922:
formed coalitions not to forge consociational negotiation between segments but to improve their parties' respective power. He argued that the
Netherlands was "stable" in that it had few protests or riots, but that it was so before consociationalism, and that it was not stable from the standpoint of government turnover. He questioned the extent to which the Netherlands, or indeed any country labelled a consociational system, could be called a democracy, and whether calling a consociational country a democracy isn't somehow ruled out by definition. He believed that Lijphart suffered severe problems of rigor when identifying whether particular divisions were cleavages, whether particular cleavages were segmental, and whether particular cleavages were cross-cutting.
596:
imposition, through international actors. In the process, consociational arrangements have frequently been used to transform immediate violent conflict and solidify peace settlements in extremely fragile contexts of deeply divided societies. The volatile environments in which these recent examples have been implemented have exhibited the need for external interference not only for their initial implementation but also for their continued existence. As such, a range of international actors have assumed mediating and supporting roles to preserve power-sharing agreements in targeted states. Most prominently in
882:
the apparent necessity for external regulation of these agreements, many scholars have characterised these state-building projects as deeply invasive. A recurring concern therein is the erosion of the governing elite's accountability towards its population and the fostering of clientele politics. These dynamics have been pointed to as obstacles to the resolution of the deep divisions consociations are meant to alleviate. Further critiques have pointed out that consociations have at times encouraged conditions of "
898:
consensus rather than highly structured conflict of goals". In the case of the
Netherlands, he argues that "the whole cause of the disagreement was the feeling of some Dutchman ... that it mattered what all the inhabitants of the country believed. Demands for policies aimed at producing religious or secular uniformity presuppose a concern ... for the state of grace of one's fellow citizens". He contrasts this to the case of a society marked by conflict, in this case
934:
coding data, and an indefatigable, rhetorically seductive commitment to promoting consociationalism as a widely applicable principle of political engineering", that results in him applying consociational theory to case studies that it does not fit. Furthermore, Lustick states that "Lijphart's definition of 'accommodation' ... includes the elaborately specified claim that issues dividing polarized blocs are settled by leaders convinced of the need for settlement".
301:
856:
Michael Kerr, in his study of the role of external actors in power-sharing arrangements in
Northern Ireland and Lebanon, adds to McGarry and O'Leary's list the condition that "the existence of positive external regulating pressures, from state to non-state actors, which provide the internal elites with sufficient incentives and motives for their acceptance of, and support for, consociation".
1014:
under-representation of others. Grand coalitions are unlikely to happen due to the dynamics of ethnic competition. Each group seeks more power for itself. Consociationalists are criticized for focusing too much on the set up of institutions and not enough on transitional issues which go beyond such institutions. Finally, it is claimed that consociational institutions promote
993:. They state that specific conditions must exist for three or more groups to develop a multi- system with strong leaders. This philosophy is dominated by elites, with those masses that are sidelined with the elites having less to lose if war breaks out. Consociationalism cannot be imperially applied. For example, it does not effectively apply to
959:, Anderson argues such approaches tend to "prioritise the same general type of territorial identity as the ethno-nationalists". Nonetheless, Anderson concedes difficulty lies in the fact such identities cannot simply be wished away, as he argues is attempted when focusing only on individual rights at the expense of group rights.
921:
was "seriously weakening", even in the 1950s, cross-denominational co-operation was increasing, and formerly coherent political sub-cultures were dissolving. He argued that elites in the
Netherlands were not motivated by preferences derived from the general interest, but rather by self-interest. They
855:
argue that three conditions are key to the establishment of democratic consociational power-sharing: elites have to be motivated to engage in conflict regulation; elites must lead deferential segments; and there must be a multiple balance of power, but more importantly the subcultures must be stable.
562:
one. In their heyday, each comprised tightly organised groups, schools, universities, hospitals and newspapers, all divided along a
Balkanised social structure. The theory, according to Lijphart, focuses on the role of social elites, their agreement and co-operation, as the key to a stable democracy.
881:
Many criticisms have been levelled against the deployment of consociationalism in state-building. It has been criticised as institutionalising and deepening existing divisions, being severely dependent on external support for survival, and temporarily freezing conflicts but not resolving them. Given
942:
Consociationalism focuses on diverging identities such as ethnicity instead of integrating identities such as class, institutionalizing and entrenching the former. Furthermore, it relies on rival co-operation, which is inherently unstable. It focuses on intrastate relations and neglects relations
933:
has argued that academics lack an alternative "control" approach for explaining stability in deeply divided societies and that this has resulted in the empirical overextension of consociational models. Lustick argues that
Lijphart has "an impressionistic methodological posture, flexible rules for
1378:
While consociational democracy applies to joint decision making among societal groups, neither of which has a dominant power position, corporatism (especially 'state' corporatism) describes a decision making model where the state is the dominant participant in joint decision making. Both models,
844:
Lijphart stresses that these conditions are neither indispensable nor sufficient to account for the success of consociationalism. This has led Rinus van
Schendelen to conclude that "the conditions may be present and absent, necessary and unnecessary, in short conditions or no conditions at all".
974:
In 2022, Yascha Mounk argued that the case for consociationalism and power-sharing had weakened significantly since first proposed based on experiments and real-life observations. He argues that in some cases it can bring short-term peace, but that it is always temporary and is likely to worsen
897:
has questioned the nature of the divisions that exist in the countries that
Lijphart considers to be "classic cases" of consociational democracies. For example, he makes the case that in the Swiss example, "political parties cross-cut cleavages in the society and provide a picture of remarkable
595:
contexts in the past decades. This development has been reflected in the expansion of the favourable conditions to external factors in the literature as well. Rather than internally constructed by state elites, these recent examples have been characterised by external facilitation, and at times
947:
argues that consociationalism can lead to the reification of ethnic divisions, since "grand coalitions are unlikely, because of the dynamics of intraethnic competition. The very act of forming a multiethnic coalition generates intraethnic competition â flanking â if it does not already exist".
607:
While the current results of consociational arrangements implemented in post-conflict state-building endeavours have been mixed, scholars such as O'Leary and McGarry maintain that they have often proven to be the most practical approach to ending immediate conflict and creating the necessary
1013:
Consociationalism assumes that each group is cohesive and has strong leadership. Although the minority can block decisions, this requires 100 per cent agreement. Rights are given to communities rather than individuals, leading to over-representation of some individuals in society and
529:
from
Lijphart's observations of political accommodation in the Netherlands, after which Lijphart argued for a generalizable consociational approach to ethnic conflict regulation. The Netherlands, as a consociational state, was between 1857 and 1967 divided into four non-territorial
814:
Lijphart also identified a number of "favourable conditions" under which consociationalism is likely to be successful. He has changed the specification of these conditions somewhat over time. Michael Kerr summarised
Lijphart's most prominent favourable factors as:
951:
Consistent with Horowitz's claims, Dawn Brancati finds that federalism/territorial autonomy, an element of consociationalism, strengthens ethnic divisions if it is designed in a way that strengthens regional parties, which in turn encourage ethnic conflict.
1490:
Propositions concerning the subject of baptism and consociation of churches, collected and confirmed out of the word of God, by a synod of elders and messengers of the churches in Massachusetts-Colony in New England. Assembled at Boston, ... in the year
525:. However, Lijphart has stated that he "merely discovered what political practitioners had repeatedly – and independently of both academic experts and one another – invented years earlier". Theoretically, consociationalism was
1340:, consociationalism, and neo-corporatism can be viewed as alternative institutional devices for alleviating strain or overload on central governments and for distributing part of the burden among other sectors of the political system.
608:
stability for peace-building to take place. Its utility has been seen in its transformative aspect, flexibility, and "realist" approach to existing identity formations that are difficult to incorporate in a majoritarian system.
864:
In a consociational state, all groups, including minorities, are represented on the political and economic stages. Supporters of the consociationalism argue that it is a more realistic option in deeply divided societies than
653:
Representation is based on population. If one pillar accounts for 30% of the overall society, then they occupy 30% of the positions on the police force, in civil service, and in other national and civic segments of society.
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and the Netherlands, and not in more deeply divided societies. If one of three groups gets half plus one of the vote, then the other groups are in perpetual opposition, which is largely incompatible with consociationalism.
2055:
Lijphart, Arend; Crepaz, Markus M. L. : Corporatism and Consensus Democracy in Eighteen Countries: Conceptual and Empirical Linkages; British Journal of Political Science, Vol. 21, No. 2 (Apr., 1991), pp.
902:, where he argues that "the inhabitants ... have never shown much worry about the prospects of the adherents of the other religion going to hell". Barry concludes that in the Dutch case, consociationalism is
3039:
Adeney, Katharine (2008). "Constitutional design and the political salience of 'community' identity in Afghanistan: Prospects for the emergence of ethnic conflicts in the post-Taliban era".
675:, where executive power is shared between parties, not concentrated in one. Many of these cabinets are oversized, meaning they include parties not necessary for a parliamentary majority;
955:
James Anderson also supports Horowitz's contention that consociational powersharing built around diverging identities can entrench and sharpen these divisions. Citing the example of
604:
who in one period frequently intervened in the domestic political affairs of the state to implement legislation on which domestic elites were reluctant to come to an agreement on.
2186:
McGarry, John; O'Leary, Brendan (2006). "Consociational theory, Northern Ireland's conflict, and its agreement 2: What critics of consociation can learn from Northern Ireland".
1512:
591:
While Lijphart's initial theory drew primarily from Western European democracies in its formulation of consociationalism, it has gained immense traction in post-conflict
2105:
480:), in that consociational democracy represents a consensus of representatives with minority veto, while consensus democracy requires consensus across the electorate.
1498:
914:
966:. Centripetalism aims to depoliticize ethnicity and to encourage multi-ethnic parties instead of reinforcing ethnic divides through political institutions.
2746:
Bahcheli, Tozun; Noel, Sid (2005). "Power Sharing for Cyprus (Again)? European Union Accession and the Prospects for Reunification". In Noel, Sid (ed.).
1594:
McGarry, John; O'Leary, Brendan (1993). "Introduction: The macro-political regulation of ethnic conflict". In McGarry, John; O'Leary, Brendan (eds.).
2789:... an interwar Czechoslovak regime that sought to accommodate the SÄœS within a system that is best described in modern times as 'conscociational'.
645:
is unlikely to successfully block the majority. If one group blocks another on some matter, the latter are likely to block the former in return.
1181:(ANC) opposed consociationalism and proposed instead a settlement based upon majoritarian democracy. The NP abandoned consociationalism when the
700:, where it is very difficult for one party to gain a majority in both houses. Normally one chamber represents regional interests and the other
601:
428:
as one which has major internal divisions along ethnic, religious, or linguistic lines, but which remains stable due to consultation among the
1915:
1801:
1782:
1166:
331:
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and argues that "the relevance of the 'consociational' model for other divided societies is much more doubtful than is commonly supposed".
483:
The idea has received significant criticism in its applicability to democratic political systems, especially with regard to power-sharing.
3649:
1663:
1545:
462:. Some scholars consider consociationalism a form of corporatism. Others claim that economic corporatism was designed to regulate
3581:
3065:
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with only ceremonial duties, or an indirectly elected president, who gives up his or her party affiliation after being elected;
633:
Elites of each pillar come together to rule in the interests of society because they recognize the dangers of non-cooperation.
2801:
Gabel, Matthew J. (1998). "The endurance of supranational governance: A consociational interpretation of the European Union".
2160:
3080:
Hamill, James (2003). "A disguised surrender? South Africa's negotiated settlement and the politics of conflict resolution".
3023:
2996:
2782:
2676:
2292:
2170:
2115:
2000:
1683:
1302:
4107:
1297:
439:
The goals of consociationalism are governmental stability, the survival of the power-sharing arrangements, the survival of
3586:
3173:
1269:
O'Leary, Brendan (2005). "Debating consociational politics: Normative and explanatory arguments". In Noel, Sid JR (ed.).
466:, while consociationalism developed on the basis of reconciling societal fragmentation along ethnic and religious lines.
3566:
3561:
3542:
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1158:
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403:
324:
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1128:
4169:
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3596:
2933:
O'Leary, Brendan (2001). "The character of the 1998 Agreement: Results and prospects". In Wilford, Rick (ed.).
2775:
The Making of the Slovak People's Party: Religion, Nationalism and the Culture War in Early 20th-Century Europe
2591:"Partition, consociation, border-crossing: some lessons from the national conflict in Ireland/Northern Ireland"
1026:
The political systems of a number of countries operate or used to operate on a consociational basis, including
17:
200:
4159:
3673:
3620:
3610:
3576:
2898:
Belloni, Roberto (2004). "Peacebuilding and consociational electoral engineering in Bosnia and Herzegovina".
2719:
Wippman, David (1998). "Practical and Legal Constraints on Internal Power Sharing". In Wippman, David (ed.).
1170:
1090:
248:
2622:"Institutional Designs for Diverse Democracies: Consociationalism, Centripetalism and Communalism Compared"
2590:
1055:
317:
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1051:
1039:
707:
559:
274:
49:
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Bogaards, Matthijs; Crepaz, Markus M.L. (2002). "Consociational interpretations of the European Union".
3643:
3615:
2988:
Education Policy and Power-Sharing in Post-Conflict Societies: Lebanon, Northern Ireland, and Macedonia
452:
3691:
3405:
1493:(Printed by S.G. for Hezekiah Usher at Boston in New-England, Cambridge Mass., 1662). Page views at
1178:
1139:
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492:
2317:"Power Sharing in Lebanon: Foreign Protectors, Domestic Peace, and Democratic Failure | Request PDF"
1150:, but this solution is not very popular, nor has it been discussed seriously at peace negotiations.
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1071:
500:
92:
69:
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3654:
3499:
3166:
2838:
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551:
117:
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Lustick, Ian (1979). "Stability in deeply divided societies: Consociationalism versus control".
1940:"'Imposed consociationalism': external intervention and power sharing in Bosnia and Herzegovina"
1603:
1476:
1472:
503:. These were empowered in the civil legislature and magistracy. It was debated at length in the
4179:
3900:
3800:
3243:
1400:
1204:
679:
641:
Consensus among the groups is required to confirm the majority rule. Mutuality means that the
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1101:
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107:
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3125:
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The Importance of Consociationalism for TwentyâFirst Century Politics and Political Science.
3013:
2066:
Bogaards, Matthijs (1998). "The favourable factors for consociational democracy: A review".
1627:
Lehmbruch, Gerhard (December 1975). "Consociational Democracy in the International System".
1392:
1131:'s political system was also described as consociational, although it lacked ethnic quotas.
4138:
4062:
3970:
3795:
3678:
3430:
3400:
3395:
3233:
3228:
3221:
2223:"Consociational settlements in deeply divided societies: the liberal-corporate distinction"
1992:
From Power Sharing to Democracy: Post-Conflict Institutions in Ethnically Divided Societies
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From Power Sharing to Democracy: Post-Conflict Institutions in Ethnically Divided Societies
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Creates a sense of individuality and allows for different culturally-based community laws.
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8:
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2479:
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2250:
2203:
2083:
2029:
2006:
1967:
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The Politics of Ethnic Conflict Regulation: Case Studies of Protracted Ethnic Conflicts
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1414:
1369:
1327:
1209:
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866:
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782:
729:
568:
495:. It described the interassociation and cooperation of the participant self-governing
170:
112:
4067:
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3965:
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3905:
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3715:
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2483:
2413:
2363:
2316:
2288:
2254:
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2199:
2166:
2111:
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2036:
1996:
1971:
1959:
1900:
1888:
1842:
1763:
1722:
1679:
1607:
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1494:
1404:
1393:
1331:
1319:
1276:
1067:
1031:
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580:
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421:
268:
220:
122:
2207:
1541:
215:
155:
4037:
4032:
3915:
3474:
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3447:
3343:
3089:
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2907:
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2810:
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2602:
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2436:
2393:
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2234:
2195:
2075:
1951:
1878:
1832:
1753:
1712:
1671:
1636:
1529:
1450:
1379:
however, describe the decision making as characterized by consensus and bargaining.
1361:
1311:
1105:
1086:
956:
899:
750:
555:
350:
280:
195:
185:
175:
1955:
1078:
resembles a consociational democracy, with consultation across ideological lines.
4072:
4018:
3990:
3930:
3865:
3820:
3755:
3489:
3484:
3462:
3390:
3093:
2958:
O'Leary, Brendan (1999). "The 1998 British-Irish Agreement: Power-sharing plus".
2747:
2720:
2693:
2238:
1270:
1244:
1224:
1219:
1120:
1116:
962:
As an alternative of consociationalism Horowitz suggested an alternative model â
739:
472:
can be a precursor to consociationalism. A consociational democracy differs from
305:
258:
3015:
Thinking about Democracy: Power Sharing and Majority Rule in Theory and Practice
2911:
2851:
2669:
The great experiment: why diverse democracies fall apart and how they can endure
2107:
Imposing Power-Sharing: Conflict and Coexistence in Northern Ireland and Lebanon
1939:
447:. When consociationalism is organised along religious confessional lines, as in
4097:
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3995:
3975:
3920:
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3479:
3338:
3305:
3258:
3253:
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2621:
2222:
1239:
1214:
1075:
978:
Critics point out that consociationalism is dangerous in a system of differing
789:
642:
592:
522:
463:
425:
2695:
Disputed Territories: The Transnational Dynamics of Ethnic Conflict Settlement
2513:
2397:
1352:
du Toit, Pierre (July 1987). "Consociational Democracy and Bargaining Power".
1315:
1298:"Comment: Federation, Consociation, CorporatismâAn Addendum to Arend Lijphart"
180:
165:
4153:
4077:
4042:
3835:
3775:
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3745:
3514:
3469:
3363:
3290:
3270:
3052:
2645:
2384:
Barry, Brian (1975). "Political accommodation and consociational democracy".
2367:
2246:
2140:
1963:
1892:
1846:
1821:"Iraq's Constitution of 2005: Liberal consociation as political prescription"
1767:
1742:"Iraq's Constitution of 2005: Liberal consociation as political prescription"
1726:
1701:"Iraq's Constitution of 2005: Liberal consociation as political prescription"
1675:
1323:
1234:
1094:
963:
918:
883:
764:
531:
432:
of these groups. Consociational states are often contrasted with states with
417:
2302:
2274:
2079:
1093:, which is described as a "classic example of consociational settlement" by
616:
Lijphart identifies four key characteristics of consociational democracies:
4112:
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3935:
3877:
3870:
3825:
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3504:
3494:
3442:
3380:
3368:
3358:
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3333:
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3201:
2971:
1439:"The United States as a Plural Society: Towards a Consociational Solution?"
1418:
1015:
986:
848:
802:
733:
697:
564:
433:
205:
160:
54:
2010:
1990:
1837:
1820:
1758:
1741:
1717:
1700:
1533:
1081:
Additionally, a number of peace agreements are consociational, including:
937:
4047:
3855:
3840:
3815:
3740:
3410:
3385:
3375:
3353:
3280:
3067:
Israel and the Politics of Jewish Identity: The Secular-Religious Impasse
2875:
Bosnia After Dayton: Nationalist Partition and International Intervention
2284:
1571:
The Politics of Accommodation: Pluralism and Democracy in the Netherlands
1424:
1002:
930:
894:
746:
to go to the courts to seek redress against laws that they see as unjust;
718:
683:
572:
477:
459:
33:
2637:
2521:
1471:(Rockwell and Churchill, Boston 1890): 'The Body of Liberties of 1641',
600:, this has involved an "international regulating body" in the form of a
571:
trace consociationalism back to 1917, when it was first employed in the
300:
4122:
4117:
4092:
4027:
3960:
3850:
3295:
2475:
2358:
2341:
1883:
1867:"Classical Consociational Theory and Recent Consociational Performance"
1866:
1454:
1337:
982:
979:
778:
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690:
547:
150:
127:
64:
59:
2822:
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Peace by Design: Managing Intrastate Conflict through Decentralization
2405:
2135:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1373:
4082:
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3860:
3452:
3325:
3182:
1438:
1249:
1154:
990:
543:
535:
440:
145:
2467:
518:
Consociationalism was originally discussed in academic terms by the
3770:
3735:
2814:
1978:
1916:"Is More Better? Evaluating External-Led State Building After 1989"
1802:"Is More Better? Evaluating External-Led State Building After 1989"
1783:"Is More Better? Evaluating External-Led State Building After 1989"
1365:
1229:
1097:
and "an ideal-typical consociational democracy" by Roberto Belloni.
768:
539:
444:
3070:
by Asher Cohen, Bernard Susser. Google Books (Retrieved 2011-1-30)
1153:
During the 1980s the South African government attempted to reform
1119:
of 2001 setting the constitutional framework for power-sharing in
997:. Critics also point to the failure of this line of reasoning in
3790:
3720:
2749:
Relations of Ruling: Class and Gender in Postindustrial Societies
2500:
Lustick, Ian (1997). "Lijphart, Lakatos, and consociationalism".
2427:
Barry, Brian (1975). "The consociational model and its dangers".
1395:
Wage setting, Social Pacts and the Euro: A New Role for the State
1006:
1001:, a country that reverted to civil war. It only truly applies in
998:
994:
512:
448:
243:
97:
3275:
1185:
came out in favor of the majoritarian democracy model in 1992.
1147:
285:
1399:. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Amsterdam University Press. p.
1177:(IFP) proposed a settlement based upon consociationalism. The
805:, where experts and not politicians set out monetary policies.
386:
383:
356:
3810:
3315:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1652:
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429:
395:
253:
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3196:
3117:
Bogaards, Matthijs; Helms, Ludger; Lijphart, Arend. 2020. "
2835:
2185:
2158:
1593:
1112:), which Brendan O'Leary describes as "power-sharing plus".
579:
suggests 'precursors' of consociationalism as early as the
377:
371:
365:
1647:
825:
The presence of external threats common to all communities
668:
Consociational policies often have these characteristics:
380:
368:
563:
Based on this initial study of consociational democracy,
389:
3139:"Constitutionalizing Democracy in Fractured Societies".
2551:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. p.
2031:
Democracy in Plural Societies: A Comparative Exploration
1161:
applied Lijphart's powersharing ideas by establishing a
1860:
1858:
1856:
938:
Horowitz and centripetal criticism of consociationalism
689:
Decentralized and federal government, where (regional)
2136:"The views of Arend Lijphart and collected criticisms"
781:
to block legislation: this means that they must be a
491:
Consociation was first discussed in the 17th century
404:
392:
362:
359:
353:
2342:"Iraq's Informal Consociationalism and Its Problems"
1933:
1931:
1929:
1853:
917:
has argued that Lijphart uses evidence selectively.
840:
A moderate multi-party system with segmental parties
458:
Consociationalism is sometimes seen as analogous to
2937:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 49â83.
1475:; 'Records of the Court of Assistants, 1641-1644',
374:
2544:
2028:
1818:
1739:
1698:
1595:
2129:
2127:
1926:
1275:. Montreal: McGill-Queen's Press. pp. 3â43.
1146:under a consociational democracy in the state of
837:A small population size, reducing the policy load
4151:
2877:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 216.
2752:. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 215.
2276:Empire in Denial: The Politics of State-Building
2268:
2266:
2264:
2110:. Dublin: Irish Academic Press. pp. 27â28.
2022:
2020:
1062:(consultation mostly across ideological lines),
2495:
2493:
925:
2777:. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 225.
2379:
2377:
2133:
2124:
1108:(and its subsequent reinforcement with 2006's
732:, which prevents government from changing the
507:Synod of 1662. This was when the Episcopalian
3167:
2261:
2017:
1513:"Constitutional design for divided societies"
886:", which state-building is meant to prevent.
760:Proportional employment in the public sector;
325:
27:Political power sharing among cultural groups
2745:
2490:
1573:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
2978:
2957:
2932:
2374:
1937:
1825:International Journal of Constitutional Law
1746:International Journal of Constitutional Law
1705:International Journal of Constitutional Law
1670:. Routledge. 2009-03-20. pp. 222â236.
1390:
1268:
1074:. Some academics have also argued that the
788:Equality between ministers in cabinet, the
3174:
3160:
2420:
2162:Explaining Northern Ireland: Broken Images
332:
318:
2725:. Cornell University Press. p. 220.
2357:
2220:
1995:. McGill-Queen's University Press. 2005.
1882:
1836:
1757:
1716:
1626:
819:Segmental isolation of ethnic communities
499:of the various colonial townships of the
3011:
2588:
2542:
2272:
2159:McGarry, John; O'Leary, Brendan (1995).
2065:
2035:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
2026:
1913:
1799:
1780:
1568:
1510:
809:
3135:
2984:
2897:
2718:
2499:
2453:
2099:
2097:
1864:
1819:McGarry, J.; O'Leary, B. (2007-09-28).
1740:McGarry, J.; O'Leary, B. (2007-09-28).
1699:McGarry, J.; O'Leary, B. (2007-09-28).
1351:
909:
785:and that there is no compulsory voting.
14:
4152:
3124:Selway, Joel and K. Templeman. 2012. "
3079:
3038:
2772:
2619:
2429:European Journal of Political Research
2068:European Journal of Political Research
1629:European Journal of Political Research
3155:
2800:
2722:International Law and Ethnic Conflict
2691:
2666:
2426:
2383:
2339:
1303:Canadian Journal of Political Science
1295:
1157:into a consociational democracy. The
859:
2872:
2386:British Journal of Political Science
2346:Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism
2103:
2094:
1436:
1296:McRae, Kenneth D. (September 1979).
1167:1990s negotiations to end apartheid
969:
24:
3104:
3018:. Abingdon: Routledge. p. 5.
2698:. Berghahn Books. pp. 30â31.
2441:10.1111/j.1475-6765.1975.tb01253.x
2165:. Oxford: Blackwell. p. 339.
1914:Zuercher, Christoph (2006-04-01).
1800:Zuercher, Christoph (2006-04-01).
1781:Zuercher, Christoph (2006-04-01).
1641:10.1111/j.1475-6765.1975.tb01252.x
1469:The Colonial Laws of Massachusetts
1159:South African Constitution of 1983
1018:and entrench existing identities.
831:A tradition of elite accommodation
828:Overarching loyalties to the state
611:
550:, although until 1917 there was a
25:
4191:
3121:" Swiss Political Science Review.
3114:" Swiss Political Science Review.
2221:McCulloch, Allison (2014-04-16).
2134:van Schendelen, M.C.P.M. (1984).
721:interest groups, which represent
586:
2935:Aspects of the Belfast Agreement
2607:10.1111/j.1469-8129.2008.00340.x
2579:, Oxford University Press, 2009.
2200:10.1111/j.1477-7053.2006.00178.x
1938:Merdzanovic, Adis (2017-01-02).
757:to enact or prevent legislation;
349:
299:
3073:
3059:
3032:
3005:
2951:
2926:
2891:
2866:
2829:
2794:
2766:
2739:
2712:
2685:
2660:
2613:
2582:
2569:
2536:
2447:
2333:
2309:
2214:
2179:
2152:
2148:(1). Palgrave Macmillan: 19â49.
2059:
2049:
1907:
1812:
1793:
1774:
1733:
1692:
1620:
1587:
1129:Islamic Republic of Afghanistan
693:have considerable independence;
2620:Reilly, Benjamin (June 2012).
1871:Swiss Political Science Review
1602:. London: Routledge. pp.
1562:
1504:
1482:
1461:
1443:Swiss Political Science Review
1430:
1384:
1345:
1289:
1262:
889:
736:without consent of minorities;
434:majoritarian electoral systems
13:
1:
3181:
3130:Comparative Political Studies
3126:The Myth of Consociationalism
1956:10.1080/21647259.2016.1264918
1255:
1091:war in Bosnia and Herzegovina
876:
249:Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft
3112:Consociation in the Present.
3094:10.1080/09592290312331295546
2239:10.1080/13510347.2012.748039
1664:"A culture of power sharing"
926:Lustick on hegemonic control
7:
2912:10.1080/1353331042000237300
2852:10.1177/1465116502003003004
2671:. New York: Penguin Press.
1188:
1040:First Czechoslovak Republic
1038:(effective 1960â1963), the
1021:
822:A multiple balance of power
714:to gain representation too;
708:Proportional representation
618:
275:Preussentum und Sozialismus
10:
4196:
3543:Countries by ethnic groups
3538:Contemporary ethnic groups
3082:Diplomacy & Statecraft
2985:Fontana, Giuditta (2016).
2900:International Peacekeeping
2626:European Political Science
975:tensions in the long-run.
486:
416:) is a form of democratic
4131:
4014:
3886:
3689:
3523:
3324:
3189:
3110:O'Leary, Brendan. 2020. "
2991:. Springer. p. 102.
2547:Ethnic Groups in Conflict
2543:Horowitz, Donald (1985).
2514:10.1017/S0043887100014738
2398:10.1017/S0007123400008322
2188:Government and Opposition
1316:10.1017/S0008423900051726
1179:African National Congress
1142:, some have argued for a
1089:that ended the 1992â1995
678:Balance of power between
493:New England Confederation
3053:10.1525/as.2008.48.4.535
3012:Lijphart, Arend (2008).
2589:Anderson, James (2008).
2273:Chandler, David (2006).
2027:Lijphart, Arend (1977).
1676:10.4324/9780203962565-19
1569:Lijphart, Arend (1968).
1511:Lijphart, Arend (2004).
1437:Howe, Philip J. (2019).
1183:U.S. Department of State
554:("first past the post")
511:was being introduced in
501:Massachusetts Bay Colony
424:define a consociational
70:Structural functionalism
3655:Torres Strait Islanders
3500:Ethnopsychopharmacology
3244:In-group and out-groups
2873:Bose, Sumantra (2002).
2839:European Union Politics
2773:Lorman, Thomas (2019).
2595:Nations and Nationalism
2080:10.1111/1475-6765.00392
777:are only used to allow
497:Congregational churches
443:, and the avoidance of
3901:Cultural appropriation
3801:Lineage-bonded society
2972:10.3366/scot.1999.0003
2692:Wolff, Stefan (2004).
2667:Mounk, Yascha (2022).
2104:Kerr, Michael (2006).
1865:McGarry, John (2019).
1205:Corporative federalism
834:Socioeconomic equality
581:1555 Peace of Augsburg
509:Act of Uniformity 1662
4170:Ethnicity in politics
3926:Ethnic interest group
3761:Ethnicity in censuses
3711:Cultural assimilation
3212:Ethnolinguistic group
1668:Consociational Theory
1534:10.1353/jod.2004.0029
1467:W.H. Whitmore (ed.),
1360:(4): 419â430 at 425.
1310:(3): 517â522 at 520.
1175:Inkatha Freedom Party
1163:Tricameral Parliament
1140:ArabâIsraeli conflict
1102:Good Friday Agreement
810:Favourable conditions
4160:Comparative politics
4139:Minzu (anthropology)
4108:Separatist movements
3971:Ethnographic village
3796:Legendary progenitor
3431:Transidioethnography
3234:Hyphenated ethnicity
3229:Ethnographic realism
3222:Ethnoreligious group
2803:Comparative Politics
2340:Dodge, Toby (2020).
2285:10.2307/j.ctt18fs393
1920:CDDRL Working Papers
1806:CDDRL Working Papers
1787:CDDRL Working Papers
1521:Journal of Democracy
1391:Anke Hassel (2006).
1354:Comparative Politics
1110:St Andrews Agreement
915:Rinus van Schendelen
910:Rinus van Schendelen
783:citizen's initiative
422:Political scientists
264:Political philosophy
4006:Multinational state
4001:Model minority myth
3888:Multiethnic society
3806:Linguistic homeland
3217:Ethnonational group
2638:10.1057/eps.2011.36
1838:10.1093/icon/mom026
1759:10.1093/icon/mom026
1718:10.1093/icon/mom026
1200:Consensus democracy
1195:Conflict management
1134:In addition to the
943:with other states.
871:conflict management
710:, to allow (small)
659:Segmental autonomy
602:High Representative
520:political scientist
474:consensus democracy
470:Concurrent majority
306:Politics portal
4175:Political theories
3986:Middleman minority
3946:Ethnic pornography
3941:Ethnic nationalism
3846:Pantribal sodality
3786:Imagined community
3311:Symbolic ethnicity
3239:Indigenous peoples
3207:Ethnographic group
2359:10.1111/sena.12330
1884:10.1111/spsr.12378
1455:10.1111/spsr.12363
1210:Directorial system
1144:one-state solution
1136:two-state solution
945:Donald L. Horowitz
860:Arguments in favor
795:primus inter pares
730:rigid constitution
702:national interests
673:Coalition cabinets
598:Bosnia-Herzegovina
4147:
4146:
4068:Ethnic stereotype
3981:Indigenous rights
3966:Ethnographic film
3951:Ethnic theme park
3911:Dominant minority
3906:Diaspora politics
3896:Consociationalism
3831:National language
3716:Cultural identity
3706:Cross-race effect
3650:Aboriginal groups
3025:978-0-415-77268-6
2998:978-3-319-31426-6
2784:978-1-350-10938-4
2678:978-0-593-29681-3
2294:978-0-7453-2428-9
2172:978-0-631-18349-5
2117:978-0-7165-3383-2
2002:978-0-7735-2947-2
1685:978-0-203-96256-5
1068:Zimbabwe-Rhodesia
666:
665:
577:Gerhard Lehmbruch
451:, it is known as
345:Consociationalism
342:
341:
269:Political culture
239:Consociationalism
16:(Redirected from
4187:
4038:Ethnic cleansing
4033:Ethnic bioweapon
3916:Ethnic democracy
3525:Groups by region
3475:Ethnomethodology
3458:Ethnomathematics
3448:Ethnolinguistics
3344:Ethnoarchaeology
3176:
3169:
3162:
3153:
3152:
3148:
3141:Texas Law Review
3098:
3097:
3077:
3071:
3063:
3057:
3056:
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3003:
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2960:Scottish Affairs
2955:
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2015:
2014:
1987:
1976:
1975:
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1557:
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1550:
1544:. Archived from
1517:
1508:
1502:
1495:Internet Archive
1486:
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1106:Northern Ireland
1087:Dayton Agreement
1056:Northern Ireland
970:Other criticisms
957:Northern Ireland
900:Northern Ireland
751:direct democracy
650:Proportionality
630:Grand coalition
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556:electoral system
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281:Social democracy
233:Related articles
196:Paul the Apostle
36:
30:
29:
21:
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4190:
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4188:
4186:
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4073:Ethnic violence
4021:
4019:ethnic conflict
4017:
4010:
3991:Minority rights
3931:Ethnic majority
3882:
3866:Detribalization
3821:Nation-building
3756:Ethnic religion
3699:
3695:
3685:
3592:Central America
3519:
3490:Ethnophilosophy
3485:Ethnomusicology
3463:Ethnostatistics
3421:Person-centered
3391:Autoethnography
3320:
3185:
3180:
3137:Issacharoff, S.
3107:
3105:Further reading
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2575:Dawn Brancati,
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2468:10.2307/2009992
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2279:. Pluto Press.
2271:
2262:
2227:Democratization
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2003:
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1497:. Full text at
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1245:Polycentric law
1225:Minority rights
1220:Minority groups
1191:
1121:North Macedonia
1117:Ohrid Agreement
1024:
972:
940:
928:
912:
892:
879:
862:
853:Brendan O'Leary
812:
801:An independent
742:, which allows
740:Judicial review
614:
612:Characteristics
589:
569:Brendan O'Leary
489:
453:confessionalism
410:
406:
352:
348:
338:
298:
291:
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259:Guild socialism
234:
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141:
133:
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83:
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50:Corporate group
45:
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4126:
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4110:
4105:
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4098:Indigenization
4095:
4090:
4088:Ethnosymbolism
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4058:Ethnic penalty
4055:
4050:
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4040:
4035:
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4022:
4015:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3996:Model minority
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3976:Ethnopluralism
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
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3921:Ethnic enclave
3918:
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3903:
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3658:
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3631:Southeast Asia
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3510:Ethnosemiotics
3507:
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3497:
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3487:
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3480:Ethnomuseology
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3341:
3339:Ethnic studies
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3330:
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3308:
3306:Supraethnicity
3303:
3298:
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3259:Minority group
3256:
3254:Metroethnicity
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3249:Meta-ethnicity
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3132:45: 1542â1571.
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3004:
2997:
2977:
2950:
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2906:(2): 334â53 .
2890:
2883:
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2828:
2815:10.2307/422334
2793:
2783:
2765:
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2738:
2731:
2711:
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2684:
2677:
2659:
2632:(2): 259â270.
2612:
2581:
2568:
2561:
2535:
2502:World Politics
2489:
2456:World Politics
2446:
2435:(4): 393â412.
2419:
2392:(4): 477â505.
2373:
2352:(2): 145â152.
2332:
2308:
2293:
2260:
2233:(3): 501â518.
2213:
2178:
2171:
2151:
2123:
2116:
2093:
2058:
2048:
2041:
2016:
2001:
1977:
1925:
1906:
1877:(4): 538â555.
1852:
1831:(4): 670â698.
1811:
1792:
1773:
1752:(4): 670â698.
1732:
1711:(4): 670â698.
1691:
1684:
1646:
1619:
1612:
1586:
1579:
1561:
1528:(2): 96â109 .
1503:
1481:
1460:
1449:(4): 476â497.
1429:
1409:
1383:
1366:10.2307/421815
1344:
1288:
1281:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1240:Plural society
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1215:Horizontalidad
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1190:
1187:
1171:National Party
1165:. During the
1125:
1124:
1113:
1098:
1076:European Union
1023:
1020:
971:
968:
964:centripetalism
939:
936:
927:
924:
911:
908:
891:
888:
884:fragile states
878:
875:
869:approaches to
867:integrationist
861:
858:
842:
841:
838:
835:
832:
829:
826:
823:
820:
811:
808:
807:
806:
799:
790:prime minister
786:
772:
761:
758:
753:, which allow
747:
737:
726:
717:Organized and
715:
705:
694:
687:
676:
664:
663:
660:
656:
655:
651:
647:
646:
639:
635:
634:
631:
627:
626:
623:
613:
610:
593:state-building
588:
587:State-building
585:
558:rather than a
523:Arend Lijphart
488:
485:
464:class conflict
413:-shÉn-Él-iz-Ém
340:
339:
337:
336:
329:
322:
314:
311:
310:
309:
308:
293:
292:
289:
288:
283:
278:
271:
266:
261:
256:
251:
246:
241:
235:
232:
231:
228:
227:
224:
223:
218:
213:
208:
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
163:
158:
153:
148:
142:
139:
138:
135:
134:
131:
130:
125:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
84:
81:
80:
77:
76:
73:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
46:
43:
42:
39:
38:
26:
18:Consociational
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4192:
4181:
4180:Power sharing
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4140:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4130:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4078:Ethnocentrism
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4043:Ethnic hatred
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4013:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3889:
3885:
3879:
3876:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3863:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3836:National myth
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3776:Folk religion
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3751:Ethnic origin
3749:
3747:
3746:Ethnic option
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3647:
3646:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3621:Northern Asia
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3607:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3597:South America
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3582:United States
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3526:
3522:
3516:
3515:Ethnotaxonomy
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3470:Ethnomedicine
3468:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3406:Institutional
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3388:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3364:Ethnomycology
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3323:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3291:Polyethnicity
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3271:Monoethnicity
3269:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3177:
3172:
3170:
3165:
3163:
3158:
3157:
3154:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3120:
3116:
3113:
3109:
3108:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3076:
3069:
3068:
3062:
3054:
3050:
3047:(4): 535â57.
3046:
3042:
3035:
3027:
3021:
3017:
3016:
3008:
3000:
2994:
2990:
2989:
2981:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2954:
2946:
2944:0-19-924262-3
2940:
2936:
2929:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2894:
2886:
2884:1-85065-585-5
2880:
2876:
2869:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2846:(3): 357â81.
2845:
2841:
2840:
2832:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2809:(4): 463â75.
2808:
2804:
2797:
2790:
2786:
2780:
2776:
2769:
2761:
2759:9780773529489
2755:
2751:
2750:
2742:
2734:
2732:9780801434334
2728:
2724:
2723:
2715:
2707:
2705:9781571817181
2701:
2697:
2696:
2688:
2680:
2674:
2670:
2663:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2616:
2608:
2604:
2601:(1): 85â104.
2600:
2596:
2592:
2585:
2578:
2572:
2564:
2562:0-520-22706-9
2558:
2554:
2549:
2548:
2539:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2508:(1): 88â117.
2507:
2503:
2496:
2494:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2462:(3): 325â44.
2461:
2457:
2450:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2423:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2380:
2378:
2369:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2336:
2322:
2318:
2312:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2277:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2217:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2194:(2): 249â77.
2193:
2189:
2182:
2174:
2168:
2164:
2163:
2155:
2147:
2143:
2142:
2141:Acta Politica
2137:
2130:
2128:
2119:
2113:
2109:
2108:
2100:
2098:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2074:(4): 475â96.
2073:
2069:
2062:
2052:
2044:
2042:0-300-02494-0
2038:
2033:
2032:
2023:
2021:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1998:
1994:
1993:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1944:Peacebuilding
1941:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1921:
1917:
1910:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1848:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1815:
1807:
1803:
1796:
1788:
1784:
1777:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1736:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1695:
1687:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1623:
1615:
1613:0-415-07522-X
1609:
1605:
1600:
1599:
1590:
1582:
1580:9780520007512
1576:
1572:
1565:
1551:on 2006-10-28
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1522:
1514:
1507:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1485:
1478:
1477:pp. xix-xliii
1474:
1470:
1464:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1433:
1426:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1410:9789053569191
1406:
1402:
1397:
1396:
1387:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1348:
1341:
1339:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1292:
1284:
1282:0-7735-2948-9
1278:
1274:
1273:
1265:
1261:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1235:Pillarisation
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1138:to solve the
1137:
1132:
1130:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1096:
1095:Sumantra Bose
1092:
1088:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1054:(1917â1967),
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1019:
1017:
1011:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
981:
976:
967:
965:
960:
958:
953:
949:
946:
935:
932:
923:
920:
919:Pillarisation
916:
907:
905:
901:
896:
887:
885:
874:
872:
868:
857:
854:
850:
846:
839:
836:
833:
830:
827:
824:
821:
818:
817:
816:
804:
800:
797:
796:
791:
787:
784:
780:
776:
773:
770:
766:
765:head of state
762:
759:
756:
752:
748:
745:
741:
738:
735:
731:
727:
724:
720:
716:
713:
709:
706:
703:
699:
695:
692:
688:
685:
681:
677:
674:
671:
670:
669:
661:
658:
657:
652:
649:
648:
644:
640:
637:
636:
632:
629:
628:
624:
621:
620:
617:
609:
605:
603:
599:
594:
584:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
528:
524:
521:
516:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
484:
481:
479:
475:
471:
467:
465:
461:
456:
454:
450:
446:
442:
437:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
418:power sharing
415:
414:
400:
346:
335:
330:
328:
323:
321:
316:
315:
313:
312:
307:
302:
297:
296:
295:
294:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
276:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
236:
230:
229:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
143:
137:
136:
129:
126:
124:
121:
119:
116:
114:
111:
109:
108:Nationalistic
106:
104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
89:
86:
85:
79:
78:
71:
68:
66:
63:
61:
58:
56:
53:
51:
48:
47:
41:
40:
37:
32:
31:
19:
4113:Xenocentrism
4063:Ethnic slurs
4053:Ethnic party
4016:Ideology and
3936:Ethnic media
3895:
3878:White ethnic
3871:Neotribalism
3826:Nation state
3766:Ethnofiction
3697:ethnogenesis
3668:
3661:
3642:
3611:Central Asia
3603:
3556:
3549:
3532:
3505:Ethnoscience
3495:Ethnopoetics
3443:Ethnohistory
3381:Ethnogeology
3369:Ethnozoology
3359:Ethnoecology
3349:Ethnobiology
3334:Anthropology
3286:Panethnicity
3202:Ethnic group
3144:
3140:
3129:
3088:(3): 17â18.
3085:
3081:
3075:
3066:
3061:
3044:
3041:Asian Survey
3040:
3034:
3014:
3007:
2987:
2980:
2963:
2959:
2953:
2934:
2928:
2903:
2899:
2893:
2874:
2868:
2843:
2837:
2831:
2806:
2802:
2796:
2788:
2774:
2768:
2748:
2741:
2721:
2714:
2694:
2687:
2668:
2662:
2629:
2625:
2615:
2598:
2594:
2584:
2576:
2571:
2546:
2538:
2505:
2501:
2459:
2455:
2449:
2432:
2428:
2422:
2389:
2385:
2349:
2345:
2335:
2324:. Retrieved
2321:ResearchGate
2320:
2311:
2303:j.ctt18fs393
2275:
2230:
2226:
2216:
2191:
2187:
2181:
2161:
2154:
2145:
2139:
2106:
2071:
2067:
2061:
2051:
2030:
1991:
1950:(1): 22â35.
1947:
1943:
1919:
1909:
1874:
1870:
1828:
1824:
1814:
1805:
1795:
1786:
1776:
1749:
1745:
1735:
1708:
1704:
1694:
1667:
1632:
1628:
1622:
1597:
1589:
1570:
1564:
1553:. Retrieved
1546:the original
1525:
1519:
1506:
1489:
1488:J. Mitchel,
1484:
1473:at pp. 29-68
1468:
1463:
1446:
1442:
1432:
1394:
1386:
1377:
1357:
1353:
1347:
1335:
1307:
1301:
1291:
1271:
1264:
1152:
1133:
1126:
1080:
1072:South Africa
1025:
1016:sectarianism
1012:
987:conservatism
985:, generally
980:antagonistic
977:
973:
961:
954:
950:
941:
929:
913:
904:tautological
893:
880:
863:
849:John McGarry
847:
843:
813:
803:central bank
793:
749:Elements of
734:constitution
698:bicameralism
696:Incongruent
667:
638:Mutual veto
625:Explanation
615:
606:
590:
565:John McGarry
560:proportional
517:
490:
482:
468:
457:
438:
344:
343:
273:
238:
93:Conservative
55:Body politic
4048:Ethnic joke
3856:Tribal name
3841:Origin myth
3816:Mythomoteur
3741:Ethnic flag
3726:Development
3411:Netnography
3386:Ethnography
3376:Ethnocinema
3354:Ethnobotany
3281:Nationality
1425:Open access
1419:j.ctt46mxdx
1104:of 1998 in
1060:Switzerland
1052:Netherlands
1003:Switzerland
931:Ian Lustick
895:Brian Barry
890:Brian Barry
775:Referendums
767:, either a
719:corporatist
684:legislative
573:Netherlands
478:Switzerland
460:corporatism
35:Corporatism
4154:Categories
4123:Xenophobia
4118:Xenophilia
4093:Indigenism
4028:Allophilia
3961:Ethnocracy
3851:Statistext
3781:Historical
3674:Indigenous
3626:South Asia
3562:Indigenous
3296:Population
2326:2021-01-27
2011:j.ctt801dg
1635:(4): 383.
1555:2008-07-22
1338:federalism
1256:References
983:ideologies
877:Criticisms
779:minorities
763:A neutral
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744:minorities
723:minorities
712:minorities
691:minorities
128:Tripartite
118:Solidarist
65:Solidarity
60:Organicism
4165:Democracy
4083:Ethnocide
3956:Ethnoburb
3861:Tribalism
3644:Australia
3636:West Asia
3616:East Asia
3587:Caribbean
3572:Greenland
3453:Ethnology
3326:Ethnology
3264:Influence
3183:Ethnicity
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1173:(NP) and
1155:apartheid
991:communism
680:executive
552:plurality
544:socialist
536:Calvinist
476:(e.g. in
441:democracy
186:Mussolini
171:MacIntyre
146:Aristotle
88:Christian
4103:Nativism
3771:Ethnonym
3736:Ethnarch
3692:Identity
3679:European
3557:Americas
3401:Critical
3396:Clinical
3190:Concepts
2522:25054028
2208:51859873
1542:19665603
1230:Negarchy
1189:See also
1064:Ethiopia
1022:Examples
792:is only
643:minority
575:, while
540:Catholic
527:inducted
445:violence
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449:Lebanon
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166:Khaldƫn
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