5 636:8 632:5 613:4 609:1 606:+ 604:7 596:8 592:5 583:8 579:5 565:4 561:1 558:+ 556:7 548:8 544:5 527:8 523:5 520:+ 518:2 510:8 506:5 497:8 493:5 476:8 472:5 469:+ 467:2 459:8 455:5 325:/ 30:. 23:.

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