Containerization - Knowledge

4746:"854 F.2d 1338, 129 L.R.R.M. (BNA) 2001, 1988 A.M.C. 2409, 272 U.S.App.D.C. 129, 57 USLW 2147, 109 Lab.Cas. P 10,681, NEW YORK SHIPPING ASSOCIATION, INC., International Longshoremen's Association, AFL-CIO, Council of North Atlantic Shipping Associations, Atlantic Container Line, Ltd., Dart Containerline Company, Limited, Hapag-Lloyd Aktiengesellschaft, "Italia" S.P.A.N., Nedlloyd Lines B.V., Puerto Rico Maritime Shipping Authority, Sea-Land Service, Inc., Trans Freight Lines, Inc., and United States Lines, Inc., Petitioners, v. Federal Maritime Commission and United States of America, Respondents. New York Shipping Association, Inc., et al., Petitioners, v. Federal Maritime Commission and United States of America, Respondents, American Trucking Assoc., Inc., American Warehousemen's Assoc., West Gulf Maritime Assoc., National Customs Brokers & Forwarders Association of America, Inc., International Association of NVOCCs, et al., Intervenors. Nos. 82-1347, 87-1370. United States Court of Appeals, District of Columbia Circuit. Argued Dec. 17, 1987. Decided Aug. 9, 1988" 217: 47: 2275: 1204: 232:. Typically, goods would be loaded onto a vehicle from the factory and taken to a port warehouse where they would be offloaded and stored awaiting the next vessel. When the vessel arrived, they would be moved to the side of the ship along with other cargo to be lowered or carried into the hold and packed by dock workers. The ship might call at several other ports before off-loading a given consignment of cargo. Each port visit would delay the delivery of other cargo. Delivered cargo might then have been offloaded into another warehouse before being picked up and delivered to its destination. Multiple handling and delays made transport costly, time-consuming and unreliable. 1374: 1478: 1591: 1699: 209: 6011: 1582:, where containers are stacked two high on railway cars, was introduced in the US. The concept was developed by Sea-Land and the Southern Pacific railroad. The first standalone double-stack container car (or single-unit 40-ft COFC well car) was delivered in July 1977. The five-unit well car, the industry standard, appeared in 1981. Initially, these double-stack railway cars were deployed in regular train service. Ever since American President Lines initiated in 1984 a dedicated double-stack container train service between Los Angeles and Chicago, transport volumes increased rapidly. 74: 94: 5543: 82: 1933: 1326:. All the containerization pioneers who came before McLean had thought in terms of optimizing particular modes of transport. McLean's "fundamental insight" which made the intermodal container possible was that the core business of the shipping industry "was moving cargo, not sailing ships". He visualized and helped to bring about a world reoriented around that insight, which required not just standardization of the metal containers themselves, but drastic changes to 5356: 2403: 1165: 1850: 62: 1486: 1192:, a rigid, corrugated steel container with a 9,000 lb (4,100 kg) carrying capacity, for shipping household goods of officers in the field. It was 8 ft 6 in (2.59 m) long, 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m), and 6 ft 10 in (2.08 m) high, with double doors on one end, mounted on skids, and had lifting rings on the top four corners. During the 1229:(BIC) held demonstrations of container systems, with the aim of selecting the best solution for Western Europe. Present were representatives from France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland, Sweden, Great Britain, Italy and the United States. The system chosen for Western Europe was based on the Netherlands' system for consumer goods and waste transportation called 1767:

tampering is more evident. Some containers are fitted with electronic monitoring devices and can be remotely monitored for changes in air pressure, which happens when the doors are opened. This reduced thefts that had long plagued the shipping industry. Recent developments have focused on the use of intelligent logistics optimization to further enhance security.

1576:. By the 1960s, ICC approval was required before any shipper could carry different items in the same vehicle or change rates. The fully integrated systems in the US today became possible only after the ICC's regulatory oversight was cut back (and abolished in 1995). Trucking and rail were deregulated in the 1970s and maritime rates were deregulated in 1984. 1129:" service (transporting highway freight trailers on flatcars) limited to their own railroads. The Chicago Great Western Railway filed a U.S. patent in 1938 on their method of securing trailers to a flatcars using chains and turnbuckles. Other components included wheel chocks and ramps for loading and unloading the trailers from the flatcars. By 1953, the 1407:, Washington and Alaska. None of these services was particularly successful. First, the containers were rather small, with 52% of them having a volume of less than 3 cubic metres (106 cu ft). Almost all European containers were made of wood and used canvas lids, and they required additional equipment for loading into rail or truck bodies. 1399:. Four containers were used for the conveyance of passengers' baggage. These containers were loaded in London or Paris and carried to the ports of Dover or Calais. In February 1931 the first container ship in the world was launched. It was called the Autocarrier, owned by Southern Railway UK. It had 21 slots for containers of Southern Railway. 1659:, which then built vast container terminals next to deep oceanfront harbors in lieu of the dockfront warehouses and finger piers that had formerly handled break bulk cargo. With intermodal containers, the jobs of packing, unpacking, and sorting cargoes could be performed far from the point of embarkation. Such work shifted to so-called " 1620:, the former piers used for loading and unloading were no longer required, but there was little room to build the vast holding lots needed for storing and sorting containers in transit between different transport modes. As a result, the Port of San Francisco essentially ceased to function as a major commercial port, but the neighboring 1449:. Independently of the events in Canada, McLean had the idea of using large containers that never opened in transit and that were transferable on an intermodal basis, among trucks, ships, and railroad cars. McLean had initially favored the construction of "trailerships"—taking trailers from large trucks and stowing them in a ship's 348:, began. For transport of passengers' baggage four containers were used. These containers were loaded in London or Paris and carried to ports, Dover or Calais, on flat cars in the UK and "CIWL Pullman Golden Arrow Fourgon of CIWL" in France. At the Second World Motor Transport Congress in Rome, September 1928, Italian senator 408:, B.I.C.) was established. In June 1933, the B.I.C. decided on obligatory parameters for containers used in international traffic. Containers handled by means of lifting gear, such as cranes, overhead conveyors, etc. for traveling elevators (group I containers), constructed after July 1, 1933. Obligatory Regulations: 1751:

predicted that containerization would benefit New York by allowing it to ship its industrial goods more cheaply to the Southern US than other areas, but he did not anticipate that containerization might make it cheaper to import such goods from abroad. Most economic studies of containerization merely

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is carried out in China. For example, in 2009 there were 105,976,701 transshipments in China (both international and coastal, excluding Hong Kong), 21,040,096 in Hong Kong (which is listed separately), and only 34,299,572 in the United States. In 2005, some 18 million containers made over 200 million

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released its patent rights, so that Tantlinger's inventions could become "the basis for a standard corner fitting and twist lock". Tantlinger was deeply involved in the debates and negotiations which in back-to-back votes in September 1965 (on September 16 and 24, respectively) led to the adoption of

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Containers are intended to be used constantly, being loaded with new cargo for a new destination soon after emptied of previous cargo. This is not always possible, and in some cases, the cost of transporting an empty container to a place where it can be used is considered to be higher than the worth

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of 8 by 8 by 6.5 feet (2.44 m × 2.44 m × 1.98 m), and a capacity of 13,000 lbs was being developed. Connecting devices were intended to join three Conex-III containers together into one 20-feet long unit, a standard recommended by the American Standards Association, for use

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The effects of containerization rapidly spread beyond the shipping industry. Containers were quickly adopted by trucking and rail transport industries for cargo transport not involving sea transport. Manufacturing also evolved to adapt to take advantage of containers. Companies that once sent small

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In 1931, in the U.S., B. F. Fitch designed the two largest and heaviest containers in existence. One measured 17 ft 6 in (5.33 m) by 8 ft 0 in (2.44 m) by 8 ft 0 in (2.44 m) with a capacity of 30,000 pounds (14,000 kg) in 890 cubic feet (25 m),

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and container leasing companies have become expert at repositioning empty containers from areas of low or no demand, such as the US West Coast, to areas of high demand, such as China. Repositioning within the port hinterland has also been the focus of recent logistics optimization work. Damaged or

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and the subsequent Great Depression, many countries were without any means to transport cargo. The railroads were sought as a possibility to transport cargo, and there was an opportunity to bring containers into broader use. In February 1931 the first container ship was launched. It was called the

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in the UK was one of these, making use of "simple rectangular timber boxes" to convey coal from Lancashire collieries to Liverpool, where a crane transferred them to horse-drawn carriages. Originally used for moving coal on and off barges, "loose boxes" were used to containerize coal from the late

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There is now a high demand for containers to be converted in the domestic market to serve specific purposes. As a result, a number of container-specific accessories have become available for a variety of applications, such as racking for archiving, lining, heating, lighting, powerpoints to create

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used 35-foot (10.67 m) containers. The standard sizes and fitting and reinforcement norms that now exist evolved out of a lengthy and complex series of compromises among international shipping companies, European railroads, US railroads, and US trucking companies. Everyone had to sacrifice

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proposed the use of containers for road and railway transport systems, using collaboration rather than competition. This would be done under the auspices of an international organ similar to the Sleeping Car Company, which provided international carriage of passengers in sleeping wagons. In 1928

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less than that required for the application of a carload rate. A quantity of cargo less than that which fills the visible or rated capacity of an inter-modal container." It can also be defined as "a consignment of cargo which is inefficient to fill a shipping container. It is grouped with other

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The original choice of 8-foot (2.44 m) height for ISO containers was made in part to suit a large proportion of railway tunnels, though some had to be modified. The current standard is eight feet six inches (2.59 m) high. With the arrival of even taller hi-cube containers at

1892:). An equivalent unit is a measure of containerized cargo capacity equal to one standard 20 ft (6.10 m) (length) × 8 ft (2.44 m) (width) container. As this is an approximate measure, the height of the box is not considered. For instance, the 9 ft 6 in (2.90 m) 1766:

Improved cargo security is an important benefit of containerization. Once the cargo is loaded into a container, it is not touched again until it reaches its destination. The cargo is not visible to casual viewers, and thus is less likely to be stolen. Container doors are usually sealed so that

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590, known as "pa-Behälter." It was implemented in the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, West Germany, Switzerland, Sweden and Denmark. With the popularization of the larger ISO containers, support for pa containers was phased out by the railways. In the 1970s they began to be widely used for

2441:, which allow the conversion of an ordinary container system into a missile boat, capable of attacking surface and ground targets, and the CWS (Containerized Weapon System) developed for the US Army that allow for the rapid deployment of a remote controlled machine gun post from a container. 1826:

Contrary to ocean shipping containers owned by the shippers, a persisting trend in the industry is for (new) units to be purchased by leasing companies. Leasing business accounted for 55% of new container purchases in 2017, with their box fleet growing at 6.7%, compared to units of transport

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The maximum gross mass for a 20 ft (6.10 m) dry cargo container was initially set at 24,000 kg (53,000 lb), and 30,480 kg (67,200 lb)for a 40 ft (12.19 m) container (including the 9 ft 6 in or 2.90 m high cube) . Allowing for the

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The dimensions of the CONEX II are 75 by 82½ by 102 in. The CONEX container is a metal reusable shipping box. The most common type has a 295-cu. ft. capacity, is about 8½ by 6 by 7 ft, and can carry 9,000 lbs. The dimensions of the Half-CONEX or CONEX I container are 75 by 82¼ by 51

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is the use of containers as the basis for housing and other functional buildings for people, either as temporary or a permanent housing, and either as a main building or as a cabin or as a workshop. Containers can also be used as sheds or storage areas in industry and commerce.

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states in a survey among freight companies that this claim is grossly excessive and calculated an average of 350 containers to be lost at sea each year, or 675 if including catastrophic events. For instance, on November 30, 2006, a container washed ashore on the Outer Banks of

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assumed that shipping companies would begin to replace older forms of transportation with containerization, but did not predict that the process of containerization itself would have a more direct influence on the choice of producers and increase the total volume of trade.

2305:. Containers lost in rough waters are smashed by cargo and waves, and often sink quickly. Although not all containers sink, they seldom float very high out of the water, making them a shipping hazard that is difficult to detect. Freight from lost containers has provided 2424:

purpose-built secure offices, canteens and drying rooms, condensation control for furniture storage, and ramps for storage of heavier objects. Containers are also converted to provide equipment enclosures, pop-up cafes, exhibition stands, security huts and more.

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In July, 2020, The Digital Container Shipping Association (DCSA), a non-profit group established to further digitalisation of container shipping technology standards, published standards for the digital exchange of operational vessel schedules (OVS).

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service using trucks, ships, and railroad cars. Southbound containers were loaded by shippers in Yukon and moved by rail, ship, and truck to their consignees without opening. This first intermodal system operated from November 1955 until 1982.

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Some of the biggest battles in the container revolution were waged in Washington, D.C.. Intermodal shipping got a huge boost in the early 1970s, when carriers won permission to quote combined rail-ocean rates. Later, non-vessel-operating

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does not always mean a full payload or capacity – many companies will prefer to keep a 'mostly' full container as a single container load to simplify logistics and increase security compared to sharing a container with other goods.

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that could efficiently be loaded onto ships and would hold securely on sea voyages. The result was an 8 feet (2.44 m) tall by 8 ft (2.44 m) wide box in 10 ft (3.05 m)-long units constructed from 2.5 mm

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operators growing by just 2.4% more TEU, said global shipping consultancy Drewry in their 'Container Census & Leasing and Equipment Insight', leading to a leased share of the global ocean container fleet reaching 54% by 2020.

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the majority of supplies and materials were shipped by CONEX. By 1965 the U.S. military used some 100,000 Conex boxes, and more than 200,000 in 1967. making this the first worldwide application of intermodal containers. After the

5095: 427:) for containers of the heavy type; 2.5 tonnes (2.46 long tons; 2.76 short tons) for containers of the light type; a tolerance of 5 percent excess on the total weight is allowable under the same conditions as for wagon loads. 1402:

The next step was in Europe was after WW II. Vessels purpose-built to carry containers were used between UK and Netherlands and also in Denmark in 1951. In the United States, ships began carrying containers in 1951, between

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of the container, the maximum payload mass is therefore reduced to approximately 22,000 kg (49,000 lb) for 20 ft (6.10 m), and 27,000 kg (60,000 lb) for 40 ft (12.19 m) containers.

143:, is the process of unitization of cargoes in exports. Containerization is the predominant form of unitization of export cargoes, as opposed to other systems such as the barge system or palletization. The containers have 2154:

container that is loaded and unloaded under the risk and account of one shipper and one consignee. In practice, it means that the whole container is intended for one consignee. FCL container shipment tends to have lower

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and a second measured 20 ft 0 in (6.10 m) by 8 ft 0 in (2.44 m) by 8 ft 0 in (2.44 m), with a capacity of 50,000 pounds (23,000 kg) in 1,000 cubic feet (28 m).

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and increased its speed, especially of consumer goods and commodities. It also dramatically changed the character of port cities worldwide. Prior to highly mechanized container transfers, crews of 20 to 22

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a modified version of the Sea-Land design as the American and then the international standard for corner fittings for shipping containers. This began international standardization of shipping containers.

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on September 30, 1931, on one of the platforms of the Maritime Station (Mole di Ponente), practical tests assessed the best construction for European containers as part of an international competition.

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During the first 20 years of containerization, many container sizes and corner fittings were used. There were dozens of incompatible container systems in the US alone. Among the biggest operators, the

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railroads had joined the innovation. Most of the rail cars used were surplus flatcars equipped with new decks. By 1955, an additional 25 railroads had begun some form of piggyback trailer service.

2266:, or the steel content salvaged. In the summer of 2010, a worldwide shortage of containers developed as shipping increased after the recession, while new container production had largely ceased. 1237:

that were moved by rail, truck and ship, in various configurations up to a capacity of 5,500 kg (12,100 lb), and up to 3.1 by 2.3 by 2 metres (10 ft 2 in × 7 ft

2240:. The vast majority of containers are never subjected to scrutiny due to their large numbers. In recent years there have been increased concerns that containers might be used to transport 2352:

won a long court battle with a US Supreme Court decision against contracts that attempted to require that union labor be used for stuffing and stripping containers at off-pier locations.

2190:. The abbreviation LCL formerly applied to "less than (railway) car load" for quantities of material from different shippers or for delivery to different destinations carried in a single 1613:

would pack individual cargoes into the hold of a ship. After containerization, large crews of longshoremen were not necessary at port facilities, and the profession changed drastically.

1418:. Her first trip carried 600 containers between North Vancouver, British Columbia, and Skagway, Alaska, on November 26, 1955. In Skagway, the containers were unloaded to purpose-built 1311:

standardized an 8-by-8-foot (2.44 by 2.44 m) cross section container in multiples of 10-foot (3.05 m) lengths for military use, it was rapidly adopted for shipping purposes.

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executive, Tantlinger went back to McLean and convinced him to relinquish control of their design to help stimulate the container revolution. On January 29, 1963, McLean's company

185:. Containerization eliminated manual sorting of most shipments and the need for dock front warehouses, while displacing many thousands of dock workers who formerly simply handled 1912:

It was increased to 30,480 kg for the 20' in 2005, then further increased to a max of 36,000 kg for all sizes by the amendment 2 (2016) of the ISO standard 668 (2013).

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In 2021, the average time to unload a container in Asia was 27 seconds, the average time in Northern Europe was 46 seconds, and the average time in North America was 76 seconds.

1461:. Instead, McLean modified his original concept into loading just the containers, not the chassis, onto the ship; hence the designation "container ship" or "box" ship. (See also 1732:, 396 m (1,299 ft) long, launched in August 2006. It has been predicted that, at some point, container ships will be constrained in size only by the depth of the 6569: 3333: 2390:) and recommendations for use in container decontamination, inspection and quarantine. The SCTF also provides the English translation of the National Standard of China ( 1996: 2083:

are used in Europe and have length (45, 40 or 20 ft or 13.72, 12.19 or 6.10 m) and height like ISO-containers, but they are 2.484 m (8 ft

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something. For example, to McLean's frustration, Sea-Land's 35-foot container was not adopted as one of the standard container sizes. In the end, four important ISO (

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The first vessels purpose-built to carry containers had begun operation in 1926 for the regular connection of the luxury passenger train between London and Paris, the

283:. By the 1840s, iron boxes were in use as well as wooden ones. The early 1900s saw the adoption of closed container boxes designed for movement between road and rail. 263:

built at his Butterley Ironwork. The horse-drawn wheeled wagons on the gangway took the form of containers, which, loaded with coal, could be transshipped from canal

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Autocarrier, owned by Southern Railway UK. It had 21 slots for containers of Southern Railway. Under auspices of the International Chamber of Commerce in Paris in

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Public containerised transport is the concept, not yet implemented, of modifying motor vehicles to serve as personal containers in non-road passenger transport.

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US domestic standard containers are generally 48 ft (14.63 m) and 53 ft (16.15 m) (rail and truck). Container capacity is often expressed in

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Containers occasionally fall from ships, usually during storms. According to media sources, between 2,000 and 10,000 containers are lost at sea each year. The

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the Transporter was evaluated for handling sensitive military equipment and, proving effective, was approved for broader use. Theft of material and damage to

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The first major shipment of CONEXes, containing engineering supplies and spare parts, was made by rail from the Columbus General Depot in Georgia to the

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The widespread use of ISO standard containers has driven modifications in other freight-moving standards, gradually forcing removable truck bodies or

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20 ft (6.10 m) containers are also called one TEU. 48' containers have been phased out over the last ten years in favor of 53' containers.

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Meanwhile, the port facilities needed to support containerization changed. One effect was the decline of some ports and the rise of others. At the

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Clause 1. Containers are, as regards form, either of the closed or the open type, and, as regards capacity, either of the heavy or the light type.

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ran aground off the coast of New Zealand. As the ship listed, some containers were lost, while others were held on board at a precarious angle.

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consignments began grouping them into containers. Many cargoes are now designed to precisely fit containers. The reliability of containers made

1559: 1506: 1281:, by the addition of a smaller, half-size unit of 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) long, 4 ft 3 in (1.30 m) wide and 6 ft 192:

Containers can be made from a wide range of materials such as steel, fibre-reinforced polymer, aluminum or a combination. Containers made from

130: 5230:. Transport Canada, the U.S. Department of Transportation, and the Secretariat of Communications and Transport of Mexico. 2004. Archived from 5047:

Ninety Percent of Everything: Inside Shipping, the Invisible Industry That Puts Clothes on Your Back, Gas in Your Car, and Food on Your Plate

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into standard sizes and shapes (though without the strength needed to be stacked), and changing completely the worldwide use of freight

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The first truly successful container shipping company dates to April 26, 1956, when American trucking entrepreneur McLean put 58

1130: 216: 189:. Containerization reduced congestion in ports, significantly shortened shipping time, and reduced losses from damage and theft. 3362: 3243: 1220: 6603: 5579: 3576: 3341: 2891: 1819:

vehicle shipping, personal effects can be loaded into the container with the vehicle, allowing easy international relocation.

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McGough, Roger (Narrator), McAulay, Graeme (Director & Producer), Crossley-Holland, Dominic (Executive Producer) (2010).

3368:(Report). Vol. 7: Containerization. US DoD Joint Logistics Review Board. 15 December 1970. pp. 9–11. Archived from 2842: 2420:

Containers are also beginning to be used to house computer data centers, although these are normally specialized containers.

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While major airlines use containers that are custom designed for their aircraft and associated ground handling equipment the

1572:(ICC), which was created in 1887 to keep railroads from using monopolist pricing and rate discrimination, but fell victim to 1134: 54: 5091: 3555: 147:

dimensions. They can be loaded and unloaded, stacked, transported efficiently over long distances, and transferred from one

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in bulk. FCL is intended to designate a container loaded to its allowable maximum weight or volume, but FCL in practice on

221: 4517:"The Federal Logistics SuperSite – The Federal Transportation Management Desk Reference: Glossary – Definitions" 3743: 3249:(Report). Vol. 7: Containerization. US DoD Joint Logistics Review Board. 15 December 1970. p. 10. Archived from 5934: 5335: 5295: 4974:. Research in Maritime History, issue 23. St. John's, Newfoundland: International Maritime Economic History Association. 4872:"Public Containerised Transport, ways to improve the efficiency and convenience of travel by intermodalizing automobiles" 2374:

are significantly clustered around ports, and containers are a common source of such successful pest transfers. The IPPC

1308: 1302:, then by ship to Yokohama, Japan, and then to Korea, in late 1952. Transit times were almost halved. By the time of the 1225: 401: 197: 5224: 3880: 2431: 3808: 3781: 3041: 2834: 2631: 393:

The development of containerization was created in Europe and the U.S. as a way to revitalize rail companies after the

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Blue Book of Container Stuffing – The Container Stuffing Management in International Logistics: The Economics Behind

1808:. The use of container trains in all these countries makes transshipment between trains of different gauges easier. 3934: 2537: 2274: 1169: 275: 2080: 1295: in (2.10 m) high. CONEXes could be stacked three high, and protected their contents from the elements. 6705: 5614: 5523: 5247: 4635: 3908: 3072: 2410: 2263: 1625: 1266: 4749: 1770:

The use of the same basic sizes of containers across the globe has lessened the problems caused by incompatible

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Lewandowski, Krzysztof (2016). "Growth in the Size of Unit Loads and Shipping Containers from Antique to WWI".

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has created a set of standard aluminium container sizes of up to 11.52 m (407 cu ft) in volume.

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size constrains a ship to dimensions of 470 m (1,542 ft) in length and 60 m (197 ft) wide.

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emerged as the second largest on the US West Coast. A similar fate occurred with the relationship between the

166:—without being opened. The handling system is mechanized so that all handling is done with cranes and special 6564: 6010: 5239:– a guidebook for first responders during the initial phase of a dangerous goods/hazardous materials incident 4530: 3198: 2245: 1984: 1118: 2248:(CSI), intended to ensure that high-risk cargo is examined or scanned, preferably at the port of departure. 1203: 1126: 337: 325:

began shipping containers between Chicago and Milwaukee. Their efforts ended in the spring of 1931 when the

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By the 1830s, railroads were carrying containers that could be transferred to other modes of transport. The

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for efficiency. LCL freight was often sorted and redistributed into different railway cars at intermediate

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system. The size and capacity of the Conex were about the same as the Transporter, but the system was made

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Containerization originated several centuries ago but was not well developed or widely applied until after

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Clause 2. The loading capacity of containers must be such that their total weight (load, plus tare) is: 5

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native Benjamin Franklin "B. F." Fitch (1877–1956) launched commercial use of "demountable bodies" in

6619: 6497: 5426: 4636:"Photos: Spilled Doritos chips wash up on Outer Banks | HamptonRoads.com | PilotOnline.com" 4321: 2031: 2028: 1664: 1497: 1373: 1138: 394: 358: 318: 3731:"Double-stack unit train container service: its commercial impact and value to the military skipper" 2863:

Transport Means 2016, Proceedings of the 20th International Scientific Conference, October 5–7, 2016

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On September 5, 2008, the BBC embarked on a year-long project to study international trade and

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possible as component suppliers could deliver specific components on regular fixed schedules.

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D 5728 Standard Practice for Securement of Cargo in Intermodal and Unimodal Surface Transport

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The Box that Changed the World: Fifty Years of Container Shipping - an Illustrated History

3065:"History & Development of the Container – The "Transporter", predecessor to the CONEX" 1114:

carried railroad boxcars on its sea vessels to transport goods between New York and Cuba.

8: 6679: 6591: 6351: 6295: 6077: 5698: 5634: 5482: 5083:– novel set in U.S., in which mystery surrounding a containerized shipment serves as the 4701: 4068: 2505: 2495: 2469: 2237: 1605: 379: 178: 5390: 4774:"200 million reasons to take global action on sea containers to keep khapra beetle out!" 2975:

Benjamin Franklin Fitch the Forgotten Developer of the Container System in US of America

2057: 2043:

milk container, 2,000 imperial gallons (9,100 L; 2,400 US gal), road-rail

1698: 243:

designed the box boat 'Starvationer' with ten wooden containers, to transport coal from

6305: 5980: 5903: 5557: 5451: 5129:

The Box: How the Shipping Container Made the World Smaller and the World Economy Bigger

5097:

The Box: How the Shipping Container Made the World Smaller and the World Economy Bigger

4486: 4467: 3642: 2887: 2672: 2371: 2002: 1733: 1637: 1573: 1442: 1334: 1265: in) size. This became the first post World War II European railway standard 1177: 1122: 383: 163: 50: 5169: 4846: 3708: 2750:. Vol. 43–44. The Journal of the Cincinnati Historical Society. 1985. p. 27. 1565:

from shipowner NYK, which started sailing in 1968 and could carry 752 TEU containers.

177:, when it dramatically reduced the costs of transport, supported the post-war boom in 6382: 6082: 5985: 5868: 5833: 5812: 5792: 5370: 5179: 5154: 5133: 5101: 5072: 5051: 5027: 5005: 4985: 4975: 4654: 4524: 3859: 3841: 3814: 3804: 3777: 3486: 3369: 3250: 3174: 3158: 3037: 2977:

by Krzysztof Lewandowski, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Poland. 2015.

2951: 2926: 2866: 2838: 2811: 2799: 2715: 2676: 2664: 2627: 2314: 2244:

or terrorist materials into a country undetected. The US government has advanced the

2177: 1744: 1706: 1641: 1633: 1598: 397:, which had caused economic collapse and reduction in use of all modes of transport. 280: 248: 148: 73: 2861:

Lewandowski, Krzysztof (2016). "The containers ships, which really was the first?".

400:

In 1933 in Europe, under the auspices of the International Chamber of Commerce, the

6531: 6330: 6315: 6249: 6193: 6092: 5995: 5807: 5672: 5661: 5655: 5547: 5472: 5441: 5436: 5271: 5174: 4504: 3584: 2941: 2656: 2328:

began work on a code of practice for container storage, including crew training on

2195: 2191: 2115:

better. They are meant for transport inside Europe and are often accepted in ships.

2074: 2047: 1945: 1937: 1816: 1462: 1454: 1319: 1234: 296: 229: 193: 186: 4922: 3321:.. CONEX ... container that ... was about 7' high by 8' wide and about 12' long... 3004:, David J. Fiore Sr., Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing, 2006, p. 51 1717:

worldwide is moved by containers stacked on transport ships; 26% of all container

1157:

in the railroads. These non-stackable containers were about the size of the later

332:

In 1926, a regular connection of the luxury passenger train from London to Paris,

77:

Double-stack Union Pacific container train crossing the desert at Shawmut, Arizona

6674: 6649: 6439: 6320: 6310: 6130: 6115: 6062: 5990: 5898: 5883: 5828: 5746: 5645: 5416: 5148: 5127: 5111: 5066: 5021: 4969: 4897: 4697: 4617: 4582: 4474: 3860:"Container port traffic (TEU: 20 foot equivalent units) | Data | Table" 3480: 2532: 2391: 2367: 2213: 2187: 2130: 2040: 1621: 1150: 252: 144: 3130: 6290: 6150: 6072: 6057: 6052: 5888: 5735: 5640: 5588: 5477: 5411: 5375: 5201: 4971:

The Globalisation of the Oceans: Containerisation from the 1950s to the Present

4824: 4786: 3730: 2349: 2298: 2284: 2077:(Sweden, Finland, UK) – big 95 t (93 long tons; 105 short tons) container. 2068: 2034: 1797: 1629: 1568:

In the US, containerization and other advances in shipping were impeded by the

1555: 1396: 1386: 1154: 1111: 240: 156: 152: 98: 93: 6444: 3931:"Ocean carriers rely increasingly on leased containers - Axxess International" 3818: 2800:"Stanisław Rodowicz, Eng. The Forgotten Pioneer of Containerization in Poland" 2204:

is the process of filling a container with multiple shipments for efficiency.

1540:

set out the minimum internal dimensions of general purpose freight containers.

1273:

In 1952 the U.S. Army developed the Transporter into the CONtainer EXpress or

6694: 6644: 6576: 6361: 6356: 6239: 6107: 6000: 5951: 5848: 5761: 5421: 5231: 5183: 4999: 4989: 4344: 4316: 4288: 4259: 4231: 4203: 4147: 4119: 4091: 4063: 3845: 3309: 3178: 2955: 2870: 2815: 2668: 2526: 2456: 2310: 2306: 2258: 2164: 2012: 1967: 1921: 1718: 1668: 1315: 1207: 362: 182: 4175: 4022: 3881:"Detroit, Michigan Intermodal Transport and Drayage | Courtesy Transfer Inc" 2987:

Mohowski, Robert E. (Spring 2011). "Seatrain: Railroad or steamship line?".

2831:

The Northwestern A History of the Chicago & North Western Railway System

1932: 1728: 170:

trucks. All containers are numbered and tracked using computerized systems.

6629: 6586: 6275: 6067: 6032: 5878: 5853: 5797: 5777: 5619: 5542: 4994:– a history of containerization in the second half of the twentieth century 4965: 3670:"The Containership Revolution: Malcom McLean's 1956 Innovation Goes Global" 2417:

Tempo Housing in Amsterdam stacks containers for individual housing units.

2156: 2151: 1854: 1812: 1805: 1690:, of which 82 percent were handled by the world's top 100 container ports. 1652: 1610: 1419: 174: 6624: 6549: 6434: 6270: 6244: 6198: 6188: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6135: 6125: 6097: 6087: 5893: 5873: 5802: 5216: 5041: 4875: 4349: 2363: 1990: 1905: 1801: 1800:, but some countries (such as Russia, India, Finland, and Lithuania) use 1648: 1303: 1184:

cargo to speed the loading and unloading of transport ships. In 1947 the

797:

In April 1935 BIC established a second standard for European containers:

268: 81: 5919: 5280: 3986: 3676:. (c/o National Academy of Sciences). Number 246. September–October 2006 2946: 2402: 1110:

between Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and Chicago, Illinois. Beginning in 1929,

357:(PRR) started regular container service in the northeast U.S. After the 6300: 6183: 6140: 6042: 6019: 5970: 5908: 5782: 5771: 5741: 5729: 5667: 5431: 4595:

Podsada, Janice. (2001-06-19) 'Lost Sea Cargo: Beach Bounty or Junk?',

3206:

The Shipping Container and the Globalization of American Infrastructure

2542: 2437:

Containers have also been used for weapon systems, such as the Russian

2233: 2112: 1771: 1737: 1714: 1435: 1193: 1164: 106: 4639: 2576:

Some sources also mention a 12-foot version. and a third version, the

1849: 1352:

mechanism atop each of the four corners, allowing the container to be

1180:

started to combine items of uniform size, lashing them onto a pallet,

6449: 6325: 6285: 6037: 5863: 5838: 5446: 5084: 3957:"Cargo ships are so stuffed that ports are struggling to unload them" 3526:"Clifford J. Rodgers: The World's First Purpose Built Container Ship" 3033: 2660: 2547: 2383: 2280: 2241: 2230: 1756: 1671:

and led to a plethora of waterfront revitalization projects (such as

1490: 1349: 1333:

In 1955, McLean and Tantlinger's immediate challenge was to design a

1274: 1181: 424: 390:. The Fitch hooking system was used for reloading of the containers. 102: 61: 2212:

consignments for the same destination in a container at a container

2134:

Code of practice for the plant quarantine of exit freight containers

6554: 6335: 6280: 6229: 5858: 5787: 5766: 5756: 5718: 5703: 5677: 5650: 5624: 5603: 5395: 5340: 4874:. Nordic Communications Corporation. 4 January 2013. Archived from 4677: 2567:(8’6" length, 6’3" width and 6’10½" height, and 9000 lbs capacity), 2183: 1774:

sizes. The majority of the rail networks in the world operate on a

1743:

Few foresaw the extent of the influence of containerization on the

1660: 420: 303: 167: 86: 2459:

by tracking a shipping container on its journey around the world.

2129:(2021) The National Standard of the People's Republic of China is 6477: 6454: 6254: 5843: 5723: 5713: 5505: 5385: 3611: 2474: 2336: 2302: 1656: 1515: 1458: 1446: 1404: 1361: 1233:(literally, "loading bins"), in use since 1934. This system used 1107: 244: 159: 30:"Container Revolution" redirects here. For the pottery term, see 2603:"The Freight Essentials: Getting Your Products Across The Ocean" 1106:

carried motor carrier vehicles and shippers' vehicles loaded on

228:

Before containerization, goods were usually handled manually as

6596: 5751: 5608: 4621: 3102:[Predecessors of today's containers: pa, BT and B900]. 2051: 1760: 367: 307: 260: 3281:

Development of Containerization // J. van Ham, J. Rijsenbrij:

2787:. Railway and Locomotive Historical Society. 1988. p. 78. 6178: 6027: 5975: 2430:

The ACTS roller container standards have become the basis of

2208: 2160: 1485: 1450: 1378: 1200:

crates convinced the army that steel containers were needed.

416: 264: 3404: 3402: 1434:

later called containers, aboard a refitted tanker ship, the

1348: in) thick corrugated steel. The design incorporated a 801:

Obligatory norms for European containers since 1 April 1935

432:

Obligatory norms for European containers since 1 July 1933

6559: 6519: 5965: 5190: 5132:(2nd ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 4940: 1197: 1158: 5126:——————— (2016). 3419: 3417: 3161:[Organizational Requirements Use the ACTS System] 3129:[Loading bin transport] (in Dutch). Archived from 2406:

A converted container used as an office at a building site

1763:

that fit into ISO containers or into commercial vehicles.

1509:) recommendations standardized containerization globally: 310:. In 1920, he built a prototype of the biaxial wagon. The 5276:– types, inspection, climate, stowage, securing, capacity 3907:. No. 8 July 2020. Global Cargo News. Archived from 3506: 3399: 3387: 5587: 4845:

Containexperts, Container Conversions (9 January 2018).

3662: 3429: 3414: 3224: 1500:

had a fleet of 24-foot (7.32 m) containers, while

314:

stopped development of the container system in Poland.

306:, developed the first draft of the container system in 6412: 3776:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 809–827 . 3460: 3152: 3150: 3148: 2694: 2692: 2690: 2688: 2686: 2097: in) wide externally and 2.420 m (7 ft 1722:

trips per year. Some ships can carry over 14,500

329:

disallowed the use of a flat rate for the containers.

321:

to move mail via containers in May 1921. In 1930, the

3687:

The Handbook of Logistics and Distribution Management

3650: 2856: 2854: 2735:. Augustus M. Kelly Publishers. New York. 1979 p. 92 2387: 1410:

The world's first purpose-built container vessel was

212:

Loading assorted break bulk cargo onto ships manually

5050:. New York: Metropolitan Books / Henry Holt and Co. 4468:

https://www.johngood.co.uk/ufaqs/difference-fcl-lcl/

3832:

Ebeling, C. E. (Winter 2009). "Evolution of a Box".

1983:

Japanese railway containers: Containers used by the

4633: 4485: 3472: 3307: 3145: 3100:"Vorläufer der heutigen Container: pa, BT und B900" 2888:"S/S Autocarrier. Foto genom Roy Thorntonn samling" 2683: 2615: 1957: 4317:"New Freight Containers For S.E. Railway Services" 2882: 2880: 2851: 2262:retired containers may be recycled in the form of 1962:Some other container systems (in date order) are: 1686:In 2004, global container traffic was 354 million 6121:Floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) 5272:"Transport Information Service : containers" 5026:. East Windsor, NJ: Commonwealth Business Media. 4624:(World Shipping Council). Accessed: 11 July 2013. 4519:. Archived from the original on October 31, 2004. 3796: 3159:"Wymagania Organizacyjne Stosowania Systemu ACTS" 3025: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2733:British Goods Wagons from 1887 to the Present Day 2492:described an early principle of containerization. 1916:nine feet six inches (2.90 m) and 1815:overseas using 20- or 40-foot containers. Unlike 1153:used containers to more easily deal with various 6692: 5001:Box Boats: How Container Ships Changed the World 4586:(Maritime insurers). Accessed: 26 February 2011. 4505:https://www.logisticsglossary.com/term/groupage/ 4371:RACE equipment gears up ROA container expansion 3905:"DCSA publishes standards for digital schedules" 2581:in commercial rail, highway, and water shipping. 1604:Containerization greatly reduced the expense of 1519:defined the terminology, dimensions and ratings. 5150:The Colombo Bay: At Sea in a Dangerous Universe 4723:. Informa Australia. 2008-02-07. Archived from 4545:"Shipping Container Shortage Pushing Up Prices" 3479:Antonson, Joan M.; Hanable, William S. (1985). 3478: 3334:"Reusable Metal Shipping Container (Conex III)" 2877: 2731:Essery, R. J, Rowland. D. P. & Steel W. O. 2301:, along with thousands of bags of its cargo of 1804:, while others in Africa and South America use 1377:Containers waiting at the South Korean port of 4844: 4768: 4766: 4493:. The Bobbs-Merrill Company. pp. 319–321. 3774:The Oxford Handbook of Cities in World History 3192: 3190: 3188: 2967: 2965: 2905: 2309:with unexpected opportunities to track global 1507:International Organization for Standardization 1172:, showing four different UIC-590 pa-containers 6398: 5935: 5573: 5296: 5259:– A good pictorial introduction to containers 5100:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 5019: 4429: 4427: 4425: 4423: 3761: 3685:Rushton, A., Oxley, J., Croucher, P. (2004). 1747:. In the 1950s, Harvard University economist 1636:declined in importance. Meanwhile, Britain's 1453:hold. This method of stowage, referred to as 1414:, built in Montreal in 1955 and owned by the 1044:2.5 t (2.46 long tons; 2.76 short tons) 687:2.5 t (2.46 long tons; 2.76 short tons) 4915: 2397: 2186:that is not large enough to fill a standard 239:beginning in the late 18th century. In 1766 5266:. American Association of Port Authorities. 4763: 4659:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3554:. Hougen Group of Companies. Archived from 3185: 3156: 2962: 2924: 2860: 2797: 2646: 2171: 1920:rail cars, further enlargement of the rail 1644:in the Netherlands emerged as major ports. 1533:made recommendations about corner fittings. 1422:for transport north to Yukon, in the first 864:5 t (4.92 long tons; 5.51 short tons) 493:5 t (4.92 long tons; 5.51 short tons) 6405: 6391: 5942: 5928: 5580: 5566: 5303: 5289: 5244:"Introduction to Container Transportation" 4420: 4100:. Launceston, Tas. 7 June 1929. p. 11 3441: 3355: 1896:and the 4 ft 3 in (1.30 m) 235:Containerization has its origins in early 6372:List of merchant navy capacity by country 5949: 5310: 4817:International Plant Protection Convention 4779:International Plant Protection Convention 4567: 4565: 4441:International Plant Protection Convention 4184:. Melbourne. 12 December 1928. p. 26 4031:. Melbourne. 16 February 1922. p. 11 3728: 3277: 3275: 2945: 2342: 1927: 1651:on waterways incapable of receiving deep- 1104:Chicago North Shore and Milwaukee Railway 317:The U.S. Post Office contracted with the 5125: 5089: 5020:Donovan, Arthur; Bonney, Joseph (2006). 4212:. Rockhampton. 26 April 1929. p. 10 3656: 3512: 3466: 3435: 3423: 3408: 3393: 3230: 3026:Van Ham, Hans; Rijsenbrij, Joan (2012). 2986: 2712:The Little Eaton Gangway and Derby Canal 2698: 2401: 2273: 2017:(1931) International Chamber of Commerce 1931: 1864:There are five common standard lengths: 1848: 1811:Containers have become a popular way to 1697: 1589: 1484: 1476: 1372: 1356:using cranes. Several years later, as a 1214: 1202: 1163: 215: 207: 92: 80: 72: 60: 45: 5167: 5016:– how container ships changed the world 4806: 4804: 4605: 3831: 3800:Ports, Cities, and Global Supply Chains 3729:Bernhardt, Karl-Heinz (December 1986). 3698: 3679: 2791: 2600: 2511:List of world's busiest container ports 2444: 2388:§ Other container system standards 1693: 1314:In 1955, former trucking company owner 220:Transferring freight containers on the 37:For the virtualization technology, see 14: 6693: 5519:Container Shipping Information Service 5146: 5064: 5040: 5004:. New York: Fordham University Press. 4997: 4964: 4847:"Container Conversions Containexperts" 4691:A Master's guide to Container Securing 4562: 4389:Freight & Container Transportation 4204:"Through Road, Rail and Water Traffic" 3954: 3803:. Ashgate Publishing. pp. 61–72. 3605: 3272: 3124: 2760: 2626:(I ed.). Auckland: Massey Press. 2621: 2145: 1833: 1368: 135:). Containerization, also referred as 6386: 5923: 5561: 5284: 5219:. German Insurance Association. 2006. 4923:"The Box takes off on global journey" 4353:. cairns. 14 February 1946. p. 4 4325:. Adelaide. 23 April 1936. p. 19 3196: 2972:"Chapter 3. Education and Experience" 2828: 1713:As of 2009, approximately 90% of non- 55:Port Newark-Elizabeth Marine Terminal 5168:Taggart, Stewart (October 1, 1999). 4801: 4683: 4403:"20ft Standard Container - K-Tainer" 3767: 3749:from the original on August 25, 2022 3739:Defense Technical Information Center 3608:"White Pass: The Container Pioneers" 3583:. Yukon Museum Guide. Archived from 3338:Defense Technical Information Center 2432:containerized firefighting equipment 2182:Less-than-container load (LCL) is a 2140: 1813:ship private cars and other vehicles 1667:of port cities around the world for 1655:ship traffic to decline in favor of 1647:In general, containerization caused 1544:Based on these standards, the first 1526:defined the identification markings. 1223:, the Swiss Museum of Transport and 1221:Zürich Tiefenbrunnen railway station 286: 222:London, Midland and Scottish Railway 5336:Bureau International des Containers 5198:"Container Dimensions and Capacity" 4049:Van Ham, J.C. and Rijsenbrij, J.C. 3552:"White Pass The Container Pioneers" 3363:Logistic Support in the Vietnam Era 3308:Michael J. Everhart (7 July 2014). 3244:Logistic Support in the Vietnam Era 2251: 2198:en route to the final destination. 1472: 1226:Bureau International des Containers 1102:From 1926 to 1947 in the U.S., the 406:Bureau International des Conteneurs 323:Chicago & Northwestern Railroad 27:Intermodal freight transport system 24: 6414:Major container shipping companies 5153:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 4748:. Ftp.resource.org. Archived from 4721:Lloyd's List Daily Commercial News 4638:. HamptonRoads.com. Archived from 4634:© November 30, 2006 (2006-11-30). 4491:This Fascinating Railroad Business 4386:Railways well in the freight Race 4006: 3127:"Laadkistvervoer - Langs de rails" 2865:. Juodkrante, Lithuania: 668–676. 2835:Northern Illinois University Press 2764:The Motor-Truck Helps the Railroad 2640: 2150:A full container load (FCL) is an 1011:1.50 m (4 ft 11 in) 920:3.25 m (10 ft 8 in) 831:3.25 m (10 ft 8 in) 549:3.25 m (10 ft 8 in) 460:3.25 m (10 ft 8 in) 271:, which Outram had also promoted. 25: 6717: 6367:International Chamber of Shipping 6215:Anchor handling tug supply vessel 4821:Food and Agriculture Organization 4783:Food and Agriculture Organization 3002:The Chicago Great Western Railway 2594: 2480:Container terminal design process 2357: 2322:International Chamber of Shipping 2064:by rail and road (Central Europe) 1626:ports of Manhattan and New Jersey 1161:and perhaps made mainly of wood. 259:, upon which coal was carried in 6009: 5541: 5354: 5071:. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. 4289:"International Container Bureau" 4072:. Perth. 30 July 1925. p. 4 3701:"The Box that Changed the World" 3699:Postrel, Virginia (2006-03-23). 3097: 2784:Railroad History, Issues 158–159 2761:Wilson, Latimer J. (July 1920). 2649:Packaging Technology and Science 2538:Stowage plan for container ships 2136:as of November 1, 2021. 2008:(1929) International Competition 1958:Other container system standards 1548:container ship was the Japanese 1416:White Pass and Yukon Corporation 302:In 1919, Stanisław Rodowicz, an 276:Liverpool and Manchester Railway 247:Delph (quarry) to Manchester by 85:An ocean containership close to 5615:British railway milk tank wagon 5524:Shipping container architecture 5274:. German Insurance Association. 4957: 4933: 4890: 4864: 4838: 4738: 4709: 4667: 4627: 4589: 4537: 4509: 4497: 4479: 4460: 4395: 4380: 4365: 4337: 4309: 4281: 4252: 4224: 4196: 4168: 4140: 4112: 4084: 4056: 4051:Development of Containerization 4043: 4015: 4000: 3975: 3948: 3923: 3897: 3873: 3852: 3825: 3790: 3722: 3692: 3630: 3599: 3569: 3544: 3518: 3326: 3301: 3288: 3236: 3157:Lewandowski, Krzysztof (2014). 3118: 3106:(in German) (Special 54): 12–19 3091: 3073:U.S. Army Transportation Museum 3057: 3029:Development of Containerization 3019: 3007: 2995: 2980: 2925:Lewandowski, Krzysztof (2014). 2894:from the original on 2015-07-17 2822: 2798:Lewandowski, Krzysztof (2014). 2570: 2561: 2411:Shipping container architecture 2283:containers falling overboard – 2264:shipping container architecture 1838: 1481:Maersk Line containers in 1975. 1144: 386:in the world was opened by the 65:A container-goods train on the 5225:"Emergency Response Guidebook" 4898:"Containerized Weapon Systems" 4674:"Rubber Duckies Map The World" 4240:. 8 September 1930. p. 11 3955:Rivero, Nicolás (2021-09-28). 2775: 2754: 2738: 2725: 2704: 2622:Baskar, Mariappa Babu (2021). 2269: 2022:International Container Bureau 1570:Interstate Commerce Commission 1168:Freight car in railway museum 1131:Chicago, Burlington and Quincy 402:International Container Bureau 327:Interstate Commerce Commission 237:coal mining regions in England 32:Container Revolution (pottery) 13: 1: 4706:. Accessed: 26 February 2011. 4268:. 31 December 1931. p. 9 3075:. 15 May 2013. Archived from 2714:(Second ed.). Oakwood Press. 2588: 2246:Container Security Initiative 2229:Containers have been used to 2159:than an equivalent weight of 1985:Japan Freight Railway Company 1580:Double-stacked rail transport 1489:Keppel Container Terminal in 1210:at railing, Port Newark, 1957 1119:Chicago Great Western Railway 181:, and was a major element in 5331:Intermodal freight transport 5200:. Export 911. Archived from 3450:The Box that Changed Britain 3294:Falloff // Robert Flanagan: 2601:Edmonds, John (2017-03-03). 2111: in) internally to fit 1886:twenty-foot equivalent units 1724:twenty-foot equivalent units 1135:Chicago and Eastern Illinois 118:intermodal freight transport 39:Containerization (computing) 7: 6635:Pacific International Lines 5346:Twenty-foot equivalent unit 4704:& Standard P&I Club 4297:. 18 April 1933. p. 13 4156:. 2 January 1936. p. 9 3069:www.transportation.army.mil 2485:Double-stack rail transport 2462: 1936:A number of LD-designation 10: 6722: 5264:"Port Industry Statistics" 3797:James Jixian Wang (2007). 3016:p 8.26 by David Burke 1988 2448: 2380:Cargo Transport Units Code 2224: 2175: 2124:Cargo Transport Units Code 1943: 1853:40 foot containers on the 1842: 1681:just in time manufacturing 1665:central business districts 1585: 1384: 1330:aspect of cargo handling. 1251: in × 6 ft 1176:During the same time, the 279:1780s, at places like the 36: 29: 6667: 6612: 6542: 6470: 6427: 6420: 6344: 6263: 6207: 6149: 6106: 6018: 6007: 5958: 5821: 5691: 5596: 5537: 5491: 5460: 5427:Rubber tyred gantry crane 5404: 5363: 5352: 5318: 4998:Cudahy, Brian J. (2006). 4717:"Banana box slip a worry" 4529:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 4260:"International Container" 4128:. 13 May 1929. p. 13 4053:. IOS Press, 2012, p. 39. 3772:. In Clark, Peter (ed.). 2398:Other uses for containers 2386:and other standards (see 2219: 2029:South Australian Railways 1997:English Railway container 1880:53 ft (16.15 m) 1877:48 ft (14.63 m) 1874:45 ft (13.72 m) 1871:40 ft (12.19 m) 1726: (TEU), such as the 1498:Matson Navigation Company 1354:easily secured and lifted 1043: 1002: 863: 822: 686: 631: 492: 451: 395:Wall Street Crash of 1929 359:Wall Street Crash of 1929 319:New York Central Railroad 203: 5147:Pollak, Richard (2004). 5065:Gibson, William (2007). 4597:National Geographic News 3834:Invention and Technology 3310:"My Vietnam Tour – 1970" 2829:Grant, H. Roger (1996). 2554: 2376:Sea Container Task Force 2172:Less-than-container load 2120:Sea Container Task Force 2005:– refrigerated container 1868:20 ft (6.10 m) 1309:US Department of Defense 984:1.125 m (3 ft 936:1.125 m (3 ft 6194:Roll-on/roll-off (RORO) 6093:Roll-on/roll-off (RORO) 5683:Wagon with opening roof 5090:Levinson, Marc (2006). 4943:. BBC. 5 September 2008 4232:"New railway Container" 3985:. Emase. Archived from 3197:Heins, Matthew (2013). 2804:Logistics and Transport 2769:Popular Science Monthly 2451:The Box (BBC container) 2378:(SCTF) promulgates the 2257:of the used container. 1796:) gauge track known as 1441:, and sailed them from 1082:2.55 m (8 ft 1069:2.15 m (7 ft 1052:1.05 m (3 ft 1027:2.55 m (8 ft 1014:2.15 m (7 ft 971:2.15 m (7 ft 958:2.15 m (7 ft 923:2.15 m (7 ft 898:2.55 m (8 ft 885:2.15 m (7 ft 872:2.15 m (7 ft 847:2.55 m (8 ft 834:2.15 m (7 ft 777:1.10 m (3 ft 760:1.05 m (3 ft 747:2.15 m (7 ft 725:1.10 m (3 ft 708:1.05 m (3 ft 695:2.15 m (7 ft 670:2.20 m (7 ft 653:1.05 m (3 ft 640:2.15 m (7 ft 613:1.10 m (3 ft 600:2.15 m (7 ft 587:2.15 m (7 ft 565:1.10 m (3 ft 552:2.15 m (7 ft 527:2.20 m (7 ft 514:2.15 m (7 ft 501:2.15 m (7 ft 476:2.20 m (7 ft 463:2.15 m (7 ft 346:French Northern Railway 6706:Economic globalization 6235:Platform supply vessel 6048:Coastal trading vessel 5874:Revenue collection car 5529:Sun Modular Datacenter 5468:Refrigerated container 5092:"(See Chapter 1 here)" 4696:July 16, 2011, at the 4581:March 4, 2011, at the 4374:Railway Transportation 4092:"NEW TRANSPORT METHOD" 3581:Treasures of the Yukon 3340:. 1968. Archived from 3210:University of Michigan 2710:Ripley, David (1993). 2407: 2343:Trade union challenges 2326:World Shipping Council 2294:World Shipping Council 2289: 2207:LCL is "a quantity of 2081:Pallet-wide containers 2060:roller containers for 1941: 1928:Air freight containers 1924:is proving necessary. 1861: 1710: 1601: 1493: 1482: 1382: 1322:to develop the modern 1211: 1173: 1117:In the mid-1930s, the 225: 213: 110: 90: 78: 70: 69:near Nuneaton, England 58: 6701:Intermodal containers 6582:Ocean Network Express 6220:Diving support vessel 5822:Non-revenue equipment 5709:Class U special wagon 5591:freight rolling stock 5312:Intermodal containers 4689:Murdoch & Tozer. 4572:Containers Overboard! 4294:Sydney Morning Herald 4265:Sydney Morning Herald 4237:Sydney Morning Herald 4153:Sydney Morning Herald 4125:Sydney Morning Herald 3983:"Shipping containers" 3885:Courtesy Transfer Inc 3768:Hein, Carola (2013). 3689:. Kogan Page: London. 2490:Henry Robinson Palmer 2405: 2362:Containers are often 2313:, notably a cargo of 2277: 2122:(SCTF) finalises the 1935: 1852: 1701: 1618:Port of San Francisco 1593: 1502:Sea-Land Service, Inc 1488: 1480: 1376: 1318:worked with engineer 1300:Port of San Francisco 1215:Mid-twentieth century 1206: 1167: 1159:20-foot ISO container 388:Pennsylvania Railroad 378:In November 1932, in 355:Pennsylvania Railroad 219: 211: 196:are used to minimize 122:intermodal containers 96: 84: 76: 64: 49: 6225:Emergency tow vessel 5808:Specialized flatcars 5548:Transport portal 5217:"Container Handbook" 4602:Retrieved 2007-04-17 4209:The Morning Bulletin 4148:"Railway Containers" 3962:Quartz (publication) 3862:. Data.worldbank.org 2522:Multimodal transport 2516:Little Eaton Gangway 2501:Intermodal container 2445:BBC tracking project 2062:intermodal transport 1845:Intermodal container 1694:Twenty-first century 1467:trolley and lift van 1324:intermodal container 1270:transporting waste. 1186:Transportation Corps 312:Polish-Bolshevik War 293:Louisville, Kentucky 257:Little Eaton Gangway 67:West Coast Main Line 6680:United States Lines 6352:Nautical operations 6296:Floating restaurant 6078:Lighter aboard ship 5699:Bogie bolster wagon 5635:Covered goods wagon 5483:Flat rack container 5341:ISO 6346 (BIC code) 5170:"The 20-Ton Packet" 4503:Logistics Glossary 4487:Henry, Robert Selph 4435:"SCTF final report" 4069:The West Australian 3456:(documentary). BBC. 2947:10.22306/al.v1i4.25 2747:Queen City Heritage 2506:List of cargo types 2496:Inter-box connector 2470:2000s energy crisis 2434:throughout Europe. 2146:Full container load 2041:Queensland Railways 1888:(TEU, or sometimes 1834:Container standards 1673:warehouse districts 1606:international trade 1412:Clifford J. Rodgers 1369:Purpose-built ships 802: 433: 179:international trade 164:semi-trailer trucks 126:shipping containers 51:Shipping containers 6306:Merchant submarine 5981:Maritime transport 5904:Track geometry car 5597:Enclosed equipment 5452:Container spreader 4616:2013-08-27 at the 4473:2021-05-11 at the 4377:August 1974 page 5 4176:"The Country Page" 4064:"Freight Handling" 4007:Africa, Railways. 3742:. pp. 33–36. 3668:Cudahy, Brian J., 3643:The New York Times 3618:on 26 January 2013 3587:on 17 October 2013 2408: 2382:(CTU), prescribed 2330:parametric rolling 2290: 2118:(2014) The IPPC's 2003:Victorian Railways 1942: 1862: 1734:Straits of Malacca 1711: 1638:Port of Felixstowe 1602: 1574:regulatory capture 1494: 1483: 1443:Newark, New Jersey 1383: 1335:shipping container 1219:In April 1951, at 1212: 1178:United States Army 1174: 1123:New Haven Railroad 800: 431: 384:container terminal 226: 214: 137:container stuffing 111: 101:being loaded by a 91: 79: 71: 59: 18:Container shipping 6688: 6687: 6663: 6662: 6380: 6379: 6083:Livestock carrier 5986:Freight transport 5917: 5916: 5869:Rail adhesion car 5834:Ballast regulator 5813:Transporter wagon 5793:Rotary car dumper 5555: 5554: 4902:www.avmc.army.mil 4851:containexperts.ie 4009:"Railways Africa" 3646:. April 27, 1956. 3606:McLaughlin, Les. 3577:"Cargo Container" 3515:, pp. 31–32. 3492:978-0-943712-18-5 3482:Alaska's heritage 3411:, pp. 70–71. 3396:, pp. 64–69. 2844:978-0-87580-214-5 2771:. pp. 30–33. 2315:Friendly Floatees 2288: 2196:railway terminals 2178:less-than-carload 2141:Container loading 1745:shipping industry 1642:Port of Rotterdam 1634:Port of Liverpool 1628:. In the UK, the 1599:Port of Rotterdam 1235:roller containers 1170:Bochum-Dahlhausen 1149:During WWII, the 1100: 1099: 795: 794: 287:Twentieth century 281:Bridgewater Canal 249:Bridgewater Canal 198:maintenance needs 149:mode of transport 141:container loading 57:in New Jersey, US 16:(Redirected from 6713: 6532:Italia Marittima 6440:P&O Nedlloyd 6425: 6424: 6407: 6400: 6393: 6384: 6383: 6331:Semi-submersible 6316:Pipe-laying ship 6013: 5996:Maritime history 5944: 5937: 5930: 5921: 5920: 5719:Double-stack car 5662:Refrigerated van 5656:Refrigerator car 5582: 5575: 5568: 5559: 5558: 5546: 5545: 5442:Terminal tractor 5437:Straddle carrier 5358: 5326:Containerization 5305: 5298: 5291: 5282: 5281: 5275: 5267: 5258: 5256: 5255: 5246:. Archived from 5238: 5236: 5229: 5220: 5212: 5210: 5209: 5187: 5164: 5143: 5122: 5120: 5119: 5110:. Archived from 5082: 5061: 5037: 5015: 4993: 4952: 4951: 4949: 4948: 4937: 4931: 4930: 4919: 4913: 4912: 4910: 4908: 4894: 4888: 4887: 4885: 4883: 4878:on 14 March 2013 4868: 4862: 4861: 4859: 4857: 4842: 4836: 4835: 4833: 4832: 4812:"Sea Containers" 4808: 4799: 4798: 4796: 4795: 4770: 4761: 4760: 4758: 4757: 4742: 4736: 4735: 4733: 4732: 4713: 4707: 4702:Lloyd's Register 4687: 4681: 4671: 4665: 4664: 4658: 4650: 4648: 4647: 4631: 4625: 4609: 4603: 4593: 4587: 4569: 4560: 4559: 4557: 4556: 4541: 4535: 4534: 4528: 4520: 4513: 4507: 4501: 4495: 4494: 4483: 4477: 4464: 4458: 4457: 4455: 4454: 4431: 4418: 4417: 4415: 4414: 4405:. Archived from 4399: 4393: 4392:May 1974 page 55 4384: 4378: 4369: 4363: 4362: 4360: 4358: 4341: 4335: 4334: 4332: 4330: 4313: 4307: 4306: 4304: 4302: 4285: 4279: 4277: 4275: 4273: 4256: 4250: 4249: 4247: 4245: 4228: 4222: 4221: 4219: 4217: 4200: 4194: 4193: 4191: 4189: 4172: 4166: 4165: 4163: 4161: 4144: 4138: 4137: 4135: 4133: 4116: 4110: 4109: 4107: 4105: 4088: 4082: 4081: 4079: 4077: 4060: 4054: 4047: 4041: 4040: 4038: 4036: 4019: 4013: 4012: 4004: 3998: 3997: 3995: 3994: 3979: 3973: 3972: 3970: 3969: 3952: 3946: 3945: 3943: 3942: 3933:. Archived from 3927: 3921: 3920: 3918: 3916: 3901: 3895: 3894: 3892: 3891: 3877: 3871: 3870: 3868: 3867: 3856: 3850: 3849: 3829: 3823: 3822: 3794: 3788: 3787: 3765: 3759: 3758: 3756: 3754: 3748: 3735: 3726: 3720: 3719: 3717: 3716: 3707:. Archived from 3696: 3690: 3683: 3677: 3666: 3660: 3654: 3648: 3647: 3634: 3628: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3614:. Archived from 3603: 3597: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3573: 3567: 3566: 3564: 3563: 3548: 3542: 3541: 3539: 3537: 3522: 3516: 3510: 3504: 3503: 3501: 3499: 3476: 3470: 3464: 3458: 3457: 3445: 3439: 3433: 3427: 3421: 3412: 3406: 3397: 3391: 3385: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3374: 3367: 3359: 3353: 3352: 3350: 3349: 3330: 3324: 3323: 3318: 3316: 3305: 3299: 3292: 3286: 3283:Steel containers 3279: 3270: 3269: 3263: 3261: 3255: 3248: 3240: 3234: 3228: 3222: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3208:(dissertation). 3203: 3194: 3183: 3182: 3164: 3154: 3143: 3142: 3140: 3138: 3122: 3116: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3095: 3089: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3061: 3055: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3023: 3017: 3011: 3005: 2999: 2993: 2992: 2984: 2978: 2969: 2960: 2959: 2949: 2931: 2922: 2903: 2902: 2900: 2899: 2884: 2875: 2874: 2858: 2849: 2848: 2826: 2820: 2819: 2795: 2789: 2788: 2779: 2773: 2772: 2767:. Vol. 97. 2758: 2752: 2751: 2742: 2736: 2729: 2723: 2708: 2702: 2696: 2681: 2680: 2661:10.1002/pts.2231 2655:(8–9): 451–478. 2644: 2638: 2637: 2619: 2613: 2612: 2610: 2609: 2598: 2582: 2574: 2568: 2565: 2278: 2252:Empty containers 2110: 2109: 2105: 2102: 2096: 2095: 2091: 2088: 1974:von-Haus-zu-Haus 1946:Unit load device 1938:Unit Load Device 1817:roll-on/roll-off 1795: 1793: 1792: 1788: 1785: 1777: 1749:Benjamin Chinitz 1595:Shanghai Express 1563: 1473:Toward standards 1463:pantechnicon van 1455:roll-on/roll-off 1347: 1346: 1342: 1320:Keith Tantlinger 1294: 1293: 1289: 1286: 1264: 1263: 1259: 1256: 1250: 1249: 1245: 1242: 1139:Southern Pacific 1095: 1094: 1090: 1087: 1078: 1077: 1073: 1065: 1064: 1060: 1057: 1040: 1039: 1035: 1032: 1023: 1022: 1018: 997: 996: 992: 989: 980: 979: 975: 967: 966: 962: 949: 948: 944: 941: 932: 931: 927: 911: 910: 906: 903: 894: 893: 889: 881: 880: 876: 860: 859: 855: 852: 843: 842: 838: 803: 799: 790: 789: 785: 782: 773: 772: 768: 765: 756: 755: 751: 738: 737: 733: 730: 721: 720: 716: 713: 704: 703: 699: 683: 682: 678: 675: 666: 665: 661: 658: 649: 648: 644: 626: 625: 621: 618: 609: 608: 604: 596: 595: 591: 578: 577: 573: 570: 561: 560: 556: 540: 539: 535: 532: 523: 522: 518: 510: 509: 505: 489: 488: 484: 481: 472: 471: 467: 434: 430: 342:Southern Railway 297:Cincinnati, Ohio 291:On 17 May 1917, 230:break bulk cargo 194:weathering steel 187:break bulk cargo 114:Containerization 109:Harbor, Denmark. 21: 6721: 6720: 6716: 6715: 6714: 6712: 6711: 6710: 6691: 6690: 6689: 6684: 6675:Hanjin Shipping 6659: 6650:X-Press Feeders 6608: 6538: 6466: 6416: 6411: 6381: 6376: 6340: 6321:Research vessel 6311:Narco-submarine 6259: 6203: 6145: 6131:Hydrogen tanker 6116:Chemical tanker 6102: 6063:Heavy-lift ship 6014: 6005: 5991:Merchant marine 5954: 5948: 5918: 5913: 5899:Tamping machine 5884:Rotary snowplow 5829:Ballast cleaner 5817: 5747:Kangourou wagon 5704:Chauldron wagon 5687: 5646:Livestock wagon 5592: 5586: 5556: 5551: 5540: 5533: 5487: 5456: 5417:Container crane 5400: 5359: 5350: 5314: 5309: 5279: 5270: 5262: 5253: 5251: 5242: 5234: 5227: 5223: 5215: 5207: 5205: 5196: 5161: 5140: 5117: 5115: 5108: 5079: 5058: 5034: 5012: 4982: 4960: 4955: 4946: 4944: 4941:"BBC – The Box" 4939: 4938: 4934: 4921: 4920: 4916: 4906: 4904: 4896: 4895: 4891: 4881: 4879: 4870: 4869: 4865: 4855: 4853: 4843: 4839: 4830: 4828: 4810: 4809: 4802: 4793: 4791: 4772: 4771: 4764: 4755: 4753: 4744: 4743: 4739: 4730: 4728: 4715: 4714: 4710: 4698:Wayback Machine 4688: 4684: 4680:– July 31, 2003 4672: 4668: 4652: 4651: 4645: 4643: 4632: 4628: 4618:Wayback Machine 4610: 4606: 4594: 4590: 4583:Wayback Machine 4570: 4563: 4554: 4552: 4549:Universal Cargo 4543: 4542: 4538: 4522: 4521: 4515: 4514: 4510: 4502: 4498: 4484: 4480: 4475:Wayback Machine 4465: 4461: 4452: 4450: 4433: 4432: 4421: 4412: 4410: 4401: 4400: 4396: 4385: 4381: 4370: 4366: 4356: 4354: 4345:"Milk Business" 4343: 4342: 4338: 4328: 4326: 4315: 4314: 4310: 4300: 4298: 4287: 4286: 4282: 4271: 4269: 4258: 4257: 4253: 4243: 4241: 4230: 4229: 4225: 4215: 4213: 4202: 4201: 4197: 4187: 4185: 4174: 4173: 4169: 4159: 4157: 4146: 4145: 4141: 4131: 4129: 4118: 4117: 4113: 4103: 4101: 4090: 4089: 4085: 4075: 4073: 4062: 4061: 4057: 4048: 4044: 4034: 4032: 4021: 4020: 4016: 4005: 4001: 3992: 3990: 3981: 3980: 3976: 3967: 3965: 3953: 3949: 3940: 3938: 3929: 3928: 3924: 3914: 3912: 3903: 3902: 3898: 3889: 3887: 3879: 3878: 3874: 3865: 3863: 3858: 3857: 3853: 3830: 3826: 3811: 3795: 3791: 3784: 3766: 3762: 3752: 3750: 3746: 3733: 3727: 3723: 3714: 3712: 3697: 3693: 3684: 3680: 3667: 3663: 3655: 3651: 3636: 3635: 3631: 3621: 3619: 3604: 3600: 3590: 3588: 3575: 3574: 3570: 3561: 3559: 3550: 3549: 3545: 3535: 3533: 3524: 3523: 3519: 3511: 3507: 3497: 3495: 3493: 3477: 3473: 3465: 3461: 3447: 3446: 3442: 3434: 3430: 3422: 3415: 3407: 3400: 3392: 3388: 3378: 3376: 3375:on 21 July 2015 3372: 3365: 3361: 3360: 3356: 3347: 3345: 3332: 3331: 3327: 3314: 3312: 3306: 3302: 3293: 3289: 3280: 3273: 3259: 3257: 3256:on 21 July 2015 3253: 3246: 3242: 3241: 3237: 3229: 3225: 3215: 3213: 3201: 3195: 3186: 3167:Pojazdy Szynowe 3162: 3155: 3146: 3136: 3134: 3133:on 20 July 2015 3123: 3119: 3109: 3107: 3096: 3092: 3082: 3080: 3079:on 20 July 2015 3063: 3062: 3058: 3048: 3046: 3044: 3024: 3020: 3014:With Iron Rails 3012: 3008: 3000: 2996: 2985: 2981: 2970: 2963: 2929: 2923: 2906: 2897: 2895: 2886: 2885: 2878: 2859: 2852: 2845: 2837:. p. 156. 2827: 2823: 2796: 2792: 2781: 2780: 2776: 2759: 2755: 2744: 2743: 2739: 2730: 2726: 2709: 2705: 2697: 2684: 2645: 2641: 2634: 2620: 2616: 2607: 2605: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2586: 2585: 2575: 2571: 2566: 2562: 2557: 2552: 2533:Shipping portal 2465: 2453: 2447: 2400: 2392:GB/T 39919-2021 2360: 2350:common carriers 2345: 2272: 2254: 2227: 2222: 2214:freight station 2188:cargo container 2180: 2174: 2148: 2143: 2131:GB/T 39919-2021 2107: 2103: 2100: 2098: 2093: 2089: 2086: 2084: 1960: 1948: 1930: 1918:double stacking 1847: 1841: 1836: 1806:narrower gauges 1790: 1786: 1783: 1781: 1780:4 ft 1779: 1775: 1705:departing from 1703:Maersk Virginia 1696: 1622:Port of Oakland 1588: 1553: 1475: 1389: 1371: 1344: 1340: 1339: 1291: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1261: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1247: 1243: 1240: 1238: 1217: 1155:breaks of gauge 1151:Australian Army 1147: 1092: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1075: 1071: 1070: 1062: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1037: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1020: 1016: 1015: 994: 990: 987: 985: 977: 973: 972: 964: 960: 959: 946: 942: 939: 937: 929: 925: 924: 908: 904: 901: 899: 891: 887: 886: 878: 874: 873: 857: 853: 850: 848: 840: 836: 835: 787: 783: 780: 778: 770: 766: 763: 761: 753: 749: 748: 735: 731: 728: 726: 718: 714: 711: 709: 701: 697: 696: 680: 676: 673: 671: 663: 659: 656: 654: 646: 642: 641: 623: 619: 616: 614: 606: 602: 601: 593: 589: 588: 575: 571: 568: 566: 558: 554: 553: 537: 533: 530: 528: 520: 516: 515: 507: 503: 502: 486: 482: 479: 477: 469: 465: 464: 289: 253:Benjamin Outram 206: 153:container ships 116:is a system of 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6719: 6709: 6708: 6703: 6686: 6685: 6683: 6682: 6677: 6671: 6669: 6665: 6664: 6661: 6660: 6658: 6657: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6640:Swire Shipping 6637: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6616: 6614: 6610: 6609: 6607: 6606: 6601: 6600: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6579: 6574: 6573: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6546: 6544: 6540: 6539: 6537: 6536: 6535: 6534: 6524: 6523: 6522: 6517: 6507: 6506: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6474: 6472: 6471:Ocean Alliance 6468: 6467: 6465: 6464: 6459: 6458: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6431: 6429: 6422: 6418: 6417: 6410: 6409: 6402: 6395: 6387: 6378: 6377: 6375: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6348: 6346: 6342: 6341: 6339: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6291:Fishing vessel 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6267: 6265: 6261: 6260: 6258: 6257: 6252: 6247: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6211: 6209: 6205: 6204: 6202: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6155: 6153: 6147: 6146: 6144: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6112: 6110: 6104: 6103: 6101: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6073:Lake freighter 6070: 6065: 6060: 6058:Container ship 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6024: 6022: 6016: 6015: 6008: 6006: 6004: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5962: 5960: 5956: 5955: 5952:merchant ships 5947: 5946: 5939: 5932: 5924: 5915: 5914: 5912: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5889:Scale test car 5886: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5825: 5823: 5819: 5818: 5816: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5733: 5727: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5695: 5693: 5692:Open equipment 5689: 5688: 5686: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5659: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5641:Covered hopper 5638: 5632: 5630:Intermodal car 5627: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5606: 5600: 5598: 5594: 5593: 5589:Rail transport 5585: 5584: 5577: 5570: 5562: 5553: 5552: 5538: 5535: 5534: 5532: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5508: 5503: 5495: 5493: 5489: 5488: 5486: 5485: 5480: 5478:Tank container 5475: 5470: 5464: 5462: 5458: 5457: 5455: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5412:Container port 5408: 5406: 5402: 5401: 5399: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5376:Container ship 5373: 5367: 5365: 5361: 5360: 5353: 5351: 5349: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5322: 5320: 5316: 5315: 5308: 5307: 5300: 5293: 5285: 5278: 5277: 5268: 5260: 5240: 5237:on 2006-02-08. 5221: 5213: 5194: 5188: 5165: 5159: 5144: 5138: 5123: 5106: 5087: 5077: 5062: 5056: 5038: 5032: 5017: 5010: 4995: 4980: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4953: 4932: 4914: 4889: 4863: 4837: 4825:United Nations 4800: 4787:United Nations 4762: 4737: 4708: 4682: 4666: 4626: 4604: 4588: 4561: 4536: 4508: 4496: 4478: 4459: 4419: 4394: 4379: 4364: 4336: 4322:The Advertiser 4308: 4280: 4251: 4223: 4195: 4167: 4139: 4111: 4083: 4055: 4042: 4014: 3999: 3974: 3947: 3922: 3911:on 8 July 2020 3896: 3872: 3851: 3824: 3810:978-0754670544 3809: 3789: 3783:978-0191637698 3782: 3760: 3721: 3691: 3678: 3661: 3649: 3629: 3598: 3568: 3543: 3532:. 21 July 2016 3530:Marine Insight 3517: 3505: 3491: 3471: 3459: 3440: 3438:, p. 191. 3428: 3426:, p. 188. 3413: 3398: 3386: 3354: 3325: 3300: 3296:Fleeing G.o.D. 3287: 3271: 3235: 3233:, p. 127. 3223: 3184: 3144: 3117: 3090: 3056: 3043:978-1614991465 3042: 3018: 3006: 2994: 2989:Classic Trains 2979: 2961: 2934:Acta Logistica 2904: 2876: 2850: 2843: 2833:. DeKalb, IL: 2821: 2790: 2774: 2753: 2737: 2724: 2703: 2682: 2639: 2633:978-1703213027 2632: 2614: 2592: 2590: 2587: 2584: 2583: 2569: 2559: 2558: 2556: 2553: 2551: 2550: 2545: 2540: 2535: 2530: 2524: 2519: 2513: 2508: 2503: 2498: 2493: 2487: 2482: 2477: 2472: 2466: 2464: 2461: 2449:Main article: 2446: 2443: 2399: 2396: 2359: 2358:As pest vector 2356: 2344: 2341: 2311:ocean currents 2307:oceanographers 2299:North Carolina 2287:in winter 1980 2285:North Atlantic 2271: 2268: 2259:Shipping lines 2253: 2250: 2226: 2223: 2221: 2218: 2173: 2170: 2147: 2144: 2142: 2139: 2138: 2137: 2127: 2116: 2078: 2071: 2065: 2054: 2044: 2037: 2035:break of gauge 2025: 2018: 2015: 2009: 2006: 1999: 1993: 1987: 1981: 1978:house to house 1970: 1959: 1956: 1944:Main article: 1929: 1926: 1882: 1881: 1878: 1875: 1872: 1869: 1843:Main article: 1840: 1837: 1835: 1832: 1802:broader gauges 1798:standard gauge 1695: 1692: 1630:Port of London 1587: 1584: 1542: 1541: 1536:October 1970: 1534: 1529:January 1970: 1527: 1520: 1513:January 1968: 1474: 1471: 1447:Houston, Texas 1387:Container ship 1385:Main article: 1370: 1367: 1216: 1213: 1188:developed the 1146: 1143: 1112:Seatrain Lines 1098: 1097: 1080: 1067: 1050: 1046: 1045: 1042: 1025: 1012: 1009: 1005: 1004: 1000: 999: 982: 969: 956: 952: 951: 934: 921: 918: 914: 913: 896: 883: 870: 866: 865: 862: 845: 832: 829: 825: 824: 820: 819: 816: 813: 810: 807: 793: 792: 775: 758: 745: 741: 740: 723: 706: 693: 692:Close type 201 689: 688: 685: 668: 651: 638: 634: 633: 629: 628: 611: 598: 585: 581: 580: 563: 550: 547: 543: 542: 525: 512: 499: 495: 494: 491: 474: 461: 458: 454: 453: 449: 448: 445: 443: 441: 438: 429: 428: 413: 288: 285: 241:James Brindley 205: 202: 157:rail transport 99:container ship 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6718: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6698: 6696: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6672: 6670: 6666: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6617: 6615: 6611: 6605: 6602: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6584: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6552: 6551: 6548: 6547: 6545: 6541: 6533: 6530: 6529: 6528: 6525: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6512: 6511: 6508: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6480: 6479: 6476: 6475: 6473: 6469: 6463: 6460: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6437: 6436: 6433: 6432: 6430: 6426: 6423: 6419: 6415: 6408: 6403: 6401: 6396: 6394: 6389: 6388: 6385: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6362:Admiralty law 6360: 6358: 6357:Affreightment 6355: 6353: 6350: 6349: 6347: 6343: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6268: 6266: 6262: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6212: 6210: 6206: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6156: 6154: 6152: 6148: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6113: 6111: 6109: 6105: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6025: 6023: 6021: 6017: 6012: 6002: 6001:Shipping line 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5963: 5961: 5957: 5953: 5945: 5940: 5938: 5933: 5931: 5926: 5925: 5922: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5849:Clearance car 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5826: 5824: 5820: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5762:Mineral wagon 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5737: 5734: 5731: 5728: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5696: 5694: 5690: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5663: 5660: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5601: 5599: 5595: 5590: 5583: 5578: 5576: 5571: 5569: 5564: 5563: 5560: 5550: 5549: 5544: 5536: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5513: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5501: 5497: 5496: 5494: 5490: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5465: 5463: 5459: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5422:Reach stacker 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5409: 5407: 5403: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5368: 5366: 5362: 5357: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5323: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5306: 5301: 5299: 5294: 5292: 5287: 5286: 5283: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5250:on 2010-09-06 5249: 5245: 5241: 5233: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5204:on 2003-06-04 5203: 5199: 5195: 5192: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5162: 5156: 5152: 5151: 5145: 5141: 5139:9781400880751 5135: 5131: 5130: 5124: 5114:on 2013-01-22 5113: 5109: 5103: 5099: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5086: 5080: 5078:9780399154300 5074: 5070: 5069: 5068:Spook Country 5063: 5059: 5057:9780805092639 5053: 5049: 5048: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5029: 5025: 5024: 5018: 5013: 5007: 5003: 5002: 4996: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4977: 4973: 4972: 4967: 4966:Broeze, Frank 4963: 4962: 4942: 4936: 4929:. 2008-09-08. 4928: 4924: 4918: 4903: 4899: 4893: 4877: 4873: 4867: 4852: 4848: 4841: 4827: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4813: 4807: 4805: 4789: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4775: 4769: 4767: 4752:on 2012-03-25 4751: 4747: 4741: 4727:on 2005-12-16 4726: 4722: 4718: 4712: 4705: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4692: 4686: 4679: 4675: 4670: 4662: 4656: 4642:on 2011-12-13 4641: 4637: 4630: 4623: 4622: 4619: 4615: 4612: 4608: 4601: 4598: 4592: 4585: 4584: 4580: 4577: 4573: 4568: 4566: 4550: 4546: 4540: 4532: 4526: 4518: 4512: 4506: 4500: 4492: 4488: 4482: 4476: 4472: 4469: 4463: 4448: 4444: 4442: 4436: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4424: 4409:on 2012-01-03 4408: 4404: 4398: 4391: 4390: 4383: 4376: 4375: 4368: 4352: 4351: 4346: 4340: 4324: 4323: 4318: 4312: 4296: 4295: 4290: 4284: 4267: 4266: 4261: 4255: 4239: 4238: 4233: 4227: 4211: 4210: 4205: 4199: 4183: 4182: 4177: 4171: 4155: 4154: 4149: 4143: 4127: 4126: 4121: 4115: 4099: 4098: 4093: 4087: 4071: 4070: 4065: 4059: 4052: 4046: 4030: 4029: 4024: 4023:"ENGINEERING" 4018: 4010: 4003: 3989:on 2009-04-20 3988: 3984: 3978: 3964: 3963: 3958: 3951: 3937:on 2021-08-27 3936: 3932: 3926: 3910: 3906: 3900: 3886: 3882: 3876: 3861: 3855: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3828: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3806: 3802: 3801: 3793: 3785: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3770:"Port Cities" 3764: 3745: 3741: 3740: 3732: 3725: 3711:on 2008-03-09 3710: 3706: 3702: 3695: 3688: 3682: 3675: 3671: 3665: 3658: 3657:Levinson 2006 3653: 3645: 3644: 3639: 3633: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3602: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3572: 3558:on 2015-12-08 3557: 3553: 3547: 3531: 3527: 3521: 3514: 3513:Levinson 2006 3509: 3494: 3488: 3484: 3483: 3475: 3469:, p. 31. 3468: 3467:Levinson 2006 3463: 3455: 3451: 3444: 3437: 3436:Levinson 2016 3432: 3425: 3424:Levinson 2016 3420: 3418: 3410: 3409:Levinson 2016 3405: 3403: 3395: 3394:Levinson 2016 3390: 3371: 3364: 3358: 3344:on 2015-07-27 3343: 3339: 3335: 3329: 3322: 3311: 3304: 3297: 3291: 3284: 3278: 3276: 3268: 3252: 3245: 3239: 3232: 3231:Levinson 2006 3227: 3211: 3207: 3200: 3193: 3191: 3189: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3169:(in Polish). 3168: 3160: 3153: 3151: 3149: 3132: 3128: 3121: 3105: 3101: 3094: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3060: 3045: 3039: 3036:. p. 8. 3035: 3032:. Amsterdam: 3031: 3030: 3022: 3015: 3010: 3003: 2998: 2990: 2983: 2976: 2973: 2968: 2966: 2957: 2953: 2948: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2928: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2893: 2889: 2883: 2881: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2857: 2855: 2846: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2825: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2794: 2786: 2785: 2778: 2770: 2766: 2765: 2757: 2749: 2748: 2741: 2734: 2728: 2721: 2720:0-85361-431-8 2717: 2713: 2707: 2700: 2699:Levinson 2006 2695: 2693: 2691: 2689: 2687: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2643: 2635: 2629: 2625: 2618: 2604: 2597: 2593: 2579: 2573: 2564: 2560: 2549: 2546: 2544: 2541: 2539: 2536: 2534: 2531: 2528: 2527:NYC container 2525: 2523: 2520: 2517: 2514: 2512: 2509: 2507: 2504: 2502: 2499: 2497: 2494: 2491: 2488: 2486: 2483: 2481: 2478: 2476: 2473: 2471: 2468: 2467: 2460: 2458: 2457:globalization 2452: 2442: 2440: 2435: 2433: 2428: 2425: 2421: 2418: 2415: 2412: 2404: 2395: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2372:introductions 2369: 2365: 2355: 2353: 2351: 2340: 2338: 2335:In 2011, the 2333: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2318: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2303:Doritos Chips 2300: 2295: 2286: 2282: 2276: 2267: 2265: 2260: 2249: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2232: 2217: 2215: 2210: 2205: 2203: 2199: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2179: 2169: 2166: 2165:ocean freight 2162: 2158: 2157:freight rates 2153: 2135: 2132: 2128: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2114: 2082: 2079: 2076: 2072: 2070: 2066: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2042: 2038: 2036: 2033: 2030: 2026: 2023: 2019: 2016: 2014: 2013:GWR Container 2010: 2007: 2004: 2000: 1998: 1994: 1992: 1988: 1986: 1982: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1969: 1968:NYC container 1965: 1964: 1963: 1955: 1953: 1947: 1939: 1934: 1925: 1923: 1922:loading gauge 1919: 1913: 1910: 1907: 1901: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1879: 1876: 1873: 1870: 1867: 1866: 1865: 1860: 1857:line through 1856: 1851: 1846: 1831: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1818: 1814: 1809: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1776:1,435 mm 1773: 1768: 1764: 1762: 1758: 1753: 1750: 1746: 1741: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1730: 1725: 1720: 1719:transshipment 1716: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1691: 1689: 1684: 1682: 1676: 1674: 1670: 1669:redevelopment 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1645: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1614: 1612: 1607: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1583: 1581: 1577: 1575: 1571: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1557: 1552: 1547: 1539: 1535: 1532: 1528: 1525: 1521: 1518: 1517: 1512: 1511: 1510: 1508: 1503: 1499: 1492: 1487: 1479: 1470: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1439: 1433: 1428: 1425: 1421: 1420:railroad cars 1417: 1413: 1408: 1406: 1400: 1398: 1394: 1388: 1380: 1375: 1366: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1336: 1331: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1316:Malcom McLean 1312: 1310: 1305: 1301: 1296: 1280: 1276: 1271: 1268: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1227: 1222: 1209: 1208:Malcom McLean 1205: 1201: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1171: 1166: 1162: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1142: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1121:and then the 1120: 1115: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1081: 1068: 1051: 1048: 1047: 1026: 1013: 1010: 1007: 1006: 1001: 983: 970: 957: 954: 953: 935: 922: 919: 916: 915: 897: 884: 871: 868: 867: 846: 833: 830: 827: 826: 821: 817: 814: 811: 808: 805: 804: 798: 776: 759: 746: 743: 742: 724: 707: 694: 691: 690: 669: 652: 639: 637:Close type 22 636: 635: 630: 612: 599: 586: 583: 582: 564: 551: 548: 545: 544: 526: 513: 500: 498:Close type 42 497: 496: 475: 462: 459: 457:Close type 62 456: 455: 450: 446: 444: 442: 439: 436: 435: 426: 422: 418: 414: 411: 410: 409: 407: 403: 398: 396: 391: 389: 385: 381: 376: 372: 369: 364: 360: 356: 351: 350:Silvio Crespi 347: 343: 339: 335: 330: 328: 324: 320: 315: 313: 309: 305: 300: 298: 294: 284: 282: 277: 272: 270: 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 233: 231: 223: 218: 210: 201: 199: 195: 190: 188: 184: 183:globalization 180: 176: 171: 169: 165: 161: 158: 154: 150: 146: 142: 138: 134: 132: 127: 124:(also called 123: 119: 115: 108: 104: 100: 95: 88: 83: 75: 68: 63: 56: 52: 48: 44: 40: 33: 19: 6543:THE Alliance 6276:Crane vessel 6068:Hopper barge 6033:Bulk carrier 5879:Power shovel 5798:Schnabel car 5778:Pocket wagon 5620:Cattle wagon 5539: 5514:(board game) 5511: 5498: 5381:Double-stack 5325: 5252:. Retrieved 5248:the original 5232:the original 5206:. Retrieved 5202:the original 5173: 5149: 5128: 5116:. Retrieved 5112:the original 5096: 5067: 5046: 5042:George, Rose 5022: 5000: 4970: 4958:Bibliography 4945:. Retrieved 4935: 4926: 4917: 4905:. Retrieved 4901: 4892: 4880:. Retrieved 4876:the original 4866: 4854:. Retrieved 4850: 4840: 4829:. Retrieved 4815: 4792:. Retrieved 4790:. 2020-12-30 4777: 4754:. Retrieved 4750:the original 4740: 4729:. Retrieved 4725:the original 4720: 4711: 4700: 4685: 4669: 4644:. Retrieved 4640:the original 4629: 4620: 4607: 4596: 4591: 4574: 4553:. Retrieved 4551:. 2010-08-19 4548: 4539: 4511: 4499: 4490: 4481: 4462: 4451:. Retrieved 4449:. 2022-01-11 4438: 4411:. Retrieved 4407:the original 4397: 4387: 4382: 4372: 4367: 4355:. Retrieved 4348: 4339: 4327:. Retrieved 4320: 4311: 4299:. Retrieved 4292: 4283: 4270:. Retrieved 4263: 4254: 4242:. Retrieved 4235: 4226: 4214:. Retrieved 4207: 4198: 4186:. Retrieved 4179: 4170: 4158:. Retrieved 4151: 4142: 4130:. Retrieved 4123: 4120:"Commercial" 4114: 4102:. Retrieved 4097:The Examiner 4095: 4086: 4074:. Retrieved 4067: 4058: 4050: 4045: 4033:. Retrieved 4026: 4017: 4002: 3991:. Retrieved 3987:the original 3977: 3966:. Retrieved 3960: 3950: 3939:. Retrieved 3935:the original 3925: 3913:. Retrieved 3909:the original 3899: 3888:. Retrieved 3884: 3875: 3864:. Retrieved 3854: 3837: 3833: 3827: 3799: 3792: 3773: 3763: 3751:. Retrieved 3737: 3724: 3713:. Retrieved 3709:the original 3705:Dynamist.com 3704: 3694: 3686: 3681: 3673: 3664: 3659:, p. 1. 3652: 3641: 3632: 3620:. Retrieved 3616:the original 3601: 3589:. Retrieved 3585:the original 3580: 3571: 3560:. Retrieved 3556:the original 3546: 3534:. Retrieved 3529: 3520: 3508: 3496:. Retrieved 3481: 3474: 3462: 3453: 3449: 3443: 3431: 3389: 3377:. Retrieved 3370:the original 3357: 3346:. Retrieved 3342:the original 3328: 3320: 3313:. Retrieved 3303: 3290: 3265: 3258:. Retrieved 3251:the original 3238: 3226: 3214:. 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Retrieved 2596: 2577: 2572: 2563: 2454: 2436: 2429: 2426: 2422: 2419: 2416: 2409: 2361: 2354: 2346: 2334: 2320:In 2007 the 2319: 2291: 2255: 2228: 2206: 2201: 2200: 2181: 2152:ISO standard 2149: 2133: 1977: 1961: 1949: 1914: 1911: 1902: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1883: 1863: 1839:ISO standard 1829: 1825: 1821: 1810: 1769: 1765: 1754: 1742: 1727: 1712: 1702: 1685: 1677: 1649:inland ports 1646: 1615: 1611:longshoremen 1603: 1594: 1578: 1567: 1549: 1543: 1537: 1530: 1523: 1514: 1495: 1437: 1432:trailer vans 1431: 1429: 1411: 1409: 1401: 1393:Golden Arrow 1390: 1332: 1327: 1313: 1297: 1278: 1272: 1230: 1224: 1218: 1189: 1175: 1148: 1145:World War II 1116: 1101: 823:Heavy types 818:Total mass 796: 744:Open type 21 584:Open type 41 546:Open type 61 452:Heavy types 447:Total mass 405: 399: 392: 382:, the first 377: 373: 334:Golden Arrow 331: 316: 301: 290: 273: 234: 227: 191: 175:World War II 172: 145:standardized 140: 136: 129: 125: 113: 112: 43: 6550:Hapag-Lloyd 6445:Hamburg Süd 6428:2M Alliance 6271:Cable layer 6264:Other types 6245:Salvage tug 6199:Train ferry 6189:Ocean liner 6174:Cruiseferry 6169:Cruise ship 6164:Cargo liner 6159:Cable ferry 6136:LNG carrier 6126:Gas carrier 6098:Train ferry 6088:Reefer ship 5909:Work trains 5894:Stoneblower 5803:Slate wagon 4350:Cairns Post 2543:Tanktainers 2270:Loss at sea 2238:stolen cars 2192:railway car 2126:(CTU Code). 1898:half height 1757:swap bodies 1709:, Australia 1554: [ 1551:Hakone Maru 1522:July 1968: 1397:Fleche d'Or 1304:Vietnam War 1190:Transporter 1003:Light Type 632:Light Type 338:Fleche d'Or 269:Derby Canal 255:opened the 251:. In 1795, 151:to another— 6695:Categories 6620:Arkas Line 6301:Icebreaker 6184:Narrowboat 6141:Oil tanker 6043:Chain boat 5971:Cargo ship 5783:Quarry tub 5772:Open wagon 5742:Hopper car 5730:Flat wagon 5668:RoadRailer 5432:Sidelifter 5254:2010-08-09 5208:2003-06-09 5160:074320073X 5118:2018-07-30 5107:0691123241 5033:1891131958 5011:0823225682 4981:0973007338 4947:2008-09-05 4882:12 January 4831:2021-01-27 4794:2021-01-27 4756:2011-11-28 4731:2008-02-14 4646:2011-11-28 4555:2011-11-28 4466:John Good 4453:2022-03-21 4413:2012-01-19 4357:26 October 4329:26 October 4301:27 October 4272:26 October 4244:25 October 4216:28 October 4188:27 October 4160:27 October 4132:26 October 4104:25 October 4076:29 October 4035:25 October 3993:2007-02-10 3968:2021-09-29 3941:2021-08-27 3890:2018-02-25 3866:2011-11-28 3840:(4): 8–9. 3819:1074025516 3753:August 25, 3715:2008-02-14 3562:2015-11-07 3348:2015-07-27 2940:(4): 1–7. 2898:2021-03-16 2608:2017-09-01 2589:References 2384:pesticides 2242:terrorists 2234:contraband 2176:See also: 2113:EUR-pallet 1980:; Germany) 1940:containers 1772:rail gauge 1738:Malaccamax 1729:Emma Mærsk 1715:bulk cargo 1424:intermodal 1231:Laadkisten 1194:Korean War 1137:, and the 1096: in) 1041: in) 998: in) 950: in) 912: in) 861: in) 791: in) 739: in) 684: in) 627: in) 579: in) 541: in) 490: in) 425:short tons 133:containers 107:Copenhagen 6604:Yang Ming 6527:Evergreen 6450:Safmarine 6326:Riverboat 6286:Drillship 6151:Passenger 6038:Car float 6020:Dry cargo 5959:Overviews 5864:Excavator 5839:Brake van 5673:Stock car 5512:Container 5447:Twistlock 5364:Transport 5184:1078-3148 5085:MacGuffin 4990:1188-3928 4181:The Argus 4028:The Argus 3846:8756-7296 3536:17 August 3179:0138-0370 3034:IOS Press 2956:1339-5629 2871:1822-296X 2816:1734-2015 2677:113982441 2669:1099-1522 2578:Conex III 2548:Unit load 2281:hurricane 1906:tare mass 1894:high cube 1859:La Crosse 1707:Fremantle 1661:dry ports 1491:Singapore 1350:twistlock 1275:CONEX box 1182:unitizing 1127:piggyback 1079: in) 1066: in) 1024: in) 981: in) 968: in) 933: in) 895: in) 882: in) 844: in) 774: in) 757: in) 722: in) 705: in) 667: in) 650: in) 610: in) 597: in) 562: in) 524: in) 511: in) 473: in) 421:long tons 404:(French: 380:Enola, PA 105:crane in 103:portainer 89:, Germany 6555:CP Ships 6336:Snagboat 6230:Fireboat 5859:Crew car 5788:Rollbock 5767:Modalohr 5757:Minecart 5678:Tank car 5651:Milk car 5625:Coil car 5604:Autorack 5405:Handling 5396:Well car 5319:Overview 5044:(2013). 4968:(2002). 4927:BBC News 4856:25 March 4694:Archived 4678:CBS News 4655:cite web 4614:Archived 4579:Archived 4525:cite web 4489:(1942). 4471:Archived 3744:Archived 3622:24 April 3591:24 April 3498:24 April 3298:(page 7) 3285:(page 8) 3173:: 1–14. 2991:: 64–73. 2892:Archived 2463:See also 2364:infested 2324:and the 2202:Groupage 2184:shipment 2073:(2005?) 2032:Wolseley 1794: in 1657:seaports 1436:SS 1358:Fruehauf 1108:flatcars 1049:Close 22 1008:Close 32 869:Close 42 828:Close 62 806:Category 437:Category 363:New York 304:engineer 168:forklift 160:flatcars 87:Cuxhaven 6668:Defunct 6645:Wan Hai 6570:DAL/JTE 6493:Comanav 6478:CMA CGM 6455:SeaLand 6345:Related 6281:Dredger 6255:Tugboat 6208:Support 6108:Tankers 6053:Collier 5950:Modern 5844:Caboose 5736:Gondola 5724:Flatcar 5714:Conflat 5506:BBC Box 5500:The Box 5391:Flatcar 5386:Drayage 5371:Chassis 4576:TT Club 3674:TR News 3612:CKRW-FM 3379:22 July 3315:21 July 3260:22 July 3216:21 July 3137:20 July 3110:23 July 3083:20 July 3049:27 July 2475:Conflat 2370:. Pest 2337:MV Rena 2231:smuggle 2225:Hazards 2106:⁄ 2092:⁄ 2067:(1998) 2056:(1994) 2052:pallets 2046:(1974) 2039:(1946) 2027:(1936) 2020:(1933) 2011:(1930) 2001:(1928) 1995:(1927) 1989:(1925) 1972:(1924) 1966:(1922) 1789:⁄ 1761:pallets 1586:Effects 1516:ISO 668 1459:stowage 1438:Ideal X 1405:Seattle 1362:SeaLand 1343:⁄ 1290:⁄ 1279:modular 1260:⁄ 1246:⁄ 1125:began " 1091:⁄ 1074:⁄ 1061:⁄ 1036:⁄ 1019:⁄ 993:⁄ 976:⁄ 963:⁄ 955:Open 41 945:⁄ 928:⁄ 917:Open 61 907:⁄ 890:⁄ 877:⁄ 856:⁄ 839:⁄ 809:Length 786:⁄ 769:⁄ 752:⁄ 734:⁄ 717:⁄ 700:⁄ 679:⁄ 662:⁄ 645:⁄ 622:⁄ 605:⁄ 592:⁄ 574:⁄ 557:⁄ 536:⁄ 519:⁄ 506:⁄ 485:⁄ 468:⁄ 440:length 423:; 5.51 267:on the 245:Worsley 53:at the 6630:Matson 6613:Others 6597:K Line 6498:Delmas 6435:Maersk 6421:Active 6250:Tender 6240:Pusher 5752:Lowmac 5609:Boxcar 5182: 5157: 5136: 5104: 5075: 5054: 5030: 5008: 4988: 4978: 4907:10 Feb 4439:IPPC ( 3915:8 July 3844: 3817: 3807: 3780: 3489: 3177: 3040: 2954: 2869: 2841: 2814: 2718: 2675: 2667: 2630: 2439:Club-K 2220:Issues 1538:R-1897 1531:R-1161 1198:wooden 1133:, the 812:Width 419:(4.92 417:tonnes 368:Venice 308:Poland 265:barges 261:wagons 204:Origin 162:, and 120:using 6625:IRISL 6510:COSCO 6179:Ferry 6028:Barge 5976:Cargo 5854:Crane 5492:Other 5461:Types 5235:(PDF) 5228:(PDF) 5175:Wired 4445:. UN 3747:(PDF) 3734:(PDF) 3373:(PDF) 3366:(PDF) 3254:(PDF) 3247:(PDF) 3202:(PDF) 3163:(PDF) 3098:M.K. 2930:(PDF) 2673:S2CID 2555:Notes 2368:pests 2366:with 2279:In a 2209:cargo 2161:cargo 1653:draft 1562:] 1524:R-790 1451:cargo 1379:Busan 1328:every 815:High 340:, by 128:, or 6565:UASC 6560:CSAV 6520:OOCL 6515:CSCL 5966:Ship 5774:(EU) 5738:(US) 5732:(EU) 5726:(US) 5664:(EU) 5658:(US) 5637:(EU) 5611:(US) 5473:SECU 5191:ASTM 5180:ISSN 5155:ISBN 5134:ISBN 5102:ISBN 5073:ISBN 5052:ISBN 5028:ISBN 5006:ISBN 4986:ISSN 4976:ISBN 4909:2021 4884:2013 4858:2019 4661:link 4531:link 4359:2011 4331:2011 4303:2011 4274:2011 4246:2011 4218:2011 4190:2011 4162:2011 4134:2011 4106:2011 4078:2011 4037:2011 3917:2020 3842:ISSN 3815:OCLC 3805:ISBN 3778:ISBN 3755:2022 3624:2012 3593:2012 3538:2017 3500:2012 3487:ISBN 3454:BBC4 3381:2015 3317:2015 3262:2015 3218:2015 3175:ISSN 3139:2015 3112:2015 3104:MIBA 3085:2015 3051:2015 3038:ISBN 2952:ISSN 2867:ISSN 2839:ISBN 2812:ISSN 2716:ISBN 2665:ISSN 2628:ISBN 2529:1922 2518:1798 2075:SECU 2069:PODS 2058:ACTS 2048:RACE 1991:Mack 1952:IATA 1855:BNSF 1688:TEUs 1640:and 1632:and 1465:and 344:and 224:1928 6655:ZIM 6592:MOL 6587:NYK 6577:HMM 6503:NOL 6488:APL 6483:ANL 6462:MSC 4447:FAO 4278:ICC 3267:in. 3199:"2" 2942:doi 2657:doi 2394:). 2236:or 2216:". 1890:teu 1675:). 1546:TEU 1469:.) 1445:to 1345:128 1267:UIC 361:in 139:or 131:ISO 6697:: 5178:. 5172:. 5094:. 4984:. 4925:. 4900:. 4849:. 4823:, 4819:, 4814:. 4803:^ 4785:, 4781:, 4776:. 4765:^ 4719:. 4676:– 4657:}} 4653:{{ 4564:^ 4547:. 4527:}} 4523:{{ 4437:. 4422:^ 4347:. 4319:. 4291:. 4262:. 4234:. 4206:. 4178:. 4150:. 4122:. 4094:. 4066:. 4025:. 3959:. 3883:. 3838:23 3836:. 3813:. 3736:. 3703:. 3672:. 3640:. 3610:. 3579:. 3528:. 3452:. 3416:^ 3401:^ 3336:. 3319:. 3274:^ 3264:. 3204:. 3187:^ 3165:. 3147:^ 3071:. 3067:. 2964:^ 2950:. 2936:. 2932:. 2907:^ 2890:. 2879:^ 2853:^ 2808:23 2806:. 2802:. 2685:^ 2671:. 2663:. 2653:29 2651:. 2317:. 2099:11 1597:, 1560:jp 1558:; 1556:de 1341:13 1283:10 995:16 947:16 200:. 155:, 97:A 6406:e 6399:t 6392:v 5943:e 5936:t 5929:v 5581:e 5574:t 5567:v 5304:e 5297:t 5290:v 5257:. 5211:. 5186:. 5163:. 5142:. 5121:. 5081:. 5060:. 5036:. 5014:. 4992:. 4950:. 4911:. 4886:. 4860:. 4834:. 4797:. 4759:. 4734:. 4663:) 4649:. 4599:. 4558:. 4533:) 4456:. 4443:) 4416:. 4361:. 4333:. 4305:. 4276:. 4248:. 4220:. 4192:. 4164:. 4136:. 4108:. 4080:. 4039:. 4011:. 3996:. 3971:. 3944:. 3919:. 3893:. 3869:. 3848:. 3821:. 3786:. 3757:. 3718:. 3626:. 3595:. 3565:. 3540:. 3502:. 3383:. 3351:. 3220:. 3181:. 3171:2 3141:. 3114:. 3087:. 3053:. 2958:. 2944:: 2938:1 2901:. 2873:. 2847:. 2818:. 2722:. 2701:. 2679:. 2659:: 2636:. 2611:. 2108:4 2104:1 2101:+ 2094:4 2090:3 2087:+ 2085:1 2024:: 1976:( 1791:2 1787:1 1784:+ 1782:8 1778:( 1395:/ 1381:. 1338:( 1292:2 1288:1 1285:+ 1262:4 1258:3 1255:+ 1253:6 1248:2 1244:1 1241:+ 1239:6 1093:8 1089:3 1086:+ 1084:4 1076:8 1072:5 1063:8 1059:3 1056:+ 1054:5 1038:8 1034:3 1031:+ 1029:4 1021:8 1017:5 991:5 988:+ 986:8 978:8 974:5 965:8 961:5 943:5 940:+ 938:8 930:8 926:5 909:8 905:3 902:+ 900:4 892:8 888:5 879:8 875:5 858:8 854:3 851:+ 849:4 841:8 837:5 788:4 784:1 781:+ 779:7 771:8 767:3 764:+ 762:5 754:8 750:5 736:4 732:1 729:+ 727:7 719:8 715:3 712:+ 710:5 702:8 698:5 681:8 677:5 674:+ 672:2 664:8 660:3 657:+ 655:5 647:8 643:5 624:4 620:1 617:+ 615:7 607:8 603:5 594:8 590:5 576:4 572:1 569:+ 567:7 559:8 555:5 538:8 534:5 531:+ 529:2 521:8 517:5 508:8 504:5 487:8 483:5 480:+ 478:2 470:8 466:5 336:/ 41:. 34:. 20:)

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