787:
1024:, Constant applied himself to the technique of colorism. Following this technique the artist doesn't make use of charcoal or pencil sketches but applies colour directly on the canvas with the paintbrush, constructing soft transitions instead of sharp contours. The most important feature of this technique is the way light is expressed in the painting by integrating it into the colour. This technique is laborious. The painting comes to life layer by layer. Constant painted with oil on canvas and every layer he applied then needed to dry. In this period Constant produced a mere three to four paintings per year.
22:
1033:
995:
455:
431:
443:
51:
762:, was very supportive of young artists and fully supported the CoBrA group by giving them seven large rooms to exhibit their work in. Most of the CoBrA works had been fairly small due to their lack of money and so Sandberg gave the artists an advance to create some larger works in the week before the exhibition. Constant, Corneille, Appel and
693:
was published with a manifesto written by
Constant. For Constant art had to be experimental. He had deducted this from the French word 'expérience' and believed that art springs from experience of the artist and is continuously changing. In the manifesto he stated that the process of creation is more
907:
show in 1959 prompted SI to plan a group exhibition there in April–May 1960. This exhibition would never take place. Disagreements in the group resulted in a split and several expulsions. In 1960 Constant left the group for the same reason he initially objected to joining. By 1961 no one remained of
845:
and as he walked through the bombed city every day he started to wonder how people live and how cities should be built. His stay in London raised his awareness of how the constructions that surround us influence us. He felt that the constructions of his time were mostly practical, immensely dull and
940:
The project of New
Babylon only intends to give the minimum conditions for a behaviour that must remain as free as possible. Any restriction of the freedom of movement, any limitation with regard to the creation of mood and atmosphere, has to be avoided. Everything has to remain possible, all is to
567:
After one year studying at the
Kunstnijverheidsschool (Arts and Crafts School), Constant attended the Rijksakademie voor Beeldende Kunst (State Academy of Fine Arts) from 1939 to 1941. This education in craftmanship was put to use especially during his "New Babylon" period, when Constant built many
1085:
strives to display the kinetic qualities of the New
Babylon structures of Constant Nieuwenhuys. One by one he puts parts of the structures in motion and films the details with colored lighting having them overlap each other, appear and disappear. He creates a sensation of acceleration and suspense
1007:
Constant returned to painting, watercoloring and graphics in 1969. Until the mid-1970s, the subjects of his imaginary world New
Babylon still crowded his work. However, more and more, he was inspired by contemporary and political issues, including such things as the Vietnam War, African famine and
922:
Back in
Amsterdam after his stay in London, Nieuwenhuys started to focus mainly on architecture and the urban environment. The focal point of his work was finding out what potential added value art can provide in intensifying daily life, in which there is room for creative expression. He abandoned
777:
In the Liège exhibition in 1951, even larger than the
Stedelijk exhibition, the CoBrA group dissolved itself and with its tenth edition bulletin publication. As Christian Dotremont, the international secretary, stated in Museum News in 1962 the group would rather "mourir en beauté" (die in beauty)
896:', as defined by Constant and Debord, Constant joined. An intensive correspondence between him and Debord followed. Constant wrote several theoretical articles for the French SI journal and staged events at several museums in Paris as well as the Stedelijk Museum in Amsterdam, where he showed his
794:
After CoBrA Constant's work became more abstract. Back in
Amsterdam in the summer of 1952 he developed an interest in spatial architecture and three-dimensional works. With Aldo van Eyck, whom he met during his CoBrA time, he created a space for the exhibition 'Man and House' at the Urban Museum
1012:
said in his foreword to the
Catalogue of Constant Paintings in 1995: "there are people who consider Constant's later work as a return to tradition. I, however, do not share this opinion. Because I consider his later development from the 1970s as greater penetration into the garden of painting."
1058:. For almost three decades the structure adorned the entry in anonymity until Rita Doets, a former employee of the municipality, left money in her legacy to construct an information sign next to the gate. Constant's widow, Trudy Nieuwenhuijs, was present at the inauguration.
1061:
In 1966 Constant designed a fountain for the
Kooiplein in Leiden. For years the structure didn't function and slowly withered. When the square was redesigned in 1999, the fountain was repaired. New equipment made sure that the shoppers were not bothered by the water.
697:
Constant, Corneille and Appel, three totally different characters and artists, were united in their quest for innovation. They exhibited their work together and were often seen together in the European art scene. The wanderlust of the three is especially notorious.
531:
As a young child Constant drew passionately and showed great talent. He read literature with a special preference for poetry and played musical instruments. During his teenage years he learned to sing and to read music while in the church choir at the
1126:- Constant died in the summer of 2005. Thomas Doebele and Maarten Schmidt filmed the artist during the last months of his life. They followed him and his dog, Tikus, on their daily stroll to the artist's studio, where he finished his last painting
926:
With New Babylon Nieuwenhuys envisioned a "world wide city for the future" where land is owned collectively, work is fully automated and the need to work replaced with a nomadic life of creative play. New Babylon is inhabited by
563:
sugar bag with pigments he had bought from a house painter. Many of Constant's early drawings and paintings are religiously inspired, due to his Jesuit schooling. Yet at the age of twenty Constant turned his back on Catholicism.
891:
Constant did not join SI at that time. He objected to the SI on the ground that the movement seemed to be established mainly by artists who have their own interest at heart more than a common goal. When SI openly pleaded for
641:. When the war ended Constant was able to expand and grow as an artist after years of captivity and limitations. He liberated himself artistically and experimented with multiple techniques of art-making. He was inspired by
694:
important to the experimental artist than the work itself; it is a means to reach spiritual and mental enrichment. Also, the work of experimental artists is a mirror image of changes in the general perception of beauty.
953:, drawings, graphics and texts expressing Constant's theories of urban development and social interaction. A few examples of spatial constructions for which he used modern materials like stainless steel, aluminum and
602:(labour supply for the Germans). Because of this he was unable to conventionally exercise his craft or to buy art supplies. To paint Constant used tablecloths and bed linen and had to rinse them out to start again.
1363:
636:
Constant's first son, Victor Nieuwenhuys, was born. After the war, Constant, his wife and son moved back to Bergen only to return to Amsterdam in 1946 where they lived in an apartment across from the zoo
743:(1951) are some of his noted works from this period. At this time CoBrA published bulletin additional artists from several different disciplines joined their ranks. In 1948 Constant, together with poet
884:, a total dissolution of boundaries between art and life. In 1957 he and Asger Jorn brought together the International Movement for an Imaginist Bauhaus and the Lettrist International by establishing
721:, a name which was made by Dotremont, formed by the first letters of their hometowns: Copenhagen, Brussels and Amsterdam. The members opposed aesthetics in painting and bourgeois art in general.
594:
The city of Bergen was evacuated by the Germans in 1943 and so Constant and Matie moved back to Amsterdam. During this period Constant went into hiding and refrained from registering at the
728:
magazine. This manifesto contains another of his famous quotes: "A painting is not a structure of colours and lines, but an animal, a night, a cry, a man, or all of these together".
666:
774:
wrote: "Geklad, geklets en geklodder in het Stedelijk Museum" ("Smirch, twaddle and mess in the Municipal Museum"). The CoBrA artists were considered scribblers and con artists.
492:
1563:
1188:
1117:
1385:
770:
was commissioned to shape the exhibition. The works of art as well as the way they were presented give rise to harsh critique from press and public. A critic from
1592:
1553:
2137:
1601:
786:
1886:
1806:
1054:
was placed at the entry of a sports park in the west side of Amsterdam. Constant designed the forty-foot-high concrete structure as a commission for the
1520:
1093:
605:
During the war Constant's brother in law, Jaap van Domselaer, moved into the apartment to hide from the 'Arbeitseinsatz.' He introduced Constant to
485:
1166:
880:
Debord wanted to establish an even more radical movement which would totally abandon the arena of fine art while solely focusing on questions of
858:
332:
873:
for which he was a writer, filmmaker and strategic activist. The 'Lettrist International' were also at the Alba congress and they pleaded for a
2189:
972:. Because he lacked room to store the vast collection of constructions, maquettes, maps and structures he sold them all to the museum. In 1999
2246:
2163:
478:
1749:
Après nous la Liberté. Constant and the artistic avant-garde in 1946-1960. Marcel Hummelink, academic thesis privately published, 2002
162:
877:(the synthesis of art and technology). Later that year Constant visited Debord in Alba, which proved to be an inspiration for both.
2014:
1623:
1338:
278:
908:
the original artistic core or tendency except Debord himself. though members more allied to the SI's political tendency remained.
1778:
Cobra. Copenhague. Bruxelles. Amsterdam. Art éxperimental 1948-1951. Musée cantonal des Beaux-Arts et Hirmer Verlag, Munich, 1997
346:
1110:
project as a reaction to the architectural and social reality. Film maker Carlheinz Caspari follows Constant and his visions.
838:. He found the art climate in London very welcoming. As opposed to Paris, Constant felt that art was judged more objectively.
2289:
1699:
1607:
2304:
2233:
1928:
1673:
1070:
Constant died on 1 August 2005 and was survived by his son and his three daughters, and by his widow and her daughter.
917:
857:, Italy, for a congress dedicated to 'Industry and the Fine Arts' initiated by 'Mouvement pour un Bauhaus Imaginiste' (
865:
in which he pleaded for a free architecture which could stimulate a creative lifestyle rather than impede it. In 1952
1860:
1198:
671:
354:
2279:
1349:
819:
56:
2141:
678:
288:
2294:
1465:
1443:
270:
1890:
933:, who, freed from labor, will not have to make art, for he can be creative in the daily practice of his life.
1666:
1531:
1288:
807:
629:. Especially the latter provided great inspiration to Constant regarding his later ideas on art and society.
622:
544:, he only played improvised music. He played guitar, violin and at 45 years of age also mastered playing the
256:
1752:
The Activist Drawing Retracing. Situationist Architectures from Constant's New Babylon to Beyond. Edited by
2299:
718:
295:
108:
2047:
Constant, The Decomposition of the Artist: Five Texts by Constant, The Drawing Center, New York, 1999, a12
1799:
Documents Relatifs À La Fondation De L'Internationale Situationiste 1948-1957. Éditions Allia, Paris, 1985
1148:
1940 at the Aalderink art gallery in Amsterdam (together with Hans Wiesman, first exhibition for Constant)
751:. Additionally there were two large CoBrA exhibitions, one in Amsterdam in 1949 and one in Liège in 1951.
528:, was born a year later. Both sons became artists although their parents had no apparent interest in art.
133:
1915:
1737:
1558:
1525:
1323:
1159:
991:, Nieuwenhuys has made a lot of architects think with his New Babylon: "He was an example of courage".
885:
755:
340:
42:
661:. The friendship between Jorn and Constant later formed the basis for the avant-garde movement CoBrA.
1055:
414:
587:(Self Portrait), 1942. On 13 July 1942 he married Matie van Domselaer, the daughter of the composer
2193:
1327:
1914:
M. Hummelink, Après Nous La Liberté. Constant en de artistieke avant-garde in de jaren 1946-1960,
2243:
1583:
1515:
1239:
1207:
969:
524:
on 21 July 1920 as the first son of Pieter Nieuwenhuijs and Maria Cornelissen. Their second son,
316:
118:
2284:
2167:
1796:
New Babylon. Constant. Art et Utopie. Jean-Clarence Lambert, Editions Cercle d'Art, Paris, 1992
1629:
870:
220:
2101:
1537:
815:
657:
In 1946 Constant travelled to Paris for the first time where he met the young Danish painter
638:
572:
404:
2123:
1772:
Constant's New Babylon. The hyper-architecture of desire. Mark Wigley, Zero, Rotterdam, 1998
766:
created several large pieces of art that have become iconic for the movement. The architect
2274:
2269:
1639:
1136:- New Babylon visually captured by Constant's son Victor Nieuwenhuijs and Maartje Seyfert.
633:
384:
1766:
Constant. L'atelier d'Amsterdam. Jean-Clarence Lambert, Editions Cercle d'Art, Paris, 2000
1589:
FRAC - le fonds régional dʼart contemporain et architecture de recherche - Orléans, France
170:
8:
2031:
1753:
1547:
1541:
1395:
968:
In 1974 the New Babylon project officially came to an end with a large exhibition in the
706:
588:
399:
374:
143:
78:
1730:
and Cobra. A Child's Play. Michael Baumgartner en Kirsten Degel, Ludion, Amsterdam, 2012
1032:
2035:
1793:
Constant. Les trois escpaces. Jean-Clarence Lambert, Editions Cercle d'Art, Paris, 1992
1757:
1497:
1217:
842:
533:
185:
128:
123:
1805:
Cobra. History, foreplay and meaning of a movement in art after the second world war.
980:
in New York. It was his first solo exhibition in the United States and was curated by
21:
1746:
CoBrA. The color of freedom. The Schiedam collection. NAi publishers, Rotterdam, 2003
1635:
1454:
941:
happen, the environment has to be created by the activity of life, and not inversely.
389:
225:
210:
614:
195:
1787:
Constant. Les Aquarelles. Jean-Clarence Lambert, Editions Cercle d'Art, Paris, 1994
1775:
The A of COBRA in word en image. 50 years Cobra. Jaski Art Gallery, Amsterdam, 1998
1613:
1491:
893:
874:
827:
744:
459:
447:
435:
235:
148:
138:
2238:
2218:
website bij Constant's son and his film 'New Babylon de Constant', bio with photos
2082:
M. Hummelink, Constant. Paintings 1948-1995, Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam, 1995, p.4
1151:
1947 Santee Landweer art gallery in Amsterdam (first solo exhibition for Constant)
763:
2250:
1693:
1503:
1270:
1228:
1100:. Simon Vinkenoog and Constant discuss the ideas behind the New Babylon project.
1097:
881:
796:
759:
686:
576:
555:, at age sixteen. It depicted the revelation of Jesus to two of his followers in
525:
465:
175:
113:
1864:
580:
98:
1743:
Constant. Grafics. Waanders uitgevers/Editions Cercle d'Art, Zwolle/Paris, 2004
1568:
1374:
994:
977:
854:
835:
771:
649:. In 1946 his daughter Martha was born, followed by his daughter Olga in 1948.
646:
610:
599:
394:
230:
103:
83:
1714:
1994 Oeuvre Award from Foundation Fund for Fine Arts, Design & Engineering
200:
2263:
1970:
M. Hummelink, Constant. Paintings 1948-1995, Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam, 1995
1850:
Trudy van der Horst, Constant. De Late Periode, BnM uitgevers, Nijmegen, 2008
1810:
1312:
823:
767:
710:
618:
409:
2028:
Another City for Another Life: Constant's New Babylon. An Homage to Constant
2000:
2061:
1781:
Constant. Schilderijen/Paintings 1948-195. Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam, 1996
1645:
1509:
1405:
988:
831:
800:
790:
Alderman Van der Berg received wire sculpture of Constant Nieuwenhuis, 1956
595:
321:
215:
1651:
981:
929:
811:
682:
541:
326:
2227:
2223:
management foundation Stichting "Fondation Constant" with bio and photos
945:
The New Babylon project consisted of a series of models, constructions,
263:
1021:
1009:
866:
850:
714:
658:
379:
190:
180:
2055:
2053:
1784:
Constant. Aquarellen/Watercolors 1975-1995. Haags Gemeentemuseum, 1996
1481:
Constant's artworks can be found in the following public collections.
984:. There was a symposium conducted in conjunction with the exhibition.
923:
painting to work solely on his New Babylon project from 1956 to 1974.
701:
Later in the year 1948 on the terrace of café Notre Dame in Paris the
512:, was a Dutch painter, sculptor, graphic artist, author and musician.
2217:
1469:
1353:
1172:
1144:
This is an incomplete list of Constant's exhibitions over the years:
1090:
Accompanying Simon Vinkenoog to Constant's New Babylon (1962), 15 min
626:
521:
88:
1982:
De A van CoBrA in Woord en Beeld, Jaski Art Gallery, Amsterdam, 1998
1733:
Constant. The late period. Trudy van der Horst, BnM publishers, 2008
93:
2091:
Trudy van der Horst, Constant, De Late Periode, BnM uitgevers, 2008
2050:
1711:
1991 Resistance Award of the Foundation Artist Resistance 1942-1945
1617:
1082:
1044:
946:
810:
to study in London for three months. There he met, amongst others,
545:
73:
33:
1120:
about the meaning and influence of the COBRA group, then and now.
1790:
Cobra. Richard Miller, Nouvelles Éditions Françaises, Paris, 1994
1769:
The Child in Cobra. Cobra Museum for modern art, Amstelveen, 2000
954:
950:
2222:
1037:
1017:
642:
559:. With no money to buy materials he painted this painting on a
556:
537:
50:
795:
Amsterdam from 1952-1953. In 1954 he worked on a project with
724:
Constant had already outlined their ideas in his manifesto in
442:
846:
provided no room to develop playful and creative lifestyles.
606:
540:
school in Amsterdam. In his later years, greatly inspired by
888:. They specifically denied their status as an art movement.
2164:"Constant, avant le départ | Nederlands Film Festival"
1727:
560:
1043:
In 1949 Constant decorated a garden wall in Tibirkelunde,
2190:"New Babylon de Constant | Nederlands Film Festival"
1991:
Fanny Kelk, Constant, G.I.N. Gallery, Amsterdam 1977, p1
1836:
Constant, une rétrospective, Musée Picasso Antibes, 2001
1802:
Cobra 1948-1951. Éditions Jean-Michel Place, Paris, 1980
1763:
Constant. Une rétrospective. Musée Picasso, Antibe, 2001
1165:
1956 XXVIII Esposizione Biennale Internazionale d'Arte,
1016:
In the tradition of the Venetian Renaissance painters,
2009:
2007:
1371:
Another City for Another Life: Constant's New Babylon
1104:
Constant oder der Weg nach New Babylon (1968), 55 min
799:. Together they created a model house for warehouses
1956:
Fanny Kelk, Constant, G.I.N. Gallery, Amsterdam 1977
1723:
This list does not include Constant's own writings.
1705:
1974 David Röell Award for his work as a draughtsman
1280:, in Kultur-historischen Museum der Stadt Bielefeldt
2138:"Cobra, een opstand tegen de orde | IDFA 2013"
1978:
1976:
1952:
1950:
1910:
1908:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1036:Constant Nieuwenhuis fountain - 1970, Kooiplein in
861:). At this congress Constant presented his lecture
2004:
1929:"Wedding Constant & Matie van Domselaer, 1942"
1433:Time as Matter. MACBA collection. New Acquisitions
2013:Libero Andreotti, Situacionistes, Situationists,
1494:(formerly known as Amsterdam's Historical Museum)
1008:Kosovo refugees. Marxism was a strong influence.
806:In 1952 Constant received a scholarship from the
731:Constant was productive during the CoBrA period.
2261:
1973:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1947:
1905:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1823:
1689:1960 Sikkens Award (together with Aldo van Eyck)
508:(21 July 1920 – 1 August 2005), better known as
859:International Movement for an Imaginist Bauhaus
1685:This is a list of awards granted to Constant.
1364:Witte de With (Centrum voor hedendaagse kunst)
1959:
1839:
1708:1985 Singer Award for his entire body of work
1586:, Musée National dʼart moderne, Paris, France
974:Constant's New Babylon: City for Another Life
781:
778:than become a regular artist interest group.
486:
1736:In Girum Imus Nocte et Consumimur Igni. The
1114:Cobra, a revolt against order (1986), 50 min
583:, which impacted him deeply, as evident in
1096:visits Constant at his studio with writer
493:
479:
2228:Constants works and photos at 'not bored'
1595:, Kaiser Wilhelm Museum, Krefeld, Germany
551:Constant painted his first oil painting,
1889:. Galerienieuwschoten.nl. Archived from
1335:Situacionistes. Art, politica, urbanisme
1124:Constant, Avant le DĂ©part (2005), 82 min
1031:
993:
785:
20:
2059:
1933:Fondation Constant / Stichting Constant
1435:, Museu d'Art Contemporani de Barcelona
1106:- For ten years Constant worked on his
598:(Nazi Chamber of Culture) to avoid the
2262:
1740:(1957–1972). JRP|Ringier, Zürich, 2006
1220:(Constant represented the Netherlands)
1134:New Babylon de Constant (2005), 13 min
2104:. Stichting Constant. 31 October 2013
2015:Museu d'Art Contemporani de Barcelona
1935:. Fondation Constant. 25 October 2016
1476:
1339:Museu d'Art Contemporani de Barcelona
1246:Constant. An illustration of freedom
1700:Knight of the Order of Orange-Nassau
1608:Kunsten Museum of Modern Art Aalborg
689:. The first edition of the magazine
2102:"The Wall in Tibirkelunde, Denmark"
1598:Kunstmuseum Bochum, Bochum, Germany
13:
2062:"New Babylon exhibition catalogue"
1887:"Constant Nieuwenhuys Zelfportret"
1718:
1674:San Francisco Museum of Modern Art
1610:/Nordjyllands Kunstmuseum, Denmark
1346:Constant, etchings and lithographs
1180:Constant. Constructions and models
918:New Babylon (Constant Nieuwenhuys)
664:July 1948 Constant founded Reflex
14:
2316:
2211:
1921:
1863:. Kunstkanaal.net. Archived from
987:According to the Dutch architect
841:At that time Constant lived near
758:(Municipal Museum of Amsterdam),
579:he was introduced to the work of
355:Second Situationist International
1350:Museo de Bellas Artes de Caracas
1302:Constant. Models / Constructions
453:
441:
429:
49:
2239:Constants works at Tate Gallery
2182:
2156:
2130:
2116:
2094:
2085:
2076:
2041:
2020:
1994:
1985:
1451:Klee und Cobra. Ein Kinderspiel
1081:- In Gyromorphosis, film maker
1027:
575:from 1941 to 1943. Through the
515:
289:The Revolution of Everyday Life
1879:
1853:
1466:Louisiana Museum of Modern Art
1462:Klee and Cobra. A Child's Play
1444:Art Gallery of New South Wales
1267:Work from the period 1975-1985
1139:
1086:suggested by the work itself.
911:
863:Demain la poésie logera la vie
703:Experimentele Groep in Holland
667:Experimentele Groep in Holland
271:On the Poverty of Student Life
1:
2244:Constant texts on New Babylon
2234:Interview with Constant, 2003
1817:
1667:Museum of Art Fort Lauderdale
1532:Museum Boijmans van Beuningen
1320:Constant: paintings 1948-1995
1289:Rheinisches Landesmuseum Bonn
1278:Arbeiten auf Papier 1948-1985
1260:Constant. Paintings 1940-1980
808:Arts Council of Great Britain
571:Constant lived and worked in
333:International Movement for an
1692:1966 Premio Cardazzo at the
1394:, Documenta 11, Platform 5,
1255:, Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam
1248:, Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam
1162:Constant with Aldo van Eijck
961:(1956) (Spatial Circus) and
296:The Society of the Spectacle
257:Can Dialectics Break Bricks?
25:Constant in his studio, 1966
7:
2290:20th-century Dutch painters
1428:, Stedelijk Museum Schiedam
1382:Constant, une rétrospective
1253:Constant. Paintings 1969-77
1199:Académie Royale, Kopenhagen
1079:Gyromorphosis (1958), 7 min
1002:
998:Constant Nieuwenhuys (1974)
936:In Nieuwenhuys' own words:
747:, published a poetry album
10:
2321:
2305:Dutch contemporary artists
1916:Universiteit van Amsterdam
1738:Situationist International
1698:1971 Royal decoration of '
1559:Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam
1512:for modern art, Amstelveen
1324:Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam
1187:Niw (sic!) Babylon in the
1182:Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam
1160:Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam
915:
886:Situationist International
782:Situationist International
756:Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam
568:constructions and models.
506:Constant Anton Nieuwenhuys
341:Situationist International
279:Report on the Construction
43:Situationist International
2249:27 September 2011 at the
1680:
1564:Stedelijk Museum Schiedam
1414:, Gemeentemuseum Den Haag
1309:Constant. Ĺ’uvreprijs 1994
1304:, Gemeentemuseum Den Haag
1297:, Gemeentemuseum Den Haag
1262:, Gemeentemuseum Den Haag
1194:1964 4. Documenta, Kassel
1189:Stedelijk Museum Schiedam
1056:Municipality of Amsterdam
415:Youth International Party
57:It is forbidden to forbid
1328:Nordjyllands Kunstmuseum
1073:
1065:
652:
335:Imaginist Bauhaus (IMIB)
2280:Painters from Amsterdam
2060:Nieuwenhuis, Constant.
1584:Centre Georges Pompidou
1516:Gemeentemuseum Den Haag
1426:Constant. In his studio
1240:Gemeentemuseum Den Haag
1208:Gemeentemuseum Den Haag
1156:For a spatial colorisme
970:Gemeentemuseum Den Haag
347:Council for Maintaining
317:Letterist International
1660:Museums outside Europe
1630:Museum Jorn, Silkeborg
1360:Constant - New Babylon
1040:
999:
943:
871:Lettrist International
849:In the summer of 1956
791:
221:Gianfranco Sanguinetti
26:
2295:Dutch graphic artists
2038:, New York, 1999, p.3
1526:Kröller-Müller Museum
1419:Play! The art of play
1392:Constant. New Babylon
1386:Musée Picasso Antibes
1035:
997:
938:
789:
717:from Denmark to form
634:winter famine of 1944
520:Constant was born in
405:Libertarian socialism
24:
1640:Neue Nationalgalerie
1593:Krefelder Kunstmusea
1554:Stadsgalerij Heerlen
1446:in Sydney, Australia
1052:The Gate of Constant
965:(1956) (Sunvessel).
853:invited Constant to
754:The director of the
460:Communism portal
448:Socialism portal
436:Anarchism portal
206:Constant Nieuwenhuys
2300:Dutch male painters
2253:a situationist site
2230:a situationist site
2126:. 19 November 2011.
2032:Catherine de Zegher
1754:Catherine de Zegher
1602:Kunsthalle in Emden
1548:Rijksmuseum Twenthe
1542:Rijksprentenkabinet
1457:, Bern, Switzerland
1412:Tribute to Constant
1396:Kassel Hauptbahnhof
903:The success of the
707:Christian Dotremont
589:Jakob van Domselaer
400:Libertarian Marxism
375:Anarchist communism
79:Class consciousness
2144:on 18 October 2013
2036:The Drawing Center
2026:Drawing Papers 3,
1758:The Drawing Center
1498:Bonnefanten Museum
1477:Public collections
1295:Constant. Drawings
1285:Constant 1945-1983
1218:Biennale of Venice
1041:
1000:
843:Kensington Gardens
792:
534:Ignatius Gymnasium
186:Jacqueline de Jong
129:Situationist prank
124:Situation (Sartre)
27:
1813:, Amsterdam, 1980
1807:Willemijn Stokvis
1756:and Mark Wigley,
1642:, Berlin, Germany
1636:Staatliche Museen
1455:Zentrum Paul Klee
1116:- Documentary by
749:Goede Morgen Haan
713:from Belgium and
503:
502:
390:Council communism
226:Alexander Trocchi
211:Charles Radcliffe
171:Michèle Bernstein
2312:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2196:on 23 March 2016
2192:. Archived from
2186:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2166:. Archived from
2160:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2140:. Archived from
2134:
2128:
2127:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2098:
2092:
2089:
2083:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2057:
2048:
2045:
2039:
2024:
2018:
2011:
2002:
1998:
1992:
1989:
1983:
1980:
1971:
1968:
1957:
1954:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1925:
1919:
1912:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1867:on 3 August 2012
1857:
1851:
1848:
1837:
1834:
1760:, New York, 2001
1614:Lehmbruck-Museum
1577:European museums
1521:Groninger museum
1492:Amsterdam Museum
1472:and Cobra Museum
1402:Constant graphic
976:, opened at the
959:Het Ruimtecircus
900:series in 1959.
894:unitary urbanism
875:unitary urbanism
869:had founded the
828:Barbara Hepworth
745:Gerrit Kouwenaar
741:Scorched Earth I
685:and his brother
675:
645:, especially by
553:De EmmaĂĽsgangers
536:, a prestigious
495:
488:
481:
468:
458:
457:
456:
446:
445:
434:
433:
432:
368:Related articles
149:World revolution
144:Workers' council
139:Unitary urbanism
109:Internationalism
53:
29:
28:
2320:
2319:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2251:Wayback Machine
2214:
2209:
2199:
2197:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2173:
2171:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2147:
2145:
2136:
2135:
2131:
2124:"Gyromorphosis"
2122:
2121:
2117:
2107:
2105:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2090:
2086:
2081:
2077:
2067:
2065:
2058:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2025:
2021:
2012:
2005:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1986:
1981:
1974:
1969:
1960:
1955:
1948:
1938:
1936:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1913:
1906:
1896:
1894:
1893:on 10 July 2012
1885:
1884:
1880:
1870:
1868:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1849:
1840:
1835:
1824:
1820:
1721:
1719:Further reading
1694:Venice Biennale
1683:
1657:
1574:
1504:Centraal Museum
1479:
1440:Intensely Dutch
1271:Centraal Museum
1229:Kunstnernes Hus
1142:
1098:Simon Vinkenoog
1094:Lies Westenburg
1076:
1068:
1030:
1005:
920:
914:
882:psychogeography
797:Gerrit Rietveld
784:
760:Willem Sandberg
705:linked up with
687:Jan Nieuwenhuys
669:
655:
577:Bergense School
526:Jan Nieuwenhuys
518:
499:
466:Politics portal
464:
454:
452:
440:
430:
428:
421:
420:
419:
369:
361:
360:
359:
351:
349:the Occupations
348:
337:
334:
311:
303:
302:
301:
283:
280:
250:
242:
241:
240:
176:Ivan Chtcheglov
165:
155:
154:
153:
114:Psychogeography
68:
60:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2318:
2308:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2255:
2254:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2225:
2220:
2213:
2212:External links
2210:
2208:
2207:
2181:
2170:on 3 July 2013
2155:
2129:
2115:
2093:
2084:
2075:
2049:
2040:
2019:
2003:
1993:
1984:
1972:
1958:
1946:
1920:
1904:
1878:
1852:
1838:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1734:
1731:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1696:
1690:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1677:
1670:
1656:
1655:
1649:
1643:
1633:
1627:
1621:
1611:
1605:
1599:
1596:
1590:
1587:
1580:
1573:
1572:
1569:Van Abbemuseum
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1545:
1535:
1529:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1507:
1501:
1495:
1488:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1473:
1458:
1447:
1436:
1429:
1422:
1421:, Cobra Museum
1415:
1408:
1398:
1388:
1378:
1375:Drawing Center
1367:
1356:
1342:
1331:
1316:
1305:
1298:
1291:
1281:
1274:
1263:
1256:
1249:
1242:
1232:
1221:
1210:
1201:
1195:
1192:
1183:
1176:
1169:
1163:
1152:
1149:
1141:
1138:
1075:
1072:
1067:
1064:
1029:
1026:
1004:
1001:
978:Drawing Center
963:Het Zonneschip
916:Main article:
913:
910:
855:Alba, Piedmont
836:Victor Pasmore
820:Kenneth Martin
783:
780:
772:Het Vrije Volk
654:
651:
647:Georges Braque
600:Arbeitseinsatz
517:
514:
501:
500:
498:
497:
490:
483:
475:
472:
471:
470:
469:
462:
450:
438:
423:
422:
418:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
395:Left communism
392:
387:
385:Constructivism
382:
377:
371:
370:
367:
366:
363:
362:
358:
357:
352:
345:
343:
338:
331:
329:
324:
319:
313:
312:
309:
308:
305:
304:
300:
299:
292:
285:
277:
274:
267:
260:
252:
251:
248:
247:
244:
243:
239:
238:
233:
231:Raoul Vaneigem
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
203:
198:
196:Attila Kotányi
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
167:
166:
161:
160:
157:
156:
152:
151:
146:
141:
136:
131:
126:
121:
116:
111:
106:
104:General strike
101:
96:
91:
86:
84:Class struggle
81:
76:
70:
69:
66:
65:
62:
61:
54:
46:
45:
38:
37:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2317:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2285:Situationists
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2258:
2252:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2195:
2191:
2185:
2169:
2165:
2159:
2143:
2139:
2133:
2125:
2119:
2103:
2097:
2088:
2079:
2063:
2056:
2054:
2044:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2023:
2016:
2010:
2008:
2001:
1997:
1988:
1979:
1977:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1953:
1951:
1934:
1930:
1924:
1917:
1911:
1909:
1892:
1888:
1882:
1866:
1862:
1856:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1822:
1812:
1811:De Bezige Bij
1808:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1686:
1675:
1671:
1668:
1664:
1663:
1662:
1661:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1578:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1486:
1485:Dutch museums
1482:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1434:
1430:
1427:
1423:
1420:
1416:
1413:
1409:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1314:
1313:Chabot Museum
1310:
1306:
1303:
1299:
1296:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1279:
1275:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1261:
1257:
1254:
1250:
1247:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1190:
1184:
1181:
1177:
1174:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1145:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1084:
1080:
1071:
1063:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1046:
1039:
1034:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1011:
996:
992:
990:
985:
983:
979:
975:
971:
966:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
942:
937:
934:
932:
931:
924:
919:
909:
906:
901:
899:
895:
889:
887:
883:
878:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
847:
844:
839:
837:
833:
829:
825:
824:Ben Nicholson
821:
817:
813:
809:
804:
802:
798:
788:
779:
775:
773:
769:
768:Aldo van Eyck
765:
764:Eugène Brands
761:
757:
752:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
729:
727:
722:
720:
716:
712:
711:Joseph Noiret
708:
704:
699:
695:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
673:
668:
662:
660:
650:
648:
644:
640:
635:
630:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
603:
601:
597:
592:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
569:
565:
562:
558:
554:
549:
547:
543:
539:
535:
529:
527:
523:
513:
511:
507:
496:
491:
489:
484:
482:
477:
476:
474:
473:
467:
463:
461:
451:
449:
444:
439:
437:
427:
426:
425:
424:
416:
413:
411:
410:Ultra-leftism
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
372:
365:
364:
356:
353:
350:
344:
342:
339:
336:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
314:
310:Organizations
307:
306:
298:
297:
293:
291:
290:
286:
284:
282:
281:of Situations
275:
273:
272:
268:
266:
265:
261:
259:
258:
254:
253:
246:
245:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
168:
164:
159:
158:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
102:
100:
97:
95:
92:
90:
87:
85:
82:
80:
77:
75:
72:
71:
64:
63:
58:
52:
48:
47:
44:
40:
39:
35:
31:
30:
23:
19:
16:Dutch painter
2256:
2198:. Retrieved
2194:the original
2184:
2172:. Retrieved
2168:the original
2158:
2146:. Retrieved
2142:the original
2132:
2118:
2106:. Retrieved
2096:
2087:
2078:
2066:. Retrieved
2064:. NOT BORED!
2043:
2027:
2022:
1996:
1987:
1937:. Retrieved
1932:
1923:
1895:. Retrieved
1891:the original
1881:
1869:. Retrieved
1865:the original
1855:
1722:
1684:
1659:
1658:
1646:Tate Gallery
1576:
1575:
1510:Cobra Museum
1500:, Maastricht
1484:
1483:
1480:
1461:
1450:
1439:
1432:
1425:
1418:
1411:
1406:Cobra Museum
1401:
1391:
1381:
1370:
1359:
1345:
1334:
1319:
1308:
1301:
1294:
1284:
1277:
1266:
1259:
1252:
1245:
1235:
1224:
1213:
1204:
1186:
1179:
1155:
1143:
1133:
1132:
1127:
1123:
1122:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1102:
1089:
1088:
1078:
1077:
1069:
1060:
1051:
1049:
1042:
1028:Public space
1015:
1006:
989:Rem Koolhaas
986:
973:
967:
962:
958:
944:
939:
935:
928:
925:
921:
904:
902:
897:
890:
879:
862:
848:
840:
832:Roger Hilton
816:Anthony Hill
805:
801:de Bijenkorf
793:
776:
753:
748:
740:
736:
732:
730:
725:
723:
702:
700:
696:
690:
665:
663:
656:
631:
604:
596:Kulturkammer
593:
584:
581:Paul CĂ©zanne
570:
566:
552:
550:
530:
519:
516:Early period
509:
505:
504:
322:Golden Fleet
294:
287:
276:
269:
262:
255:
216:Ralph Rumney
205:
119:Recuperation
99:DĂ©tournement
32:Part of the
18:
2275:2005 deaths
2270:1920 births
1702:' (refused)
1652:Tate Modern
1571:, Eindhoven
1544:, Amsterdam
1538:Rijksmuseum
1534:, Rotterdam
1366:, Rotterdam
1315:, Rotterdam
1236:New Babylon
1225:New Babylon
1214:New Babylon
1140:Exhibitions
1118:Jan Vrijman
1108:New Babylon
1047:, Denmark.
982:Mark Wigley
930:homo ludens
912:New Babylon
905:New Babylon
898:New Babylon
812:Henry Moore
739:(1949) and
683:Karel Appel
670: [
632:During the
585:Zelfportret
542:gypsy music
327:Gruppe SPUR
236:René Viénet
201:Jørgen Nash
2264:Categories
2200:17 October
2148:17 October
1861:"constant"
1818:References
1550:, Enschede
1424:2008–2009
1410:2005–2006
1377:, New York
1358:1998–1999
1307:1994–1995
1273:in Utrecht
1244:1974–1975
1203:1964–1965
1022:Tintoretto
1010:Rudi Fuchs
851:Asger Jorn
733:White Bird
715:Asger Jorn
659:Asger Jorn
380:Autonomism
191:Asger Jorn
181:Guy Debord
1897:5 October
1871:5 October
1632:, Denmark
1620:, Germany
1604:, Germany
1528:, Otterlo
1506:, Utrecht
1470:Humlebaek
1354:Venezuela
1173:Documenta
1171:1959 II.
947:maquettes
679:Corneille
615:Descartes
522:Amsterdam
134:Spectacle
89:Communism
36:series on
2247:Archived
2108:25 March
2068:25 March
1939:25 April
1672:SFMOMA,
1654:, London
1648:, London
1618:Duisburg
1175:, Kassel
1128:Le Piège
1083:Hy Hirsh
1050:In 1963
1045:Sjelland
1003:Colorism
951:collages
735:(1948),
546:cimbalon
510:Constant
264:MĂ©moires
74:Anti-art
67:Concepts
34:Politics
1665:MoAFL,
1626:, Spain
1341:(MACBA)
1216:at the
1205:'45-'85
1158:in the
955:perspex
611:Spinoza
2174:3 July
2017:, 1996
1918:, 2002
1681:Awards
1373:, The
1330:Ă…lborg
1326:&
1231:, Oslo
1167:Venice
1038:Leiden
1018:Titian
867:Debord
737:Ladder
726:Reflex
691:Reflex
643:Cubism
573:Bergen
557:Emmaus
538:Jesuit
163:People
94:DĂ©rive
1624:MACBA
1460:2012
1449:2011
1438:2009
1431:2009
1417:2006
1400:2004
1390:2002
1380:2001
1369:1999
1344:1998
1333:1997
1318:1996
1300:1994
1293:1993
1283:1986
1276:1985
1265:1985
1258:1980
1251:1978
1234:1974
1223:1967
1212:1966
1197:1964
1185:1961
1178:1959
1154:1953
1074:Films
1066:Death
719:CoBrA
677:with
674:]
653:CoBrA
639:Artis
623:Hegel
607:Plato
249:Works
2202:2012
2176:2013
2150:2012
2110:2014
2070:2014
1941:2019
1899:2012
1873:2012
1728:Klee
1676:, US
1669:, US
1020:and
957:are
834:and
709:and
627:Marx
625:and
619:Kant
561:jute
41:The
2030:by
1227:in
2266::
2052:^
2034:,
2006:^
1975:^
1961:^
1949:^
1931:.
1907:^
1841:^
1825:^
1809:,
1638:,
1616:,
1540:–
1468:,
1464:,
1453:,
1442:,
1404:,
1384:,
1362:,
1352:,
1348:,
1337:,
1322:,
1311:,
1287:,
1269:,
1238:,
1130:.
1092:-
949:,
830:,
826:,
822:,
818:,
814:,
803:.
681:,
672:nl
621:,
617:,
613:,
609:,
591:.
548:.
2204:.
2178:.
2152:.
2112:.
2072:.
1943:.
1901:.
1875:.
892:'
494:e
487:t
480:v
59:"
55:"
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.jpg)
